HEALTH GRADE 6

ा तथा शा र रक िश ा
क ा ६ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

नेपाल सरकार  

िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय

पा म िवकास के    

सानोिठिम, भ पुर     

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff

sIff ^

ks| fzs

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

ks| fzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzÔf, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|

;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/

© ks| fzsdf

o; kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dL,
eStk/' df lglxt /xs] f] 5 . kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s
k|ofh] gsf nflu o;sf] k/' } jf cf+lzs efu xa' x' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jtg{ u/]/ ks| fzg
ug{, s'g} ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo kl| jlwaf6 /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

ky| d ;:+ s/0f M lj=;=+ @)^(

kl/dflht{ bf];|f] ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^

dN" o ?M ÷—

db' |0fM hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| ln=
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' .

kf7\ok':ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb|, ;Dkfbg tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' g' cg/' f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;e¬ mfjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflb{s :jfut ub{5 .

xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno txsf
kf7\oj|mdtyf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{df
/fi6«k]d| , /fli6o« tf k|ltsf] ;dk{0f / nfs] tflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ g}ltsjfg,\
cg'zfl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;h{gzLn eO{ ;dfjz] L ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; x'g
cfjZos 5 .pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL cfwf/et" 1fg tyf hLjgf]kofu] L l;ksf] ljsf; xg' h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyL{x¿df snf tyf ;f}Gbo{ k|ltsf] cg'/fu / dfgjLo d"No dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6\ox¿kl| tsf]
;r]ttf ;lxt ltgsf] ;/+ If0f, ;+jw{g ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf dn" s ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
;xofu] k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnªu\ , efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qnufotsf ljljwtfx¿sf]
;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf kl| t ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf;
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfwf/et" lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^(
nfO{ dn" cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfofu] sf ;'emfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;“u
;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L / cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0f ;dt] nfO{ ;d6] L of] kf7\o k:' ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

lj=;+= @)%! df k|f= 8f= /fds[i0f dxh{gn] n]Vg' ePsf] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md
-sIff ^– *_ sf] @)^( cg';f/ ;'jf; k'g, cf]d /fodfemL, uLtf sfsL{ / g]kfnxl/ /fgfef6åf/f
kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] o; kf7o\ k:' tsdf k'gM yk kl/dfhg{ sfod{ f o; sG] b|sf sfo{sf/L lgbz]{ s
vu/fh a/fnsf ;fy} k|f=8f= /fds[i0f dxh{g, 8f= afns[i0f /~hLt, /fdaxfb'/ /f]sfo, kbldgL
>]i7, uf]s0f{ yfkf / afa'/fd sf/v]tLsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]cg';f/sf] j0f{ljGof; k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] efiff ;Dkfbg nf]sk|sfz
kl08taf6 ePsf] xf] . kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cWofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ug{ sfo{df o;
s]Gb|sf dxflgbz{] s 8f= n]vgfy kf}8n] , >L u0f]zk;| fb e66\ /fO,{ >L lrgfs'df/L lg/f}nfsf] of]ubfg /xs] f]
5 . o; k:' tssf] rf/ /ªdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >Lxl/ >]i7n ug{'ePsf] xf] . o;
kf7o\ k:' tssf] ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfod{ f ;+nUg ;ak} |lt kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| wGojfb ks| 6 ub{5 .

kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]uaf6
kf7o\ j|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xof]u kU' g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ ;s;] Dd
ljm| ofsnfkd'vL / ?lrs/ agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ ce}m kl/ist[ kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs,
ljBfyL,{ cleefjs, a'l4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'b“ f ;Da4 ;a}sf]
/rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb| xflbs{ cg/' fw] ub{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno
lj= ;+= @)&^ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

ljifo;rÒ L ki[ 7;ªV\ of

PsfO ljifoj:t¬ !
!!
:jf:Yo lzIff !&
PsfO – ! dfgj z/L/ @#
PsfO – @ JolStut :jf:Yo #(
PsfO – # kfi] f0f $^
PsfO – $ /f]u $(
PsfO – % lszf]/fj:yf, ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo %*
Ps fO – ^ dBkfg, nfuk' bfy{ / w"dkfg ^^
PsfO – & jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo
PsfO – * ;'/Iff tyf kf| ylds pkrf/ &@
PsfO – ( kfl/jfl/s / ;fdb' flos :jf:Yo &&
zf/Ll/s lzIff *$
PsfO – ! s;/t (!
PsfO – @ sjfh (%
PsfO – # zf/Ll/s Jofofd !)*
PsfO – $ ofu]
PsfO – % vn]
PsfO – ^ PYnl] 6S;

:jf:Yo lzIff !kf7

dfgj z/L/ (Human Body)

kl/ro

dfgj z/L/ c;ª\Vo sf]ifx¿ (cells) ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 . sf]ifx¿ ldn]/ tGtx' ¿

(tissues) / tGt'x¿ ldn]/ cªu\ ags] f] x'G5 . z/L/sf cª\ux¿n] ljleGg sfo{x¿

ub{5g\ . o; k|lj|mofnfO{ k|0ffnL elgG5 . cl:yk~h/ k0| ffnL, kfrg k|0ffnL, /St;~rf/

k0| ffnL / :gfo' k0| ffnL cflb dfgj z/L/sf k|0ffnLx¿ xg' \ . o;/L g} 1fgl] Gb|ox¿sf]

klg cfcfÇg} ks| f/sf agfj6 / sfo{x¿ xG' 5g\ . o;cGtut{ cfv“ f, gfs, sfg, lha|f,]

5fnf cflb kb{5g\ . dfO6f] sf]gl{ 8o« f (Mito chondria)

xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y agfpgsf nflu ;fO6f] Knf:d ;G] 6«f;] f]d (centrosome)
z/L/sf cª\ux¿sf] agfj6 / (cytoplasm)

logLx¿n] ug]{ sfo{sf af/]df 1fg

k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos 5 . z/L/sf

cªu\ x¿nfO{ lxkmfht ug{] / ;/;kmfO ug{]

tl/sf hfGg' klg plTts} dxŒjk0" f{ 5 .

oxf“ xfdL sfi] f, tGt,' cf“vf, sfg, gfs,

5fnf / bft“ sf af/d] f cWoog ug]{ 5f“} . EofsN' ;

(vacoules)

sf]if (Cells) sfi] f lemNnL (cell membrane) uNuL sDn]S;

xfdf| ] z/L/df c;ªV\ o sfi] fx¿ (cells) (golgi complex)

hLj sG] b| (nucleus)

x'G5g\ . sf]ifnfO{ ;f]em} b]Vg dfgj z/L/ sf]if
;lsb“ g} . o;nfO{ ;I" dbzs{ oGqaf6 dfq

bV] g ;lsG5 . sf]ifx¿ nfDrf], rf/kf6,] rK] 6f] ljleGg cfsf/sf eP tfklg clwsfz+

ufn] fsf/sf xG' 5g\ . sf]ifsf] aflx/L efunfO{ kftnf] kqn] 3]/]sf] x'G5, h;nfO{

sf]if lemNnL (cell membrane) elgG5 . To;sf] leqL efudf t/n kbfy{ xG' 5 h;nfO{

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 1

hLj /; (prtoplasm)elgG5 ;fy} dfO6f] sfl] G8o« f (mito chondria), ;G] 6f« ;] fd] (centrosome),
uNuL sDnS] ; (golgi complex) h:tf ;hLj kbfyx{ ¿ klg x'G5g\ . sfi] fsf] ;a}eGbf leq
hLj s]Gb| (nucleus) /x]sf] x'G5 . zlSt pTkfbg, r]tgzLntf, sf]if ljefhg, sfi] fdf
kfrg (metabolism), sfi] fdf Zjf;kZ| jf; / lgisf;g cflb sfi] fsf kd| v' sfox{ ¿ xg' \ .

tGt' (Tissue)

Pp6} ks| f/sf] agfj6, cfsf/, ljzi] ftf / sfo{x¿ ePsf sfi] fx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ tGt'
(tissue) elgG5 . 9fSg] tGt' (epithelial tissuel), hf8] \g] tGt' (connective tissue),
df;+ kz] L tGt' (muscular tissue), :gfo' tGt' (nervous tissue), xf8 tGt' (bone tissue)
cflb dfgj z/L/sf dV' o dV' o tGt'x¿ x'g\ . z/L/df zlSt pTkfbg ug,{] lgisf;g
ug{], r]tgf cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ cflb tGt'x¿sf k|d'v sfo{x¿ x'g\ .

cf“vf (Eye)

cfv“ f xfdf| ] z/L/sf] Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ / sfd] n cªu\ xf] . o;n] j/k/sf] bZ[ o x]/L
bZ[ ok6ndf cfs[lt lgdf{0f ub5{ . cf“vf vKk/sf] cufl8k6l\ 6 xf8n] ag]sf] vf]lkN6f]

bZ[ o :gfo' (optic nerve) cfOl/; df+;kz] L (iris muscle)

viterous body cfv“ fsf] aflx/L kq (cornea)
nG] ; (lens)
efO6/; a8L PG6]l/P/ r]Da/

(anterior chamber)

sf]/fO8 (choroid) kf:] 6l] /P/ r]Da/ (posterior chamber)
:Sn/] f (sclera) /l] 6gf (retina)

cfv“ fsf] leqL agfj6

(orbital cavity) leq /xs] f] xG' 5 . sl/a ufn] fsf/sf] cufl8k6l\ 6 clnslt p7s] f] sl/a
@=% ;l] G6ld6/ Jof;sf bO' { cf]6f cf“vfx¿ xG' 5g\ . k"0f{ b[li6sf0] fsf nflu bO' { cf]6}
cfv“ fsf] x/] fO cfjZos kb5{ . cfv“ f cW“ of/f,] pHofnf], /ªu\ Llj/ªu\ L bv] fpg] Pp6f
dxŒjk"0f{ 1fg]lGbo| xf] . cfv“ flagf s'g} klg s/' f b]Vg / lrGg ;ls“b}g .

2 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

cfv“ fsf] ;ae} Gbf aflx/L txnfO{ slgo{ f (cornea) elgG5 . Tofe] Gbf leq /l] 6gf (retina) sf]
tx xG' 5 . of] kqeGbf leqk6l\ 6 nG] ; (lens) / bZ[ o :gfo' (optic nerve) /xs] f xG' 5g\ . cfv“ fdf
k/]sf] k|sfzsf] 5fk slgo{ f, nG] ; x“'b} /l] 6gfdf kU' 5 . To;kl5 /l] 6gfdf k/s] f] bZ[ onfO{
bZ[ o :gfo'n] dl:tisdf k'¥ofPkl5 xfdLx¿ sg' } s'/f b]Vg] ub5{ f}“ .

cfv“ fsf] x/] rfx

cf“vfnfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu xfdLx¿n] lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{ M

!= laxfg tyf a]n'sf lgoldt ¿kn] ;kmf kfgLn] xNsf;“u cf“vfdf kfgL 5o\ fkL ;kmf
ug{k' 5{ .

@= ;Gtl' nt ef]hg tyf le6fldg ‘P’ kfOg] vfg] s'/fx¿ - h:t} M kx]n“ f kmnkm"n tyf
xl/of ;fu;AhLx¿ _ bl} gs vfgk' 5{ .

#= cfv“ fnfO{ w'jf,“ w'nf] / rsf{] ks| fzaf6 arfpg'kb5{ .

$= cf“vfdf wn' f] jf ls/fx¿ k/]df cfv“ f ldRg' x'b“ g} . sk8f ;kmf kfgLdf lehfP/
6K' kfn] ;kmf ugk{' b{5 .

%= w/] } rsf{] k|sfz jf cW“ of/fdf k9\g] afgL /fd|f] xf]Og .

^= ;"os{ f] k|sfznfO{ ;fe] m} xg] {' g/fdf| ] xf] . ;"o{ ux| 0f nfus] f] an] f ;o" {nfO{ gfªu\ f]
cfv“ fn] xb] f{ cf“vfsf] Hof]lt uD' g ;S5 .

&= 3fdaf6 aRg] p2Z] on] sd;n k|sf/sf r:dfx¿ ko| fu] ugx'{ b'“ }g . lrlsT;ssf]
;Nnfx lnP/ dfq r:dfsf] k|ofu] ug'{ /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

*= cfv“ fdf sg' } ;d:of bl] vgf;fy c:ktfn uP/ 8fS6/nfO{ hr“ fpgk' b5{ . 3/n] ' cfi} fwLx¿
xfNg'x“b' g} .

