PESA GRADE 8

पेसा वसाय र िविध िश ा
क ा ८ 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

नेपाल सरकार  

िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय

पा म िवकास के    

सानोिठिम, भ पुर     
  

k;] f, Joj;fo / kl| jlw lzIff

sIff *

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

ks| fzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|

;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/'

© ;jfl{ wsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' df
lglxt /x]sf] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|ofh] gsf
nflu o;sf] k'/} jf cfl+ zs efu xa' x' ks| fzg ug{, kl/jtg{ u//] k|sfzg ug,{ s'g}
ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo kl| jlwaf6 /s] 8{ ug{ / kl| tlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

ky| d ;+:s/0f M lj=;=+ @)&@

kl/dflht{ bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M lj=;+ @)&^

db' 0| fM hgs lzIff ;fduL| s]Gb| ln=
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ .

dN" o ?=

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb,| ;dGjo tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' g' cg'/f]w 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;¬´fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflb{s :jfut ub5{ . tkfO“n] lsgs] f] kf7\ok':tsdf sg' } ql' 6
ePdf glhssf] ljt/saf6 pSt k':ts ;f6g\ ;Sg'xg' ] 5 .

xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2]Zodn" s, Jofjxfl/s / ;d;fdlos agfpg kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|n] ljBfno txsf
kf7\ojm| dtyf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ ug]{ sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf lbbF } cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f
/fi6k« d|] , /fli6o« tf kl| tsf] ;dk0{ f / nfs] tflGqs k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fO{ gl} tsjfg,\
cgz' fl;t, :jfjnDaL tyf l;hg{ zLn eO{ ;dfjz] L ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; xg'
cfjZos 5 .pgLx¿df eflifs tyf ul0ftLo l;ksf ;fy} lj1fg, ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw, jftfj/0f,
:jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL cfwf/et" 1fg tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] ljsf; xg' h?/L 5 . To;} u/L
ljBfyLx{ ¿df snf tyf ;f}Gbo{ k|ltsf] cg/' fu / dfgjLo dN" o dfGotf, cfbz{ tyf jl} zi6\ox¿k|ltsf]
;r]ttf ;lxt ltgsf] ;/+ If0f, ;j+ wg{ ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . ;dtf d"ns ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0fdf ;xofu] k'¥ofpg pgLx¿df ljleGg hfthflt, lnªu\ , efiff, wd{, ;:+ s[lt / Ifq] nufotsf
ljljwtfx¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{] / dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;dflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt ;r]t eO{
lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt cfjZostfnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7o\ j|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^( nfO{ d"n cfwf/dfgL lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfofu] sf
;e' mfj, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnufot lzIff;“u ;Da4 ljleGg JolSt ;lDdlnt uf]i7L /
cGt/lj|mofsf lgisif{ / ljleGg ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L of]
kf7o\ k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

kf7\ok':tsnfO{ o; :j¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L lbjfs/ 9'ª\u]n,
8f= afnj[mi0f /l~ht, ;/nf kf}8n] , l8NnL/fd nO' 6“ ]n, lvnfgfy wdnf, ;l/tf ahf| rfo{, ljho
d'NdL / clgn cfrfo{ nufotsf dxfg'efjsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{
cWofjlws tyf kl/dfh{g u/L k|sflzt ug{ sfo{df o; s]Gb|sf dxflgb{]zs 8f= n]vgfy
kf8} ]n, >L u0f]zk;| fb e6\6/fO{ / >L lrgfs'df/L lg/fn} fsf] of]ubfg /xs] f] 5 . o; k':tssf]
rf/ /ªdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu snf ;Dkfbg sfo{ >Lxl/ >]i7af6 ePsf] xf] . o; kf7\ok:' tssf]
ljsf; tyf kl/dfh{g sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .

kf7o\ k':tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk0" f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o; kf7\ok':tssf] ko| fu] af6
kf7\oj|mdåf/f nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xofu] k'Ug] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\ok':tsnfO{
;s;] Dd lj|mofsnfkdv' L / ?lrs/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cem} kl/ist[
kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xg] x'“bf ;Da4 ;as} f] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b| xflb{s cg/' fw] ub{5 .

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lj= ;+= @)&^
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|



ljifo ;"rL

PsfO zLifs{ ki[ 7 ;ªV\ of
! M k;] fut lzIff
!= dWod / pRr :t/Lo k;] f !

@= OlGhlgol/ª Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt %

#= s[lif Ifq] ;“u ;DalGwt k];f / hgzlSt ^

$= ljTt If]q;u“ ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt *
@ M lzIff, tflnd / /f]huf/L
%= ko6{ g Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt !)

^= lzIf0f Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k];f / hgzlSt !!

# M /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;r" gf &= ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fdf cfwfl/t k;] f / hgzlSt !#

*= k];f / lzIffsf] ;DaGw !%

!= dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo ;fwf/0f lzIff

$ M hLjgfk] ofu] L l;kx¿ kb| fos ;+:yf !^

@= dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo kf| ljlws lzIff
% M Joj;fo ;~rfng
kb| fos ;+:yf @)

#= k];fsf] Ifq] / 5gf6] kl| j|mof @@

!= cGt/f{li6o« tyf j}bl] zs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL

;"rgf kf| lKtsf] ;f| t] @$

@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ;r" gf k|fKt ug{] tl/sf @^

#= jb} ]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL cfwf/et" hfgsf/L @*

$= cGt/f{li6o« /f]huf/L #)

%= jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ / r'gft} L #@

-s_ lg0fo{ l;k ##

-v_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k #%

-u_ ljZni] f0f l;k #^

!= -s_ 5gf6] kl| j|mof #&

-v_ pb\odzLn lzIff #(

-u_ Joj;fo ;~rfng of]hgfsf] 9fr“ f $)

@= :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt pBfu] $@

^ M Joj;fo cledv' Ls/0f != ahf/ Joj:yfkg $$
@= ahf/ tyf pbo\ dzLntfsf] ;DaGw $%
#= dN" o lgwf{/0f / cfoJoosf] Joj:yfkg $^
$= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g $(
& M t/sf/L v]tL != a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL %)
@= cGt/afnL t/sf/L v]tL %#
#= Rofp vt] L %$
$= sf;} L jf 5tdf t/sf/L v]tL %&
%= cuf{lgs t/sf/L vt] L %(
^= t/sf/L ahf/sf] klxrfg ^@
&= df};dcg';f/ t/sf/L e08f/0f ^$
*= t/sf/Lsf] lap pTkfbg / e08f/0f ^^
(= kf| ªu\ fl/s dn ^*
!)= u8“ \ofn} f vt] L &!
!!= /f]u / ls/faf6 ;+/If0f ug{] cfw'lgs tl/sf &#
* M kmnkm' n vt] L != kmnkm' nsf] lap / jfg:klts kh| gg &^
@= kmnkm' nsf la?jfsf] sf“65f“6 &(
#= kmnkm' n e08f/0f *!
$= kmnk'mn v]tLsf] ofh] gf *#
( M ;'Svf t/sf/L, kmnk'mn
!= ;'Svf t/sf/L tyf kmnk'mnsf] kz| f]wg *%
tyf ljleGg vfbo\ kl/sf/
@= ljleGg vfb\o kl/sf/ *&

!= rk @= ksf8} f #= dMdMsf kl/sf/

$= kfp/f]6L %= 8fg] 6 ^= ;df;] f &= s]s

*= hfd (= ;n] *&–($

!) M km' n tyf h8La'6L v]tL != k'mnaf/L lgdf0{ f (^
@= h8La'6Lsf] ko| fu] !))
!! M kz'kIfL :ofxf/ / x]/rfx != e]8fafv|f tyf Rofª\u|f kfng !)$
@= ufOe{ “;} L tyf rf}/+ L kfng !)&
#= aªu\ '/ kfng !!)
$= v/fof] kfng !!@
%= df5f kfng !!#
^= sv' '/f tyf xf;“ kfng !!&
&= df}/L kfng !@!
!@ M lzNksnf != sfuhsf ljleGg ;fdu|L lgdf{0f !@$
!@$
-s_ s/f]u6] ]8 sf8a{ f]8 { !@$
-v_ afs; lgdf0{ f !@%
-u_ lgdGq0ff sf8{ lgdf{0f !@%
-3_ rª\uf lgdf0{ f !@^
-ª_ lajm| L ljt/0f !@&
@= ljleGg 3/fo;L ;fdu|L lgdf{0f !@&
-s_ dfGbf| ] !@(
-v_ 9sLsf] lgdf{0f !#)
#= v]/ uPsf j:t'sf] k'gM k|ofu] !#@
$= sf7 tyf 9'ª\ufdf sb'“ fO !#%
%= j:t' /ªu\ fpg] / 6Nsfpg ]

!# M df6fsf] sfd != ljleGg cfsl[ t lgdf0{ f !#&

@= ;]/fldS; !#(

#= df6fsf] ef“8fdf /ªsf] ko| fu] !$!

$= pTkflbt df6fsf] ;fduL| sf] lajm| L ljt/0f

/ lx;fa lstfa !$@

!$ M l;nfO a'gfO != l;nfO dl] ;gsf] kl/ro !$$

@= z/L/sf] gfk lng] tl/sf / 8«flk\m6ªsf]

kl/ro / cfjZostf !$^

#= Pk|fg] !$*

$= 6fs“ nufpg] tl/sf !$(

%= /k\mkm' !%)

^= 6f]kL / unaGbL ag' fO !%!

!% M kl| jlw lzIff -:yfgLo k|ljlw_ != :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlw !%@

@= k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] ljsf; !%$

#= xnf] / 6o\ fS6/ !%^

$= ;w' fl/Psf] r'nf ] !%*

%= jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ªs\ ng !%(

!^ M kl| jlw lzIff -cfwl' gs k|ljlw_ != 3/fo;L k|ofu] sf cfw'lgs pks/0f !^!

@= sx] L cfwl' gs kl| jlw Pjd\ pks/0f !^$

#= js} lNks pmhf { !^*

$= OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u tyf ;r" gf kl| jlwdf

cfrf/ ;l+ xtf !&)

PsfO ! M k;] fut lzIff

kf7 ! dWod / pRr :t/Lo k];f

dflg;x¿ ljleGg k;] fdf cfa4 xG' 5g \ . dflg;n] ug]{ sfdsf] k|sl[ t k];f xf] . lrlsT;f,
OlGhlgol/ª, s[lif, jg, ljQ, ko{6g, lzIf0f, ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f k];fsf Ifq] x¿ xg'  \ . x/s]
Ifq] sf k;] fx¿ cfwf/et" , dWod / pRr :t/Lo x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu lrlsT;f If]qsf
;xfos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ -c=x=] j=_ cfwf/et" hgzlSt xg' \ eg] :jf:Yo ;xfos -x]=c=_
dWod :t/Lo hgzlSt xg' \ . lrlsT;sx¿ pRr :t/Lo hgzlStdf k5g{ \ .

lrlsT;f Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k];f / hgzlSt

kmfd{;] L, cKyfNdf]nf]hL, gl;ª{ , lkmlhof]y/] fkL, 8l] G6:6L« nufot lrlsT;f Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt
k;] fdf k5g{  \ . o; Ifq] sf hgzlStdf kmdfl{ ;:6, cKyflNdl;og, g;{, lkmlhof]y]/flk:6,
8]lG6:6 / Pd=aL=aL=P;= lrlsT;snufot k5{g\ . tL k;] f / k;] fsdLs{ f] kl/ro, dxŒj
/ kj| z] ofU] otfsf af/d] f tn k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

!= kmfd{];L / kmdf{l;:6

cfi} fwL lj1fgsf af/]df cWoog u/L cEof; ug{] k];f kmfd{];L xf ] . kmfd]{;L ljifo lnO{
tf]lsPsf] tx pQL0f{ ug]{ / o;nfO{ k];fsf ¿kdf c“ufNg] JolStnfO{ kmdf{l;:6 elgG5 .
kmdfl{ ;:6n] cfi} fwL ;j] g ug{] ;/' lIft tl/sf / To;sf] ke| fjsfl/tfsf af/d] f ;Nnfx lbG5g \ .
pgLx¿n] la/fdLnfO{ ;fe] m} cfi} fwL lbg ;Sb}gg\ . kmdfl{ ;:6n] lrlsT;sn] nl] vlbPsf]
k]|l:sK;gcg';f/sf] cfi} fwL dfq la/fdLnfO{ lbgk' 5 { . gk] fndf kmfd]{;L cWoognfO{ l8Knfd] f
/ :gfts u/L b'O{ txdf af“l8Psf] 5 .

l8Knfd] f txdf cWoog ug{ Gog" td låtLo >]0fLdf P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ u/s] f] x'gk' 5{ . ;fy}
tfl] sPsf] kj| z] k/LIff klg pQL0f{ ugk'{ 5{ . o; txdf tLg jif{sf] sf];{ lgwf{l/t 5 . :gfts
txdf kj| z] ug{ l8Knfd] f Og kmfd]{;L pQL0f{ u/]sf] xg' 'k5 { . ;fy} dfWolds tx sIff !@
kf/ u/s] f] JolSt klg :gfts txsf nflu ofU] o dflgG5 . o; txdf rf/ jifs{ f] sf];{
tf]lsPsf] 5 .

dxŒj M kmfd{];L k;] f c“ufNg] afx]ssf JolStn] cfi} fwLsf] laj|mL ljt/0f ug{ kfp“b}gg \ .
kmdf{l;:6n] cf}ifwLsf] lgdf{0f ug]{b]lv ;]jg ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L
lbG5g \ . ToxLcg;' f/ cf}ifwL ;]jg ugn]{ fO{ ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg] sfd klg u5{g\ . To;n} ]
cf}ifwL lj1fgdf kmfd;]{ L / kmdf{l;:6sf] 7'nf] dxŒj 5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 1

lj|mofsnfk

xfdLnfO{ kmdf{l;:6 lsg cfjZos 5, n]v / To;sf cfwf/df sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= cKyfNdfn] f]hL / cKyflNdl;og

cKyfNdf]nf]hL cf“vf ;DaGwL cWoog ug{] lj1fg xf] . cf“vfsf] kf| ylds :jf:Yo ;j] f k|bfg
ug{] JolStnfO{ cKyflNdl;og elgG5 . cKyflNdl;ogn] cfv“ fsf] x/] rfx / aRg] pkfox¿ atfO{
pkrf/df ;xofu] u5g{  \ .

dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ljifo lnO{ sDtLdf %) kl| tzt cª\s k|fKt u/s] f] JolSt
cKyfNdfn] fh] L cWoog ug{ kfp“5g\ .

dxŒj M dflg;sf] pd]/ a9b\ } uPkl5 bl[ i6 sdhf/] xb'“ } hfG5 . slxns] fxL“ ;fg} pd]/bl] v
klg cf“vfdf ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k5g{ \ . cfv“ fdf nfUg] ;fdfGo /fu] / bv] f kg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf]
klxrfg Pjd\ pkrf/ tyf /fs] yfddf cKyflNdl;ogn] ;xofu] u5{ . cKyfNdfn] fh] Ln]
dflg;nfO{ cGwf]kgaf6 aRg / arfpg l;sfp5“  .

lj|mofsnfk

cKyflNdl;ogaf/] lzIfs jf hfgsf/ JolSt;“u ;f]wvf]h u/L l6Kk0fL tof/ u/ .

