PESA GRADE 8

kf7 # df6fsf] ef“8fdf /ªsf] ko| fu]

/ªn] dgnfO{ cfgGb lbG5 . o;n] ;f]rnfO{ zfGt / ;sf/fTds agfpg ;xofu] u5{ .
o;nfO{ pTkflbt j:ts' f] ;+/If0f / cfsif{s agfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

/ª ltg yl/sf x'G5g\ M

!= kf| Od/L /ª M kx“n] f], /ftf] / lgnf] /ªnfO{ k|fOd/L jf dn" /ª elgG5 . ;fwf/0ftof
of] /ª c¿ s'g} klg /ª ld;fP/ agfpg ;ls“bg} .

@= ;s] G] 8/L /ª M ;s] ]G8/L /ª bO' {cf6] f k|fOd/L /ª ld;fP/ tof/ ul/G5 . ;G' tnf,
xl/of] / KofhL /ª ;]s]G8/L /ª xg' \ .

#= ldl>t /ª M bO' c{ f6] f /ªx¿ ldnfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf /ª ldl>t /ª x'g \ . o;sf nflu
k|fOd/L /ª / ;]s]G8/L /ª;“u jf ;]s]G8/L /ª ;s] ]G8/L /ª;“u ld;fOG5 .

!= df6fsf] sfddf /ªsf] ko| fu] M df6fsf] sfddf ;txnfO{ /fdf| ;] “u ;kmf ul/G5 . To;kl5
a'?;n] ljleGg cfs[ltdf /ª e/L cfsifs{ agfOG5 . kfgLn] c;/ gug{] Pj|m]lns /ª
ko| f]u ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . s'g} 7fp“ ljzi] fsf] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rns] f Kof6gx{ ¿df /ªu\ fpg]
rng klg el] 6G5 . df6fa] f6 pTkflbt j:td' fkmt{ ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ emNsfpb“ f To;c} g¿' k /ª
ug{' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

@= /ªu\ fpg] k|lj|mof M ;ae} Gbf klxn] ;tx ;Dd / lrNnf] kfg{ xNsf dl;gf] !)) g+=
sf] vfS;L nufpgk' 5{ . To;kl5 Pk|fg] nufO{ /ªsf] k|s[ltcg¿' k a'?; 5fGgk' 5{ . a?' ;
;fgf jf dl;gf / 7'nf xG' 5g\ . dl;gf wsf{ agfpg dl;gf a?' ; 5fGg'k5 { . To;kl5
cfjZostfcg';f/ a?' ;n] /ª eg'k{ 5 { .

lj|mofsnfk

df6fsf] r/fsf] gdg' f agfO{ To;df /ª nufP/ ljBfnodf k|bzg{ u/ .

cEof;

!= kf| Od/L /ª s] s] xg' ,\ n]v .

@= /ªsf] dxŒj af/]df n]v .

#= /ª nufPsf] / gnufPsf] j:t' jf ;fdu|Llar bl] vg] leGgtfx¿ bv] fpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 141

kf7 $ pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] laj|mL ljt/0f / lx;fa
lstfa

ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ j:t' pTkfbg ug{'k5 { . pTkflbt j:t' /fdf| ] u'0f ePsf] xg' k' 5 { . o;/L
pTkflbt j:t' lajm| L ljt/0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt s[/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

j:ts' f] Koflsª /fd|f] ;'Gb/ 9ª\un] ul/Psf] x'g'k5 { . Koflsªsf nflu lgDglnlvt s'/f
;dfjz] ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ M

-s_ j:t'sf] gfd M
-v_ pTkfbg u/]sf] sDkgL÷pb\ofu] sf] gfd / 7]ufgf M
-u_ pTkfbg u/s] f] ldlt M
-3_ olb j:t' laug| ] 5 eg] lau|g] ldlt M
-ª_ k|ofu] ljlw M
-r_ jf/]G6L M
plNnlvt kIfn] ubf{ u|fxsn] j:t' lsGbf ljZjf; u5g{ \ . o;y{ Koflsªdf ;xL tYo
pNn]v ugk'{ 5 { . ;'Gb/ Koflsªn] uf| xssf] cfsif{0f a9\5 . u|fxssf] cfsif0{ f a9g\ ' g}
pTkflbt j:t' lajm| L x'g' xf ] .