(= ofqfdf x“'bf k9g\ ] afgL ug'{ x“b' g} .

ko| f]ufTds cEof;

cgx' f/ 8a' fpg ldNg] srf/} f jf ef8“ fdf ;kmf kfgL /fv/] To;df cfv“ f 8a' fO vfN] g]
aGb ug{] u/L cfv“ f ;kmf ug{] tl/sf lzIfsaf6 kb| zg{ u/L ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ klg cEof;
u/fpgx' f;] \ .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 3

gfs (Nose)

gfs cgx' f/sf] ;fG} bo{ tyf af:gf jf uGw yfxf jf;gf :gfo' (olfactory nerves)

kfpg] / Zjf;kZ| jf;sf nflu cfjZos cªu\

xf] . gfssf] bO' { cf6] f KjfnnfO{ Pp6f kbf{

(septum) n] ljefhg u/s] f] xG' 5 . gfssf]

Kjfnleq /f“x} ¿ xG' 5g\ h;n] wn' fsf s0fx¿

5fGg] sfd ub5{ . gfs s/' s/' ] xf8 / 5fnfaf6

ag]sf] x'G5 eg] leqL efu g/d lemNnL

(mucus membrane) n] ags] f] xG' 5 . o;n] gfssf] Kjfn leqL gfs (pharynx)

Ps k|sf/sf] lrKnf] kbfy{ (mucus) pTkfbg (conchas)

ub{5, h;n] ubf{ gfsnfO{ cf]l;nf] agfO/fVg]

/ Zjf; ln“bfsf] tfkj|mdnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg] sfd ub5{ . gfssf] leqL dflyNnf]

efudf af:gfsf :gfo'x¿ (olfactory nerve) xG' 5g,\ h'g dl:tis;Dd k'us] f xG' 5g\ .

gfsn] Zjf;kZ| jf; / af:gf lng] sfd ub5{ . sg' } klg af:gf jf uGwnfO{ gfsn] ux| 0f

u//] af:gfsf :gfod' fkmt{ \ dl:tisdf ;r" gf lbG5g\ . clg xfdLx¿nfO{ af:gfsf] 1fg x'G5 .

gfssf] x]/rfx

gfs z/L/sf] sfd] n cª\u xf] . dV' o u/L ?3fvf]sL nfu]sf a]nf ;tst{ f gckgfPsf]
v08df lkgf; x'g,] PnhL{ xg' ] / sfgdf ;d]t c;/ kg{] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] gfssf]
lxkmfht ug{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbgk' b5{ M

!= Zjf; ln“bf gfsaf6 lng] afgL ug{k' b5{ .

@= cfn}“ fn] gfs sf6] \ofpg] / gfssf /f}“x¿ pvN] g] afgL ug'x{ '“bg} .

#= gfs ;kmf ubf{ kftnf] ;kmf ?dfnsf] ko| f]u u/]/ ;kmf ug'{kb5{ . tftf] kfgLsf] afkm
klg lng ;lsG5 . ?3f nfUbf leS;sf] ko| fu] n] sx] L cf/fd t lbG5 t/ lg/Gt/ ko| fu]
ugx{' b“' g} .

$= gfs bV' g], gfs 6flng] tyf Zjf; kmg] { ufxf| ] ePdf lrlsT;snfO{ h“rfpgk' b5{ .

4 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

sfg (Ear) >j0f :gfo' (auditory nerve)

sfg klg z/L/sf] Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ cª\u xf] . aflx/L sfg (pinna) dWo sfg

(middle ear)

o;sf] ;xfotfaf6 xfdLx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf leqL sfg
cfjfhx¿ ;'Gg ;S5f}“ . agfj6sf cfwf/df
(inner ear)

sfgnfO{ aflx/L, dWo / leqL tLg efudf ljefhg

ul/Psf] 5 .

xfdLx¿n] aflx/af6 b]Vg] sfg aflx/L sfg

xf] . of] efu sfgsf] hfnL (ear drum) ;Dd ku' ] sfgsf] hfnL (ear drum)

sf] xG' 5 . of] efu s/' s'/] xf8af6 ags] f] xG' 5, sfgsf] agfj6

h;nfO{ 5fnfn] 9fs]sf] xG' 5 . o; efun] aflx/L

cfjfhnfO{ Pslqt u//] leqlt/ k7fpg] sfd ub{5 . sfgsf] hfnL k5fl8sf] dWo

efu xf] . To;eGbf leq leqL sfg xG' 5 hxf“ >j0f :gfox' ¿ (auditory nerve) x'G5g\ .

log} >j0f :gfo'x¿n] Wjlgsf t/ª\ux¿ dl:tisdf k'¥ofPkl5 cfjfh 5'6o\ fpg] / ;G' g]

sfd xG' 5 . kl;gf lg:sg] Kjfn t]n u|GyL (Oil

sfgsf] x]/rfx (Sweat pore) gland)

hyfefjL sfg sf]6o\ fpg] afgL /fd|f] xf] /f“} (hair)

Og . ?3fvfs] L nfUbf, 3f6“ L ;DaGwL

/fu] tyf afx\o j:tn' ] rf6] k¥' ofpb“ f

sfgdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

;fgf] pd]/df sfg g;G' g] ePdf kl5

af]Ng g;Sg] klg xg' ;S5 . To;}

n] sfgnfO{ x]/rfx ug{ lgDglnlvt

tl/sf ckgfpgk' b5{ M

!= sfgnfO{ l;Gsf,] sGsgf,{] ;nfOsf] aflx/L 5fnf
sf6“ L h:tf j:tn' ] sf6] o\ fpg' xb'“ g} .
(epi dermis)

@= sfgdf t]n, kfgL jf b'w xfNg' kl;gf uG| yL (sweetgland) leqL 5fnf (dermis)

xb'“ }g . 5fnfsf] agfj6

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 5

#= ?3fvfs] L nfUbf hf]8n] l;;“ L“ ugx{' '“bg} . o;f] u/d] f sfgdf c;/ k'U5 .

$= rsf{] cfjfhaf6 6f9f /xgk' b{5 . 7n' f] cfjfh cfpg] k6sfx¿ k8\sfpg] h:tf
rsf{] cfjfhaf6 ;'/lIft /xg sfgdf skf; /fVg' /fd|f] xG' 5 .

%= nuftf/ x8] kmfg] (head phone) sf] k|ofu] ubf{ >j0f zlSt sd x'b“ } hfG5 .

^= sfgdf w]/} sfgu] 'hL eP :jf:Yo sfo{stf{åf/f ;kmf ug{ nufpg'kb5{ .

&= g'xfpb“ f sfgsf] jl/kl/ ;fa'g / skf; jf g/d sk8fn] ;kmf ug'{kb5{ .

*= sfgdf sg' } klg ;d:of xg' f;fy ;DalGwt lrlsT;snfO{ h“rfpgk' b5{ .

5fnf (Skin)

5fnf z/L/sf] aflx/L cfj/0f xf] . o;n] z/L/sf] clwsf+z efu 9fss] f] x'G5 . 5fnf
ljleGg sfi] f, :gfo' sfi] f, /St gnL / uG| yLx¿ ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 . 5fnfdf dV' o u/L bO' { cf6] f tx
xG' 5g\ . o;dWo] aflx/L txnfO{ Olk8ld;{ (epidermis) / leqL txnfO{ 8ld;{ (dermis) elgG5 .
;ae} Gbf afSnf] 5fnf xTsn] f / kt} fnfdf xG' 5 . aflx/L 5fnfsf] larlardf kl;gfsf Kjfn / /fx“} ¿
lg:ss] f xG' 5g\ . aflx/L txdf /St;~rf/ gxg' ] xb“' f of] d//] hfG5 / gof“ kqsf] lgdf0{ f
eO/xG5 . ;fy} aflx/L 5fnf abln/xG5 . leqL 5fnfdf /St gnLx¿, :gfo' tGtx' ¿,
kl;gf u|GyL / tn] u|GyLx¿ xG' 5g\ . kl;gf u|GyL (sweat gland) n] kl;gf lgsfN5 ,
hg' kl;gfn] z/L/sf] tfkjm| d ;Gt'ng ug{] sfd ub{5 . t]n u|GyL (oil gland) n] lrNnf]
kbfy{ pTkfbg u/]/ 5fnfnfO{ cfl] ;nf] / g/d agfO/fV5 .

5fnfn] z/L/nfO{ 9fs]/ ;'/Iff kb| fg ug{], z/L/df sfd gnfUg] j:tx' ¿ kl;gfdfkmt{ \
aflx/ kmfNg, lr;f,] tftf] / :kzs{ f] 1fg lbg] / 5fnfn] ;o" s{ f] ls/0fsf] ;xfotfaf6
le6fldg ‘8L’ ;dt] pTkfbg ub{5 .

5fnfsf] x]/rfx

5fnf z/L/nfO{ ;/' Iff kb| fg ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u ePsfn] o;nfO{ :j:y /fVg' lgtfGt
cfjZos 5 . 5fnfsf] x/] rfx ug{ lgDglnlvt tl/sf ckgfpg'kb{5 M

!= df};dcg;' f/ lgoldt ¿kdf gx' fP/ 5fnfnfO{ ;kmf /fVg'kb5{ .

6 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

@= gx' fPkl5 ;kmf tyf g/d tfl} nofn] z/L/ k'5\gk' b{5 .

#= kmfx] f/] kfgL ePsf] kfv] /L jf vfn] fdf g'xfpg] jf kf}8L vN] g] ug{x' b“' }g .

$= lr;f] df};ddf / 5fnf w]/} ;S' vf ePdf pkoS' t ljm| d jf z'4 tf]/Lsf] t]n
ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= 5fnfdf sg' } ;d:of cfPdf lrlsT;ssxf“ hr“ fpgk' b{5 .

bf“t (Teeth)

vfgs] '/f rkfpgsf nflu cfjZos cª\u bft“ xf] . o;n] cgx' f/sf] ;f}Gbo{df klg k|efj
kfb5{ . bft“ hGds] f] sl/a ^ dlxgfbl] v lg:sg yfN5 . ;?' df lg:ss] f] bft“ nfO{ b'w] bft“
elgG5 . logLx¿sf] ;ªV\ of la;cf6] f hlt xG' 5 . bw' ] bft“ ^ bl] v !@ jifl{ eqdf km' SnG5g\
/ gof“ bft“ cfp5“ g\ . ;fwf/0ftof pd]/ k'uk] l5 dflg;sf alŒf;cf]6f bft“ xG' 5g\ .

aªu\ f/f (Molars) aflx/L bft“ (crown)

s's/' bft“ (canine) h/f (root)

6f]Sg] bft“ (incisors) bft“ sf] agfj6
bf“tsf] ks| f/

xf8sf sf]ifx¿ (bone cell) af6 bft“ ag]sf x'G5g\ . luhfaf6 aflx/ b]lvPsf] efunfO{
jm| fpg (crown) elgG5 eg] luhfleqsf] efunfO{ h/f (root) elgG5 . sfdsf cfwf/
df d'Vo rf/ k|sf/sf bft“ x¿ x'G5g\ h;dWo] cufl8k6\l6, tndfly u/]/ cf7cf6] f
6fS] g] bf“t (incisors) To;kl5 rf/ cf6] f ss' /' bf“t (canies) / To;eGbf leqk6\l6
aª\uf/fx¿ (premolars and molars) x'G5g\ . ;a}eGbf leqk6\l6 rf/cf]6f a'l4
aª\uf/f (wisdom teeth) x'G5g\ hg' ;ae} Gbf kl5 pd|G5g\ .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 7

clwsfz+ bft“ x¿ ;t] f rlDsnf xG' 5g\ . o;/L bl] vg] ;t] f] efunfO{ Ogfdn] elgG5 . To;eGbf
leqsf] efunfO{ 8G] 6fOg elgG5 . 8]G6fOgeGbf leqk6\l6 /St gnLx¿ / :gfo' tGt'x¿
/xs] f xG' 5g\ . bft“ n] vfgs] /' fnfO{ rkfpg] tyf 6S' o| fpg] sfd ub5{ . bft“ n] afn] L :ki6 ug{ dbt
ub5{ . o;n] cg'xf/sf] ;fG} bo{ a9fpg klg dbt ub5{ .

bft“ sf] x]/rfx

bf“t z/L/sf] lgs} dxŒjk0" f{ cª\u xf] t/ xfdLx¿n] bf“tsf] ;/;kmfO / x/] rfxdf Tolt
Wofg lbg] u/s] f] kfOGg . vf;u/L bw' ] bft“ emg{] ;dodf bft“ ;DaGwL lgs} Wofg lbgk' b5{ .
b'w] bf“tnfO{ ;dod} gpv]nL jf:tf gu/]df bf“tx¿ laug| ] dfq xf]Og cg'xf/sf] cfsl[ t
;dt] laufb5{ . To:t} pd/] gkU' b} bft“ km' lSnP/ s?' k xg' ] ;d:ofx¿ ;dt] cfOkb5{ g\ .
bft“ sf] x]/rfxsf nflu lgDglnlvt s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

!= bf“tnfO{ ;kmf /fVg laxfg tyf a]ns' f vfgf vfO;sk] l5 tndfly u//] nueu bO' {
ldg6] hlt g/d a;| cyjf bltjgn] ;kmf ug{k' b{5 .

@= lg/Gt/ ¿kn] w]/} u'lnof,] w/] } cldnf], w/] } lr;f] / w/] } tftf] vfgfx¿ vfg' x'b“ g} .

#= u'lnof vfg]s/' fx¿ vfO;s]kl5 /fd/| L d'v s'Nnf ug{'kb{5 .

$= lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lr;f] / tftf] vfgfx¿ t?' Gt} vf“bf bf“t sdhf/] xG' 5 .

%= b'w] bf“t xlNnPkl5 ;dod} pv]Ng'kb{5 . cfjZos k/]df bf“tsf] 8fS6/nfO{
hr“ fpg'kb5{ .

^= b'w] bf“t ;fl6g] pd]/df lgoldt ¿kdf le6fldg ‘8L’ o'St vfgfx¿, h:t} M bw' sf]
;j] g ug'k{ b5{ .

&= xfdLn] vfg] vfgfdf le6fldg ‘;L’ oS' t vfg]s/' fx¿, h:t} M cdnf, ;'Gtnf, tfhf
sfutL, cDaf, xl/of ;fu;AhL lgoldt ;j] g ug'{kb{5 .

k|ofu] fTds cEof;

lzIfs cfkmn“} ] ;xL tl/sfn] ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ tndfly a;| u/L a;| ug{] tl/sf kb| zg{
ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ klg a;| ug{ nufO{ lg/LIf0f u/]/ cfjZos lgbz{] g lbg] .