#= gl;{ª / g;{

c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo sG] bd| f lrlsT;ssf] ;xofu] lnO{ la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug{] k;] f gl;ª{ xf ] .
la/fdLnfO{ cfi} fwfk] rf/ tyf cfi} fwL ;j] gnufotsf sfod{ f ;xofu] ug{] JolStnfO{ g;{ elgG5 . logn]
gl;ª{ ;Da4 tfl] sPsf] ljifodf lzIff xfl;n u/L ;kmntfk"js{ cEof; klg u/s] f] xg' 'k5 { .

gl;{ª lzIff b'O{ tl/sfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . P;=O{=O{= u//] gl;{ª ;DalGwt ljifodf tLg
jifs{ f] cWoogkl5 :6fkm g;{ eOG5 . tLg jif{sf] sfo{ cge' jkl5 :6fkm g;{n] aL= Pg=
-Aofrn/ ckm gl;ª{ _ sf] cWoog ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf] cWoog cjlw bO' { jifs{ f] x'G5 .
o:t} aL= Pg= u/]sf g;x{ ¿n] b'O{ jif{sf] cWoogkl5 Pd= Pg= -df:6/ ckm gl;{ª_ k|fKt ug{
;S5g\ . aL= P:;L= gl;ª{ cWoog ugs{ f nflu dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ;dx" df
hLj lj1fg ljifo lnO{ kf/{ u/]sf] xg' k' 5{ . aL= P:;L= gl;ª{ df rf/ jifs{ f] cWoogkl5
gl;ª{ l8uL| kf| Kt xG' 5 .

dxŒj M la/fdLnfO{ lgoldt x/] ljrf/ / cfi} fwL ;]jgdf ;xofu] k'¥ofpg] sfo{ g;s{ f] xf] .
cf}ifwLx¿nfO{ l7s 9ª\un] ;j] g u/fpg g;n{ ] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf xG' 5g \ . g;{n]
la/fdLsf] lgoldt ;Dksd{ f /xL sfo{ u5{g\ . o;y{ :jf:Yof]krf/df gl;{ª k];f / g;{sf]
el" dsf ljz]if x'G5 .

2 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

$= lkmlhofy] ]/fkL / lkmlhofy] /] flk:6

lkmlhofy] /] fkL eGgfn] z/L/sf cªu\ ;~rfng ;DaGwL pkrf/ k4lt eGg] al' emG5 . slxns] fxL“
dflg;sf ljleGg cª\udf rf6] k6s nfu]/ cª\un] ;xL tl/sfaf6 sfd ug{ ;Sbg} g \ . pRr
/Strfkaf6 klg z/L/sf cªu\ x¿ rnfpg ;d:of cfpg ;S5 . o:tf czSt ePsf
cª\usf] hfr“ ug{] / To;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] y/] fkL ug{ l;sfpg] k;] f lkmlhofy] /] fkL xf ] .
lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ lkmlhof]y/] fkL ug{ l;sfpg] JolStnfO{ lkmlhof]y/] flk:6 elgG5 .

dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg lnP/ sDtLdf %) kl| tzt cªs\ kf| Kt u/]sf] JolStn]
o;df k|j]z kfp“5 .

dxŒj M lkmlhofy] ]/fkLsf] cWoog u/]/ ;kmntfk"js{ cEof; ug{] JolSt lkmlhofy] ]/flk:6
x'g\ . logLx¿n] rNg sl7gfO ePsf z/L/sf cª\unfO{ k'gM rNg ;Sg] agfpg sfl] ;;
u5g{  \ . o;y{ logn] cªu\ sf rnfOdf c;xhtf cge' j u/s] f ;an} fO{ hfr“ / pkrf/ u5g{  \ .

%= 8l] G6:6«L / 8l] G6:6

bft“ ;DaGwL /fu] kTtf nufpg], /f]usf] /f]syfd / pkrf/ ug{] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/fpg]
k;] f 8l] G6:6L« xf] . 8l] G6:6 bft“ sf] pkrf/ ug{] JolSt xf ] . g]kfndf 8l] G6:6L« sf] l8Knfd] f /
:gfts txsf] cWoog xG' 5 . :gfts txnfO{ Aofrn/ ckm 8]G6n ;h/{ L elgG5 .

gk] fndf Aofrn/ ckm 8G] 6n ;h{/L k9\g dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ;dx" df afof]
nf]hL dV' o ljifo lnO{ Gog" td %) kl| tzt cª\s kf| Kt u/s] f] x'g'k5 { . of] tx ;fdfGotof
;f9] kfr“ jifs{ f] xG' 5, h;df Ps jifs{ f] OG6g{l;k ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 .

dxŒj M bft“ dflg;sf nflu clt g} dxŒjk0" f{ cªu\ xf ] . ljleGg sf/0fn] bf“tdf /f]u /
;d:of x'g] ub{5 . o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg 8l] G6:6n] u5{ . o;y{ lrlsT;f If]qdf o;sf]
dxTTjk"0f{ el" dsf 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

8l] G6:6n] s] s] sfd u5g{ ,\ 8l] G6:6L« k9\gsf nflu s] s:tf] of]Uotf rflxG5, nv]  .

^= Pd=aL=aL=P;= -Aofrn/ ckm d]l8l;g, Aofrn/ ckm ;h{/L_ lrlsT;s

of] cfi} fwL lj1fgsf] :gfts tx xf] . Pd=aL=aL=P;= k9fO ;ss] f / tf]lsPsf] kd| f0f kq
kf| Kt JolStnfO{ lrlsT;s eG5g\ .

dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ljifo jf hL= ;L= O{= ‘P’ n]en jf ;f] ;/xdf Gog" td
%) kl| tzt cªs\ k|fKt u/L tx kf/ u/]sf JolStx¿ o;sf] kj| z] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt
xg' ;S5g \ . ;fdfGotof Pd=aL=aL=P;=sf nflu ;f9] rf/ jifs{ f] cWoog / Ps jif{sf]

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 3

OG6gl{ ;ksf] cfjZostf k5 { . Ps jif{sf] OG6g{l;kkl5 g]kfn dl] 8sn sfplG;nsf] hf“r
kf; u/]kl5 dfq lrlsT;s eP/ cfi} fwL pkrf/ ug{ kfOG5 .
dxŒj M Pd=aL=aL=P;= lrlsT;sn] cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;DaGwL sfd u5{g \ . o;y{ la/fdLsf]
/fu] lgsf] kfg{' lrlsT;ssf] dV' o sfd xf] . Pd=aL=aL=P;= cWoogkl5 ljz]if1tf kf| Kt
ug{ b'O{ jifs{ f] yk cWoog ugk{' 5 { . o;nfO{ Pd=8L= elgG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
lrlsT;sn] xfdf| ] hLjgnfO{ s;/L ;xh t'Nofp5“ g\, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ lrlsT;f If]qdf kmdfl{ ;:6n] s] sfd u5{ <
-v_ cKyflNdl;ogn] la/fdLnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5{g\ <
-u_ g;{sf d'Vo sfdx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ lkmlhof]y/] flk:6sf] dxŒj lsg 5 <
-ª_ 8l] G6:6sf] d'Vo sfd s] xf] <
-r_ Pd=aL=aL=P;= lrlsT;sn] s:tf] sfd u5{g\ <
@= 5nkmnsf cfwf/df sf/0f klxrfg u/ M
-s_ cfi} fwL lj1fgdf kmdf{l;:6sf] 7n' f] dxŒj 5 .
-v_ gl;ª{ dfgjLo ;j] f xf ] .
k|ofu] fTds lj|mofsnfk
glhss} f] c:ktfn / cf}ifwL k;ndf uO{ kf7df pNn]v ePsfdWo] s'g} bO' {cf]6f hgzlSt,
ltgsf] sfd / cge' j 5f]6s/Ldf l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

4 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 @ OlGhlgol/ª If]q;u“ ;DalGwt
k];f / hgzlSt

OlGhlgol/ª Ifq] ;“u ljleGg k;] fsdLx{ ¿ ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; Ifq] df ;fdfGobl] v ljlzi6tf
xfl;n u/s] f;Dd OlGhlgo/ sfo/{ t /xG5g \ . OlGhlgol/ª Ifq] sf] cWoog ;?' ug{ dfWolds
tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ljifodf efl} ts lj1fg / ul0ft ljifo lnO{ tx kf/ u/s] f] x'gk' 5 { .
;fy} tf]lsPsf] kj| ]z k/LIff klg lbgk' g]{ 5 .
!= OlGhlgol/ª / OlGhlgo/
af6f,] kn' , 3/, ;lkª ;]G6/ h:tf ;+/rgfsf l8hfOg / gfkhfr“ ug]{ sfo{ OlGhlgol/ª
k;] fleq k5 { . To:t} lah'nL pTkfbg ug{] 8o\ fd, ;?' ª / 6fj/sf] l8hfOg Pjd\ gfkhfr“
ug]{ sfo{ klg o;}cGtu{t cfp“5 . ds] flgsn tyf sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/ª klg o;} k;] f;“u
;Da4 5g\ . oL ;a} lgdf{0fsf nflu l8hfOg / u0' f:t/ dfgs tof/ u/L To;cg;' f/sf
sfdsf] lg/LIf0f tyf ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] lhDdj] f/L ;DxfNg] JolStnfO{ g} OlGhlgo/ elgG5 .
dxŒj M OlGhlgo/n] cfw'lgs lgdf{0fsf] l8hfOg ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg u/s] f 5g\ .
gbLdf 7'nf7'nf k'nsf hux¿ /fVbf cfOkg]{ k|fljlws ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg OlGhlgo/n]
g} lgsfns] f x'g \ . To;sf nflu k'nsf] lgdf0{ f ubf{ rflxg] n67\ fsf] l8hfOg u5g{ \ . ;fy}
OlGhlgo/n] x/]s lgdf0{ fsf] lbuf]kg, ef/ jxg, e"sDkLo Iflt Go"gLs/0f nufotsf Ifdtf
;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u u5g{  \ .
@= cfls{6S] 6
cfls6{ S] 6 3/sf] l8hfOg / o;sf] ;'Gb/tf;“u a9L s]lGb|t x'G5 . o;y{ ;fwf/0f 3/x¿sf]
l8hfOgbl] v 7'nf7'nf ejg / ;lkª ;G] 6/x¿sf] l8hfOg ug{] JolStnfO{ cfls6{ ]S6 elgG5 .
dxTTj M cfls{6S] 6n] hLjg ;l' jwfoS' t 9ªu\ n] latfpgsf nflu 3/, b/af/, dxn /
sfofn{ osf] l8hfOg u5{g \ . logLx¿ lgdf0{ f sfod{ f dfl} ns snf, sf}zn / ;+:s[ltnfO{
hug] f{ ug{t] km{ a9L s]lGb|t xG' 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s ;+/rgfnfO{ ;/+ If0f u/L cfw'lgs lgdf0{ fsf]
ljsf;df cfls{6]S6sf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
lj|mofsnfk

cf;kf;sf Ifq] df ePsf kn' , dxn / sfof{nosf] l8hfOgsf af/d] f cWoog u/L 5nkmn
u/ .

cEof;

!= OlGhlgo/n] s] s] sfd u5g{ \ <
@= cfls6{ ]S6 / OlGhlgo/ lar leGgtf 5'6\ofpm .
#= cfls6{ S] 6sf] cfjZostf lsg 5, bO' { ab“' f pNn]v u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 5

kf7 # s[lif If]q;“u ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt

cGo Ifq] df h:t} s[lif Ifq] df klg k];fsdLx{ ¿ xG' 5g\ . sl[ if ;Da4 lj1 / lrlsT;sx¿
tL k];fsdL{cGtut{ k5g{ \ . logn] k|f0fL / jg:klt lj1fg ;DaGwL ljifo jf Ifq] df lj1tf /
cge' j xfl;n u/s] f xG' 5g \ . xfn gk] fndf s[lif ljZj ljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . oxf“
s[lif ;Da4 ljifox¿df cWoog tyf cWofkg / cg;' Gwfg xG' 5g\ . cg;' Gwfgn] sl[ if If]
qdf gof“ gof“ vfh] / ljsf; ug]{ ckI] ff lnOPsf] 5 .

!= sl[ if lj1

s[lifdf ljljw If]qx¿ 5g\ . s[lifsf If]
qdWo] sg' } Ps If]qdf ljz]if 1fg ePsf]
JolStnfO{ sl[ if lj1 eG5g\ . sl[ if lj1n]
pAhgL a9fpg /fd|f lapsf] pTkfbgdf
kf| ljlws ;xofu] u5g{  \ . afnLdf nfus] f] /fu]
/f]syfd / pkrf/ u5{g \ . o;sf nflu gof“
gof“ kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] / ljsf; ug]{ sfd u5g{  \ .
cGgafnL / t/sf/L v]tL, df5f, df/} L tyf
kz' kfng, afujfgL nufotsf Ifq] g} sl[ ifsf
dV' o If]qx¿ xg' \ . sl[ if k;] fdf afnL lj1,
kmnkm" n lj1 cflb sfo/{ t /xG5g \ .

sl[ if lj1 aGgsf nflu dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ljifo lnO{ pQL0f{ u/s] f] xg' k' 5 { .
;fy} P;=O={ O={ kl5 tLg a;]{ l8Knf]dfdf sl[ if ljifo lnO{ cWoog k'/f u/s] fn] klg aL=P:;L=
sl[ ifdf k|jz] kfp5“ g \ . aL= P:;L= s[lif pQL0f{ u/]kl5 s[lif lj1sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{
of]Uotf x'G5 .

dxŒj M sl[ if Ifq] dflg;sf] hLjg;u“ hfl] 8Psf] 5 . vfBfGg pAhfpg] / ;/+ If0f ug{] sfd
s[ifsn] u5{g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u sl[ if lj1n] u5g{ \ . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;
g} bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;sf] kt| Ls xf ] . o:tf] sfo{df sl[ if lj1sf] 7'nf] e"ldsf /xG5 .
xfdf| ] bz] sl[ ifkw| fg b]z klg ePsfn] oxf“ s[lif lj1sf] ljzi] f dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . xfjfkfgL,
df};d tyf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ j}1flgs tyf k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] v]tL ug{
To;cg';f/sf sl[ if lj1 cfjZos k5g{  \ .

6 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= kz' lrlsT;s

kzk' IfLdf /fu] tyf rf6] k6ssf] klxrfg, /f]syfd /
pkrf/ ug{sf nflu cfi} fwL lj1fgsf] cWoog Pjd\
;kmn cEof; ug]{ JolStnfO{ kz' lrlsT;s elgG5 .
kz'kIfLdf ljleGg vfn] /f]u tyf rf]6k6s nfUg
;S5g\ . b'w / df;'sf] pTkfbg ltg} kz'kIfLaf6
x'g] ePsfn] Jofj;flos ¿kdf kfng ubf{ kz'sf] /f]
u ;DaGwL cfjZos ;Nnfx lng'k5{ . o;df kz'
lrlsT;ssf] dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf /xs] f] 5 .

kz' lrlsT;s aGgsf nflu dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df lj1fg ljifo lnO{ tx kf/ u/s] f]
xg' 'k5 { . o; ljifosf] cWoog rf/ jif{sf] xG' 5 . kz' lj1fg lnO{ tLg a;]{ l8Knf]dfaf6
klg kz' lrlsT;f ljifo k9\g kfOg] kf| jwfg /x]sf] 5 .

dxŒj M kzk' IfL kfngaf6 dflg;n] cfÇgf] hLjg lgjf{x u5{g \ . cflys{ ljsf;df o;
Ifq] sf] 7'nf] ofu] bfg /xs] f] x'G5 . slxn]sfxL“ ljleGg ;ª\jm| fds /f]u / dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f
kz'kIfL la/fdL k5g{ \ / cGTodf d5{g \ . o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg / /f]usf] /fs] yfd ug{ kz'
lrlsT;s h?/L k5 { .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] If]qdf /x]sf kz' :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfofn{ ox¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ s:tf] JolStnfO{ s[lif lj1 elgG5 <

-v_ kz' lrlsT;ssf] dxŒjdfly ks| fz kf/ .