pTkfbgaf6 x'g cfPsf] gfkmfsf] s]xL k|ltzt ;dfhnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug'{ pTkfbs tyf
lajm| t] fsf] ;fdflhs bfloTj xf ] . ;fdflhs sfddf nufgL u/L o:tf] bfloTj k'/f ug{
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ul/a tyf hx] gbf/ ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ 5fqjl[ Q lbg] h:tf ;fdflhs
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ pTkflbt j:ts' f] lajm| Laf6 kf| Kt d'gfkmfsf] lglZrt kl| tzt of]
sfddf vr{ xg' ] 5 egL j:ts' f] Koflsªdf nv] d] f /fd|f] x'G5 .

lajm| LnfO{ plrt ¿kdf Joj:yfkg klg ug'k{ 5 { . o:tf] Joj:yfdf yf/] } gfkmf / w]/} lajm| Lsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;/L laj|mL ubf{ ul/g] lx;fa lstfasf] plrt
clen]v /fVgk' 5{ .

;fgf] Joj;fo jf Jofkf/df lx;fa lstfa /fVbf lgDglnlvt kmfObf xG' 5g\ M

-s_ Joj;fo jf Jofkf/sf j|mddf s] eO/xs] f] 5, To;sf] cjl:ylt yfxf x'G5 .

-v_ lng afs“ L jf ltg{ afs“ L h:tf kIfsf cfwf/df nv] fhfv] f x'g] ePsfn] C0fwgsf] of]
hgf agfpg ;lsG5 .

-u_ a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ug{'kg]{ sfdsf cfwf/df of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u u5 { .

142 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-3_ s'n cfDbfgL / vf; d'gfkmf lgsfNg ;xofu] ldN5 .
-ª_ vr{ / cGo cflys{ ultljlwsf] cjl:ylt kTtf nfU5 .

lx;fa lstfa /fVg] tl/sf

cfDbfgLsf] clen]v

jm| =;+= ldlt /l;b g=+ ;fdfgsf] gfd /sd s}lkmot



o;/L cfDbfgLsf] clenv] /fVgk' 5 { . o;nfO{ nh] / /fVg] eG5g\ . laj|mL ePsf x/]s j:ts' f]
clen]v /fVg'k5 { . /l;baf6 n]h/df ;fg{] sfdnfO{ kf]l:6ª elgG5 .

vr{sf] clen]v

jm| =;+= ldlt lan g+= ;fdfgsf] gfd /sd s}lkmot

vr{sf] efr} / p7fpg'k5{ / ;fx] L efr} /cg'¿k kmfOn / vrs{ f] n]h/ dfly bv] fPh:t} u/L
/fVgk' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk
glhssf] s'g} Jofkf/, Joj;fodf k'u/] cfDbfgL vr{ /fvs] f] /s] 8{sf] kl| j|mofsf] gdg' f
ptf/ .
cEof;
!= lajm| L egs] f] s] xf], n]v .
@= lajm| L ubf{ ckgfpg] tl/sf s] s] x'g,\ nv]  .

#= kfl] :6ª eg]sf] s] xf,] nv]  .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 143

PsfO !$ M l;nfO a'gfO

kf7 ! l;nfO dl] ;gsf] kl/ro

xftn] dfq l;nfp“bf w/] } ;do nfU5 . of]
sl7g sfo{ klg xf] . o;/L l;nfO ubf{
l;nfOdf Ps¿ktf x'“b}g . o:tf] l;nfO
cfsifs{ klg xb'“ }g . o;y{ l;nfOsf nflu
l;nfO dl] ;g k|of]u ul/G5 . l;nfO dl] ;g
ljleGg lsl;dsf kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] xft]
sn÷dl] ;g, v'6\6fn] rnfpg] sn / lah'nLn]
rnfpg] sn w]/} k|rngdf 5g \ .

plNnlvtdWo] h'g;'s} d]l;g ko| fu] u/] klg
logLx¿sf] ;fdfGo k|ljlw Ps} lsl;dsf]
xG' 5 . oL ;ad} f Pp6f l;of] xG' 5, h;df
wfuf] l5/fP/ /flvG5 . d]l;gsf] leqk6l\ 6
/xg] aflag s];df klg wfuf] a/] ]/ /flvPsf]
xG' 5 . ha d]l;gsf] bft“ Ln] sk8fnfO{ RofkL d]l;g rnfOG5, ta l;ofn] jm| dzM sk8fnfO{
Kjfn kfb}{ n}hfG5 . l;ofdf l5/fPsf] wfuf] / aflag s;] af6 cfpgs] f wfufsf lardf
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;fª\nf] h:tf] cfsf/ aG5 . o;n] tn / dflysf] wfufdf uf“7+ f] kb}{ hfG5 .
o; uf7“ fn] g} b'j} k6\l6af6 sk8fnfO{ c“7+ o\ fpg,] c8o\ fpg] / l;nfpg] sfd u5 { .