8 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

;f/f+z

ljleGg sf]if tGt' / cª\u ldn]/ xfd|f] z/L/ ag]sf] xG' 5 .
cfv“ fnfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu lbgx“' ;kmf kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{, le6fldg ‘P’ kfOg] kx“]nf
kmnk"mnx¿ / xl/of ;fu;AhLx¿ vfg'kb{5 .
?3fvfs] L nfus] f] an] f ;tst{ f gckgfpb“ f lkgf; xg' ,] PnhL{ xg' ] / sfg tyf lbdfudf
;dt] c;/ kg{] ePsfn] o:tf] an] f wj' f,“ wn' f] / lr;fa] f6 hfl] ugk' b5{ .
sfgnfO{ :j:y /fVg d'Vo u/L l;Gsf], sgsgf]{ h:tf j:t'n] sfg sf]6\ofpg]
ug{x' “'bg} . ;fgf aRrfx¿nfO{ tn] jf cGo kbfy{sf] k|of]u ug'x{ '“b}g . To:t} k6fsf h:tf]
rsf]{ cfjfh h:t} 6f9f /xg'kb{5 .
5fnfnfO{ :j:y /fVg lgoldt ¿kn] gx' fpg'kb5{ .
vfgf vfO;s]kl5 laxfg tyf a]n'sf b'O{ k6s bf“t ;kmf ug{k' b5{ . b'w] bf“t xlNnPkl5
plrt ;dodf pv]Ng] ug{'kb{5 . bf“tnfO{ :j:y /fVg le6fldg ‘;L’ o'St vfg]s'/fx¿
bl} gs vfgk' b{5 .

cEof;

!= ;xL pTt/df -√_ l7s lrx\g nufpm M

-s_ bf“tsf] ;ae} Gbf aflx/sf] efunfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ s6g -cf_ Ogfdn]
-O_ sfl] go{ f -O_{ ?6
-v_ tnsf dWo] bf“t :j:y /fVg] k|dv' pkfo sg' xf] <
-c_ w/] } ul' nof] / cldnf] gvfg] -cf_ le6fldg ‘8L’ oS' t vfgs] /' fx¿ vfg]
-O_ laxfg tyf a]ns' f lgoldt ¿kdf a|;nfO{ tndfly u/]/ bft“ ;kmf ug{]
-O_{ dflysf ;a}

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 9

-u_ tnsf dWo] cfv“ fsf] cªu\ sg' xf]Og <
-c_ bZ[ o :gfo ' -cf_ /l] 6gf
-O_ nG] ; -O+{_ jf;gf :gfo'
-3_ lgDg lnlvtdWo] sg' kIfn] gfsnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofp5“ g\ <
-c_ rsf]{ cfjfh -cf_ rsf{] ks| fz
-O_ dBkfg -O{_ w'jf,“ w'nf] / lr;f]

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pŒf/ nv] M

-s_ sfi] fnfO{ 9fSg] aflx/L lemNnLnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-v_ bZ[ o :gfon' ] s] sfd ub{5 <
-u_ cf“vf :j:y /fVg s'g le6fldg vfgk' b5{ < sg' } tLgcf]6f pbfx/0f b]pm .
-3_ gfssf] x]/rfx gugf{n] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ < n]v .
-ª_ sfgaf6 cfjfhsf t/ª\ux¿ dl:tis;Dd k¥' ofpg] :gfo'sf] gfd s] xf] <

nv] .
-r_ 5fnfsf kd| 'v b'O{cf6] f txsf] gfd s] xf] < nv] .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pŒf/ nv] M

-s_ sfi] fsf k|dv' sfdx¿ s] s] x'g\
-v_ cfv“ f :j:y /fVg] k|d'v pkfox¿ nv] .
-u_ gfssf] x]/rfx ug]{ sg' } tLgcf6] f pkfox¿ nv] .
-3_ sfg :j:y /fVg] tl/sfx¿ nv] .
-ª_ 5fnfsf sltcf6] f tx x'G5g\ <
-r_ 5fnf x]/rfx ug]{ pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-5_ bft“ sf] x/] rfx ug]{ tl/sfx¿ n]v .

10 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

JolStut :jf:Yo @kf7

(Personal Health)

kl/ro

‘JolStut’ eg]sf] cfÇgf]kg xf] / ‘:jf:Yo’ eg]sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ¿kn]
;Grf] /xg' xf] . z/L/ ;kmf ePdf JolSt :j:y /xg ;S5 / o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ JolStut :jf:Yo
elgG5 . :j:ys/ afgL / Jojxf/n] ubf{ xfdL :j:y /xg ;S5f“} . :j:y z/L/n] dgnfO{ klg
:j:y kfb5{ . oL bj' } kIfx¿ xfdf| ] hLjgsf dxŒjk0" f{ kIfx¿ xg' \ . :j:y /xg' egs] f] z/L/ /
dgdf /fu] x¿ gnfUg' xf] / o;sf lglDt xfdLn] :j:y Jojxf/x¿sf] kfngf ugk{' b5{ . h:t} M
cgx' f/, skfn cflbsf] x]/rfx, ;kmf / z'4 lkpg] kfgLsf] ko| f]u, lgoldt Jofofd /
dgf]/~hg, ;kmf nu' fkmf6fsf] ko| f]u cflb :jf:Yo Jojxf/ x'g\ .

!= skfnsf] x]/rfx

skfn JolStsf] kf| sl[ ts uxgf xf] . ;kmf / rlDsnf] skfnn] JolSt :j:y ePsf] kd| f0f
lbnfp5“ . skfn kmfx] f]/ ePdf, n6\6f k/d] f / sGofO/xg] cj:yf ePdf JolStut
:jf:YonfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ kfb{5 .

skfnsf] x]/rfx ug{] pkfox¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

!= lgoldt skfn wg' ] / g'xfpg] ug{'k5{ .
@= ;fag' , lkgf cflb ko| fu] u/L skfn /fd|/L kvfNgk' 5{ .
#= skfn wf]O;s]kl5 /fd|/L k5' g\ 'k5{ .
$= skfnnfO{ ;kmf /fVg sfOo“ fn] ] /fd/| L sf]g'k{ 5{ .
%= tn] nufpg] u/]df skfnn] kfi] f0f / dfln; kfp“5 .
^= skfn sf]g]{ sfOo“ f] cfkmn“} ] dfq k|ofu] ug{k' 5{ / an] fan] fdf ;kmf ugk{' 5{ .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 11

&= skfn z[ª\uf/ ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ -h:t} M x]8 lkg, l/ag, 8f]/L_ cflbnfO{ klg
a]nfa]nfdf w'g'k5{ .

@= cg'xf/sf] x]/rfx

;kmf cgx' f/ / rlDsnf] 5fnfn] JolStsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] b]vfp5“ . cg'xf/ eGgl] alŒfs}
cfv“ fx¿, gfs, dv' , lhaf| ,] sfg, skfn cflb kb{5g\ . cg'xf/ ;kmf /fVg' eg]sf]
g} oL ;a} dxŒjk0" f{ cªu\ x¿sf] x/] rfx ug{' xf] . cg'xf/sf] x]/rfx ug{] pkfox¿
lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

!= ;w}“ ;kmf kfgLn] ;Dk0" f{ cg'xf/ ;kmf x'g] u/L wg' k' b{5 .

@= cgx' f/ w“'bf cfv“ fsf] lrkf| kvfNg,] cfv“ fsf] s'gfsg' f;Dd ;kmf ug]{ / cfv“ fx¿df
;kmf kfgLn] bO' { jf tLg k6s 5o\ fKg] ugk{' 5{ .

#= gfs / sfg k5fl8 tyf 3f“6L;Ddsf] efu ;kmf ug{'kb5{ .

$= cgx' f/ wf]O;sk] l5 g/d tfl} nofn] d'v k5' \g'k5{ .

%= 3/aflx/ hfg,] vn] s'b ug{] / v]tLkftLdf nfUg] dflg;n] c¿n] eGbf w/] } k6s
dv' tyf cgx' f/ w'g] ug'{kb{5 .

^= 5fnf km' ;|f] x'g]x¿n] cgx' f/ / xftuf8] fdf g/d kfg{] ljm| d of tf]/Lsf] tn] , l3p
of cGo lrKnf] kbfy{ bNg' /fdf| ] x'G5 .

k|of]ufTds cEof;

ltdf| ] sIffsf ;fyLx¿n] lbgdf slt an] f / slt k6s cgx' f/ w'g] ubf{ /x5] g\ .
k|Tos] n] kfr“ kf“r hgf;u“ ;f]wL l6kf6] u/ . d'v kvfNbf lha|fn] fO{ klg xftsf]
cfn“} f jf g/d a|;' n] ;kmf ug{] tl/sf kb| zg{ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;f]xLcg';f/
ug{ nufpg] / cg'xf/sf] x]/rfx ;DaGwdf ;e' mfj tof/ ug{ nufpm .

#= ;kmf / z4' lkpg] kfgLsf] k|of]u

g]kfndf hgrt] gfsf] cefjn] ubf{ sltko dflg;x¿ c;'/lIft lkpg] kfgLsf] k|ofu]

12 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

ub5{ g\ . kfgL lkpg / vfgf ksfpg pgLx¿ sj' f, wf/f, gbLgfnf cflbsf] kfgL l;w} ko| fu]
ub5{ g\ . xb] f{ kfgL ;kmf bl] vP tfklg z4' gxg' ;S5 h;sf] ko| fu] n] ubf{ emf8fkvfnf, cfp,“
hs' f, xh} f h:tf kfgLaf6 ;g{] /fu] x¿ nfUg ;S5 . z4' kfgL eGgfn] sg' } klg ;I" d hLjf0fx' ¿ /
/f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿ gePsf], uGw gcfpg,] /ª gePsf] x]bf{ ;kmf x'gk' b5{ . kfgL z4'
x'g kfgLsf] dx' fg, Ogf/, s'jf tyf wf/f ;kmf xg' 'kb5{ ;fy} lkpg] kfgL 5f]k/] /fVg]
ug{'kb5{ . ;kmf / z'4 lkpg] kfgL ko| fu] ug]{ tl/sfx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

!= kfgLnfO{ % b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd eses afkm cfpg] u/L pdfn]/ lkpg] ug{k' 5{ .

@= kfgL ;ªs\ ng ubf{ ;kmf df6fsf] ufuL| of tfdfsf] ufuL| ko| fu] u/d] f /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

#= kfgL z'4 agfpg lkmN6/ (filter) ug{k' 5{ .

$= kf6] f; of Snfl] /g /fv]/ klg kfgL z'4 agfO{ lkpg ;lsG5 .

%= kf6] f; jf Snfl] /g /fvL kfgLsf] ko| f]u ubf{ lbOPsf] lgb{]zg kfngf ug{k' b5{ .

^= ;fl] 8; ljlw ckgfP/ klg kfgLnfO{ lkpgsf lglDt of]Uo agfpg ;lsG5 .

$= lgoldt cf/fd, lgbf| , Jofofd / dgf]/~hg

JolSt :j:y /xg z/L/sf ;a} cªu\ x¿ Jojl:yt 9ªu\ n]
rln/xgk' g{] xG' 5 . 3/leq tyf 3/ aflx/sf sfox{ ¿ ubf{
klg xfdf| cªu\ x¿ rln/xG5g\ t/ oL cªu\ x¿nfO{ ;rt]
eP/ Jojl:yt ¿kdf rnfpg] sfdnfO{ Jofofd elgG5 .
afnaflnsf / o'jf ju{sf nflu vn] sb' g} Jofofdsf] dV' o
dfWod xf] . lgoldt Jofofd ug]{ afgL a;fnd] f z/L/sf]
jl[ 4 / ljsf; rfxa] dfl] hd xG' 5 . ;fy} JolStdf ljleGg
/fu] lj?4 n8g\ ] Ifdtfsf] klg jl[ 4 xG' 5 . lgoldt Jofofdn]
JolStnfO{ ljleGg g;g{] /fu] x¿, -h:t} M dwd' x] , xb[ o/fu] ,
kTy/L _ cflb nfUgaf6 hfu] fpgs' f ;fy} dfgl;s tgfj klg sd xg' ] ub5{ . w/] } sfd of Jofofd
u/]kl5 z/L/nfO{ cf/fd jf lgb|fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . z/L/sf leqL cªu\ x¿ cf/fd
ubf{ jf ;'Tbf klg rln/xG5g\ . z/L/n] cf/fd kfPg of lgbf| ku' g] eg] /fu] n] l566\ }
cfjm| d0f ug{ ;S5 . dgnfO{ :j:y /fVg lgoldt ¿kdf cf/fd, lgb|f / dgf]/~hg h:tf

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 13

cfjZos kIfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfgk{' 5{ . o;cGtut{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
!= cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ vn] lgoldt ¿kn] vN] g] ug'{kb{5 .
@= ofu] of zf/Ll/s Jofofd lbgsf] #) ldg]6b]lv $% ldg6] ;Dd ug{' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .
#= lbgdf $% ldg]6 of Ps 306f l56f] l56f] lx“8g\ ' klg /fdf| ] Jofofd xf] .
$= ysfO nfu]sf an] fdf cf/fd u//] z/L/nfO{ cf/fd lbg'kb5{ .
%= lgbf| nfus] f] a]nfdf ;'Tof] eg] z/L/df :k'mtL{ a9\5 .
^= gfr/] , ufP/ of cGo sfoj{ m| dx¿ x]//] xfdLn] dgf]/~hg lng ;S5f“} .
&= cN5Lkg x6fO{ c;n sfdx¿df ;ljm| o xg' 'k5{ .

ko| f]ufTds cEof;

ltdL tyf ltdf| 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] s'g ;dodf s] s] Jofofd / cf/fd u5f{} To;sf]
;"rL agfO{ ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/ .