@= sl[ if If]qsf] cWoogsf nflu rflxg] ofU] otf kf7sf cfwf/df pNn]v u/ .

k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] sIffsf ;fyLsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/ . ;d"xsf ;fyLsf] 3/ kl/jf/ jf 6fn]
l5d]sdf cGgafnL / t/sf/L v]tL, df5f, df/} L tyf kz' kfng, afujfgL nufotsf
If]q sfd ubf{ cfOk/s] f ;d:ofsf af/d] f ;/;Nnfx ug{ s:tf s:tf hgzlSt jf
ljzi] f1 af]nfpg] ul/Psf] /x5] , To;sf] ;r" L agfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 7

kf7 $ ljQ Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt

ljQ Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt kd| v' sfod{ Wo] ljQLo Joj:yfkg klg Ps xf ] . ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf
nflu ljQLo ofh] gf tof/ u/L To;sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jog ugk{' 5 { . To;sf] cgu' dg tyf
dN" ofªs\ g xg' k' 5 { . ;ªu\ 7gfTds sfol{ eq ljQ Ifq] n] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf vN] 5 . plNnlvt
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu ljQ Ifq] df sf/fa] f/sf] n]vf /fVg] nv] fkfn, n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ n]vf
k/LIfs, kd| v' sfos{ f/L clwst[ jf ljQ Joj:yfks h:tf k;] fsdL{ sfo/{ t /xG5g \ . tLdWo]
nv] f k/LIf0f Pjd\ ljQ Joj:yfkg h:tf k;] f / ;Da4 hgzlStsf af/d] f tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

!= nv] f k/LIf0f / nv] f k/LIfs

sg' } sfofn{ osf] n]vf k0| ffnL lgodcg;' f/ ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5, 5g} eg]/
hf“r ug{] sfd g} nv] f k/LIf0f xf] . n]vf k/LIf0f ug{] JolSt n]vf k/LIfs x'g \ . n]vfdf
sfd ug]{ sdr{ f/L jf n]vfkfnn] bl} gs lx;fa lstfa /fV5g \ . nv] fkfnn] u/s] f] sfdsf]
k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd nv] f k/LIfssf] xf ] .

cfGtl/s / afxo\ u/L nv] f k/LIf0f bO' { lsl;dsf x'G5g \ . Joj;fosf] lx;fa lstfa jf
kn| ]vx¿sf] lg/Gt/ hfr“ x'g'k5 { . hf“r ubf{ b]lvPsf s}lkmotx¿ ;Rofpg ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] pb\b]Zo /flvG5 . o:tf] p2]Zoaf6 clekl|] /t eO{ Joj;fo leqaf6 g} :yfoL ¿kn]
lgo'St nv] f k/LIfsn] u/s] f] k/LIf0f cfGtl/s nv] f k/LIf0f xf ] . Joj;fosf] nv] fsf] k0" f{ hfr“
ug{] sfo{ afxo\ nv] f k/LIf0f xf ] . o;n] hfr“ u/s] f] sfuhft / kd| f0fsf cfwf/df cfkmg\ f]
/fo;lxtsf] :jtGq k|ltj]bg Joj:yfkg;dIf k;] u5{ . o;n] lx;fa lstfanfO{ lgod
;ª\ut agfpg ;xofu] u5{ . cgfjZos ¿kdf vr{ ug]{ kj| [lQ /fS] 5 . gl} tstfsf] clej[l4
u/L ldtJooL aGg clekl|] /t u5 { .

;fdfGotof aL=aL=P;= jf aL=aL=P pQL0f{ u/k] l5 cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIfs aGg ;lsG5 t/
afxo\ nv] f k/LIfs aGgsf nflu PsfplG6ª 6l] Sgl;og jf rf68{ { PsfpG6G] ;L sf;] { k/' f u/]
sf] x'g'k5{ . oL ljifo cWoogsf nflu kj| ]z ug{ Go"gtd dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ kf/
u/s] f] xg' 'k5{ .

dxŒj M s'g} klg ;ª3\ ;+:yf jf sfofn{ osf] cfo Joo / ;DklQsf] ;xL clenv] x¿ hfr“ ug{]
sfd n]vf k/LIfsn] u5{g\ . nv] f k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;ª\3;:+ yf jf sDkgLsf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg slt r':t b'?:t tyf kf/bzL{ 5 eGg] tYo kQf nfU5 . o;y{ nv] f k/LIfs
sg' } klg ;ª\3;:+ yf jf sDkgLsf nflu lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ hgzlSt xf ] .

8 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= ljQ Joj:yfkg / Joj:yfks

s'g} klg sfofn{ o jf ;ª\3 ;+:yfdf ;|ft] Joj:yfkg x'g'k5{ . To;sf] kl/rfng tyf
kz| f;lgs Pjd\ cfly{s sfo{ k|efjsf/L 9ªu\ af6 ;Dkfbg ug{k' 5 { . oL sfos{ f] g]tT[ jbfoL
el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{] JolStnfO{ Joj:yfks elgG5 . Joj:yfksn] lgoldt, lgod ;ªu\ t /
;r' f? 9ªu\ n] ;j] f k|jfx ug{] jftfj/0f ldnfp“5 .
Joj;fosf] p2]Zocg'¿k ljQLo ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng, k|rlnt
sfg'gcg;' f/ lgodg tyf lgoGq0f ug{' g} ljQ Joj:yfkg ug{' xf ] . ljQ Joj:yfkg ug]{
sfd ljQ Joj:yfkssf] xf ] . cflys{ sf/fa] f/ xg' ] If]qdf ljQ Joj:yfkssf] el" dsf Hofb}
dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5 . Joj;fodf kl/rflnt ;du| hgzlSt, ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt k|ofu]
u/L clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{' ljQ Joj:yfkssf] kd| v' lhDd]jf/L xf] .
ljQ Joj:yfkg cWoogsf nflu kj| z] ubf{ dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ kf/ u/s] f] x'g'k5 { .
To;kl5 ljQ Joj:yfkg jf nv] f Joj:yfkg ljifodf ;fdfGotof ltgb]lv rf/ jif;{ Ddsf]
sf;] { k"/f u/L :gfts tx pQL0f{ ugk{' 5 { . ;f]xL ljifodf ljzi] f1tf xfl;n ug{ :gftsfQ] /
txsf] cWoog ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf klg 5 .
dxŒj M Joj:yfksn] ofh] gf u/c] g';f/sf sfox{ ¿ ug{'kg]{ xG' 5 . dfgj ;|f]tnfO{ ;xL ¿kn]
kl/rfng, sfo{ ;Dkfbg, cfjZos ;fduL| sf] ;ª\sng, vl/b h:tf lhDdj] f/L Joj:yfkssf]
x'G5 . ljQ Ifq] ;j+ b] gzLn Ifq] xf ] . ljQ Joj:yfkgn] Joj;fosf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf]
;ª\st] u5{ . o;y{ ljQ Joj:yfksn] g} s'g} klg sfofn{ o, ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ jf Joj;fosf]
k|ultsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf vn] ]sf] x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

glhssf] sfof{nodf k'uL ljQ Joj:yfksn] s] s] sfd u5g{ ,\ ;"rL tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= n]vf k/LIf0f lsg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5, sf/0f b]pm .

@= ljQ Joj:yfksn] s:tf] e"ldsf vN] gk' 5{, 5nkmn u/L nv]  .

#= n]vf k/LIfs / ljQ Joj:yfkslar leGgtf 5'6o\ fpg] s'g} tLg a'“bfx¿ nv]  .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 9

kf7 % ko6{ g Ifq] ;“u ;DalGwt k];f / hgzlSt

ko{6g eg]sf] ;Lldt cjlwsf nflu k'm;b{ sf] ;dodf ul/g] dgf/] ~hgfTds kfl/jfl/s
tyf Jofj;flos e|d0f xf] . of] e|d0f cfGtl/s tyf afx\o b'j} x'G5 . ko{6g Ifq] gk] fndf
ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{ ug]{ dV' o ;f| t] xf ] . hlt w/] } ko6{ s gk] fndf lelqP, plt w/] } cfDbfgL a95\  .
b]zdf cfo a9g\ ' egs] } cflys{ ljsf;sf] ;ª\st] xf ] . o;y{ ko6{ g Ifq] / o;;u“ ;DalGwt
hgzlSt ljsf;sf jfxs x'g\ . ko{6gdf xf6] n] Joj:yfkg dxTTjk"0f{ k];f xf ] . ko6{ g
Joj;fodf xf6] n] Joj;fo, 6l]«sª ufO8, ¥ofkml\ 6ª cflb Ifq] sf k;] fsdL{ sfo/{ t /xG5g \ .

xf6] ]n Joj:yfks M ;fdfGo u|fxs / cfuGts' b]lv lnP/ ljlzi6 kfxg' fsf] ;Tsf/, cfjZos
;]jf, ;'ljwf / cj;/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
ug]{ JolSt xf6] ]n Joj:yfks xf] . p;n] xf6] n] sf]
bl} gs Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ af6 k/" f ug{
gt] T[ jbfoL el" dsf vN] 5 . kfxg' fsf] a;fO ;l' jwfoS' t,
;/' lIft / cf/fdbfoL agfpg xf6] n] Joj:yfkssf]
k|d'v lhDd]jf/L /xG5 . xf]6]n Joj:yfksn]
xf]6]ndf xg' ] ;Dk0" f{ ljefusf] Joj:yfkg u5 { .

xf]6n] Joj:yfks aGgsf nflu xf]6]n Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifo cWoog u/]sf] x'gk' 5{ . of]
cWoog ug{sf nflu dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ df xf]6]n Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifo cyjf
lj1fg ljifo lnO{ tx kf/ ug{'k5{ . aL=Pr=Pd= -Aofrn/ ckm xf]6]n Dofg]hd]G6_ u/L s]
xL jifs{ f] cge' jkl5 xf]6n] Joj:yfks aGg] k|fjwfg 5 .

dxŒj M kfx'gfx¿sf] ckI] ffnfO{ k/" f ug]{ sfd xf6] n] Joj:yfkssf] xf] . xf]6]nsf] ljleGg
ljefux¿df ljzi] f l;koS' t hgzlSt sfo/{ t xG' 5g \ . Joj:yfksn] oL ;an} fO{ /fdf| ;] u“ ;dGjo
u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf xf6] ]n ;~rfng ug{'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ uf| xsn] cfglGbt, ;Ddflgt
/ ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;;' u5 { . t;y{ ko6{ g Ifq] df xf]6n] Joj:yfks / Joj:yfkgsf]
ljz]if dxŒj /xG5 .

cEof;

!= s'zn xf]6n] Joj:yfks s;/L aGg ;lsG5, nv]  .

@= xf6] n] Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjaf/] ;ª\lIfKt l6kf6] tof/ kf/ .

k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] 6fn] l5d]sdf /xs] f] xf6] n] jf /]:6'/f“ jf lrof k;n ;~rfns jf Joj:yfks;“u
e6] u/L uf| xsnfO{ lbOg] ;j] f ;l' jwfsf l6kf]6 u/ / sIffdf ;~rfns jf Joj:yfks
el" dsf lnO{ clego u/ .

10 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 ^ lzIf0f Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt k;] f / hgzlSt

kf7o\ jm| dn] lglbi{ 6 u/s] f p2Z] ox¿ xfl;n u/fpg ljleGg ks| f/sf ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng
ug{] sfo{ lzIf0f xf ] . lzIf0f ug{] JolStnfO{ lzIfs jf cWofks elgG5 . lzIf0fsf] kd| v'
nIo l;sfO xf ] . l;sfO ckl] Ift pknlAwsf cfwf/df xfl;n ul/g] 1fg, l;k / clejl[ Qsf]
;dli6 ¿k xf ] . l;sfOsf jm| ddf ljljw ljm| ofsnfk jf kl| jm| of ;dfjz] xG' 5g \ .

!= lzIf0f Ifq] ;“u ;DalGwt hgzlSt

ljBfno jf sn]hsf] ;~rfngdf lzIfs, k|fWofks, k|wfgfWofks / k|frfo{sf] ljz]if
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o; sfod{ f ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, snh] ;~rfns ;ldlt tyf
cleefjssf] klg e"ldsf /x]sf] xG' 5 . o; kf7df lzIfs, k|fWofks, kw| fgfWofks /
kf| rfos{ f af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 M

-s_ lzIfs / k|fWofks

-c_ lzIfs M ljBfnodf lzIf0f ug{] JolStnfO{
lzIfs elgG5 . lzIf0f ug{] / l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf
nflu cfjZos ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ug]{ Pjd\ u/fpg]
JolSt g} lzIfs xf ] . o;y{ ;DalGwt ljifosf]
k|efjsf/L ¿kn] cWofkg ug'{ lzIfssf] d'Vo sfo{
xf ] . lzIfsn] ljBfyLs{ f] ;jfª{ u\ L0f ljsf;sf nflu
rflxg] cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk;dt] ;~rfng ug'{k5 { .

lzIfs aGgsf nflu txut ¿kdf ofU] otf km/s km/s xG' 5 . cfwf/e"t tx sIff !–* sf
nflu Gog" td dfWolds tx -sIff !@_ kf/ u/s] f] xg' 'k5 { . dfGotf kf| Kt snh] af6 lzIff
zf:qdf tflnd lnPsf] xg' k' 5 { . dfWolds txdf cWofkg ug{ ;DalGwt ljifodf Gog" td aL=P8=
u/s] f] cyjf ;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts pQL0f{ u/L lzIf0f tflnd lnPsf] xg' k' 5 { . lzIff zf:q
afxs] sf ljifodf :gfts ugx{] ¿sf nflu Ps a;{] aL=P8= pQL0f{ u/s] f] xg' k' 5 { .

-cf_ kf| Wofks M b; hf8] bO' b{ l] v dfly cWofkg ug]{ JolStnfO{ kf| Wofks eG5g \ . kf| Wofksn]
pRr txdf cWofkg u5{g \ . kf| Wofksn] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf jm| ddf ljBfyLd{ f pRr :t/
sf 1fg, l;k / clejl[ Q kb| fg u5{g \ . k|fWofks aGg Gog" td ¿kdf ;DalGwt ljifodf
:gftsf]Tt/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'gk' 5 { .

dxŒj M lzIfs jf k|fWofksn] ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fg a'em]sf] x'gk' 5 { . pgLx¿nfO{ pTk]l| /t
ub{} ;DalGwt ljifo ;DaGwL u'0f:t/Lo lzIf0f l;sfO ugk{' 5 { . lzIf0f cGoGt} dxŒjk"0f{
k];f ;Da4 If]q xf] . o;df ljBfyLs{ f] eljio hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . cfhsf] o'u kl| t:kwfT{ ds
o'u xf ] . kl| t:kwfd{ f ptfg{ ;Ifd hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ lzIfs tyf kf| Wofkssf] dxŒjk0" f{
lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] xG' 5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 11

-v_ kw| fgfWofks / kf| rfo{

ljBfnosf] kd| v' nfO{ k|wfgfWofks / sn]hsf] kd| v' nfO{ k|frfo{ elgG5 . kw| fgfWofks
jf k|frfo{ aGgsf nflu tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] ofU] otf xfl;n u/]sf] x'gk' 5 { . ljBfno tyf
sn]hsf] b}lgs sfo{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng
ug{sf nflu kw| fgfWofks jf kf| rfos{ f] lgol' St
x'G5 . logn] ljBfyL{sf] cWofkgnfO{ s]Gb|df
/fvL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lzIf0f l;sfO ;~rfng
ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ . k|wfgfWofks jf kf| rfos{ f]
lg/LIf0fdf ljBfyLs{ f] k7gkf7g ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg
ul/G5 .