sk8f l;nfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;fduL| rflxG5g\ . ;j{ky| d 5gf6] ul/Psf] sk8f /
sk8fcg;' f/sf] wfuf] clgjfo{ ¿kdf rflxG5 . dl] ;gnfO{ ;xh ¿kn] rnfpg dl] ;gsf]
tn] , s}“r+ L / l;of] rflxG5 . ;fy} gS;f agfpg / dfs{ ug{ rs jf v/L, sk8fdf nufpg]
O:qL / sk8f gfKg sf7sf] ?n/ jf lkmTtf 6]k cfjZos ;fduL| x'g \ . O:qL nufpg] 6a] n,
lkg sf6“ L / afSnf] sk8f klg l;nfO ag' fOsf cfjZos ;fduL| xg'  \ .

l;sf? cj:yfdf Ps} k6sdf nu' f l;pg] dl] ;gaf6 nu' f l;nfpg' x'“b}g . o;f] ubf{ laug| ]
/ sk8f klg v/] hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;y{ ;'? ;'?df ljleGg vfnsf kq klqsf
jf sfuhnfO{ sk8fsf ¿kdf lnO{ cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'?sf] r/0fdf sfuhsf ef]6f],

144 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

6f]kL, ;'?jfn h:tf j:t' l;nfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;fdfGo j:t'df kfV] t ePkl5 dfq cGo
sk8f l;nfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L j|mdzM cGo ;fdu|Lsf cEof; / cg'ej ;u“ fNb} hfgk' 5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
glhs}sf] 6n] ;{ jf ;"rLsf/ sxf“ uO{ ef]6f] jf cGo sg' } sk8f l;nfpg] r/0fx¿ ;f]w
/ p;sf egfO ab“' fut ¿kdf l6k]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .
cEof;
!= l;nfO dl] ;gn] s;/L sk8f l;nfp“5, j0fg{ u/ .
@= sk8f l;nfO ug{ cfjZos ;fduL| sf] gfd n]v .
ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
sk8f l;nfO{ sfo{af6 k|ltlbg slt cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 xfn] f, ltdf| ] cg'dfg / glhssf]
6n] ;{ jf ;"rLsf/ cg'ej ;ª\sng u/L cfDbfgL Pjd\ vr{sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 145

kf7 @ z/L/sf] gfk lng] tl/sf / 8«flÇ6ªsf]
kl/ro / cfjZostf

l;nfO a'gfOsf j|mddf z/L/sf] gfk lng' dxŒjk0" f{ kIf xf] . sk8fnfO{ cfsifs{ agfpg
/ nufpg ;lhnf] agfpg] pbb\ Z] on] o:tf] gfk lnOG5 . o; jm| ddf ;DalGwt JolSts}
z/L/sf] gfk lngk' 5 { . hg' ;s' } sk8f l;nfpb“ f klg gfk lng' cfjZos 5 . gfkkl5 dfq
z/L/cg;' f/sf] sk8f tof/ x'g] xg' fn] l7s;“u z/L/sf] gfk lng] ug{'k5 { . ;xL gfkn]
sk8fsf] ;d]t art xG' 5 .

z/L/sf] gfk lnb+“ f ljzi] f u/L 3f6“ L, 5ftL, sDd/, lxk / lt3f| sf] 3/] f gflkG5 . 3'8“ feGbf
dfly 3/] fsf ;fy} 3“8' f, lk8“ fn} f / ufn] Luf7“ fsf] 3]/fsf] gfk lnOG5 . z/L/, v6' 6\ f, xft /
sf“wsf] nDafO hfGg h?/L 5 .

gfk ln“bf v/] L Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/f o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

-s_ z/L/sf cªu\ cg';f/sf] gfk lngk' 5{ .

-v_ afSnf] nu' f k'msfNg nufP/ dfq gfk lngk' 5 { .

-u_ gfk lnb“ f lkmTtfsf] ko| f]u ug'k{ 5{ / lnPsf] gfknfO{ n]v]/ /fVgk' 5{ .

-3_ gfk lnb“ f jm| d};u“ cufl8 / k5fl8 ldnfP/ lngk' 5 { .