%= ;kmf nu' fkmf6fsf] ko| f]u

z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVgdf nu' fkmf6fsf] klg 7n' f] el" dsf xG' 5 . tftf,] lr;f,] xfjf, kfgL cflbaf6
z/L/nfO{ arfpg pkoS' t nu' fkmf6f rflxG5 . ;kmf nu' fn] JolStsf] c;n JolStTj emNsfp5“ .
nu' fkmf6f df;} dcg;' f/ z/L/nfO{ ;x' fpg] vfnsf] nufpgk' 5{ . nu' fkmf6f nufpb“ f Wofg lbgk' g{]
s'/fx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
!= n'uf ;w}“ ;kmf nufpg'k5{ / z/L/sf ;a} efunfO{ 9flsg] lsl;dsf] x'gk' 5{ .
@= nu' f nufp“bf cfk"mnfO{ lx“8\g / sfd ug{ cK7\of/f] gx'g] u/L nufpgk' 5{ .
#= nu' fkmf6f ;s];Dd ;'tLsf], g/d / 5fnfnfO{ c;/ gug{] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb5{ .
$= nufpg] n'ufkmf6f ;“u;“u} cGo sk8fx¿ -h:t} M ?dfn, tf}lnof, tGgf cflb_ klg

;do ;dodf wg' 'k5{ .
%= nu' fkmf6f 3fddf ;'sfpgk' 5{ / /fd|/L k6\ofP/ ;/' lIft /fVg'k5{ .

14 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

^= c¿sf] n'uf nufpg' x“'bg} .
&= /f]uL JolStsf] n'uf;“u c¿ n'uf ld;fP/ w'g' x“b' }g . o;f] u/]df c¿sf] 5fnfsf]

/fu] ;g{] ;Defjgf xG' 5 .

;f/fz+

cfkmg\ f] z/L/ ;kmf /fVg] sfon{ fO{ g} JolStut :jf:Yo elgG5 .
skfn kmf]xf]/ /fVof] eg] rfof, h'd|f / 3fp vl6/f cfpg] ;Defjgf xG' 5 .
:j:y JolStsf] cgx' f/ pHofnf,] rlDsnf] / 3fp, bfb, lrnfpg] cflb ;d:of/lxt xG' 5 .
lkpg] kfgL ;kmf / z'4 ePdf kfgLaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux¿, h:t} M emf8fkvfnf, cfp“, xh} f,
h'sf cflbaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
z/L/ :j:y /fVgsf lglDt lgoldt Jofofd cToGt cfjZos 5 . ;fy} ;dodf cf/fd
ug{,] ;dodf ;'Tg] tyf dgf]/~hg klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ .
nu' fkmf6fn] z/L/nfO{ hf8f,] udL,{ xfjf, kfgL cflbaf6 arfO{ :j:y /xg dbt k¥' ofp5“ .

cEof;
!= pko'St zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fpd“ f e/ M

-s_ cg'xf/ ;kmf /fv]g eg] ==================================== cfpg ;S5 .
-c_ 3fp vl6/f -cf_ rfof -O_ 8lG8kmf]/ -O_{ d';f
-v_ kfgL /fVg] ef“8f ============================= sf] eP :jf:YonfO{ /fd|f] xG' 5 .
-c_ PNdf]lgod -cf_ tfdf -O_ Knfl:6s -O_{ l:6n

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 15

-u_ 3/sf] sfdsfh ubf{ klg z/L/sf] ================================== xG' 5 .
-c_ ;kmf -cf_ Jofofd -O_ z4' tf -O{_ kL8f
-3_ nu' fkmf6f ================================================ cg';f/ nufpgk' 5{ .
-c_ km];g -cf_ ;+:sl[ t -O_ df;} d -O{_ cflys{ cj:yf

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ JolStut :jf:Yo eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-v_ skfnsf] x]/rfx ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ s] s] xg' \, n]v .
-u_ xfd|f] cgx' f/ lsg ;kmf /fVg'k5{ < sf/0fx¿ nv] .
-3_ ltdLn] ko| fu] ug]{ kfgL ;kmf / z4' agfpgsf lglDt sg' ljlw ko| fu] u5f}{ <
-ª_ lsg c¿n] nufPsf] nu' fkmf6f ;f6]/ nufpg /fdf| ] x'“b}g <
-r_ lgoldt Jofofd ug]{ afgLn] s] s] kmfObf x'G5 <
-5_ :j:y dgf]/~hgn] ;h[ gzLntf a9fpg s;/L dbt k¥' ofp5“ <

16 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

kfi] f0f (Nutrition) #kf7

kl/ro

xfdLn] lbgx“' w/] } sfdx¿ u5f“{} . oL sfdx¿ ugs{ f lglDt z/L/ :j:y / alnof] xg' k' b5{ .
z/L/nfO{ jl[ 4 / ljsf; u/fpg], alnof] agfpg,] :j:y /fVg] / sfd ug{ ofU] o agfpg]
sfd vfgfn] ub5{ . t;y{ kfi] f0f egs] f] vfgf vfg,] krfpg] / tL vfBkbfyx{ ¿n] z/L/sf]
ljleGg efux¿df uP/ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ kl| j|mofx¿nfO{ a'lemG5 . xfdLn] vfg]s/' fx¿af6}
/f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf klg kfp5“ f}“ .

vfgfsf] juL{s/0f / sfd

xfdLn] ;fgf lzz' hGds] f] bv] ]sf 5f“}{ . s]xL dlxgfdf tL lzz' cfdfafas' f] xft ;dfO{
lx8“ ]sf] klg b]vs] f 5f“} . oL ;a} sfo{ kf]if0fn] ubf{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . kfl] ;nf] vfg]s/' fn]
xfdLnfO{ zlSt kb| fg ub5{ . vfgflagf dflg;sf] hLjg rNbg} . xfdLn] vfg] vfgfx¿ w/] }
y/Lsf 5g\ . oL vfgfx¿sf sfd klg logLx¿sf ks| f/cg;' f/ ljleGg xG' 5g\ . tLdWo]
sx] L vfgfsf] rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 17

!= cGg

afnaflnsf, o'jf ju{, jo:s tyf j4[ j[4f ;a}sf nflu cfjZos kg{] o:tf vfgfdf
rfdn, ux'“, ds}, sf]bf], kmfk/, hf} cflb kb5{ g\ . oL vfgfx¿df sfafx]{ fO8]«6 kfOG5,
h;n] xfdLnfO{ sfd ug{ zlSt lbG5 . ;fdfGo sfdx¿ h:t} M lx8“ \8n' ug{,] k9\g], ef/L
afS] g], vN] g,] bfl} 8g] cflbsf nflu klg sfaf]{xfO86«] n] dbt ub{5 .

@= u8] fu8' L

xfdLn] w/] } lsl;dsf u8] fu8' L vfg] u5f}“{ . xfdLn] xfdf| ] vt] af/Ldf kfOg] u]8fu8' Lx¿
-h:t} M e6df;, af8] L, l;dL, s]/fp, rgf cflb_ d'Vo vfgf;u“ ld;fP/ vfG5f}“ of
vfhfsf ¿kdf vfg] u/s] f 5f“} . oLafxs] xfdL cGo ljleGg yl/sf bfnx¿ klg vfg]
u5f{“} . -d'uL, /x/, df;sf] bfn, /fhdf cflb_ . o:tf u8] fu'8L / bfnx¿af6 xfdLn]
k|f]l6g kfp5“ f}“ h'g xfdf| ] z/L/sf] jl[ 4 / ljsf;sf lglDt h?/L x'G5 . z/L/sf tGtx' ¿
dd{t ugs{ f nflu klg o:tf vfgf xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kb{5g\ .

#= ;fukft

/fof,] kfn'ªu\ f,] tf/] Lsf] ;fu, a]y], rd;'/, d]yL, km;L{sf] d'G6f cflb xl/of kft ePsf
vfgfnfO{ ;fukftcGtu{t lnOG5 . oLafxs] aGbfufj] L, ss{nf,] l;:g' cflb klg xfdLn]
vfg] u/s] f ;fukftcGtu{t kb5{ g\ . z/L/ :j:y /fVg, /fu] af6 aRg, km' ltn{ f] xg' tyf
cªu\ x¿n] /fd|f] sfo{ ug{sf nflu ;fukft klg laxfg tyf a]ns' Lsf] vfgfdf ldnfP/
vfg'kb5{ . e]G6f, uf]ne]8f, /fdtf]l/of, ufh/, dn' f, kj{n, l3/f}“nf, xl/of] v;' f{gL cflb
klg t/sf/Lsf ¿kdf k|ofu] ug]{ ;fukft g} xg' \ . o:tf ;fukftdf k|z:t vlgh kbfy{
/ ljleGg k|sf/sf le6fldgx¿ kfOG5g\, h;n] xfdf| ] z/L/ :j:y /fVgsf nflu dbt
k¥' ofp5“ .

$= kmnk"mn

cDaf, d]jf, s]/f, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, cf“k, cª\u'/, gf;kftL, Hofld/, lga'jf, sfutL
cflb ;a} xfd|f] b]zdf df};dcg';f/ kfOg] kmnkm" nx¿ x'g\ . kmnk"mnx¿ vfg] afgL
u/]df xfdLn] vlgh kbfy{ / le6fldgx¿ kfp“5f}“ h;n] xfdLnfO{ /f]ulj?4 n8\g dbt
k'¥ofp5“ . o;n] z/L/sf cª\ux¿nfO{ sfd ug{ dbt ub5{ . bl} gs vfgfdf kmnk"mn
ldnfP/ vfg] u/d] f o;n] xfdLnfO{ w/] } nfe ub5{ .

18 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

%= df5f, df;,' b'w / b'waf6 ags] f kl/sf/x¿

df;+ xf/Lx¿n] df;,' cG8f cflb vfg] ub5{ g\ . ;fsfxf/Ln] bw' , bxL, klg/, vj' f, lrh, 5k' L{
cflb bw' af6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿ vfg] ub{5g\ . o:tf vfgfx¿af6 k|fl] 6g kfOG5, h;n]
z/L/sf] j[l4, ljsf;, sfi] f / tGt'nfO{ ddt{ ug]{ sfox{ ¿df dbt k¥' ofp5“ . /fu] L
kzk' 5Lsf] df;' vfgfn] xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf ljleGg ks| f/sf /f]uxx¿ nfUg ;S5g\ . ctM
df;' vf“bf df;s' f] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

^= kfgL

kfgL xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ clt cfjZos ko] kbfy{ xf] . o;n] vfgf krfpg / /St;~rf/df
;xof]u ub5{ . z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu z/L/cg';f/ lbgsf] sDtLdf bO' { ln6/
kfgL lkpgk' b{5 . kfgL lkpb“ f laxfg p7\g]ljlŒfs} / vfgf vfg'eGbf cfwf 306f cufl8
/ vfgf vfO;ss] f] cfwf 306fkl5 dfq lkpgk' b5{ . kfgL lkpb“ f kfgLsf] z4' tfdf Wofg
lbgk' b5{ . lkmN6/ ul/Psf,] pdfns] f,] Snfl] /g /flvPsf] / ;fl] 8; ljlwaf6 z'4Ls/0f
ul/Psf] kfgL dfq lkpgk' b{5 .

k|ofu] fTds cEof;

ltdLn] 3/df laxfgbl]v an] s' L;Dd vfg] vfgfx¿sf] tflnsf agfpm / ;fyLx¿;u“ tn' gf u/ M

;do dV' o cGg u]8fu'8L ;fukft kmnk"mn df5f, df;,' bw' jf kl/sf/

laxfgsf] vfgf

lbp“;fs] f] vfhf

an] 'sLsf] vfgf

;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf] kl/ro

;Gtl' nt ef]hg eg]sf] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] ;a} kf}li6s tŒjx¿ ldnfP/ vfOg]
vfgfnfO{ hgfp“5 . xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ l7s dfqfdf sfafx]{ O86«] , kf| l] 6g, lrNnf,] vlgh,
le6fldg, kfgL cflb rflxG5 . xfdLn] sfafx{] fO86«] , kf| l] 6g, lrNnf] cflb slt vfgk' 5{ eGg]
s/' f xfdf| ] pd/] , lnªu\ , sfd ug]{ tl/sf, 7fp“ cflbdf e/ kb{5 . vfgfn] z/L/df ug{]

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 19

sfdx¿sf cfwf/df o;nfO{ d'Vo tLg ;d"xdf afl“ 8Psf 5g\ . ;Gt'lnt ef]hg vfgfsf
lglDt xfdLn] k|Tos] ;d"xaf6 Ps of bO' { k|sf/sf vfgf ;dfj]z ug{k' b5{ .

!= zlSt lbg] vfB ;dx"

lgDglnlvt vfgfx¿ zlSt lbg] vfB ;d"xdf kb{5g\ M
rfdn, ux,'“ ds}, sfb] f], kmfk/, cGg, pv,' dx, lrgL,
tn] , l3p, dSvg tyf hldgd'lg kfOg] t/sf/L
cfn', lk“8fn,' ;v/v08 cflb .