@= lzIff / k;] fsf] ;DaGw

lzIff / k];f Pscfk;df kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g \ . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df
lzIff / k;] fsf] cGt;D{ aGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . k;] fsf] dfu ahf/af6 xG' 5  . Tof] dfucg'¿k
lzIffn] cfjZos l;ko'St bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg u5{ . o:tf hgzlStx¿ pTkfbg
ugs{ f nflu snh] , kf| ljlws lzIffno / tflnd s]Gbx| ¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf xG' 5g\ . o;y{
;du| k];f;u“ ;DalGwt If]q lzIffaf6 lgolGqt, lgb{]lzt / ;~rflnt xG' 5g\ . oL k;] fsf]
;+/If0f tyf ;+jwg{ df klg lzIffsf] ljzi] f el" dsf /xG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= cfkm\gf ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ M

gfd cg'ej -jifd{ f_ k9fpg] ljifo

cEof;
!= lzIf0f eg]sf] s] xf,] n]v .
@= lzIf0f Ifq] ;“u ;DalGwt hgzlStsf gfd nv]  .
#= ltd|f] ljBfnosf kw| fgfWofkssf sfdx¿ s] s] x'g\, nv]  .
$= ltdL ltdf| ] ljBfnosf] kw| fgfWofks eP ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg s;/L uYof,{} nv]  .
ko| f]ufTds lj|mofsnfk
ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ ljifodf ltdf| ] lzIfsn] h:t} tof/L u/L gd'gf sIff lzIf0f u/ .
To;sf af/d] f lzIfs / ;fyLx¿sf] ;e' mfj klg ;ª\sng u/ .

12 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 & ;fj{hlgs ;j] fdf cfwfl/t k];f / hgzlSt

;/sf/L :t/af6 hgtfnfO{ kj| fx xg' ] cj;/ tyf ;l' jwfnufotsf If]qnfO{ ;fjh{ lgs
;]jf Ifq] elgG5 . ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f Ifq] cToGt} ljzfn If]q xf ] . k|zf;g, lzIff, :jf:Yo,
;/' Iff, Gofo cflb ;fj{hlgs ;j] fsf Ifq] x¿ x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;j] f pknAw u/fpgsf nflu
ljleGg kb / xl} ;otsf ;]jf kb| fosx¿sf] cfjZostf k5 { .

;/sf/L, cw{ ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;ª3\ ;+:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfwfl/t
k;] fsdL{ sfo/{ t /xG5g \ . ltgn] sfofn{ o jf ;:+ yfdf ljleGg txsf k;] fsdL,{ zfvf clwst[ ,
sfofn{ o k|dv' h:tf kbdf /xL ;j] f kj| fx ul//xs] f x'G5g\ .

vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg, b"/ ;~rf/, ljB't\ k|flws/0fnufotdf k|aGws jf Joj:yfkssf]
g]t[Tjdf ;]jf k|jfx ul/G5 . oLdWo] o; kf7df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qsf zfvf clws[t,
sfof{no k|d'v / k|aGws jf Joj:yfkssf af/]df rrf{ ul/g] 5 M

!= zfvf clws[t

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ljleGg ljefu / zfvfx¿ xG' 5g \ . o;af6 ;j] f lng / lbg ;lhnf]
xG'  5 . o:tf zfvfx¿df sfd ugs{ f nflu zfvf clwst[ x¿sf] lgol' St ul/Psf] x'G5 .
cfkm\gf] zfvf;“u ;DalGwt ;j] f ke| fjsf/L 9ª\un] k|jfx ug{' g} zfvf clwst[ sf] klxnf]
stJ{ o xf ] .

zfvf clwst[ aGgsf nflu Gog" td ¿kdf :gfts tx pQL0f{ u/s] f] xg' k' 5{ . o:tf] of]Uotf
xfl;n u/]sf JolStn] lglZrt k|lj|mofcGtu{t /xL zfvf clws[tsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ ugk{' 5{ .

@= sfofn{ o k|d'v

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug{] ljleGg sG] bL| o lgsfo / ;ª\3;:+ yf tyf lhNnf sfof{nodf
sfofn{ o kd| v' sf] lgol' St ul/Psf] xG' 5 . lhNnf kz| f;g sfofn{ odf kd| v' lhNnf clwsf/L
lgoS' t xG' 5g \ .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] lgol' St x'G5 . To:t} lhNnfdf xg' ]
lzIff ;DaGwL sfos{ f] g]tT[ j ug{ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . lhNnf
cbfntdf lhNnf GofofwLz sfofn{ o kd| v' sf ¿kdf sfo{/t /xG5g\ .

sfofn{ o k|dv' sf] lhDdj] f/L egs] f] To; sfof{noaf6 hgtfnfO{ kb| fg ug{] ;j] f kf/bzL{
9ªu\ n] kj| fx ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{' xf] . o;sf nflu sfofn{ o k|d'vn] ;j] f k|jfx of]hgf
ljsf; ug'k{ 5 { . cfly{s ;f| ]tsf] Joj:yfkg tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{k' 5{ . sfofn{ odf
pknAw hgzlStsf] plrt kl/rfng ug'k{ 5 { .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 13

#= ka| Gws jf Joj:yfks

;ª\3;+:yfdf k|aGws jf Joj:yfkssf] lgol' St x'G5 . o:tf k|aGws jf Joj:yfkssf] k|d'v
lhDdj] f/L To; ;ª3\ ;+:yfaf6 x'g] sfon{ fO{ r':t b?' :t ¿kn] ;~rfng ug'{ xf] .
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L sG] b| lnld68] , g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ k|flws/0f, gk] fn ljB't\ kf| lws/0f,
g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, vfgk] fgL ;+:yfg, g]kfn jfo;' ]jf lgud h:tf ;:+ yfgx¿df ka| Gwssf]
lgo'lSt ul/G5 .
k|aGwsn] klg sfofn{ o k|dv' n] h:t} ;j] f, ;'ljwf tyf cj;/sf ljljw Ifq] df sfd
ug{k' 5 { . cfkm" sfo{/t ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] pGgltsf nflu gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{ of]hgf tof/
u/L sfof{Gjog ug{k' 5 { . k|aGws kbdf lgo'St xg' Gog" td ¿kdf :gfts tx pQL0{f
u/s] f] x'gk' 5{ .
dxŒj M hgtfnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf kj| fx ug{] / hgtf;“u ;f]emf] ;Dksd{ f cfpg] :yfgdf
kf/bzL{ 9ªu\ n] ;j] f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfd k|aGwssf] xf] . hgtfnfO{
;]jf kj| fx ug{] sfddf ka| Gwssf] dV' o el" dsf /xG5 .

cEof;

!= zfvf clwst[ sf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\, n]v .
@= sfof{no k|dv' sf] sfd s] xf], nv]  .
#= ka| Gwssf] el" dsf lsg dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5, sf/0f bp] m .

k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk

glhssf] ;/sf/L jf lghL ;ª\3;+:yfdf uO{ s'g s'g txsf] of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf
sdr{ f/Lx¿n] sg' s'g kbdf a;L sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ < kb / of]Uotfsf] ;DaGw b]lvg]
tflnsf tof/ kf/ / sIffdf s'g} Ps kbdf a;L sfd u/s] f] clego u/ .

14 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 * k;] f / lzIffsf] ;DaGw

k];fsf] d"n cfwf/ g} lzIff xf] . lzIffnfO{ hLjgfk] of]uL agfpg / sfdsf] ;;+ f/l;t
kl/lrt u/fpg k];fut l;k / bIftfsf] 7n' f] el" dsf xG' 5 . lzIffn] g} JolStdf k];fut l;k
/ bIftfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 . lzIff / k];fsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 .
k;] fut l;k / bIftf ePsf] dflg; g} b]z ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;f| t] xf] . lzIff / k];fn]
ul/aL / a/] fh] uf/L sd u/fO{ b]zsf] cflys{ ljsf;df 6j] f 6'¥ofp5“ . lzIffn] cfly{s
ljsf; psf:g'sf ;fy} s[lif / pBf]u Joj;fosf] pTkfbsTj a9fO{ bz] df ul/aL 36fpg
7n' f] el" dsf vN] 5 .
bz] sf x/s] If]q / ;d'bfosf o'jf ju{sf] ljsf;, pGglt / k|ult d"ntM pgLx¿sf] k];fut
l;k / bIftfsf] u0' f:t/df e/ k5{ . k];fut hgzlSt pTkfbgdf lzIffsf] kT| oIf xft
/xG5 .
o'jf ju{ b]zsf efjL s0f{wf/ ePsfn] o'jfnfO{ ahf/d'vL / l;kd"ns k];f pknAw
u/fpgk' 5{ . /fh] uf/L clej4[ u//] dn' s' df ul/aL 36fpg / ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ljkGgtf
sd ug{ lzIffn] ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
k];fut l;k / bIftfn] JolStnfO{ ‘afn] L vfge] Gbf u/L vfg’] agfp5“ . t;y{ k;] fut
l;k eg]s} /f]huf/ pGdv' lzIff xf] . o:tf] lzIffn] JolStnfO{ cfTdlge{/, :jfjnDaL /
l;koS' t agfpg ;xofu] k'¥ofp5“ . b]z / ljbz] df a9L dfu xg' ] KnlDaª, sfk{]G6/L, s's/L,
gl;{ª h:tf k];fut l;kn] JolStsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xh agfp5“ . k;] fut l;knfO{
ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ af6 ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd, ofU] o / bIf hgzlSt cfjZos kb5{ . ctM o;sf
nflu kf| ljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff x'g' cTofjZos 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

k];f / lzIffsf] cGt;{DaGwaf/] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L ;fgf] l6kf6] tof/ kf/ .

cEof;
!= lsg lzIff k];fsf] dn" cfwf/ xf] < a“b' fut ¿kdf ts{ k]; u/ .
@= ‘kfgLljgf df5f afR“ g ;Sbg} , lzIffljgf k;] f c;Dej 5’ o; plStnfO{ tflss{ 9ªu\ n]
k|:6 kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 15

PsfO bO' { M lzIff, tflnd / /f]huf/L

kf7 ! dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo ;fwf/0f lzIff
k|bfos ;:+ yf

gk] fndf ljBfno lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t / dfWolds u/L bO' { tx 5g \ . dfWolds txeGbf
dflyNnf] tx pRr lzIffsf] xf ] . b]ze/ ;~rfngdf /xs] f ljBfno dWod :t/Lo lzIff
kb| fos ;:+ yf xg'  \ . ljleGg ljZjljBfnosf] cg'dltdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf snh] eg]
pRr :t/Lo lzIff kb| fos ;+:yf x'g \ . xfn ljZjljBfnon] ljleGg ;ªs\ fosf] 56' 6\ f5'6\6}
ljefucGtut{ ljifout lzIff k|bfg ug{] u/s] f] kfOG5 . tLdWo] dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg, lzIff
zf:q / sfgg' ;ª\sfosf af/d] f tn 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ul/g] 5 M

!= dfgljsL ;ª\sfo M ;fdflhs zf:q;“u ;Da4 ljifoIf]qdf lgk'0f agfpg' dfgljsL
;ª\sfosf] dV' o p2]Zo xf ] . o; ;ª\sfodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyLn{ fO{ snf, hg;ª\Vof,
/fhgLltzf:q, kqsfl/tf, cªu\ ]|hL, gk] fnL, Oltxf;, eu" fn] nufotsf ljifo k9fOG5 .

@= Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo M pBfu] Jofkf/sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ JolStnfO{ :j/fh] uf/ ;Da4
l;ko'St agfpg] p2]Zo o; ;ªs\ fon] lnOPsf] 5 . oxf“ bIftf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Sg]
Ifdtf lgdf0{ fsf lglDt ljleGg lsl;dsf ljifout lzIff k|bfg ul/G5 . n]vfzf:q,
ljQ zf:q, cy{ zf:q Pjd\ ul0ft ljifosf] cWoog cWofkg Joj:yfkg ;ªs\ fodf u/fOG5 .

#= lzIff zf:q ;ªs\ fo M lzIff zf:q ;ª\sfodf cWoog u/s] f ljBfyLn{ ] kf7o\ jm| d,
lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fduL| / d"Nofªs\ gsf af/d] f ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg
xfl;n u5g{  \ . oxf“ afn dgfl] j1fg, afn s]lGbt| l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of / afnd}qL
jftfj/0f l;hg{ f h:tf ljifoIf]qsf af/d] f l;sfOG5 . lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ ke| fjsf/L /
u0' f:t/Lo agfpg lzIff zf:q ;ª\sfosf] ljzi] f el" dsf /x]sf] xG' 5 .

$= sfg'g ;ª\sfo M sfg'g tyf Gofo If]q / c8\8f cbfnt tyf b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg{]
sfgg' L ;d:ofsf af/]df sfg'g ;ª\sfodf cWoog cWofkg u/fOG5 . bz] sf] dn"
sfg'gdf ePsf] Joj:yf, To;sf ljleGg kl/R5b] df JofVof tyf ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod,
sfgg' sf af/]df JofVof Pjd\ ax; ug{] 1fg / l;k o;n] lbG5 .

16 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

ljZjljBfno / ltgsf sfo{jm| d

pRr lzIffsf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf ljleGg cWoog ;:+ yfg tyf ;ªs\ fo ldn/] ags] f]
;:+ yfnfO{ ljZjljBfno elgG5 . pRr lzIffsf ljleGg ljifox¿ ljleGg tx;Dd cWoog xg' ]
;:+ yf g} ljZjljBfno xf ] . gk] fndf ;~rflnt sx] L ljZjljBfno o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

!= lqej' g ljZjljBfno

of] gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf k/' fgf] ljZjljBfno xf ] . o;sf] :yfkgf @)!^ ;fndf ePsf]
xf ] . o;sf ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfodf ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ . oxf“ lzIff
zf:q, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f, lj1fg, s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg, jg lj1fg, cª\uh]| L,
gk] fnL, eu" fn] , cyz{ f:q, /fhgLlt zf:q, hg;ª\Vof, ;:+ s[t, cfo'jb]{ , jfl0fHo zf:q,
snf zf:q h:tf w]/} ljifodf k7gkf7g eO/xs] f] 5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] sG] b|Lo
sfof{no sf7df8fs“} f] sLltk{ /' df /xs] f] 5 .

@= g]kfn ;+:st[ ljZjljBfno

of] ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)$# ;fndf ePsf] xf] . o;df j}lbs jfª\dosf ljleGg
ljifo Ifq] sf] cWoog cWofkgdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o; jfªd\ on] efiff lzIffsf ;fy}
sd{sf08, kmlnt Hof]ltif, ofu] lzIff, cfo'jb{] , kf| sl[ ts lrlsT;f, jf:t' lj1fg h:tf
Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;:+ s[t ljZjljBfnodf j]b, Jofs/0f, wd{zf:q,
Oltxf; k/' f0f, Gofo, Hofl] tif, bzg{ , tGq, af4} bz{g h:tf ljifox¿ cWofkg ul/G5 .
oxf“ gk] fnL, cªu\ ]|hL, ul0ft, cyz{ f:q, lzIff zf:q h:tf cfw'lgs ljifo klg k9fOG5 .
o;sf] dV' o sfofn{ o bfªsf] a]nem' G8Ldf /xs] f] 5 .