-ª_ gfk lbg] JolStsf] rfxgf / ?lrcg';f/sf] 9fr“ fsf] lrq;d]t agfpgk' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk
Ps ;fyLn] csf]{ ;fyLsf nflu kG] 6 jf ;6s{ f] gfk lnO{ sk8fsf] 9f“rf;lxt l6kf6] u/ .
cEof;
!= ;6{ l;nfpgsf nflu s'g sg' cªu\ gfKgk' 5,{ n]v .
@= z/L/sf] gfk lng lsg cfjZos 5, a'b“ fut ¿kdf n]v .
#= z/L/sf] gfk lnb“ f Wofg lbg'kg{] s/' fx¿ nv] .

146 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

8f« lÇ6ªsf] kl/ro / cfjZostf

nu' f l;nfpge' Gbf klxnf sfuhdf agfOsf] lrqsf] cfsf/ agfOG5 . To;nfO{ rs cyjf
k]lG;nn] gfkcg;' f/sf] sk8fdf lrxg\ nufOG5 . o; sfo{ vfsf cyjf 8f« Ç6 elgG5 .
pSt 8«fÇ6cg';f/ sk8f l;nfPdf lau|g] ;Defjgf w]/} sd x'G5 . o;af6 sk8fsf]
art klg xG' 5 . sfuhsf] 8f« Ç6n] nu' fsf] cfsf/ks| f/ tof/ u/L sf6g\ ] cEof; ug{ ;xhtf
Nofp5“  . sfuhsf] gd'gf bfx] f]/f] sfuhdf agfpgk' 5 { . l;pg] efu 8f« Ç6df 5 ls 5g} egL
sk8f sf6\g'eGbf klxn] g} ljrf/
k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . 36\g], v'Drg] vfnsf
sk8f 5 eg] kfgLdf lehfO{ ;'sfP/
dfq l;nfpgk' 5{ .

8«fkm\l6ª ubf{ sk8fnfO{ ;Dd
k/]sf] 7fp“+ jf 6]andf bfof“tkm{
cf5] o\ fpgk' 5 { . sk8fsf] tfgfnfO{
bfofb“ l] v afoft“ km{ ldnfP/ /fVgk' 5 { .
tfgfdf bf]a|fPsf] sk8fsf] hf]l8Psf] efu cfkm" tkm{ / ghfl] 8Psf] efu cfÇgf] ;fdG' g]
csft{] km{ /fVg'k5{  . ;fy} cfjZos ;fdu|L, h:t} M lkg, s“r+} L / sfuhsf] 8«fÇ6 tof/
kf/]/ /fVgk' 5{ .

8«fÇ6nfO{ ;xL 9ªu\ af6 sk8fdfly /fVgk' 5 { . 8f« Ç6 bfa] s]| f] 7fpd“ f sk8f klg bfa] s]| f] xg' k' 5 { .
;a} ldnfPkl5 dfq lkgn] sl6ªsf nflu l;nfpg'k5{ . sk8f pN6f] ;'N6f] 5 5}g eGg]
s'/f x]/L s+}“rLsf] ltvf] efu sk8f d'lg / rf8} f efunfO{ dfly /fvL sl6ª ug{'k5{ .

cEof;

!= 8«fÇ6sf] ;xoftfn] sk8f sl6ª tyf l;nfO kl| j|mofdf s;/L ;lhnf] x'G5, n]v .

@= 8f« lÇ6ª lsg dxŒjk"0f{ 5, a“'bfut ¿kdf n]v .

ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

%÷% hgfsf] ;dx" agfO{ k/' fgf sk8fsf] k|ofu] u/L 6f]kL, ;'?jfn jf bf}/fdWo] s'g} Pssf]
8f« Ç6 sl6ª u/L tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 147

kf7 # Pk|f]g

efG;fdf vfgf ksfp“bf jf lrlsT;sn] c:ktfndf la/fdL
k/LIf0f ubf{ ljzi] f nu' f nufOG5 . tL sfd ug]{ JolStsf n'uf
kmfx] f/] gxf;] \ egL aflx/af6 z/L/nfO{ 9fSg] u/L z/L/sf] cufl8
efudf dfq nufOg] sk8f g} Pk|fg] xf] . c:ktfndf lrlsT;s /
xf6] ndf ss' n] o;nfO{ a9L ko| fu] u/s] f] kfOG5 . Pkf| g] s6fO
klg cGo sk8f s6fO h:t} g} xf ] . Pkf| g] sf] s6fOdf klg ;xL
gfk lnOG5 . To;kl5 8f« km\6 tof/ kf/L 8f« km\6cg;' f/ sk8fsf]
s6fO ugk{' 5 { . o;f] ubf{ Pk|fg] x]bf{ /fd|f] xg' fsf ;fy} z/L/df
ldns] f] klg x'G5 . lxhfc] fh ahf/df Pk|f]g tof/L cj:yfdf
klg lsGg kfOG5 . t/ ahf/df kfOg] tof/L Pk|fg] Jofj;flos tl/sfaf6 gfkmf cfh{g
ug{] p2]Zon] agfOg] x'b“+ f alnof] / w/] } ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sbg} g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