@= z/L/ j[l4 ug]{ vfB ;dx"

lgDglnlvt vfgfx¿ z/L/sf] ljsf; / jl[ 4 ug{] vfB ;d"xdf kb{5g\ M

df5f, df;,' cG8f, u]8fu'8L, bfn, bw' / b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿, klg/, lrh, 5k' L,{
n:;L cflb

#= z/L/ /Iff ug]{ vfB ;dx"

lgDglnlvt vfgfx¿ z/L/nfO{ /Iff ug]{ vfB ;d"xcGtut{ kb5{ g\, xl/of] ;fukft,
t/sf/L, kmnk"mnx¿ cflb

20 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

;f/f+z

vfgfn] z/L/nfO{ jl[ 4 ug],{ zlSt lbg], /f]ulj?4 n8\g] Ifdtf kb| fg ub5{ .
vfgfnfO{ kd| v' vfgfsf ¿kdf, u8] fu'8L, ;fukft, kmnk"mn, df5f, df;,' b'w / bw' af6
ag]sf kl/sf/ egL kf“r ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
vfgfnfO{ z/L/df ug{] sfos{ f cfwf/ agfP/ ltg ;dx" df afl“ 8Psf] 5 . h:t} M zlSt
lbg] vfB ;dx" , z/L/ jl[ 4 ug{] vfB ;dx" tyf z/L/ /Iff ug{] vfB ;dx"

cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“df ldNbf] zAb e/ M

-s_ cGg hGo vfB kbfy{ ============================================= xf] .
-c_ bfn -cf_ eft -O_ t/sf/L -O_{ crf/
-v_ u]8fu'8Ldf xfdLnfO{ rflxg] =================================== kfOG5 .
-c_ kf| ]l6g -cf_ sfafx]{ fO8]6« -O_ le6fldg -O{_ vlgh
-u_ bw' af6 ag]sf] kl/sf/ ================================================xf] .
-c_ n:;L -cf_ klg/ -O_ tfk] 'm -O{_ xn'jf
-3_ ========================================== zlSt lbg] vfgf ;dx" df kb5{ .
-c_ cfn' -cf_ df;' -O_ :ofp -O_{ ;fu

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 21

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pŒf/ nv] M

-s_ kf]if0f egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ kf]if0fsf dxŒjx¿ s] s] xg' \ .
-u_ vfgfnfO{ s;/L juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ zlSt lbg] vfB kbfy{x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-ª_ ;Gt'lnt efh] g lsg cfjZos 5 <
-r_ s:tf] vfgf vfPdf efh] g ;Gtl' nt xG' 5 <

22 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

/f]u (Disease) $kf7

kl/ro

z/L/df :km" lt{ sd eO{ c;xh dx;;' ug{] cj:yfnfO{ /fu] nfus] f] elgG5 . /fu] nfUgs' f
w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . o:tf sf/0fx¿ sL6f0f'x¿af6 ;ª\j|md0f, jz+ fgu' t ljs[lt cyjf
jftfj/0fLo ke| fj cflb xg' \ . /fu] nfUgs' f sf/0fx¿cg;' f/ /fu] nfO{ bO' { efudf af8“ g\ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ;g]{ /f]u

-v_ g;g{] /fu]

-s_ ;g]{ /f]u

Ps JolStaf6 csf{] JolStdf s'g} dfWodaf6 ;g{] /fu] nfO{ ;?jf /fu] eGb5g\ . o:tf
/f]u k|foM sL6f0fx' ¿n] ubf{ nfU5 . of] slxn]sfxL“ /fu] L;u“ ;fe] m} ;Dks{ ubf{ ;g]{ u5{
t slxn] /fu] Lsf] ;Dksd{ f cfPsf sk8f, kfgL, vfgf cflbaf6 lg/fu] L dflg;df ;g{]
ub5{ . ?3f, vfs] L, bfb/' f, 7p] nf, a8k{ m\ n' (birdflu), :jfOg km\ n' (swineflu), emf8fkvfnf,
cfp,“ sdn lkŒf, 6fOkmfO8, /l] ah (rabies) cflb ;g]{ /fu] x¿ x'g\ .

-v_ g;g]{ /f]u

Ps JolStaf6 csf{]df g;g]{ /f]unfO{ g;g]{ /f]u elgG5 t/ s'g} g;g]{ /f]ux¿
j+zfgu' t ¿kdf cfdfafa'af6 afnaflnsfx¿df ;g{ ;S5g\ . g;g{] /fu] x¿ nfUg'sf
w/] } sf/0fx¿ zf/Ll/s u8\a8L, kf]ifs tŒjsf] sdL, lrGtf, w/] } vfg', jftfj/0fdf
kfOg] gldNbf tŒjx¿ cflb x'g\ . xfdL ;hu eof}“ eg] /f]u nfUgaf6 aRg ;S5f}“ .
SofG;/, lrgL /fu] of dwd' ]x, bdvf]sL, d6' s' f] /f]u cflb g;g]{ /f]ux¿ x'g\ .

-s_ sx] L ;g]{ /fu] x¿sf] sf/0f, nIf0f / /fs] yfd ug]{ tl/sf

!= emf8fkvfnf (Diarrhea)

bl" ift kfgL / lemu“ f elGsPsf] vfgf vfgfn] emf8fkvfnf nfU5 . emf8fkvfnf nfUbf

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 23

JolStn] lbgdf ltg of rf/ k6seGbf a9L kftnf] lb;f ub5{ . of] /fu] w/] h} ;f] ;/;kmfOsf]
sdLn] nfU5 . gk] fndf w/] } afnaRrfx¿ of] /fu] n] dg{] ub{5g\ .

nIf0fx¿

!= kftnf] lb;f lbgdf tLg÷rf/ k6s jf ;f]eGbf a9L xg' ]
@= vfgf vfg dg gnfUg]
#= k6] bV' g]
$= emfn] lrh sd lkPdf cf]7 ;'Sg] / cfv“ f u8\g]
%= uf]8fsf df;+ kz] L afpl“ 8g]
^= sdhf/] L x'g]
&= 5fnf rfpl/g] / lk;fa sd cfpg]

;g{] tl/sf

!= /fu] L JolStn] lb;f u/k] l5 xft gwfO] { vfgf ksfp“bf c¿nfO{ klg ;b{5 .
@= v'nf 7fp“df lb;f lk;fa ubf,{ sfr“ f ;fu;AhL / kmnk"mnx¿ /fd|/L ;kmf gu/L

sL6f0f' kml} nP/ o:tf lrhx¿ gwf]O{ vfg] of ksfpg] u/]df c¿nfO{ ;b5{ .
#= vfgf g5fl] ksg /fvd] f kmfx] f/] df a;s] f] lem“uf vfgfdf a;]/ of] /fu] ;g{ ;S5 .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= xft ;fa'gkfgLn] ;kmf;“u wg' ] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ .
@= lb;flk;fa zfr} fnodf dfq ugk{' 5{ .
#= ;fu;AhL ksfp“bf /fd|/L kvfNgk' 5{ .
$= sf“rf kmnk"mn / ;fu;AhL /fd/| L kvfn]/ vfg] ug{k' 5{ .
%= vfgf ;w“} ;kmf / tfhf dfq vfg'k5{ .
^= ;w“} z'4 kfgL dfq lkpg] ug{k' 5{ .
&= ksfPsf] vfgf ;w“} 5fk] /] /fVg'k5{ .

24 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

*= af;L tyf ;8]uns] f vfgfx¿ vfgx' b'“ }g .

(= vfgf vfgc' l3 / zfr} fno uPkl5 ;kmf;“u ;fag' kfgLn] xft w'gk' 5{ .
!)= emf8fkvfnf nfus] f an] f z/L/df kfgL sd xg' ] ePsfn] kz| :t dfqfdf kfgL tyf

emf]n kbfy{ lkpgk' b{5 .

@= ufn] f] hs' f (Round Worm)

uf]nf] h'sf g]kfndf b]lvg] h'sfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf uf]nf] h'sf
a9L nfUg] h'sf xf] . pd]/ k'u]sf] h'sf !) b]lv #)
;]lG6ld6/;Dd nfdf] x'G5 . oL h'sfx¿ cfGb|fdf
xfd|f] /ut / vfgf r';]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . Pp6f kf]yL
h'sfn] Ps lbgdf nfvf“} nfv cG8f kfg{] ub{5 . To;}n]
ufn] f] hs' f nfUg] JolStsf] lb;fdf o;sf w/] } cG8f / dl;gf
h'sfx¿ emb{5g\ .

nIf0fx¿

!= kftnf] lb;f nfUg]
@= k]6 s6Ss u/L bV' g]
#= vfg dg gnfUg] / jfsjfs nfUg]
$= k6] km' Ng]
%= k6] df hs' f w/] } ePdf lb;f ubf{ aflx/ cfpg]
^= afGtf ubf{ lhpb“ f] h'sf d'vaf6 cfpg]
&= ;V' vf vfs] L nfUg] / ;f; kmg] { uf/f] x'g]

;g{] tl/sf

/fu] Ln] hyfefjL lb;f u/d] f lb;fdf em/s] f cG8fx¿ t/sf/L, kmnkm" n / kfgLdf k//] cGo
JolStnfO{ ;b{5 . xft gwf]O{ vfgf vfg], sf“rf] vfBkbfyx{ ¿ /fd|/L gwf]O{ ksfpg,] lb;f
u//] xft gwfO] { vfgf vfg] / af8“ g\ ] cflb sfoa{ f6 ufn] f] hs' fsf] cG8f vfgf, kfgL cflbdf
k/L c¿nfO{ klg ;g{ ;S5 . vfn] fgfnfsf] kfgL z4' gkf/L lkpgfn] hs' fsf] cG8f

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 25

/ nfef{ dv' af6 k6] df uO{ 7n' f] h'sf ;b{5 . o;/L k6] df uPsf] cG8f / nfef{x¿
/StgnLåf/f kmfS] ;fd] f kU' 5 . o; cjlwdf la/fdLnfO{ vf]sL nfUg] / Hj/f] cfpg]
ub5{ . kmfS] ;fa] f6 vfgfsf] gnL eP/ k6] df ku' L hs' f a9g\ yfN5 . t;y{ la/fdLnfO{ vfg
dg gnfUg,] jfsjfs cfpg] cflb xg' ] ub5{ .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= kfgL z'4 kf//] dfq lkpg]
@= ;fukft /fd/| L wf]P/ ksfpg]
#= zf}rfnodf dfq lb;f lk;fa ug]{
$= lb;f u/k] l5 /fd/| L ;fa'gkfgLn] xft wg' ]
%= lemu“ f eGs]sf,] af;L, v'nf /fv]sf] vfg]s/' f gvfg]
^= ;do ;dodf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{ / h'sfsf] cfi} fwL vfg]

#= nt' f] (Scabies)

n'tf] 5fnf;DaGwL /f]u xf] . of] OrdfO6 (itchmite) gfds
k/hLjLaf6 xg' ] ;?jf /f]u xf] . of] k/hLjLn] 5fnfd'lg ;ª\
jm| d0f ug{] xb“' f JolStnfO{ cTolws lrnfOsf] cge' j xG' 5 .
kf| oh;f] oL k/hLjLx¿ xft, cfn“} f, gf8L, uf8] f / hggl] Gbo| df
a:g] ub{5g\ .

nIf0fx¿

!= xft, cf“}nf, uf]8fsf cf“n} f cflbdf dl;gf 3fpx¿ bl] vg] / cTolws lrnfpg]

@= cGo s/' fdf Wofg lbg g;Sg]

;g]{ tl/sf

!= glhssf] ;Dks{ (close contact) af6 ;“u} ;T' bf n'tfs] f k/hLjLx¿ c¿ JolStdf
;b{5 .

@= /f]uLn] nufPsf] sk8f / ¿dfn cflbsf] ko| fu] u/]df klg nt' f] ;g{ ;S5 .

26 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

aRg] pkfox¿

!= ;do ;dodf g'xfpg] / sk8f ;kmf nufpg]
@= kmfx] f/] kfgL, lxnf], w'nf] cflbdf gvN] g] / /fu] L;“u ;Dks{df gcfpg]
#= c¿n] nufPsf] sk8f ;f6/] gnufpg]
$= jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf kfgLsf] ko| f]u ug]{
%= c¿nfO{ klg /fu] / ;/;kmfOk|lt ;hu agfpg]

$= cf“vf kfSg] (Conjunctivitis)

cfv“ fnfO{ 5fK] g] ;t] f] efu (conjunctiva) kfSg] /fu] nfO{ cfv“ f kfSg] /fu] elgG5 .
?3fvf]sL Nofpg] ljiff0fs' f] ;ª\jm| d0fn] of cGo sL6f0f'sf] ;ªj\ m| d0fn] klg of] /f]u nfUg]
ub{5 . wn' f,] wj' f“ tyf ;fG} bo{ ;fduL| sf sf/0fn] klg cfv“ f kfSg ;S5 . s6] fs6] Lx¿df
of] /f]u bV] g'sf] dV' o sf/0f kmfx] f]/df vN] g] / ;kmf ga:g] afgL xf] . ;w“} cfv“ f ;kmf
kfgLn] wg' ] u/d] f cf“vf kfSg] tyf 6s« f]df h:tf] 3fts /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

nIf0fx¿

!= cfv“ faf6 nuftf/ kfgL aUg'
@= cf“vfsf] ;]tf] efu /ftf] bl] vg'
#= cf“vf kf]Ng' / b'Vg'
$= 3fddf x]g{ g;Sg'
%= cfv“ faf6 lkk lg:sg'
^= k/]nf 6f“l;g] -laxfg kv_

;g]{ tl/sf

!= la/fdLn] ko| f]u u/s] f] ?dfn, sk8f, tfl} nof k|ofu] ubf{ ;ª\j|md0f x'G5 .
@= glhs a:bf cfv“ faf6 v;]sf cf;“ ,' kfgL / lkk;u“ ;Dks{ eO{ /f]u ;g{ ;S5 .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 27

aRg] pkfox¿

!= ;kmf kfgLn] cf“vf wg' ] afgL a;fNg'k5{ .
@= wn' f,] wj' f,“ kmfx] f]/ cflbdf vN] g'xb“' g} .
#= cf“vf ldRg' xb“' }g, lrnfof] eg] klg ;kmf kfgLn] wf]P/ ;kmf ?dfnn] k'5\g'k5{ .
$= c¿n] k|of]u u/s] f] ?dfn, tf}lnof, sk8f cflb k|ofu] ug{x' G' g .
%= cfv“ fdf wn' f] k/]df gldRg,] 7n' f JolStsf] ;xofu] lnO{ ;kmf ugk{' 5{ .

ko| f]ufTds cEof;

ltdLnfO{ cfv“ f kfSbf ePsf] cge' j ;fyLx¿nfO{ sIffsf7] fdf atfpm jf c¿ s;n} fO{
cfv“ f kfss] f] bv] d] f ltdLn] lbgk' g{] ;Nnfxx¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ ;a} ;fyLnfO{ sIffdf ;g' fpm .