#= sf7df8f}“ ljZjljBfno

of] ljZj ljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)$* ;fndf ePsf] xf ] . o;n] lrlsT;f, OlGhlgol/ª,
gl;ª{ , Joj:yfkg, lzIff zf:q, snf, ljleGg cfwl' gs kl| jlw;u“ } cGt/fl{ i6o« dfkb08sf
ljifo tyf txx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; ljZjljBfnodf kf“r xhf/ ljBfyL{
cWoog/t 5g\ . o; ljZj ljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sfek]| nfGrf]ssf] w'lnv]ndf
/xs] f] 5 .

$= kj" f~{ rn ljZjljBfno

@)%! ;fndf kj" f~{ rn ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; ljZjljBfnosf]
;fwf/0f, Jofj;flos tyf kf| ljlws lzIff kb| fg ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;df lj1fg,
dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg, lzIff zf:q / sfg'g ;ª\sfo tyf kmfOg cf6\;d{ f cWoog
cWofkg u/fOG5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no df]/ªdf 5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 17

%= kfv] /f ljZjljBfno

kfv] /f ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)%$ ;fndf ul/Psf] xf ] . o; ljZjljBfnosf
rf/cf]6f cfª\lus / pgGrf;cf]6f ;DaGwg kf| Kt sn]hx¿ ;~rfngdf /xs] f 5g\ .
Joj:yfkg, dfgljsL, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ;ª\sfodf o; ljZjljBfnon] cfÇgf
sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] s]GbL| o sfof{no sf:sLsf] kf]v/fdf 5 .

^= n'lDagL af4} ljZjljBfno

eujfg\ uft} d a'4sf] gfdaf6 lj= ;=+ @)^@ df :yflkt o; ljZjljBfnosf] s]GbL| o
sfof{no n'lDagLdf /xs] f] 5 . of] ljZjljBfno d"ntM af}4 bz{g, ;flxTo, lzIff
/ ;:+ sl[ tsf] cWoog cWofkg tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfn o;df Pp6f
cfªl\ us / kf“rcf]6f ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk; /x]sf 5g\ .

&= s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg ljZjljBfno

of] ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)^& ;fndf ePsf] xf] . s[lif, jg / kz' lj1fg
h:tf If]qdf cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg u/fO{ d'ns' df pRr :t/sf] k|fl1s tyf
l;koS' t bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;df k|df0f kq, :gfts,
:gftsf]Q/ / cg';Gwfg txsf sfoj{ |md ;~rfngdf /xs] f 5g\ . o;sf] :yfkgf lrtjg
lhNnfsf] /fdk/' df ePsf] xf] .

*= dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno

of] ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)^& ;fndf ePsf] xf] . snf, lj1fg, lrlsT;f zf:q,
sfg'g, Joj:yfkg, lzIff / kf| ljlws tyf cGo Jofj;flos ljifodf cWoog, cWofkg
/ cg;' Gwfg u/fpb“ } cfPsf] 5 . o;df cG8/ Uof| ho' 6 / kf:] 6 Uof| ho' 6 sfoj{ m| d ljleGg
ljwfdf ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . o;sf] s]GbL| o sfof{no jL/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]t{ df /xs] f] 5 .

(= ;'b/" klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno

;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)^& ;fndf ePsf] xf] . o;
ljZj ljBfnodf snf, lj1fg, lrlsT;f zf:q, sfgg' , Joj:yfkg lzIff kf| ljlws tyf cGo
Jofj;flos ljifodf cWoog cWofkg u/fOG5 . ;ftcf6] f ÇofsN6L ;~rfng ug]{ nIo
eP klg xfn dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhs, lj1fg, lzIff, Joj:yfkg / lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf
cG8/ uf| h'o6 sfoj{ |md, ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] sG] bL| o sfof{no
eLdbQ gu/kflnsf, s~rgk/' df /x]sf] 5 .

18 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

lj|mofsnfk
kf7df lbOPsf ljZjljBfnosf af/d] f yk ;fw] vfh] u/L tnsf] tflnsf e/ M
j|m= ;= ljZjljBfnosf] gfd :yfkgf ldlt k9fO xg' ] ;ªs\ fox¿ sl} kmot
!=
@=

cEof;

!= gk] fndf :yfkgf ePsf ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{j|md 5f]6s/Ldf nv]  .

@= lzIfs jf hfgsf/ JolStsf] ;xof]u lnO{ tnsf ;ªs\ fosf af/]df nv] M

-s_ Joj:yfkg ;ªs\ fo -v_ sfg'g ;ª\sfo

-u_ lj1fg ;ªs\ fo -3_ lzIff zf:q ;ª\sfo

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= tn lbOPsf ljZjljBfnosf ;DaGwdf vfh] L u/L dflysf] h:t} tflnsf agfpm M

-s_ n'lDagL af}4 ljZj ljBfno -v_ sl[ if tyf jg ljZjljBfno

-u_ dWo klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno -3_ ;'b/" klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 19

kf7 @ dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo kf| ljlws lzIff
kb| fos ;:+ yf

gk] fndf k|fljlws lzIff kb| fg ug{ ljleGg k|of; eOcfPsf 5g \ . o;sf nflu ljleGg
ljZj ljBfnon] kf| ljlws ljifo cWofkg u/fpg] Joj:yf u/s] f 5g \ . sltko ;:+ yfg, kl| ti7fg
/ kl/ifbd\ fkmt{ k|fljlws lzIffsf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] s]xLsf
af/]df o; kf7df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

!= aL= kL= sfO] /fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg kl| ti7fg M ef/t ;/sf/sf] cflys{ tyf k|fljlws
;xofu] df o; kl| ti7fgsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf ] . ljZjljBfno :t/sf zl} Ifs ultljlw ;~rfng
u/L bIf lrlsT;s tyf g;s{ f] pTkfbg ug'{ g} o; k|lti7fgsf] d'Vo p2Z] o /x]sf] 5 .

@= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn M of] c:ktfn sf7df8f“s} f] dxf/fhuGhdf
/xs] f] 5 . oxf“ kf| ljlws lzIffcGtut{ lrlsT;f zf:qsf] cWofkg u/fOG5 . bIf lrlsT;s
tyf g;s{ f] pTkfbg ug]{ o;sf] p2Z] o /xs] f] 5 . o; c:ktfnn] gk] fnd} ljleGg lsl;dsf
:jf:Yo pkrf/ tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfd u5 { .

#= lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6o« k|lti7fg M of] kl| ti7fg klg ljZjljBfno ;/xsf] lrlsT;f zf:q
;DaGwL cWofkg u/fpg] ;:+ yf xf ] . o; kl| ti7fgsf] p2Z] o bIf lrlsT;s Pjd\ g;s{ f]
pTkfbg ug{' xf] . of] k|lti7fg jL/ c:ktfndf /xs] f] 5 .

$= kf6g :jf:y lj1fg k|lti7fg M o; kl| ti7fgn] kf6g c:ktfn, nlntk'/dfkm{t @)%$
;fnaf6 cfÇgf z}lIfs ultljlw ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o;df Pd=aL=aL=P;=sf] ;dt]
cWofkg u/fOG5 . o;sf] p2]Zo klg bIf lrlsT;s pTkfbg ug'{ g} xf] .

%= s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg M o; ;:+ yfgsf] :yfkgf @)!$ ;fndf ePsf]
xf ] . ;?' ;?' df o;sf] dV' o p2]Zo h]=6L=P= pTkfbg ug'{ lyof ] . xfn o; cWoog ;:+ yfgn]
dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo sl[ if ljz]if1 pTkfbg u5{ . To:t} ljleGg k|fl1s cg;' Gwfgsf]
sfo{ / vf]hd"ns sfo{ klg yfngL u/s] f] 5 . o;sf cfÇg} hldg, k|ofu] zfnf tyf
cg;' Gwfgzfnfx¿ klg /xs] f 5g\ .

^= kf| ljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ (CTEVT) : g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIffsf]

tflnd / sfo{jm| dx¿sf] gLlt lgod agfO{ nfu' ug{ @)$% ;fndf o; kl/ifbs\ f] :yfkgf

ePsf] xf ] . o; kl/ifbs\ f] d'Vo p2]Zo cfwf/et" tyf dWod :t/sf] kf| ljlws hgzlSt

pTkfbg ug{' xf ] . o; kl/ifbc\ Gtut{ k|fljlws P;= Pn= ;L= (TSLC) / l8Knf]df txsf

cfª\lus / ;DaGwg k|fKt k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿

/xs] f 5g\ .

20 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

&= k'Nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª SofDk; M of] SofDk; OlGhlgol/ª ljwfsf] s]Gb|Lo SofDk; xf] .
o;sf] dV' o sfof{no nlntk/' sf] k'Nrf]sdf /x]sf] 5 . oxf“ ;'ljwf ;DkGg k|of]uzfnf /x]sf
5g\ . oxf“ l;len, cfls{6]S6, OnS] 6f« ]lgs, sDKo'6/, ds] flgsnnufotsf OlGhlgol/ª k];f
;Dabw\ ljifo k9fOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo bIf OlGhlgo/ pTkfbg ug'{ xf] .

*= yfkfynL OlGhlgol/ª SofDk; M of] SofDk; sf7df8fs}“ f] yfkfynLdf /x]sf] 5 . o;
SofDk;df dV' o u/L ds] flgsn, OnS] 6f« l] gs, OG8l:6o« n, c6f] dfa] fOnnufotsf OlGhlgol/ª
k];f ;Da4 ljifo k9fOG5 . o;n] klg bIf OlGhlgo/ pTkfbg ug{] p2Z] o lnPsf] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdf| ] l5ds] df /x]sf kf| ljlws JolStx¿nfO{ e]6L pgLx¿n] ug{] sfdsf] ;r" L tof/
u/ / tn lbOPsf] tflnsf e/ M

j|m= ;+= k|fljlwssf] k;] f ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] gfd bl} gs ug{] sfdx¿ sl} kmot

-s_

-v_

-u_

cEof;
!= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df kf| ljlws lzIff kb| fos ;+:yfx¿ s'g s'g xg' \, gfd n]v .
@= ljleGg k|fljlws lzIff kb| fos ;+:yfsf sfoj{ |md 56' 6\ f5'6\6} ¿kdf sfkLdf nv]  .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{

ltd|f] sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfs ldn]/ dWod tyf pRr :t/Lo k|fljlws
lzIff kb| fos sg' } Pp6f ;:+ yfsf] :ynut cWoog ed| 0f u/ / To;sf af/]df lj:t[t
hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] l6kf6] tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 21

kf7 # k;] fsf] Ifq] / 5gf6] kl| j|mof

!= Ifq] 5gf]6 k|ljm| of

x/]s JolSt km/s lsl;dsf k;] fdf ;+nUg xG' 5g\ . k];fdf ;+nUg xg' JolStsf] ?lr /
Ifdtfn] k|dv' e"ldsf vN] 5 . o;y{ ljBfno :t/af6 g} cfcfÇgf] ?lr / Ifdtfcg;' f/sf
ljifo 5gf]6 u/L cWoog ugk{' 5{ .
xfdf| ] b]zsf ;Gbe{ df k;] f 5gf6] ubf{ ;a}n] k/Dk/fut k;] f g} 5gf]6 u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ljzi] f u/L uf| dL0f eu] sf afl;Gbf sl[ if Ifq] df a9L ;n+ Ug /xG5g \ . Jofkf/ Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug
/xg] JolStsf afnaRrf klg kf| oM ToxL k];fdf g} ;n+ Ug xG' 5g \ . pgLx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s
¿kdf To; k;] fsf] hfgsf/L eO/xG5 . To;n} ] pgLx¿ klg ToxL k;] fdf ;+nUg /xg]
u/s] f xg' \ eGg] dfGotf 5 .
sltko cj:yfdf k;] f 5gf6] sf] k|ljm| of klg km/s km/s xg' ;S5 . s]xL cleefjs
cfkmn" ] ul//xs] f] k;] feGbf km/s k;] fdf cfÇgf aRrfx¿ ;+nUg /xg" \ eGg] rfxG5g \ . cGo
kl/jz] tyf jftfj/0f h:tf];'s} eP klg ?lr / Ifdtf k];f 5gf]6sf kd| 'v sf/s tŒj x'g \ .
k;] fsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ cfkm" n] 5gf6] ug{ nfu]sf] k;] fdf cfÇgf] ?lr xg' 'k5 { .
-v_ k;] f 5gf]6 ubf{ cfÇgf] 1fg, l;k / bIftfsf ;fy} cfly{s cj:yfdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ .
-u_ 5gf6] ul/Psf] k;] f lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;n+ Ug xg' ;Sg] / ;sf/fTds pmhf{ kb| fg ug]{ xg' k' 5 { .
-3_ cfkm" ;u“ ePsf ljleGg ljsNkdWo] clwstd kmfObfhgs nfus] f] k;] f 5gf6] ugk{' 5 { .
-ª_ ;dfhdf /xs] f cj;/sf] klxrfg u/L k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sgk' 5 { .
lj|mofsnfk
ltdf| ] sIffdf cWoog ul//xs] f ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿n] eljiodf s:tf] lsl;dsf] k;] fdf ;n+ Ug
/xg] ofh] gf agfPsf 5g,\ ;f] n]vL pgLx¿n] ;f] k;] fdf ;+nUg /xg] ofh] gf agfpgfsf
sf/0fx¿nfO{ a“b' fut ¿kdf l6kf6] u/ .

22 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= of]hgf lgdf0{ f k|ljm| of

s'g} k;] f 5gf]6 ug{e' Gbf klxn] To; k;] fsf af/]df lj:tt[ cWoog, vfh] L tyf cg;' Gwfg
ugk{' 5 { . pSt k;] fdf ;+nUg /x/] s] s] sfd ug'k{ 5{ egL sfdsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{k' 5{ .
To:t} k;] fdf cfpg] cj;/ tyf rg' ft} L / efU] g'kg]{ sl7gfOsf af/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n
ug'{k5{ . cfÇgf] ?lr, Ifdtf / pknAw ;fwg ;|f]taf6 pSt k];fdf ;+nUg /xg ;lsG5
jf ;lsGg eGg] s/' fsf] lgrf8] lgsfNgk' 5 { . sg' } klg k;] fsf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds
bj' } lsl;dsf kIfx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . a9L ;sf/fTds kIf lnO{ sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] k|sl[ tsf] k];f
5gf6] ug'{k5{ / ToxLcg;' f/sf] ofh] gf agfpg'k5{ .
k;] fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt r/0f / kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ M
-s_ ;j{k|yd k;] fsf] Ifq] sf cfwf/df of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f ug{k' 5{ .
-v_ ;Defljt k];fsf] vfsfsf af/]df lj:t[t cWoog, k/fdz{ jf 5nkmn ugk{' 5{ .
-u_ k;] fdf cfpg] cj;/ tyf rg' ft} Lsf] ;r" L lgdf0{ f ug'{k5{ .
-3_ cfjZos 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;f| ]tsf] cWoog Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug{k' 5{ .
-ª_ pknAw 1fg, l;k, bIftf / ;f| t] sf cfwf/df k;] fsf] 5gf]6 ug'{k5 { .
-r_ k;] faf6 kf| Kt xg' ] ;sf/fTds kIfsf] klxrfg u/L ofh] gf lgdf0{ f tyf To;sf] sfofG{ jog

kl| j|mofsf] yfngL ug'{k5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
ltdLn] sg' } lsl;dsf] k;] f 5gf]6 ug{'k/]df s;/L of]hgf agfp5“ f}, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
!= k;] f 5gf]6 ubf{ s:tf s:tf tŒjn] c;/ kf5g{ \, JofVof u/ .
@= ?lr / Ifdtflagf k];f 5gf]6 ubf{ s:tf r'gft} Lx¿ bv] fkg{ ;S5g,\ n]v .
#= ofh] gf lgdf{0f kl| j|mofdf s:tf tŒjn] ke| fj kf5{g\, nv]  .
$= of]hgf lgdf{0f s;/L ul/G5 / ofh] gf lgdf0{ f lsg dxŒjk0" f{ 5, n]v .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 23

PsfO # M /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf

kf7 ! cGt/f{li6o« tyf j}bl] zs /fh] uf/L
;DaGwL ;r" gf k|flKtsf] ;|ft]

cfk"m;“u ePsf] 1fg, l;k tyf bIftfcg';f/ b]zsf gful/s cGo dn' 'sdf uP/ /fh] uf/Ldf
;+nUg x'G5g\ . ljbz] L sDkgL, ;ª3\ ;+:yf / Joj;foLn] gk] fn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/
cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf hgzlStsf] dfu u5g{  \ . pgLx¿n] hgzlStsf] dfu ubf{ k;] f
/ To;sf] k|s[lt Pjd\ sfdbf/sf] ;ª\Vof pNnv] u5g{ \ . o;sf nflu ljleGg Dofgkfj/
sDkgLn] dWo:y stfs{ f ¿kdf ;xof]u u5{g\ .