cfÇgf] 6fn] jf l5ds] af6 ljleGg lsl;dsf gof“ jf k/' fgf Pkf| g] ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffsf7] fdf
k|bzg{ u/ / 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= Pk|fg] eg]sf] s] xf,] o;sf] k|ofu] sxf“ ul/G5, nv]  .

@= Pkf| ]g k|ofu] ubf{ s] s] kmfObf x'G5, JofVof u/ .

ko| f]ufTds lj|mofsnfk

k/' fgf sk8faf6 Pkf| g] agfO{ sIffsf7] fdf k|bz{g u/ / sg' sg' ljlw k|of]u u/L
Pk|f]g tof/ ul/Psf] xf], k|:t't u/ .

148 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 $ 6fs“ nufpg] tl/sf

6fs“ nufpg] rng k'/fgf] xf ] . sltko cj:yfdf 6fs“ gnufO{ nu' f l;Psf] cy{ g} x'“bg}  . t/
lxhfc] fh 6fs“ sf ;66\ fdf km:g/ / lhk/ klg k|ofu] ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . cfjZostfcg;' f/
tg' fsf] klg ko| fu] ul/G5 . ahf/df gfOng, af;“ , sk8f, Knfl:6s / wfts' f 6fs“ kfOG5g \ .
6f“s nufpb“ f 6f“s /fVg] 7fp“df sg' } ks| f/sf] lrx\g jf ;ª\st] /fVg'k5 { . Toxf“ 6fs“ /fvL
To;df l;of] l5/fO{ Psf]xf]/f] / bf]xf]/f] xg' ] u/L l;nfpgk' 5 { . cªs\ ;' dfq ePsf 6fs“ df
8an xg' ] u/L l;nfpg'k5{ . 6f“ssf] ;fOh x/] /] 6fs“ 3/ agfpgk' 5 { .

-s_ k|;] a6d -efnk] fy] L_ nufpg] tl/sf M n'uf hf8] g\ g' kg]{ efudf k];| a6d nufOG5 .
o;ks| f/sf] 6fs“ nufp“bf nu' fsf] ;'N6fl] t/ bl] vg' xb“' }g . o; ks| f/sf 6f“ssf efn]
/ kfy] L u/L bO' { efu x'G5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ sk8fsf] bO' { efudf l;ofsf] ;xfotfn]
hfl] 8G5 .

-v_ cªs\ ;' nufpg] tl/sf M 6fs“ sf] ;66\ fdf xs' / cªs\ ;' sf]
klg ko| f]u ul/G5 . x's nufp“bf xs' nfO{ c8o\ fpg
cªs\ ;' nufOG5 . of] sk8f c8o\ fpgsf nflu ko| fu]
ul/G5 .

-u_ 6fs“ 3/ agfpg] tl/sf M 6fs“ 3/ 6fs“ c7“ o\ fpg] sk8fdf
g} agfOPsf] Pp6f Kjfn xf ] . o;nfO{ 6f“ssfc] fsf/cg;' f/ sf6L bj' k} 6l\ 6 wfufn]
l;nfOG5 . o; j|mddf 5]pdf k'uk] l5 uf]nf] l;nfpg'k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk
k/' fgf sk8fx¿df ljleGg k|sf/sf 6fs“ x¿ nufpg] / 6fs“ 3/ agfpg] cEof; u/ .

cEof;

!= 6fs“ sf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ < nv]  .