%= ?3fvfs] L (Common Cold)

ljiff0fs' f sf/0fn] gfs / 3f6“ Lsf] ;ªj\ m| d0f xg' n' fO{ ?3fvfs] L egL lrlgG5 . of] xfjfaf6
;g{] /fu] xf] . vf]Sbf of xflR5p“ ubf{ ?3fvf]sL nfUg] ljiff0f' csf{] JolStdf ;b{5g\ .
To;}n] o;nfO{ xfjfaf6 ;g{] /f]u egs] f] xf] . ?3fvf]sL lr;fs] f] PnhLn{ ] ubf{ klg xG' 5 .

nIf0fx¿

!= gfsaf6 kfgL aUg,] cfv“ f /;fpg] / cf;“ ' aUg]
@= 6fpsf] bV' g,] clncln Hj/f] cfpg] / hf8f] x'g]
#= 3f6“ L bV' g] / vf]sL nfUg]
$= gfs aGb xg' ] / :j/ kml] /g]
%= lhp b'Vg]

;g{] tl/sf

!= /f]uLn] xfl5p“ ubf{, vf]Sbf / af]Nbf gfs, d'v / cfv“ faf6 cfPsf] t/n kbfyd{ f
ljiff0f' xG' 5g\ h'g lg/f]uL JolStdf ;b5{ / ?3fvfs] L nfU5 .

28 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

@= la/fdLn] ko| fu] u/s] f] ?dfn, tfl} nof, sk8f / cGo ;fduL| x¿sf] ;Dksa{ f6 klg of]
/fu] c¿df ;b5{ .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= ?3fvf]sL nfus] f] an] f z/L/ tftf] xg' ] vfgf vfO{ cf/fd ugk{' b{5 .
@= ?dfn / tf}lnof JolStut ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{k' 5{ .
#= xfl5p“ ubf{ jf vfS] bf d'v / gfs 5f]Kg'k5{ . w/] } dflg;x¿sf] xn' af6 6f9f

a:g'k5{ .
$= l;“ufg kmfNg / y'Sg'k¥of] eg] zfr} fno jf ;/' lIft 7fp“sf] ko| fu] ugk'{ 5{ .
%= lr;f], w'nf] tyf w'jf“af6 ;w}“ ;'/lIft /xg'kb{5 . df};dcg';f/sf] n'uf

nufpgk' 5{ .
^= lgoldt Jofofd ug{] afgL a;fnd] f /fu] k|lt n8\g] zlStdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 .
&= dgtftf] emfn] kbfy{ w]/} lkpgk' 5{ .

^= /]lah (Rabies)

/]lah ljiff0f' (virus) af6 ;g]{ /f]u xf] . of] ;ª\j|md0f
/f]uLsf] ¥ofnaf6 csf]{ JolStdf ;b{5 . of] /f]usf] dV' o
;|ft] ;ª\jm| ldt ss' '/, la/fnf,] rd/] f x'g\ . ;ªj\ m| ldt kz' jf
JolStsf] ;Dksd{ f cfPsf] bz lbgbl] v Ps jif{leq /fu] Ldf
/fu] sf] nIf0f b]lvG5 t/ kf| oh;f] bO' { dlxgfleq g} bl] vG5 .
/l] ah nfus] f] hgfj/n] 6fs] s] f] nuQ} o;lj?4 vfk] nufpgk' b5{ .

nIf0fx¿

!= Hj/f] cfpg', ;':t xg' ,' g/dfOnf] nfUg'

@= 56k6fx6 xg' '

#= 3/L3/L t;{g], 3f“6Lsf df+;kz] L b'Vg] / d'vaf6 ¥ofn cfpg'

$= kfgL lkp“bf 3f6“ L w]/} b'Vg] x'b“ f kfgL b]vL 8/fpg'

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 29

%= vfgf vfg g;Sg'

^= 3f“6Lsf df+;k]zL vl' Drgfn] ;f; km]g{ uf/f] x'g' / kIf3ft x'g'

;g]{ tl/sf

/]lah nfus] f hgfj/ -ss' /' , la/fnf,] :ofn_ cflbn] 6fs] ]df p;sf] ¥ofndf ePsf ljiff0f'
lg/f]uL JolStsf] z/L/df k:5 . of] ljiff0fn' ] cfj|md0f ug{] cªu\ dl:tis xf] .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= 3/df kfns] f ss' '/x¿nfO{ /l] ahsf] vfk] nufpg'k5{ .

@= ;/sf/L jf u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xofu] df e:' ofxf ss' /' x¿nfO{ k'g:yfk{ gf
ug'{k5{ .

#= sg' } ss' /' n] 6fS] of] eg] ky| dtM vfk] sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lngk' 5{ / /s] 8{ xg] k{' 5{ .

$= ;s;] Dd l56f] :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gbd| f uO{ /l] ahlj?4 vfk] nufPdf afn} fxf hgfj/n]
6fs] ] klg /f]uaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

%= ss' '/, la/fnf] cflbnfO{ lh:Sofpg' x'b“ g} .

^= /l] ah nfu]sf] hgfj/nfO{ klxrfg ug{ hfGgk' 5{ . o:tf ss' '/ jf cGo hgfj/sf]
cfv“ f /ftf] x'G5, d'vaf6 ¥ofn r'lxPsf] x'G5 / kR' 5/ tn e'mss] f] xG' 5 .

&= s'g} 3/ kfnj' f hgfj/nfO{ cGo hgfj/n] 6f]ss] f] 5 / To; hgfj/sf] dT[ o'
ePsf] 5 eg] To;sf] 6fpsf] sf6/] hfR“ g nfg'k5{ . /l] ah xf] jf xf]Og kŒff
nufpg'k5{ . olb /l] ah xf] eg] 3/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ /]lahlj?4 vf]k lbg'k5{ .

&= cfp“ (Dysentry)

cfp“ klg Ps ;?jf /fu] xf] . cfp“ nfus] f] JolStnfO{ kftnf] lb;f w/] } k6s nfU5 . cfp“
bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . ;/n efiffdf o:tf cfpn“ fO{ ;t] f] df;L (amoebic dysentery) /
/ftf] df;L (bacillary dysentery) eGb5g\ . oL bO' { cfp“sf nIf0fx¿ km/s km/s
k|sf/sf 5g\, h:t} M

30 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

;g{] tl/sf

!= bl" ift kfgL / vfgfaf6 lg/f]uL JolStdf ;5{ .

@= ;/;kmfO gePsf] 7fpd“ f lem“uf eGs/] lg/fu] Lsf] vfgfnfO{ k|bl" ift ubf{ ;b5{ .

#= ;8u] ns] f tyf af;L vfgf vfg] / xft gwfO] { vfgf vfb“ f /fu] L JolStaf6 cGonfO{
;b{5 .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= 3/ cf“ug ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf kfgL lkpg] ugk'{ 5{ .

@= xft wg' ] / ;kmf a:g] afgL a;fNgk' 5{ .

#= af6fd] f g5f]kL aR] g /fvs] f] vfgf vfg'xG' g .

$= s;} s;}nfO{ cfp“ eP klg nIf0f gbl] vg ;S5, t;y{ lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
u/fO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

ko| f]ufTds cEof;

ltdLn] cfkm\ gf] 6fn] df emf8fkvfnf / cfp“ nfus] f JolStx¿ bv] s] f 5f} xfn] f . pgLx¿nfO{
hnljof]hg x'gaf6 arfpg s] s] ug]{ / s] s] vj' fpg'xG' 5 . o;;DaGwL ;r" L
agfP/ sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't u/ .

*= sdnlkŒf (Jaundice)

sdnlkŒf snh] f]df xg' ] ;ªj\ m| d0f xf] . snh] f]df v/faL w]/} sf/0fx¿n] x'g ;S5 . w]/}
/S;L lkpg] afgL, nfu'kbfy{sf] ko| f]u, cf}ifwLsf] clt k|of]u, b"lift kfgL / vfgf, ljiff0fs' f]
;ª\j|md0f cflb sdnlkŒf nfUgs' f sf/0fx¿ x'g\ .

nIf0fx¿

!= vfgf vfgf dg gnfUg] / jfsjfs nfUg]

@= jfGtf xg' vfH] g] / k6] kfN] g]

#= lb;f km' ;f| ] cfpg] t/ lk;fa tn] h:tf] kx]“nf] cfpg]

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 31

$= 5fnf / cf“vf kx“]nf] xg' ]

%= xNsf Hj/f] cfpg]

^= w]/} sdhf]/ cge' j xg' ]

;g]{ tl/sf

!= xft gwfO] { vfgf vf“bf bl" ift vfgfaf6 ;5{ .

@= bl" ift kfgLsf] k|ofu] af6 ;5{ .

#= ;ªj\ m| ldtn] bfg u/]sf] /utaf6 lg/f]uL JolStnfO{ ;5{ .

aRg] pkfox¿

!= ;kmf kfgL / tfhf vfgf vfg] ug{k' 5{ .

@= lb;f lk;fa u/k] l5 xft ;kmf;“u wg' k' 5{ .

#= sdnlkTt nfus] f] JolSt;u“ w/] } glhssf] ;Dks{ /fVbf ljzi] f Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ .

$= /ut /fd/| L k/LIf0f u/]/ dfq k|of]u ugk{' 5{ .

%= sdnlkTt ePsf] a]nfdf dBkfg ug'{ x“b' g} . nfu' kbfy{ tyf dbo\ kfg h:tf
g/fdf| afgLx¿sf] ntdf kg'{ g/fdf| ] xf] . o;sf nflu cf}ifwLsf] k|ofu] hyfefjL
ug'{xG' g .

(= 6fOkmfO8 (Typhoid)

6fOkmfO8nfO{ gk] fnLdf Dofb] Hj/f] jf ljifd Hj/f] eGb5g\ . 6fOkmfO8 ;fNdfg] N] nf
6fOkmL (salmonella typhi) gfds sL6f0f'sf] ;ªj\ |md0fn] ubf{ x'G5 . oL sL6f0f' bl" ift
kfgL, bw' of vfgs] '/faf6 lg/fu] L JolStdf ;b{5 . 6fOkmfO8n] ;fgf] cfGbf| nfO{ ;ª\jm| d0f
ub5{ / oxf“ 3fp (ulcer) agfOlbG5 . /fd|/L cf}ifwL u/]g eg] 6fOkmfO8n] cfGb|fdf
Kjfn kfg{ ;S5 / /fu] Lsf] dT[ o' xg' ;S5 . 6fOkmfO8 ePsf] JolStsf] snh] f] / lkmofd] f
klg ;ªj\ m| d0f eP/ ;l' gg ;S5 .

nIf0fx¿

32 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

!= w]/} Hj/f] cfpg] / a]ns' f ePkl5 Hj/f] a9\b} hfg]
@= 6fpsf] w]/} bV' g] / vfg dg gnfUg]

#= k6] km' Ng] / cK7\of/f] cg'ej x'g]

$= kftnf] lb;f nfUg,] k6] kf]Ng] / k6] df ;;fgf bfu b]lvg]

%= bflxgk] 6\l6 k]6df b'vs] f] cg'ej xg' ] .

;g{] tl/sf

!= bl" ift vfgf, kfgL, bw' / cGo vfB kbfy{sf] ko| fu] .
@= lemu“ f eGs]sf] jftfj/0f / kmfx] f/] d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gePsf] cj:yf
#= af;L, ;8u] ns] f / Dofb gf3]sf vfg] s/' f vf“bf

aRg] pkfox¿

!= jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] / ;kmf kfgLsf] k|of]u ug{k' 5{ .

@= af;L / lem“uf eGss] f] vfg] s'/f vfg'x'Gg .

#= gbLgfnf tyf kfgLsf] dx' fgsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ / kmf]xf/] kfg{ lbg'xG' g .

$= kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ugk'{ b5{ .

!)= PrcfOeL / P8;\ (HIV and AIDS)

PrcfOeL / P8\; Ps} /f]usf] bO' { cj:yf xf] . of] /f]u /6] «fe] fO/; (retrovirus) gfds
ljiff0f'sf] sf/0faf6 nfU5 . PrcfOeLsf] cfj|md0fkl5 dflg;sf] /f]ulj?4 n8\g]
kl| t/Iff k0| ffnL sdhf]/ x'b“ } hfG5 . of] /f]u nfus] f JolSt cGtdf w]/} /fu] x¿ nfu]/
dg]{ ub{5g\ . PrcfOeL eg]sf] /]6«f]efO/;sf] csf{] gfd xf] h;nfO{ cªu\ h|] Ldf human
immuno deficiency virus cyjf HIV eGb5g\ . P8;\ egs] f] ljleGg /fu] x¿n] cfjm| fGt
ePsf] PrcfOeLsf] clGtd cj:yf xf] . o;nfO{ cª\u|]hLdf acquired immune deficiency
syndrome cyjf AIDS eGb5g\ .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 33

PrcfOeL / P8;\ cfh ljZjsf nflu 7n' f] rg' f}tL ePsf] 5 . o;sf] /f]uyfdsf lglDt
vf]k kQf nufpg ;lsPsf] 5g} . /fu] lgsf] kfg{] cf}ifwL klg 5g} . clxn] ahf/df
kfOg] cf}ifwLx¿ z/L/sf] /fu] kl| t/fw] zlSt sx] L xbdf a9fpgsf nflu dfq xf] .