/fh] uf/L ug{ rfxg] JolStsf] cfjZos kIfsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L /f]huf/bftf sDkgLn]
dfu u5g{  \ . pgLx¿sf] k;] f ;Dab\w 1fg, l;k, bIftf / tflnd ;DaGwL cfjZos kIf
pNn]v ug{ cg'/f]w u5g{ \ . k|foM ljbz] L /fh] uf/bftf sDkgLn] ;Da4 bz] sf lghL /fh] uf/
bftf sDkgLnfO{ sfdbf/ 5gf6] sf lglDt ;Dk0" f{ k|ljm| of k"/f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf xG' 5g\ .
slxns] fxL“ /f]huf/bftf sDkgLn] l;w} sfdbf/ 5gf6] ;dt] u5g{  \ .

jb} l] zs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;r" gf k|bfos ;|ft] x¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

!= j}bl] zs /f]huf/ ljefu M g]kfn ;/sf/, >d dGqfnocGtu{t jb} l] zs /fh] uf/ ljefu
:yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; ljefun] jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL ;Dk0" f{ sfo{ u5 { . o;n]
>d :jLsl[ t, >d ladf, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, >d s/f/ / gjLs/0fnufotsf kIfdf sfd klg
u5 { . o;n] jb} l]zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] hgzlStsf af/d] f clenv] /fVg] / kf;kf6] d{ f l:6s/ 6f:“ g]
sfd u5 { .

@= >d dGqfno M >d dGqfnon] >d ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg u5{ . o;n] jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/L
;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;r" gf tyf /f]huf/bftfsf af/]df hfgsf/L kj| fx ug{] sfd klg
u5{ . To:t} sg' dn' 'saf6 s:tf] s:tf] sfdsf nflu slt ;ª\Vof dfu ePsf] 5, ;fs] f
af/d] f ;r" gf lbG5 . o; dGqfnon] /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] JolStn] kf| Kt ugk{' g{] tflndsf af/d] f
;r" gf kj| fx u5{ .

#= hgzlSt ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;ª3\ ;:+ yf M jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfb“ f /f]huf/Lsf] Ifq] ,
kfl/>lds /sd, labf, xjfO{ l6s6, cGo vr{ tyf ljb]z uPkl5 ugk{' g{] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf
af/]df OR5s' JolSt hfgsf/ x'gk' 5 { . pSt JolStn] gk] fn ;/sf/, >d dGqfno;u“
:jLsl[ t lng'k5 { .o:tf hgzlStnfO{ kqklqsf, /]l8of,] hgrt] gfdn" s sfo{j|md /

e]63f6sf dfWodaf6 ;';l" rt ug{] sfd oL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] xf] .

24 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

$= ljb]zL ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf j]a ;fO6 M ljbz] L ;ª\3;:+ yfsf j]a ;fO6dfkm{t ljleGg dn' s' n]
cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt dfu u5g{  \ . b'O{ kIfLo >d ;Demft} f ePsf /fi6«sf
lardf pgLx¿sf] oL ;"rgf ke| fjsf/L dflgG5g \ . o;y{ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL
;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ ljb]zL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf j]a ;fO6 klg xg] { ;lsG5 .
%= tflnd k|bfos ;:+ yf M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t tflnd, l;k /
1fgsf af/]df ;xof]u k¥' ofpg] p2]Zon] tflnd kb| fos ;+:yf vn' s] f x'G5g\ . logLx¿n]
l;sf?sf] cfjZostf, ?lr / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ljleGg tflnd ;~rfng u5g{  \ . oL
tflnd ;zN' s jf lgMzN' s ¿kdf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfn] tflndsf
;fy} sfuhft, kj| ]zf1f kl| j|mof cflbsf af/d] f ;d]t hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{g \ . To:t}
ljbz] ku' k] l5 kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfd stJ{ osf af/]df k/fdz{ lbG5g\ .
^= k/fdz{ bftf ;:+ yf M k/fdz{ bftf ;:+ yfn] jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg nfus] f hgzlStnfO{

cj;/ tyf rg' f}tLsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g \ . ljbz] hfge' Gbf klxn] ugk{' g{] sfd
;DaGwL cfrf/ ;+lxtf, sfuhft, k|j]zf1f k|lj|mof cflbsf af/]df atfp“5g\ .
kq klqsf / cGo ;~rf/ dfWod Pjd\ ja] ;fO6dfkmt{ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ tyf
rg' ft} Lsf af/]df ;r]t klg u/fp5“ g\ . ;fy} oL ;:+ yfn] cfkm\gf cfjZostfsf af/]df
lj1fkg Uf5{g \ .

ljm| ofsnfk

jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ ;DaGwL ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ sg' s'g ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\, sIffdf
5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= j}bl] zs /f]huf/L egs] f] s] xf,] nv]  .

@= bz] sf] cflys{ cj:yf ;w' f/ ugd{ f jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ln] s;/L ;xofu] u5,{ JofVof u/ .

#= ltd|f] l5d]s jf gftf kg]{ JolSt jb} l] zs /f]huf/df hfg rfx]sf] eP ;f]sf] ;r" gf
kfpg] ;f| ]tx¿ sxf“ sxf“ 5g\, ;"rL agfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 25

kf7 @ jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] ;r" gf
kf| Kt ug]{ tl/sf

/f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;r" gf ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . j}bl] zs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL
;r" gfsf nflu kl/ro k'l:tsf / >d dGqfno dftxtdf sfo{/t ;+:yfsf ;"rgf kf6L
cflbsf] pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . hgzlSt ;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / ltgLx¿;u“ ;DalGwt
JolSt, j]a ;fO6 / tflnd k|bfos ;:+ yfsf d'vkqaf6 klg ;"rgf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
/]l8of], Pkm=Pd=, 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf, lj1fkg / uf]i7L Pjd\ cGtljm| {ofdfkmt{ klg /f]huf/L
;DaGwL ;"rgf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf ;"rgf ;|ft] klxrfg u/L
ltgaf6 ;r" gf k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf lgDgfg;' f/ j0fg{ ul/Psf] 5 M

!= ;"rgf kf6L M x/s] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sDkgLn] cfcfÇgf sfofn{ osf] dn" åf/df ;"rgf
kf6Lsf] Joj:yf u/s] f xG' 5g\ . o:tf] ;r" gf kf6Ldf ;fdfGotof ljbz] L sDkgLn] dfu
u/s] f] lgDgfg;' f/sf] ljj/0f 6fl“ ;Psf] x'G5 M

b]zsf] gfd M sDkgLsf] gfd M sfdbf/sf] kb M kb ;ªV\ of M

Gog" td ofU] otf M dfl;s tna M s/f/ cjlw M ;j] f / ;'ljwf M

@= kl/ro kl' :tsf M jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf k7fpg] lgsfo, ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / k/fdz{ sG] b|sf
kl/ro kl' :tsfdf cfjZos kbsf] dfu x'G5 . dfu ePsf kbsf nflu slt of]Uotf,
s:tf] l;k, s:tf] bIftf, s:tf] tflnd cfjZos kg{] xf,] ;f]sf af/d] f lj:tt[ / :ki6
¿kn] pNnv] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . of] klg Pp6f e/kbf{] ;"rgf kf| lKt ug]{ tl/sf xf ] .

#= >d dGqfno dftxtdf sfo{/t ;:+ yf M ljbz] L sDkgL / Joj;foLn] gk] fn ;/sf/sf]
jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf sfo/{ t ;/sf/L ;+:yfl;t ;Dks{ u5g{ \ . cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos
k/s] f hgzlStsf] dfu ;DaGwL cg'/fw] k;] u5{g \ . o;af6 klg OR5s' JolStn]
cfjZos ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g \ .

$= hgzlSt ;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / ;DalGwt JolSt M jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg
rfxg] JolStn] ;ª3\ ;:+ yf / ltgsf k|ltlglwl;t l;w} ;Dks{ u/L cfjZos ;"rgf
lng ;S5g \ . oL ;ª\3;:+ yf / ltgsf k|ltlglwn] dWo:y stf{sf] el" dsf lgjfx{ u/L
OR5s' sfdbf/nfO{ ;"rgf lbg] u5g{ \ .

26 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

%= tflnd kb| fos ;:+ yfsf d'vkq M /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL tflnd lbg] ;:+ yfsf d'vkqdfkm{t
klg jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Pp6f ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{] ;zSt dfWod
xf ] .

^= j]a ;fO6 M ja] ;fO6 jf OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Lsf] ;r" gf k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . sDKo6' /sf] /fdf| ] 1fg ePsf JolStn] ja] ;fO6 jf OG6/g6] dfkmt{ /fh] uf/Lsf]
cfjb] g lbg ;S5g \ . /fh] uf/L ;l' glZrt ug{] cGo kl| jm| of klg ja] ;fO6 jf OG6/g6] dfkmt{
g} xg' ;S5 .

&= kqklqsf M /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o Pjd\ :yfgLo :t/df ljljw kq klqsf ks| flzt
xG' 5g \ . o:tf bl} gs, ;fKtflxs jf dfl;s kq klqsfdf jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf
af/]df lj1fkg Pjd\ ;"rgf ks| flzt xg' ] u5{g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf k|sflzt
xg' ] o:tf lj1fkgdf ;Dk"0f{ ;r" gf tyf hfgsf/L ;dfjz] ul/Psf] xG' 5 .

*= /l] 8of,] Pkm=Pd= / 6l] nlehg M gk] fndf efu} fl] ns ljljwtfn] sl7gfO :t/ a9fPsf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ u|fdL0f tyf bu' {d Ifq] df /l] 8of], Pkm=Pd= tyf 6l] nlehg ;~rf/sf dxŒjk"0f{
;fwgsf ¿kdf /xs] f 5g \ . kqklqsf ;xh ¿kdf k'¥ofpg g;lsg] 7fpd“ f ;dt]
/l] 8of] / Pkm=Pd=sf dfWodaf6 jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf ;r" gf k|;f/0f xg' ] u5g{ \ . oL
;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf Joxf]g'{ k/s] f rg' f}tL tyf b3' 6{ gfsf af/]df
ckgfpgk' g{] ;hutf k|;f/0f x'g] u5g{ \ .

(= hg ;Dks{ M gk] fndf Dofgkfj/ sDkgL, tflnd kb| fos ;:+ yf / k/fdz{ bftf ;:+ yf jb} l] zs
/fh] uf/Lsf Ifq] df sfo/{ t 5g \ . logn] kT| oIf tyf ckT| oIf ¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
cGtljm|{ of, ufi] 7L / e6] 3f6 sfoj{ m| d u/L hg;Dks{ ug{] u5g{  \ . ljbz] L sDkgLsf
af/d] f hfgsf/L tyf ljbz] df eP u/s] f /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/sf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fp5“ g \ .

lj|mofsnfk

ltdf| ] Ifq] jf Onfsfdf j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg OR5s' JolStx¿ eP pgLx¿n] sg' sg'
tl/sfaf6 ;fs] f af/d] f ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g,\ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L :yfgLo :t/df
kf| Kt xg' ] ;"rgfsf tl/sfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

!= j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Lsf ;r" gfn] s] hgfp“5, nv]  .

@= jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Lsf ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{] tl/sfx¿ s] s] 5g\, ;"rL agfpm .

#= j}bl] zs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] ;f| t] / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{] tl/sfdf s] leGgtf 5,
km/s b]vfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 27

kf7 # jb} l] zs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL

cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L

Ps b]zsf] gful/s cGo b]zdf uO{ ul/g] /f]huf/L g} j}bl] zs /f]huf/L xf] . j}bl] zs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolStx¿df cfjZos hfgsf/L gx'b“ f pgLx¿n] ljleGg ;d:of efU] gk' 5{ .
;a} j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;/n / ;xh xb“' }gg \ . To;sf/0f jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] JolStn]
hfg'eGbf klxnf g} w]/} s/' fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5 { . s] sfdsf nflu hfg] / To;df s]
slt vr{ xG' 5, To;af6 slt kmfObf xG' 5 eGg] s/' f klxnf g} a'emg\ ' h?/L 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/cGtut{ sf] j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ ljefuaf6 >d :jLsl[ t lnP/ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
hfg'k5{ . unt lsl;dsf sfuhftx¿ tof/ kf/L jf em' 6f ljj/0f k;] u/L hfg' x'“bg}  .
Jofj;flos tyf ed| 0f le;f agfO{ /fh] uf/Lsf nflu hfg' x“'bg}  .

cfkm" hfg] bz] sf] efu} fl] ns l:ylt, xfjfkfgL, /xg ;xg, wd{ / ;:+ sl[ t ae' mg\ k' 5 { . ;fy} Toxfs“+ f]
sfgg' , /fhgLlts Pjd\ cflys{ cj:yf, sfd ug{] jftfj/0f, kl| jm| of jf sfoz{ n} L ae' m/] dfq
hfgk' 5 { . jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf jm| ddf sg' } cflys{ sf/fa] f/ u/d] f To;sf] lnlvt e/kfO{
u/fpgk' 5 { . sg' } lsl;dsf] 7uLdf k/d] f tTsfn jb} l] zs /fh] uf/ ljefudf ph/' L ugk{' 5 { .

plNnlvt tYosf ;fy} cGo hfGgk' g{] s/' fx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M

-s_ kj" { k:| yfg cledv' Ls/0f tflnd clgjfo{ ¿kdf lngk' 5 { . o;n] jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf
jm| ddf xg' ;Sg] b3' 6{ gf Pjd\ rg' ft} LnfO{ 36fp5“  .

-v_ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/bftf;u“ ul/Psf] s/f/ kq Pjd\ cGo sfuh kqsf] Ps kl| t cfkm" ;u“ /
Ps kl| t kl/jf/;u“ ;/' lIft ¿kn] /fVgk' 5 { .