@= 6f“s3/ eg]sf] s] xf] / of] s;/L agfOG5 <

ko| fu] fTds lj|mofsnfk

sIffsf]7fdf l;of], wfuf] / 6f“s Nofpm . sg' } sk8fdf 6f“s3/ agfO{ 6fs“ nufP/
b]vfpm / sk8fdf wfufsf] xs' 3/ agfP/ b]vfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 149

kf7 % /Kk'm

sk8fdf ;fgf Kjfn k/s] f] jf RofltPsf] efunfO{ p:t} /ªsf] sk8fn] ldnfP/ l;nfOG5 . o;/L
Kjfn 5f]Kg] tl/sfnfO{ /Kk'm ug{] elgG5 . /Kkm' gof“ jf k'/fgf] bj' } sk8fdf ul/G5 . afSnf]
sk8fdf /Kkm' ug{ sl7g xG' 5 . ;fdfGotof rf}8fOk6\l6 /Kkm' ug{k' g{] ePdf nDafOlt/ /
nDafOlt/ /Kkm' ug'k{ g{] ePdf rf}8fOlt/sf] wfuf] lgsfnL /Kk'm ul/G5 . /Kk'm ubf{ 5f]6f]
l;of] / wfufsf] ko| fu] ugk'{ 5{ .

!= /Kk'm ug{] tl/sf

-s_ Kjfndf ePsf] wfufsf] ;fOhcg¿' k sl6ª u/L a/fa/ ¿kdf ldnfpgk' 5 { .
-v_ sk8fdf k/s] f] Kjfn jf RofltPsf] efueGbf Ps bO' { OGrleq kf/]/ ;fbf 6fs“ fn]

l;nfpg'k5{ .
-u_ ;fbf 6fs“ fn] a'gfO xg' ] u/L /Kk'm eg'k{ 5{ . /Kk'm ebf{ n'ufsf] ;N' 6f] tkma{ f6 e/]df slt

ldns] f] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f x]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-3_ /Kk'm ul/;s]kl5 To; jl/kl/ cfO/g ug'{k5{ .

@= dxŒj

lxhfc] fh n'uf dx“uf] x'b“ } uO/xs] f] 5 . o:tf] dxu“ f]
nu' f sx] L u/L Kjfn k/d] f cyjf RofltPdf /Kkm' u//]
jf 6fn/] klg nufpg ;lsG5 . o:tf nu' f 3/leq
a:bf nufpg] nu' fsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L
6fNbf p:t} /ªsf] sk8fsf] ;xfotfn] 6fNgk' 5 { . nu' f
olb ;fgf] Kjfn k/L RofltPsf] 5 eg] /Kkm' ug'{ /
7n' f] RofltPsf] 5 eg] 6fNg' g} /fdf| ] x'G5 .

cEof;

!= sk8f TofltPdf s;/L /Kkm' ug{ jf 6fNg ;lsG5, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= plwP| sf] / RofltPsfdf s] km/s 5, kTtf nufpm / nv]  .

k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk

sg' } Pp6f k/' fgf] sk8fdf l;of] / wfufsf] dbtn] cfkm" nfO{ dg k/s] f] cfsf/df /Kkm' u/L
jf 6fnL lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

150 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 ^ 6f]kL / unaGbL a'gfO

6fk] L / unaGbL aG' g ;O' /fsf] cfjZostf k5 { . ;O' /f Knfl:6s / cfNdl' godsf xG' 5g \ .
ahf/df w/] } lsl;dsf ;O' /f kfOG5g \ . wfufsf] df6] fOcg;' f/ ;O' /fsf] gDa/ xG' 5 . 6fk] L a'Gbf
lsgf/f rflxG5 . o;nfO{ lsgf/feGbf ;fgf] ;O' /fsf] dbtn] agfOG5 . pgLsf] wfufa] f6
6fk] L jf unaGbL aG' bf klxn] 3/ xfNgk' 5 { . ko| fu] fTds ¿kdf lzIfsn] g} u//] bv] fpgk' 5{ .
!= 6fpsfsf] ;fOh / unaGbLsf] nDafOcg;' f/

k'Ug] u/L pgLsf] wfuf] tof/ kfgk'{ 5{ .
@= gfkcg';f/n] ;'O/fdf 3/ agfpgk' 5{ . olb