;g\ !(*! df ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sfn] klxnf] k6s PrcfOeL / P8;\ ;DaGwL kŒff
nufP . g]kfndf of] /fu] klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(** df rf/ hgf ofg} sdLx{ ¿df kŒff
nfus] f] lyof] . UNAIDS sf cg';f/ xfn ;+;f/df ##=# ldlnog PrcfOeL /f]uLx¿
5g\ . gk] fndf cGbfhL &% xhf/ o:tf /fu] Lx¿ 5g\ . (UNAIDS November 2010) .

nIf0fx¿ / cj:yfx¿

PrcfOeL / P8\;sf nIf0fx¿ / o;sf cj:yfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-s_ em\ofnL cj:yf

em\ ofnL cj:yf lg/f]uL JolStsf] /fu] L JolSt;“u kT| oIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;Dks{ ePsf]
;dobl] v tLg dlxgf;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf /f]uLsf] /St k/LIf0f
u/]df PrcfOeL kf]lhl6e (HIV positive) bl] v“bg} t/ /f]uL JolStn] c¿nfO{ /fu] ;fg{
;S5 . t;y{ o; cj:yfnfO{ ljiff0f' jfxs cj:yf (carrier stage) klg elgG5 . of]
cjlw s;} s;d} f ! dlxgf !% lbg xg' ;S5 t/ s;d} f !@ dlxgf;Dd klg xg'
;S5 . /f]uLnfO{ /fu] nfus] f] yfxf x“b' g} lsgls p;df s'g} nIf0fx¿ bl] v“b}g .

-v_ PrcfOeL cj:yf

PrcfOeL cj:yfdf JolStn] /St k/LIf0f u/s] f] v08df PrcfOeL kfl] hl6e (HIV
positive) bl] vG5 t/ JolStnfO{ /f]u nfu] tfklg la/fdL eP/ al;/xg kbg{} . ;do
;dodf ?3fvf]sL cflb /fu] nfu] tfklg cGo JolStx¿nfO{ h:t} lgsf] x'G5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf /f]uLn] of] /fu] c¿df ;fg{ ;S5 . gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df of] cj:yf % bl] v &
jif;{ Dd /xG5 .

-u_ P8;\ cj:yf

kf| oh;f] & bl] v !) jifl{ eq PrcfOeL ePsf] JolSt P8\; cj:yfdf kU' 5 . PrcfOeL
cj:yfdf jf P8\; cj:yfdf ghfgsf lglDt cf}ifwL lnPsf] (antiretroviral medicines)
5 eg] /f]uL P8;\ cj:yfdf hfb“ }g / nfdf] ;do;Dd afR“ g ;S5 . P8;\ /fu] nfO{ klg

34 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

k|f/lDes P8\; cj:yf / nIf0fx¿  clGtd P8;\ cj:yf / nIf0fx¿
nfdf] ;do;Dd ?3fvfs] L nfUg]
z/L/sf] kl| t/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ ePsfn]
w]/} cj;/jfbL /f]ux¿n] cfjm| d0f ub{5 .

nfdf] ;do;Dd kftnf] lb;f nfUg] Ifo/fu] , 6fOkmfO8, bfb/' f, 7p] nf, lgdfl] gof,
5fnfsf] SofG;/ cflb

nfdf] ;od;Dd Hj/f] cfO/xg] of] cj:yfdf cfPkl5 JolSt ^ dlxgfbl] v
bO' { jif{df dg{ ;S5

z/L/sf] tfn} 36b\ } hfg]

z/L/, d'v cflbdf 3fpx¿ cfpg]

sfvLd'lg luvfx{ ¿ bl] vg]

k|f/lDes (early) / clGtd (late) P8;\ egL b'O{ cj:yfdf af“8g\ ;lsG5 .

PrcfOeL / P8;\ ;g{] tl/sf

!= /fu] L;“u c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks{ u/d] f
@= lgdn{ Ls/0f gu/s] f ;O' {, 5]8\g] cf}hf/, 6o\ f6' eg{] cf}hf/ cflb k|of]u u/d] f
#= ;ª\jm| ldt /ut csf{] JolStn] lnPdf
$= ;ªj\ |mldt cfdfn] lzz' hGdfPdf
%= ;O' {af6 lng] nfu' cf}ifwL ko| f]u u/]df

PrcfOeL / P8\;af6 aRg] pkfox¿

!= Ps hgf JolSt;u“ dfq ofg} ;DaGw /fVg]
@= ;/' lIft of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] afgL a;fNg]
#= c¿sf] /ut lng' k/]df /fd|/L k/LIf0f u//] dfq lng]
$= ;'O{, cf}hf/ cflb ko| f]u ugk'{ /]df lgd{nLs/0f u//] dfq k|ofu] ug]{

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 35

%= ;ª\jm| ldt cfdfnfO{ lzz' hGdfpg /x/ nfu]df /fd|/L cf}ifwL ;]jg (anti-retroviral
therapy/treatment) u/]/ dfq ue{jtL xg' ]

^= nfu'kbfy{ bJ' o;{ gaf6 6f9f /xg]

k|ofu] fTds cEof;

ltdL a;s] f] ;db' fodf s'g} JolStnfO{ PrcfOeL / P8;\ nfu]sf] yfxf kfof} eg]
ltdL pgnfO{ s;/L dbt ug{ ;S5f} < tn lbOPsf sfo{x¿dWo] s'g s'/fnfO{
ltdL kf| yldstf lbG5f} / lsg < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M

-s_ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg :jf:Yo rf}sL hfg] ;Nnfx lbg]

-v_ c¿ h:t} ;fwf/0f hLjg lhpg k|f]T;fxg ug{]

-u_ cGo JolStx¿nfO{ of] /fu] af6 aRg] pkfox¿ atfpg]

;f/fz+

/fu] nfO{ ;g{] / g;g{] u/L b'O{ efudf afl“ 8Psf] 5 .
?3fvfs] L, emf8fkvfnf, cfp,“ sdnlkTt, 6fOkmfO8, /l] ah cflb ;g{] /fu] x¿ xg' \ .
SofG;/, d6' 'sf] /fu] , dwd' ]x, ;'s]gf;, /St cNktf cflb g;g{] /fu] x¿ xg' \ .
/fd|/L xft w'g] / jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] afgLn] emf8fkvfnf, cfp,“ sdnlkŒf, 6fOkmfO8
cflb /f]ux¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
3/kfn'jf s's'/nfO{ /l] ahlj?4 vf]k lbP/ tyf 3/kfnj' f hgfj/x¿nfO{ cGo kzx' ¿sf]
6fs] fOaf6 arfP/ /l] ah /fu] /fS] g ;lsG5 .
PrcfOeL / P8;\ /6] «f]efO/; gfds ljiff0f'n] ubf{ nfU5, h;n] dflg;sf] z/L/sf]
/f]uk|lt n8\g] zlStdf sdL NofO{ ljleGg /f]ux¿af6 u|l;t u/fp“5 / cGtdf
/f]uLsf] d[To' xG' 5 .
sltko /f]ux¿sf nIf0fx¿ k|:6 cg'ej ug{ g;lsg] x'gfn] lgoldt :jf:Yo
k/LIf0f ug'{ g} /fu] af6 aRg] ;a}eGbf pŒfd pkfo xf] .

36 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

cEof;

!= tn lbPsfdWo] l7s pQ/ sfkLdf ;f/ M

-s_ g;g{] /f]u sg' xf] <
-c_ bfb'/f -cf_ /l] ah
-O_ SofG;/ -O{_ emf8fkvfnf
-v_ cf“vf kfs/] lrnfp“bf s] ug{ x“'bg} .
-c_ xg] { -cf_ ldRg
-O_ w'g -O{_ 5f]Kg
-u_ s'g /f]u nfu]df la/fdLn] 3f6“ L b'v/] kfgL lgNg ;Sb}g <
-c_ ?3fvfs] L -cf_ /l] ah
-O_ sdnlkŒf -O_{ 3f“6Lsf] SofG;/
-3_ tnsf dWo] s'g /fu] xft gwf]Pdf nfUg ;S5 <
-c_ hs' f -cf_ 6fOkmfO8
-O_ cfp“ -O_{ ;a}
-ª_ gk] fndf w/] } dflg;nfO{ uf]nf] h'sf lsg nfU5 <
-c_ kmf]xf/] eP/ -cf_ ul/a eP/
-O_ yfxf geP/ -O{_ af;L vfP/

@= Ps zAbdf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ /fu] slt k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ <
-v_ ;g{] /f]usf] Pp6f pbfx/0f nv] .
-u_ g;g]{ /f]usf] Pp6f pbfx/0f n]v .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 37

-3_ emf8f kvfnf /fu] s] sf/0fn] nfU5 <
-ª_ uf]nf] hs' f xfdf| ] z/L/sf] s'g efudf a:5 <
-r_ s:tf] cfp“ nfud] f lb;fdf /ut b]lvG5 <
-5_ sdnlkŒfn] z/L/sf] s'g efunfO{ c;/ u5{ <
-h_ 6fOkmfO8 s'g sL6f0f'n] ubf{ nfU5 <
-em_ ?3fvf]sLaf6 aRg xfl5p“ ubf{ s] ug'{k5{ <

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] pŒf/ nv] M

-s_ b"lift kfgL tyf vfgfaf6 ;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] ;r" L agfpm / o:tf /f]ux¿af6
aRg] sg' } rf/ pkfox¿ n]v .

-v_ cfp“ nfus] f JolStsf] z/L/df lsg kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'g ;S5 < cfp“
/fu] sf rf/ nIf0fx¿ pNn]v u/ .

-u_ sdnlkTt s] sf/0fn] nfUg ;S5 < of] /f]u nfUg glbg s] s] s/' fdf Wofg
k¥' ofpg'k5{ <

-3_ xfdf| ] ufp“ 3/df w/] } afnaflnsfdf nt' f] bl] vG5 < 5f6] s/Ldf o;sf] sf/0f
/ aRg] pkfox¿ n]v .

-ª_ /l] ah /fu] nfO{ lsg 8/nfUbf] /fu] sf ¿kdf lnOG5 < o; ;DaGwL ltdf| ]
kl/jf/nfO{ lbg] s'g} rf/ ;Nnfxx¿ pNn]v u/ .

-r_ PrcfOeL / P8;\ /fu] sf cj:yfx¿af/] JofVof u/ .

38 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

lszf/] fj:yf, ofg} tyf k|hgg :jf:Yokf7

%(Adolescence, Sexual and Reproductive Health)
-s_ lszf]/fj:yf

ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g (WHO) n] !) bl] v !( jif{ pd/] sf s6] fs6] Lx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{
lszf]/fj:yf eg]sf] 5 . lszf]/fj:yf kl/jt{gzLn cj:yf xf] . lszf]/fj:yfdf
s6] fs6] Lx¿ g t afnaflnsf g} /xG5g\ g t oj' foj' tL g} eGg ;lsg] an] fsf xG' 5g\ .
afnssfn 5f8L jo:sdf kj| z] ug{] an] fdf /xs] f s6] fs6] Lx¿sf nflu of] cj:yf
cToGt} rg' ft} Lk0" f{ xG' 5 . s6] fs6] Lx¿ lszf/] fj:yfdf /xb“ f ofj} gfj:yf (puberty) sf]
kl/jtg{ klg emN] gk' g{] xb“' f pgLx¿sf nflu of] cfw“ Lax] /L (stress and storm) sf] cj:yf egL
lrlgG5 . lszf/] fj:yfsf s6] f / s6] LnfO{ ‘lszf/] ’ tyf ‘lszf/] L’ egL ;Dafw] g ul/G5 .

of}jgfj:yf eg]sf] tLj| ¿kn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds / ;fdflhs ¿kn]
kl/jtg{ x¿ cfpg] cj:yf xf] . s6] Lx¿df !! bl] v !# jifl{ eq bl] vG5 t/ s6] fx¿df
sx] L l9nf] u/L !#–!$ jifs{ f] pd]/df b]lvG5 .

lszf/] fj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gx¿

s6] fs6] Lx¿ afnaflnsf cj:yfdf /xb“ f pgLx¿sf] ofg} fªu\ x¿df xdfg{] glg:sg] ePsfn]
sg' } kl/jt{g b]lv“bg} g\ t/ of}jgfj:yfdf kj| z] ;u“ ;“u} pgLx¿sf] ofg} uG| yLn] z/L/df
xdfg{] pTkfbg ug{ ;?' ub5{ g\ . kmn:j¿k s6] f / s6] Lx¿df zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;j+ u] fTds
/ ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ x¿ bl] vg yfN5g\ . o; cj:yfdf bv] f kg{] kl/jtg{ x¿ lgDg lnlvt
k|sf/sf 5g\ M

lszf/] df bl] vg] zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ x¿ lszf]/Ldf bl] vg] zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ x¿

tfn} / prfO a9g\ ] tfn} / prfO a9\g]
df;+ k]zLx¿ a9\g] k6' 7\ f a9g\ ] t/ sDd/ ;fgf] x'g,] :tgsf] cfsf/

a9g\ ]
z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿df /f“} cfpg' -h:t} M cf7] sfvLdl' g / of}gfª\udf /f}“ cfpg], kf73] /sf]
dfly / tn, sfvLdl' g, ofg} fªu\ jl/kl/ cflb_ cfsf/ a9\g]

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 39

:j/ kl/jtg{ eP/ wfb] |f] xg' ,] :jKg bfi] f :tgsf] cfsf/ a9\g,] /h:jnf x'g] cflb
x'g] cflb 8G8Lkmf/] cfpg,] ofg} fª\u kl/kSj xg' ]

8G8Lkmf]/ cfpg,] ofg} fª\ux¿ a9\g]

!= zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g

lszf]/ / lszf/] Lx¿df zf/Ll/s kl/jt{gx¿ Ps} pd]/df bl] vGgg\ . of}g;DaGwL
xdf]g{ cln l56f] lg:sg] ePsfn] lszf/] Lx¿df zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ lszf/] x¿df eGbf l56f]
bl] vg] u5{ .