-u_ gk] fn ;/sf/n] lgifw] u/]sf] d'n'sdf hfg' x'b“ g}  . nfu' cfi} fw tyf cGo lgifl] wt ;fdfg
lnP/ hfg' x'“b}g . k|ltalGwt j:t'x¿ n'sfO{ l5kfO{ n}hfg' x'“b}g .

jb} ]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ j}bl] zs /f]huf/ k|jw{g af]8{sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf] sfon{ fO{ lgDgfg';f/ k:| t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/ Joj;fonfO{ kj| wg{ ug{] Pjd\ ;/' lIft, Jojl:yt / dofl{ bt agfpg,]

-v_ sfdbf/ tyf Joj;foL bj' s} f] xslxt ;/+ If0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cNksfnLg tyf bL3s{ fnLg gLlt
lgod agfO{ gk] fn ;/sf/ ;dIf k;] ug{],

-u_ jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/L ;Dabw\ ljleGg lsl;dsf cledv' Ls/0f tyf cGo l;k ;DaGwL
tflnd lbg] ;:+ yfsf] bIftf tyf of]Uotf :ki6 kfg,]{

28 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-3_ jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf xg' ;Sg] cj;/ tyf rg' f}tL ;DaGwL ljleGg hgr]tgfdn" s
sfoj{ |md kr| f/ k;| f/ ug{] / u/fpg,]

-ª_ jb} l] zs /f]huf/ P]gsf] kg' /jnf]sg ug'{kg{] ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/;u“ k/fdz{ ug]{
Pjd\ ;'emfj lbg] .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] l5ds] df sf]xL jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uP/ cfPsf dflg; eP e6] u/L Pp6f l6kf]6
tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg] hgzlStn] s] s:tf s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lng'k5{,
JofVof u/ .

@= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] hgzlStn] a'‰g' kg]{ jf hfGg' kg]{ s/' fx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

#= jb} ]lzs /f]huf/ k|jw{g af8] { eGgfn] s] al' emG5, n]v .

$= jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ k|jw{g af]8{n] ug]{ sfdx¿sf] j0f{g u/ .

%= gk] fnL sfdbf/x¿nfO{ jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf nflu s:tf s:tf cj;/x¿ k|fKt 5g\ /
;fy} s:tf sl7gfO jf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ < tnsf] tflnsfdf k:| t't u/ .

j|m= ;+= cj;/x¿ sl7gfO jf rg' ft} Lx¿

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 29

kf7 $ cGt/f{li6«o /fh] uf/L

!= kl/ro

:jbz] df /xs] f] cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/sf] ;ª3\ ;:+ yf jf sfofn{ odf ul/g] ;j] f jf sfd g} cGt/fl{ i6o«
/f]huf/L xf ] . s'g} bz] jf cGo w/] } b]zsf] ;+oS' t nufgLdf :Yffkgf ePsf ;ª\3;+:yfdf
l;lh{t /f]huf/L cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/L xg'  \ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ , cGt/fl{ i6«o >d ;ªu\ 7g,
ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g, ljZj hg;ª\Vof sfi] f cflb cGt/fl{ i6o« /fh] uf/L lbg] ;ª3\ ;:+ yf xg'  \ .
To:t} ax/' fli6o« sDkgL / ljleGg ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnon] klg cGt/fl{ i6o« /fh] uf/L lbO/x]
sf xG' 5g \ . ol' g;k] m, o'Pgl8kL, ;]e b lrN8«g] , og' :] sf] cflb gk] fndf /xs] f cGt/f{li6«o
;:+ yfx¿n] klg cGt/f{li6o« /fh] uf/L lbG5g \ . logLx¿n] cfÇgf sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu ljleGg bz] df sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf xG' 5g \ . tL lgsfoaf6 kf| Kt x'g] sfdnfO{
cGt/f{li6o« /fh] uf/Lsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

cGt/f{li6«o /fh] uf/L k|bfos ;ª\3;:+ yfsf ljz]iftf lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

-s_ cGt/fl{ i6o« /fh] uf/L kb| fos ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf] kw| fg sfof{no s'g} Ps b]zdf x'G5 .

-v_ logn] cfÇgf zfvf sfofn{ odfkm{t ljleGg bz] df cfÇgf ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng u/s] f
x'G5g \ .

-u_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xofu] df ;~rflnt o:tf ;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] ljleGg b]zsf] kl/jz] , ef}uf]lns
cj:yf, wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] cgs' "n x'g] u/L ;]jf k|jfx u5{g \ .

-3_ olb To:tf] ;+:yf ax'/fli6o« sDkgL ePdf,

-c_ gof“ gof“ k|ljlwsf] ko| f]u u/L pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ Ps bz] af6 csf{] bz] ;Dd lgoft{
u/s] f] x'G5 .

-cf_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;db' fosf] cfo:t/nfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L j:t' pTkfbg tyf ltgsf] lajm| L
ljt/0f ug{] u5 { .

-O_ lj1fkgnfO{ kd| 'v dxŒj lbP/ dfucg';f/ j:t'sf] cfkl" t{ u5{ .

-O_{ uf| xsaf6 k[i7kf]if0f kf| Kt u/L j|mdzM ?lr, rfxgf / Ifdtfcg¿' k cfÇgf] j:td' f
kl/jt{g Pjd\ ;'wf/ ub}{ nh} fG5 .

cGt/f{li6o« /f]huf/L kb| fos ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf plNnlvt ljz]iftfs} cfwf/df s;n} ] pTkfbgdf
efu lnP/ /f]huf/L ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ . s;n} ] ;j] f k|bfos eO{ sfd u5g{  \ . s;}n] lj1fkg
Ph]G;Ldfkm{t /f]huf/L ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . s;}n] 9'jfgL / ljt/0fsf j|mddf /f]huf/L
ul//x]sf xG' 5g\ .

30 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= dxŒj

cGt/fl{ i6o« /fh] uf/L k|bfos ;ª\3;+:yfsf dxŒj o; ks| f/ 5g\ M
-s_ /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L /f]huf/Lsf] If]qnfO{ Jofks agfp5“  .
-v_ jb} l] zs k'“hLsf] nufgL leœofpg ;xof]u u5{ .
-u_ cflys{ ultljlwdf tLj|tf Nofp5“  .
-3_ jb} l] zs 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] cgs' "ng u5 { .
-ª_ ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf ljljwtf Nofp“5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
cGt/f{li6«o /f]huf/Ldf s] s:tf sfdx¿ ul/G5g\, lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] ltgLx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ kf/ / Toxf“ sfd ubf{ gk] fnLx¿n] s] l;S5g\ / To;n] cflys{ ¿kdf /fi6n« fO{
s] kmfObf x'G5, To;af/] 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
!= cGt/f{li6«o /fh] uf/L eGgfn] s] a'‰5f}, JofVof u/ .
@= cGt/f{li6«o /fh] uf/L lsg dxŒjk0" f{ 5, o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ s]
s:tf] ;xofu] u5,{ nv]  .
#= g]kfndf /x]sf cGt/f{li6o« /f]huf/L k|bfg ug{] ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] gfd nv] L s'g} Ps
;:+ yfsf af/d] f aofg u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 31

kf7 % jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ / rg' ft} L

jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf ;b}j cj;/ dfq x'G5, o;n] /f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolStnfO{ kmfObf jf nfe
dfq ldN5 eGg] 5}g . kmfObf jf nfesf ;fy;fy} To;af6 a]kmfObf;d]t xg' ] u5{ . o;y{
j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hf“bf pko'St cj;/ / o;af6 x'g] kmfObf jf nfe xg' ] If]qsf] klxrfg
ugk{' 5 { . klxrfg ul/Psf] Ifq] nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg' pQd xG' 5 .

jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ / o;af6 xg' ] kmfObf o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf sf/0f b]z ljb]z 3D' g kfOG5 . km/s /xg ;xg, efiff ;:+ s[lt
efu} fl] ns kl/jz] sf] hfgsf/L xG' 5 . j1} flgs l;k, 1fg, bIftf / kl| jlwsf af/d] f hfgsf/L
kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{ :jbz] df kmlsP{ / klg ltgLx¿sf] ko| fu] ug]{ afgL ljsf; xG' 5 .
sfdsf cfwf/df cfsif{s kfl/>lds x'g] x“b' f cfly{s nfe xG' 5 . ljbz] L cfodf ;/sf/n]
sx] L k|ltzt s/ nufpg] x'gfn] /fh:j j[l4 x'G5 . JolSt / ;db' fosf] hLjg:t/ jl[ 4
xG' 5 . art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . Psd'i6 /sd hDdf x'g] xg' fn] nufgL ug{] cj;/
kf| Kt x'G5 .

jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf r'gf}tL o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

ljb]zdf leGg kl/jz] , gof“ 7fp“, km/s ;+:sf/, ;+:sl[ t / efiff kr| ngdf x'G5g\ . Toxf“sf]
af]lnrfnL, /xg ;xg / sfg'gL jftfj/0f klg leGg x'G5 . o;y{ oL s/' fcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{
cgs' n" g ug{' kd| v' rg' f}tL xf ] . ;fy} sfd ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL, ljb]zL k|ljlw, ;fdu|L /
sfdsf] k|sl[ t km/s xg' fn] klg ljleGg r'gf}tL b]vf k5{g \ . gof“ 7fpd“ f dfgl;s tgfj
xg' fn] klg yk r'gft} Lsf] ;fdgf ug'k{ 5{ . j}bl] zs /f]huf/ gLlt ;DaGwL 1fgsf] cefj
xg' kU' 5 . ;fy} cfkm" n] cfÇgf sfuhft ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k|dfl0ft gu/fpgfn] ljleGg
;d:of cfOk5{g \ . o:tf ;d:of l;h{gf x“b' f;d]t ;d:of tyf ug' f;f] ;G' g] tyf Gofo lbnfpg]
plrt lgsfo gx'g' g} jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf r'gft} L x'g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf uP/ cfPsf JolStx¿;“u e6] u/L j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf s] s:tf
cj;/, ;d:of Pjd\ sl7gfO cfOk5{g,\ To;sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf s'g} kfr“ cf]6f cj;/ pNn]v u/ .

@= j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf xg' ] r'gf}tL s] s] xg' \ <

32 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

PsfO $ M hLjgfk] of]uL l;kx¿

-s_ lg0fo{ l;k

lg0f{o egs] f] ljleGg ljsNkaf6 ;xL tyf pTtd ljsNksf] 5gf]6 ug{' xf ] . lg0fo{ n]
dflg;nfO{ uGtJodf k¥' ofpg] af6f] vfN] 5 . lg0fo{ lnge' Gbf cufl8 To;sf af/d] f ljleGg
ljZni] f0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
lg0f{o ljleGg kl| jm| ofaf6 u'lh|Psf] xG' 5 . lg0fo{ ln“bf cg'ej, ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
ke| fj, tTsfnLg cfjZostf, ;DaGw ;w' f/, stJ{ o, lg0fo{ lng] ;dodf kf| Kt ;r" gfnufotsf
kl| jm| of ;dfjz] xg' ;S5g\ .
lg0f{o lng] l;k Ps g]t[Tj l;k xf ] . lg0fo{ ;do / cfjZostfcg¿' k lngk' 5 { . JolStut
lrGtgn] dfq lnPsf lg0fo{ unt klg xg' ;S5g \ . lg0fo{ lnb“ f ;fdl" xstf ckgfOof] eg]
l7s lg0f{o lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5g\ . 7'nf7n' f ;d"x, ;ª\3;:+ yfdf ofh] gfsf] lg0f{on]
w]/} dflg;sf] hLjgdf k|efj kf5{ . o;y{ ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf ;fy ul/Psf / ;fdl" xs
5nkmnaf6 lg:ss] f lg0fo{ ;j{dfGo xg' fsf ;fy} logLx¿n] ;a}sf] lxt u5{g \ t;y{ lg0fo{
ug]{ l;ksf] ljsf;sf nflu lgDglnlvt kl| j|mofsf] ;bk' ofu] / kl/rfng ul/Psf] xg' k' 5{ M

!= ;DefJo hfl] vd tŒjx¿sf] ljZni] f0f

s'g} klg lg0fo{ lnb“ f ;DefJo sl7gfOx¿sf] cg'dfg ugk{' 5 { . o;n] ;DefJo hfl] vdaf6
aRg cufl8 g} ;ts{ u/fp“5 .

@= ;DefJo ljsNksf] vf]hL

o; k|lj|mofn] ;DefJotf / j}slNks af6fx¿sf] vfh] L ug{ dbt u5 { . ;xL ljsNk 5gf6]
ePdf k|fKt xg' ] ;sf/fTds kIfn] :yfg kfp“5 . ;DefJo ljsNksf] vfh] Lsf] ljZni] f0f ubf{
;xL lg0f{o lng ;xof]u u5{ .

#= kf| yldstfsf] 5gf]6

sg' } klg sfd ubf{ ;jk{ y| d sfdsf] ;r" L agfOG5 . klxn] s] ug{,] To;kl5 s] ug{] egL
sfdsf] j|md lgwf/{ 0f ul/G5 . sfdsf] jm| dsf cfwf/df lg0f{o klg ub}{ uOG5 . lg0f{o
lng] an] fdf kl5 ubf{ klg glaug| ] sfd / klxn] g} ugk'{ g]{ sfd 5'6o\ fOG5 . o;/L sfdsf]

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 33

k|sl[ t, ck]lIft pknlAw / dfu cflbsf cfwf/df d"Nofªs\ g u/L lg0fo{ df kU' g] k4lt g}
kf| yldstfsf] 5gf6] xf ] . kf| yldstfsf] 5gf6] kl| jm| ofn] ugk{' g{] sfdsf] kg' M ;r" Ls/0f u/L jm| d
lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ;S5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltdL P;=O{=O{= kf/ u/k] l5 cWoogsf nflu 5gf6] ug{] ljifo jf sIff * -cf7_ kf/
u/k] l5 5gf]6 ug{] Pl] R5s ljifosf ;DaGwdf s'g ljifosf] klxn] lg0fo{ ug'{ pko'St xG' 5
xf]nf < ltdf| ] wf/0ff JoSt u/ .

cEof;

!= lg0f{o lsg cfjZos k5,{ cfkmg\ } zAbdf nv]  .

@= lg0f{o ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] kl| j|mofx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

#= ;dfhdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] s] pkfo ckgfPsf] x'G5, hfGg];“u ;fw] L ;r" L tof/

kf/ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

ltd|f] 6fn] df /xs] f] vfgk] fgLsf] wf/f laluP| sf] 5 . o; sf/0f Toxf“ kfgL gePsfn]
;a}n] bM' v kfO/x]sf 5g\ . 6fn] sf cg'ejL JolStx¿;u“ ;fw] vfh] u/ / wf/f ddt{
ug{ ug'k{ g]{ sfd, To;sf nflu rflxg] vr{ / hgzlSt Pjd\ sfo{ k|ljm| of ;d]6L sfo{
ofh] gfsf] vfsf lgdf0{ fsf ;DaGwdf cfkmg\ f] lg0fo{ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

34 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-v_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] l;k

sfd ubf{ ljleGg afwf c8r\ g cfp“5g\ . o;af6 dflg;n] l;Sb} hfg'k5{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg
Pjd\ ljZni] f0f ug{] l;k xfl;n u/L cg'ejsf cfwf/df afwf c8\rgx¿ x6fpg' k5{ .

dflg;sf] JolStut hLjgb]lv ljleGg k];fut Ifq] df lbg k|ltlbg ;d:of cfO/xg ;S5g\ .
To;n} ] dflg;df ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k x'g' cfjZos 5 .