gfk $) ;]= ld= 5 eg] 3/sf] nDafO klg
$) ;]= ld= g} x'g'k5{ . -k|lt ;=] ld= ^ 3/
;fdfGo wfuf_]
#= ;'O/fdf 3/ xfNbf b]a|] xftdf ;O' /f] lnO{ bflxg]
xftsf] a9' L cf“n} f / rf/] L cf}n“ fsf laraf6
wfuf] l5/fpgk' 5 { . To;kl5 xftdf b]a|]k6\l6
Ps kmGsf wfuf] a'g/] ;O' /fdf l5/fpg'k5 { . o;af6 Pp6f 3/ lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . o;kl5
3/ eb}{ nh} fg'k5{ .
$= 3/ xfn]kl5 ;O' /fnfO{ afof“ xftn] ;dfTg] / To;af6 cfPsf] wfufnfO{ bfof“ xftsf]
rf]/ cf+n}“ fn] lyRgk' 5 { . bfof“ xftsf] vfnL ;O' /fn] 3/ xflnPsf] ;O' /fsf] bO' { 3/
larsf] wfufnfO{ psf:g'k5{ . To;kl5 xftdf /xs] f] wfufnfO{ pSt ;O' /fdf a]g{k' 5{ /
;'O/faf6 psfl;Psf] wfufnfO{ 5fl] 8lbg'k5 { . oxL k|ljm| of bfx] f¥] ofP/ a'Gb} uPkl5
6fk] L jf unaGbL tof/ xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
wfuf] NofO{ ;O' /fdf 3/ agfpg] tl/sf k|ofu] u/L b]vfpm .

cEof;
!= pgLsf] 6fk] L / unaGbL a'Gbf s:tf ks| f/sf 3/ xfNg ;lsG5, n]v .

@= 6fk] L / unaGbLsf] ko| fu] lsg ul/G5, n]v .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 151

PsfO !% M k|ljlw lzIff -:yfgLo k|ljlw_

kf7 ! :yfgLo 1fg / k|ljlw

:yfgLo 1fgn] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;~rflnt dfl} ns k|ljlw (Indigenous Technology) nfO{
hgfp5“  . 7]sL / dbfgL ko| f]u u/L l3p (Butter) lgsfNg] kl| jlw k/Dk/fut df}lns k|ljlw
xf] .

of] k|ljlwdf 3'dfOaf6 ult pTkGg ul/G5 . 8f]/LnfO{ lne/ 3d' fpg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf
k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;df 8f/] Ln] tfGg] / 5f]8g\ ] ubf{ dbfgL 3d' L ult lg:sG5 . o; kl| jm| ofn]
gfg} L lgsfN5 .

o:t} kfgL tfGg,] hldg hfT] g,] sn' f] agfpg,] vfgf ksfpg,] e08f/0f ug]{ h:tf sfos{ f nflu
klg :yfgLo k|ljlw pkof]uL xg' ;S5g\ . ;fy} 3/ agfpg], kn' agfpg], 8f/] L af6g\ ], uf8f
agfpg] nufotsf sfo{df klg :yfgLo :t/sf k|ljlw ;xof]uL xg' ;S5g\ . o:t} lk:gsf
nflu hf“tf,] s'6g\ sf nflu l9sL, tn] jf pv'sf] /; lgsfNgsf nflu ko| fu] xg' ] sf]n klg
:yfgLo :t/sf kl| jlw xg'  \ . dfgjLo >dlagf g} cGg lk:g] kfgL 366\ klg gk] fndf
kr| lnt k'/fgf] k|ljlw xf] .

152 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

:yfgLo :t/sf k|ljlw hLjgofkgsf nflu pkoS' t kl| jlw xg'  \ . oL kl| jlwn] kf| s[lts
jftfj/0fnfO{ glauf/L dflg;sf] hLjg ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf x'G5g\ .
xfd|f] bz] df xnf], h'jf, uf]? / /fu“ fsf] k|of]u u/L hldg hf]ltG5 . of] :yfgLo :t/sf]
Ps kl| jlw xf ] . o; sfo{n] jftfj/0f ;Gtn' gdf sxLs“ ta} f6 klg c;/ ubg{}  . 6o\ fS6/
xnfsf] pGgt / cfw'lgs ¿k xf] . 6o\ fS6/n] bO' { tLg lbgdf g} ;of}+“ /fk] gL jf lj3f hldg
hf]T5 . o;n] Ps xn hf]Tg] uf?] cyjf /f“u+ fn] hfTg] hldgsf] tn' gfdf Tolt g} ;dodf
;of}“ u'0ff a9L hldg hfT] 5 .
:yfgLo :t/sf o:tf kl| jlw cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf k"j¿{ k xg'  \ . o;y{ oL k|ljlwnfO{ ljsl;t ub{}
hfg'k5 { . logn] jftfj/0f, dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Ldf ;dt] ;xof]u k¥' ofpg ;S5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk
ltdf| ] ufp3“ /df ;~rfng xb“' } cfO/xs] f :yfgLo :t/sf kl| jlwx¿ s] s] 5g,\ ;r" L agfpm .
cEof;
!= :yfgLo k|ljlw eGgfn] s:tf] k|sf/sf k|ljlw x'g\, n]v .
@= cfkm\gf] ufp“3/df k|of]u ul/g] s'g} kfr“ cf]6f :yfgLo kl| jlwsf af/d] f nv]  .
#= k/Dk/fut :yfgLo k|ljlw / cfw'lgs kl| jlwsf af/]df tLgcf]6f km/s nv]  .
k|ofu] fTds lj|mofsnfk
3/df ePsf 7]sL / dbfgL k|of]u u/L gfg} L s;/L lgsflnG5, x/] ]/ jf cleefjsnfO{
;f]w]/ o;sf ;a} k|ljm| of pNnv] u/ . ;fy} gf}gL agfpg] sfo{df ;xofu] klg u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 153