@= dfgl;s kl/jtg{

lszf/] tyf lszf/] Lx¿df lszf/] fj:yfdf p:t} lsl;dsf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ x¿ bl] vG5g,\ h:t} M

!= lhDd]jf/ agL cfTdlge/{ aGg]
@= pT;'stf sfo{df a9L nugzLn xg' ]
#= :d/0f zlSt / ts{ zlSt a9L lg0fo{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 xg' ]
$= lrGtgzLn / l;h{gzLn aGg]
%= ljZni] f0f ug{ ;Sg] cflb

#= ;j+ ]ufTds kl/jt{g

lszf/] tyf lszf/] Lx¿ bj' d} f p:t} ks| f/sf ;j+ u] fTds kl/jtg{ x¿ bl] vP tfklg lszf/] x¿
o:tf ;j+ u] x¿ ks| 6 u//] bv] fp5“ g\ t/ w/] h} ;f] lszf/] Lx¿ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf cfkm\ gf
;j+ u] x¿ JoSt ug{ lxrlsrfp5“ g\ . ;j+ u] fTdscGtut{ lgDglnlvt kl/jtg{ x¿ kb5{ g\ M

!= ;+j]bgzLn xg' ]
@= pT;fx bv] fpg]
#= dfof, v';L, k|d] h:tf ;sf/fTds ;j+ u] a9g\ ]
$= 3[0ff, Oi{ of{, 8fxf, /L; h:tf gsf/fTds ;j+ ]u b]lvg]
%= ;j+ ]udf l56\6} ptf/ r8fj cfpg] -h:t} M l56f] l/;fpg] t/ l566\ } v;' L xg' _]

40 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

$= ;fdflhs kl/jtg{

lszf]/ tyf lszf/] Ldf p:t} ks| f/sf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿ b]lvG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu
lgDg lnlvt ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ x¿ lbOPsf 5g\ M

!= w]/} ;fyLx¿ agfpg]

@= ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ?rfpg]

#= gt] T[ jsf] efjgf cfpg]

$= pTt/bfloTj b]vfpg]

%= ljk/Lt lnªu\ L jf ;dlnª\uLk|lt cfsif0{ f a9g\ ]

^= gof“gof“ ljrf/df k/LIf0f ug{ ?rfpg]

k|of]ufTds cEof;

cfkm" df cfPsf lszf]/fj:yfsf kl/jt{gsf] ;r" L tof/ kfl/Psf] cj:yfdf lszf/]
tyf lszf/] Ln] 7'nfx¿af6 kfpgk' g{] ;xof]u of ckI] ffsf] klg ;"rL agfO{ sIff
lzIfs÷lzlIfsfnfO{ bv] fpm .

-v_ of}lgstf lzIff

lnª\u, n}ªl\ us klxrfg / el" dsf cfsif{0f, of}gfGb / k|hgg h:tf ljifox¿sf] ;di6L
gfd g} ofl} gstf xf] . o;;DaGwL 1fg, clejl[ Tt / Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{
‘ofl} gstf lzIff’ elgG5 . ;dfhdf kr| lnt :qL / k?' if b'O{ k|sf/sf lnª\u 5g\ .
lnª\ucg';f/ JolStn] c¿k|lt Jojxf/ ub{5g\ . dflg;x¿n] of}lgstf;DaGwL
;sf/fTds 1fg kfP eg] pgLx¿ ;xL dN" o dfGotf, ljZjf; / wf/0ff agfpg ;S5g\ .
of}gfª\usf] ljsf; s;/L xG' 5, lsg xG' 5 / of}g rfxgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ugk{' 5{
cflb s/' fx¿sf] ;xL lgb]z{ g kfpg ;S5g\ . of}lgstf lzIffn] JolStnfO{ c¿;u“
s;/L ;DaGw /fVbf b'j} kIfx¿nfO{ /fdf| ] xG' 5 . cfkm\ gf] ofl} gstfnfO{ s;/L JoSt ug,{]
ofl} gstfcg;' f/ s;/L lhDdj] f/Lk0" f{ Jojxf/ ug{] / ofl} gstf / :jf:Yo s;/L /fdf| ] agfpg]
eGg] s/' fdf dbt k'¥ofp5“ .

ofl} gstf lzIffcg;' f/ k'?if / :qL dfq geO{ t];|f] lnª\uL (third sex or gender) n] klg

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 41

of}lgstf a'em\g' h?/L 5 . hl} js / dfgl;s sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ k'?ifx¿ klg :qL h:t}
of}lgs Jojxf/ bv] fp5“ g\ . :qLx¿ klg k?' ifsf] h:t} ofl} gs Jojxf/x¿ b]vfp“5g\ .
xfdLn] o:tf t;] f| ] lnªu\ Lx¿sf] ofl} gstfnfO{ klg ;Ddfg ugk'{ 5{ .

-u_ ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ff / dxŒj

of}g lzIff dflg;sf] ofg} k|lt ;sf/fTds 1fg kfpg] / ;sf/fTds wf/0ff / Jojxf/
kl| t pT;flxt ug]{ kl| j|mof xf] . ‘of}g’ zAbn] zf/Ll/s of}g ;Dks{ dfq geO{ JolStsf]
‘of}lgstf’ nfO{ klg ae' mfp5“ . l7s ;dodf lszf/] tyf lszf/] Lx¿n] ofg} / ofl} gstfaf/]
yfxf kfpgk' 5{ . o;f] ePdf :j:y of}g cfr/0f ckgfP/ cfk"m tyf c¿nfO{ klg :j:y
eO{ lhpg dbt kU' 5 .

‘kh| gg’ egs] f] hlGdg] kl| jm| of xf] . lzz' hGdsf nflu dlxnf / k?' ifsf] cfjZostf xG' 5 .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ /fu] tyf ba' n{ tfaf6 dS' t xg' 'dfq geO{ kh| gg k|0ffnL
tyf o;sf sfo{ / k|ljm| ofx¿df ;dt] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y
/xg] cj:yf g} kh| gg :jf:Yo xf] .

!= dlxnf / k?' ifsf aflx/L kh| gg cªu\ x¿sf] agf]6

-c_ dlxnfsf aflx/L k|hgg cª\ux¿

dlxnfsf] z/L/df kh| gg cªu\ x¿ z/L/leq / z/L/aflx/ bj' l} t/ xG' 5g\ . kh| gg kl| jm| ofsf
lglDt bj' } ks| f/sf cªu\ x¿sf] dxŒj a/fa/ /xG5 . dlxnf k|hggsf aflx/L cªu\ x¿
o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

/f“} (pubic hair)

leqL cfi] 7 (labium minora) eªu\ fs'/ (clitoris)
ofg] Låf/ (vagina)
d"qåf/ (urethral orifice)
afx\o cfi] 7 (labium majora)

dnåf/ (anus)

42 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

-cf_ k'?ifsf aflx/L kh| gg cªu\ x¿

k'?ifsf k|hgg cª\ux¿

s]xL aflx/ ag]sf 5g\ /

s]xL z/L/leq g} tNnf] k]6sf]

d'lg x'G5g\ . oL k|hgg lnª\u d'08

cª\ux¿sf] lrq / gfd (glan penis) c08 sf]if

o;ks| f/ 5g\ M (testis)

@= k|hgg cª\ux¿sf] ;/;kmfO / o;sf] dxŒj

kh| gg cªu\ x¿ k'?if / dlxnf bj' s} f lglDt w/] } dxTTjk0" f{ cªu\ x¿ xg' \ . xfd|f kh| gg
cªu\ x¿ dq" k|0ffnL (uinary system) ;“u klg ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . k?' ifsf sx] L k|hgg
cªu\ x¿ d"q k0| ffnL;u“ l;w} hf]l8Psf 5g\ . h:t} M d"q gnL . dlxnfsf] k|hgg k0| ffnL
/ dq" k0| ffnLx¿sf] l;wf ;DaGw geP tfklg logLx¿sf] agf6] glhs glhs ePsfn]
Ps k0| ffnLn] csf]{ k0| ffnLnfO{ l;w} c;/ kfb{5, h:t} M dq" gnL / of]gLåf/ . d"q yn} L
/ kf73] / hf] Pscsf{sf glhs 5g\ .

k|hgg cª\ux¿sf ljleGg ;ª\j|md0faf6 aRg k|hgg cª\ux¿sf] ;/;kmfO ug'{
cfjZos 5 . of}gfª\ux¿ kl;gf tyf slxn]sfxL“ t/n kbfy{n] leHg] u5{g\ .
logLx¿sf] ;/;kmfOdf Wofg gk'¥ofpb“ f hLjf0f'x¿sf] jl[ 4 eO{ ofg} fªu\ df ;ªj\ m| d0f x'g
;S5 . ljzi] f u/L dlxnfsf] kh| gg cª\udf hLjf0fx' ¿ jl[ 4 xg' ;S5g\ . To;}n] kh| gg
cªu\ nfO{ ;ªj\ |mldt xg' af6 arfpg ;/;kmfOdf plrt Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ .

kh| gg cª\ux¿ ;/;kmfO ug{] tl/sfx¿

!= lbgdf sDtLdf klg b'O{ k6s of}g cªu\ x¿nfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] w'gk' 5{ .

k'?ifx¿n] lnª\usf] 5fnf dfly tfg]/ lnª\unfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf u/]df k|hgg
cª\usf] SofG;/ x'gaf6 hfu] fpg ;lsG5 .

@= dlxnfx¿n] klg cGo ;dodf eGbf /h:jnf cyjf dlxgfjf/L ePsf] ;dodf
k6s k6s kh| gg cª\unfO{ wf]P/ ;kmf /fVgs' f ;fy} g/d ;t' Lsf] sk8f jf
Kof8 (sanitary pad) ko| fu] ug{k' 5{ . k'/fgf] Kof8 nufO/fVg' x'“bg} .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 43

#= ofg] L åf/leq ;fa'g kfgL of cGo ljm| d k|ofu] ug'x{ 'Gg . o;f] u/d] f xfdLnfO{
arfpg] hLjf0f' db{5g\ .

$= leqL sk8f lbglbg} kmg] {'k5{ . lehs] f] leqL sk8f nufO/fVg' x'b“ }g .
%= c¿sf leqL sk8fx¿ nufpg' xb“' g} . o;n] c¿sf kh| gg cªu\ sf] ;ªj\ m| d0f ;g{

;S5 .

;f/fz+

!) bl] v !( jif{sf s6] fs6] Lx¿nfO{ lszf]/fj:yfleq lnOG5 .
of}jgfj:yf lszf]/ tyf lszf]/Lx¿df b]lvg] cj:yf xf] h'ga]nf pgLx¿df tLj|
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;j+ ]ufTds / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿ bl] vG5g\ .
dflg;sf] of}lgs Jojxf/;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug{] tyf o;kl| t ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fvL
Jojxf/ kl/jtg{ ug]{ kl| j|mofnfO{ ‘of}lgstf lzIff’ eGb5g\ .
/f]u tyf ba' {ntfaf6 d'St x'gd' fq geO{ k|hgg k|0ffnL tyf o;sf sfo{ / kl| j|mofx¿df
;dt] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y /xg] cj:yf g} kh| gg :jf:Yo xf] .
kh| gg cª\ux¿sf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] ;/;kmfOdf Wofg k'¥ofpg ;sd] f xfdL kh| gg
cª\usf ;ªj\ |md0faf6 aRg ;S5f“} / :j:y ofg} hLjgofkg ug{ ;S5f}“ .

cEof;

!= pko'St zAb k|of]u u/L vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ lszf/] fj:yf ============================== jif{ pd/] k'us] f ;dx" nfO{ elgG5 .
-v_ ===================== df lszf]/ / lszf]/Lx¿df tLj| kl/jtg{ x¿ bl] vG5g\ .
-u_ lszf/] x¿df /flt lnªu\ af6 ;]tf] kbfy{ emg'{nfO{ ================== elgG5 .
-3_ !!–!# jif{kl5 lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}gfª\uaf6 /ut aUg] u5{, o;nfO{

========================== elgG5 .

44 :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^

-ª_ lszf]/ tyf lszf/] Lx¿n] ts{ ug{] Ifdtf ======================================
kl/jt{gcGtu{t kb{5 .

-r_ cfhefl] n ================================ lnª\uLx¿nfO{ klg dfGotf lbOG5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pŒf/ n]v M

-s_ lszf]/ tyf lszf/] LnfO{ lsg ‘cf“wLax] /L’ sf] cj:yf elgG5 <
-v_ lszf/] fj:yfsf lszf/] tyf lszf/] Lx¿df s:tf ;j+ u] fTds kl/jtg{ x¿ bl] vG5g\ <
-u_ ‘of}lgstf’ eGgfn] s] a'em\5f} <
-3_ of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yon] JolStnfO{ s;/L dbt k¥' ofpg ;S5 <
-ª_ dlxnfsf aflx/L kh| gg cª\ux¿sf gfdx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

-r_ k|hgg cª\u ;kmf ug]{ sg' } kf“r tl/sf pNn]v u/ .

:jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff÷sIff ^ 45