;d:of ;dfwfg l;k ljsf; ug]{ sx] L pkfox¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\ M

-s_ ;dfwfgsf pkfodf sl] Gb|t xg' ] M ;d:of dfq} b]vfpg] kj| l[ Qn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
xb'“ g}  . ;d:of cfP eg] ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿ s] s] xg' \ < o;sf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL
ug'{k5{ . o;n] ;sf/fTds ;fr] sf] ljsf; u5 { . ;sf/fTdstfn] dflg;nfO{ ;d:of
;dfwfgsf pkfodf s]lGbt| u5 { .

-v_ v'nf ¿kdf ;fR] g] M v'nf lbdfun] ;f]Rg' eg]sf] s'g} k"jfu{ |x g/fvL ;f]Rg' xf] . o;f]
ubf{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ bl] vG5g \ . To;kl5 ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cu;| / xg' ;xh
xG' 5 .

-u_ ;d:ofnfO{ kIf glnO{ xg] {] M sfd ubf{ pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ rg' f}tLsf ¿kdf lngk' 5 { .
rg' ft} LnfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf lnb“ f sfdsf l;nl;nfdf xg' ] cK7o\ f/f] kms' fpg] pT;fx kf| Kt
xG' 5 . ctM ;d:of cK7o\ f/f] kIf dfq geO{ cufl8 a9\g] dfWod klg xf] .

-ª_ Ps} tl/sfn] g;fR] g] M slxn]sfxL“ k/Dk/fut ;f]rn] ;d:of ;dfwfg x“b' g}  . o:tf]
kl/l:yltdf ljk/Lt w'|jdf ;fR] gk' /] klg ;fr] ]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{k' 5{ .

-r_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ efiffsf] k|ofu] M ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ efiffn] dxŒjk0" f{
e"ldsf v]N5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf j|mddf olb o:tf] u/d] f s] xf]nf < o;/L sfd u/]
df s] xg' ;S5 < clGtd kl/0ffd s] cfpg ;S5 < h:tf kZ| gfjnLx¿sf] k|ofu]
ug'k{ 5{ . gsf/fTds kZ| gfjnL jf zAbsf] ko| fu] ug{' x'“b}g . ;s];Dd ;sf/fTds tyf
;e' mfj lng] k|s[ltsf kbfjnLsf] k|of]u ug'{k5 { .

-5_ ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lng] M x/]s JolStn] ;d:ofnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lnO{
;dfwfgsf af6f] vfH] gk' 5 { . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;lhnf pkfosf] vfh] L ugk{' 5 { .
t;y{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;do, 7fp“ / ;d:ofsf] uDeL/tf x]/L pkfosf af6fx¿ vf]Hg] / kxn
ug]{ ug'k{ 5 { .

ljm| ofsnfk

;dfhdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] s] pkfo ckgfOPsf] xG' 5, hfGg;] u“ ;fw] L ;r" L tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 35

-u_ ljZn]if0f l;k

sg' } ljifoj:td' f s]lGb|t /x]/ n]vfhf]vf ug{] kl| jm| of g} ljZn]if0f l;k xf], h:t} M Joj;fo
;~rfng ubf{ gfkmf xg' ] ;Defjgf / 3f6f xg' ] hfl] vdsf] ljZni] f0f ul/G5 . of] l;k sIffsf7] fdf
a;/] lzIfsn] l;sfP/ dfq} l;lsb“ g}  . o;nfO{ sfoI{ fq] df uO{ cEof; ug{ h?/L 5 .

ljZn]if0f Jofjxfl/s xg' 'k5{ . dGyg / ;I" d ¿kn] ul/Psf] sfo{ Jojxf/af6 dfq ljZni] f0f
l;ksf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . ljZni] f0f l;k tYofªs\ Lo / ;fwf/0f xG' 5 . ;fwf/0f ljZni] f0f
l;k cg'ejdf cfwfl/t xG' 5 eg] tYofªs\ Lo ljZni] f0f l;k pknAw tYofª\sdf e/ k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] 6f]n l5ds] df a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;sf af/]df tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf e/ M

jm| = ;=+ dflg;sf] gfd lnªu\ k;] f hflt

dflysf] tYofª\saf6 s'g sg' If]qsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5, nv]  .
cEof;
!= ;d:of s] xf], ltdf| ] wf/0ff 5f6] s/Ldf n]v .
@= ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] s'g} bO' { pkfosf af/]df nv]  .
#= ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L a'‰g'k5,{ cfkm\g} zAbdf n]v .
$= ljZn]if0f l;k egs] f] s] xf,] nv]  .
%= ljZni] f0f l;ksf] ljsf; s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

36 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

PsfO % M Joj;fo ;~rfng

kf7 ! -s_ 5gf]6 kl| jm| of

Joj;fo hLjg ofkgsf nflu ;~rfng ul/G5 . Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ ;DalGwt Joj;fosf]
ahf/sf af/d] f hfgsf/L xg' k' 5 { . ahf/df pTkflbt j:ts' f] lajm| L ljt/0f, dfu / cfjZos
hgzlStsf af/d] f ljZn]if0f ug'{k5 { . Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg
lbgk' 5{ M
!= 5gf6] k|ljm| of
;xL Joj;fosf] 5gf]6 ePdf dfq o;n] ;dfh / Joj;fo ;~rfnsnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofp“5 .
o;n] pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} /f]huf/L;d]t l;h{gf u5 { . k|ljlwsf] ljsf; klg
o;d} f e/ k5 { . Joj;fo 5gf]6sf cfwf/e"t kIfsf af/d] f tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-c_ ahf/sf] cj:yf M ahf/ eGgfn] pTkfbg ePsf ;fduL| sf] lajm| L ljt/0f ug{] 7fp“nfO{
a'lemG5 . ahf/sf] cj:yfn] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{] Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of, jm| ozlSt,
;fdfgsf] dfu ;d]tnfO{ a'emfp5“  . ahf/sf] cj:yf /fdf| ] ePsf] 7fpd“ f Joj;fo
km:6fp“5 . t;y{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{k' j" { ahf/sf] cj:yf cWoog ugk{' 5{ .
-cf_ sRrf kbfy{ M sRrf kbfy{ geO{ Joj;fon] s'g} klg j:ts' f] pTkfbg ug{ ;Sbg}  . j:t'

pTkfbg ug{ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw sRrf kbfy{ g} a9L nfebfos xG' 5 . o;af6
pTkflbt j:t' ;:tfd] f lajm| L ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo :t/df sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug{]
JolStsf] Joj;fonfO{ klg ;xofu] k'U5 . t;y{ Joj;fo 5gf]6 uge{' Gbf klxn] sRrf
kbfy{sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5, To;sf] cWoog ugk'{ 5{ .
-O_ Joj;fosf] :j¿k M Joj;fo w/] } ks| f/n] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . sg' } Joj;fo
JolStut ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/G5 . sg' } ;xnufgL stf{sf] ;xofu] df Pjd\ s'g}
;femb] f/Lsf cfwf/df sDkgLsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/G5g \ . tL ;a} Joj;fosf] cfcfkmg\ }
dxŒj 5 . o;y{ Joj;fo cfkmg\ f] ?lr, Ifdtf / bIftfsf cfwf/df 5gf6] ug{'k5 { .
Joj;fosf] k|sl[ t / :j¿k x]/L To;nfO{ ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ .
-O{_ hgzlSt M Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;DalGwt ljifodf l;ko'St hgzlStsf] cfjZostf
k5{ . ofU] o hgzlStn] sRrf kbfy{ ko| f]u u/L ahf/sf] dfucg¿' ksf j:ts' f] lgdf{0f
jf pTkfbg u5 { . o;y{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ugk{' j" { g} l;koS' t hgzlSt s;/L kf| Kt ug,]{
kf| Kt xG' 5g\ jf x'“bg} g\ eGg] af/]df ljrf/ k¥' ofpgk' 5 { .
-p_ cGo ;l' jwf M lahn' L, kfgL / ;~rf/sf dfWod klg Joj;fo ;~rfngdf cfjZos
kg{] tŒj x'g\ . oLafx]s Joj;fosf] ofh] gf / 9fr“ f, 7fp“, s/df btf{ cflbdf klg Wofg
lbgk' 5 { .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 37

@= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
jftfj/0f eGgfn] kY[ jLsf] rf/}lt/ lkm“lhPsf] xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] jg hª\un tyf kf| s[lts jf
dfgj lgldt{ ;+/rgf eGg] al' emG5 . o;n] af]6la?jf, kfgLsf dx' fg, xfjfkfgL / gbLgfnfdf
ke| fj kf5{ . jftfj/0fnfO{ hLjgsf] ;'?cft ug{] cfjZos tŒjsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . ks| [ltdf
ljleGg ks| f/sf hLjhGts' f] a;fa] f; xG' 5 . oL ;an} ] ks| [lt ;+/If0fdf cfcfÇgf] el" dsf
lgjf{x ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . o;y{ Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/ gug{] pkfox¿
ckgfpgk' 5{ .
#= jftfj/0fLo ke| fjsf] dN" ofª\sg M k:| tfljt Joj;fon] To; If]qsf] kf| s[lts jftfj/0fdf
kfg]{ k|efjsf] dN" ofªs\ g ul/G5 . ke| fljt Ifq] df xg' ] c;/nfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug]{ pkfo klxrfg
ul/G5 . To;sf af/]df ;DalGwt Joj;fo ;~rfns, :yfgLo hgtf / :yfgLo ;/sf/L
clwsf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . o;y{ 7n' f7n' f pBfu] , vfgL, afw“ cflb agfpb“ f jftfj/0fLo
ke| fjsf] dN" ofªs\ g ug'{ clt cfjZos xG' 5 .
$= lbuf] ljsf; M lxhfc] fh jftfj/0fLo ke| fjsf] dN" ofªs\ g lbuf]kgsf] ;f]rcg';f/ ul/
G5 . jftfj/0f c;Gtn' g ePdf ;Dk"0f{ hLjg hutd\ f g/fd|f] c;/ k5 { . o;y{ jftfj/0f
;+/If0f / ;Gtn' gnfO{ glauf/L Jofkf/, Joj;fo / pBf]uwGbf ;~rfng ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .
;fy} k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] ko| f]u ubf{ eljiosf ;GtltnfO{ ;d]t xg' ] u/L arfpg'k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk
ltdf| ] 5/l5ds] df ;~rflnt Jofkf/, Joj;fo / pBf]uwGbfn] jftfj/0fdf s:tf] ke| fj
kf/]sf 5g,\ hfgsf/ JolStsf] ;xof]u lnO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .
cEof;
!= ahf/sf] cWoog ubf{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5,{ n]v .
@= Joj;fon] jftfj/0fdf kfg{] c;/x¿ s] s] xg' \, n]v .
#= Jofkf/ ;~rfng ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] sg' } rf/cf]6f ab“' f pNnv] u/ .
$= lbufk] g egs] f] s] xf,] jftfj/0f;u“ o;sf] s] ;DaGw /xG5, nv]  .

38 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-v_ pBdzLn lzIff

kl/ro M lzIff dflg;sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ dfWod xf ] . pBdzLn lzIffn] b}lgs hLjgsf
cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfp“5 . o; lzIffn] l;ksf] ljsf;
ug{ lglZrt kl| j|mofsf dfWodaf6 dflg;nfO{ bIf agfp5“  . o;y{ o; ks| f/sf] lzIffnfO{
pBdzLn lzIff elgG5 . pBfu] sf nflu rflxg] k;] fut hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{] lzIff g}
pBdzLn lzIff xf] .

pBdzLn lzIffn] ?lrcg'¿ksf j:t' pTkfbg ug{] k|lj|mof / cfjZos l;ksf] ljsf;
u/fp5“  . o;n] dflg;sf] l;hg{ fTds Ifdtf;u“ klg ;DaGw /fV5 . o;y{ pBdzLn lzIffn]
;d:of ;dfwfgsf js} lNks af6fx¿sf] vf]hLdf pTk]|l/t u5 { . pBdzLn lzIff xfl;n
u/]sf JolStx¿ ;fe] m} pBfu] ;u“ ;Dks{df cfp“5g \ . o:tf hgzlStsf] vkt klg pBfu] df
g} x'G5 . o;y{ pBdzLn lzIffn] ahf/sf] cfjZostfcg'¿ksf] hgzlSt pTkfbg u5{ /
logLx¿sf] kl/rfngdf ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 .

dxŒj M pBdzLn lzIffn] cfjZostfcg¿' ksf j:ts' f] pTkfbg ug{] k|ljm| of / l;k bj' }sf]
bIftf kb| fg u5{ . pBdzLn lzIffn] ljBt' ,\ ds] flgsn, cfGtl/s ;hfj6, sfk]G{ 6L« , 8sdL{,
sDKo'6/ 6l] Sgl;og, ds] flgS;, KnDa/nufotsf hgzlStsf] pTkfbg u5{ . o; lzIffn]
Joj;fonfO{ ke| fjsf/L / kmnbfoL agfpg ;xofu] k¥' ofp“5 . pBdzLn lzIffn] dflg;sf]
IfdtfnfO{ s'zn pTkfbsTjdf ¿kfGt/0f u5 { . of] lzIff pTkfbg;u“ ufl“ ;Psfn] o;nfO{
cfB} fl] us snf klg eGg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

glhsf pBfu] x¿df s;/L dflg;n] j:t'x¿sf] lgdf0{ f jf pTkfbg u/s] f 5g\, To;sf]
cjnfs] g u/ / s'g} Ps 3/]n' pBfu] sf nflu cfjZos ;fduL| lgdf0{ f Pjd\ k|of]udf
cfwfl/t eO{ l6kf6] tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= pBdzLn lzIff s] xf,] n]v .

@= pBdzLn lzIffn] pBfu] df s] s:tf] k|efj kf5,{ :ki6 kf/ .

#= pBdzLn lzIffsf] dxŒj nv] .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 39

-u_ Joj;fo ;~rfng of]hgfsf] 9f“rf

Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{e' Gbf klxn] Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] ofh] gf tof/ kfg'k{ 5 { . o;sf
nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] ofh] gfsf d'Vo dV' o kIfsf] klxrfg ug{'k5 { . ofh] gflagf ;~rfng
x'g] Joj;fo / pBf]u ;kmn xg' ;Sb}gg\ . Joj;fo ;~rfng ofh] gfn] Joj;fo ;~rfng
cufl8 g} gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] cgd' fg ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . o;n] cfjZos kh'“ L, 7fp,“ d]l;g,
cf}hf/ / hgzlStsf af/]df k"j{ hfgsf/L lbG5 . ofh] gfsf cfwf/df pBf]u :yfkgf u/L
Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ ;kmntfsf] laGb'df kU' g ;xh agfp5“  . o;}n] pBfu] jf Joj;fo
;~rfng ubf{ o;sf] ofh] gf klxn] g} agfpgk' 5 { .

Joj;fo ;Da4 of]hgf vfsfsf] pbfx/0fnfO{ o;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= of]hgf M lzNksnf

@= :yfg -cfÇgf] :yfgsf] gfd_ M

#= pTkfbg x'g] j:ts' f] ljj/0f M sf7sf] s'“bfOaf6 cfv“ Lem\ofn, kmf]6f] k|]md tof/ kfg{]

$= ahf/sf] Joj:yf M pTkflbt j:tn' fO{ glhssf] ahf/df laj|mL ul/g] 5 . ufp“3/df
klg dfu ePcg;' f/ pTkfbg tyf laj|mL ljt/0f ul/g] 5 .

%= nufgL M k:| tfljt j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] nufgL x'g] 5 M

jm| = ;+= ljj/0f -sRrf kbfy{_ nufgL ?= sl} kmot

i=

ii=

iii=

^= rfn' k“'hL

j|m= ;+= ljj/0f -k|flKtsf] ;|f]t_ ?= sl} kmot

i=

ii=

iii=

40 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8