kf7 @ k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf] ljsf;

kfgL366\ , kmn\ f]/ ldn h:tf kl| jlw k/Dk/fut kl| jlw x'g\ . ltgLx¿sf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf
rrf{ tn lbOPsf] 5 M

!= kfgL36\6

s'g} klg kl| jlwsf] ljsf; lglZrt k|lj|mof kf/ u/L ePsf] xG' 5 . kl| jlwsf] ljsf; klg
dflg;sf] ljsf;;u“ } hf]l8P/ cfPsf]
5 . nf]xf]/f] / l;nf}6faf6 lk:g]
k|ljlwkl5 uP/ hf“tfdf kl/jlt{t
eof ] . To;kl5 of] k|ljlw kfgL366\
/ ldnsf ¿kdf ljsl;t xg' kU' of ] .
366\ kfgLsf] ultn] ;~rflnt xg' ]
k|ljlw xf] . o;sf nflu gbL jf
vf]nfaf6 s'nf] agfO{ kfgL s]xL
b/' Ldf nluG5 . kfgLsf] cefj ePsf
7fp“df sn' f]nfO{ y'gL ;fgf] kfv] /Ldf
kfgL hDdf klg ul/G5 . To;af6 Pp6f 8'9“ /fvL kfgLnfO{ 5f“uf] h:t} tn v;flnG5 .

v;flnPsf] kfgLsf] wf/n] sf7af6 ag]sf] rSsfdf lxsf{p“5 / rSsfdf ult k}bf u5 { .
of] ult 3'Dg] ult (Rotating motion) xf ] . o;sf] PS;n] df ae] n] luo/ h8fg ul/Psf]
xG' 5 . ha rSsf 3D' 5, o; a]en] luo/n] () l8u|Ldf ult k}bf u5 { . o;y{ o; luo/sf]
;xof]un] dflyNnf] luo/nfO{ 3'dfp5“  . dflyNnf] luo/sf] 3D' g] ult;“u} PS;n] nufOPsf]
xG' 5 / of] ult hf“tfdf ;f]em} hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 . o;n] hft“ f] 3d' fp“5 .

sf7sf] rSsf 3'Dbf PS;]n 3D' 5 . PS;]n 3D' bf luo/ 3D' 5 . Tof] luo/ csf]{ luo/;“u
hfl] 8Psf] x'G5 . csf{] luo/df hfl] 8Psf] PS;]n hft“ fdf hf]l8G5 / hft“ f] 3'Dg yfN5 .
o;n] ubf{ ds}, sfb] f,] e6df;, bfn h:tf cGg lk:g ;lsG5 .

@= km\ nf]/ ldn

k\mnf]/ ldnnfO{ lk7f] lk:g] ldn klg elgG5 . o;df ux,“' rfdn, ds}, sf]bf]nufotsf cGg
lk;/] lk7f] jf db} f tof/ kfl/G5 . o;df klg 3'Dg] kl| jlw g} ko| fu] ePsf] x'G5 / lk:gsf
nflu hf“tf] g} ko| fu] xG' 5 . oL hft“ fx¿ ljzi] f 9ªu\ n] tof/ kfl/G5g\ . o; j|mddf cGgnfO{

154 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

lk;L tof/ ul/Psf] lk7fnfO{ l7s ef8“ fdf v:g] kl| jlw ldnfOG5 . o;sf nflu kmnfdsf]
kftf tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 .
o; ldndf l8hn] af6 ;~rflnt OlGhgsf] ;xfotfn] df]6/ ;~rfng x'G5 . df]6/n] 3D' g]
ult pTkGg u5{ . of] 3D' g] ultn] luo/sf]
dfWodaf6 hf“tfnfO{ 3'dfp“5 . o; 3'Dg]
ultsf] lardf cGg lkl;G5 / lk7f] agL
lg:sG5 . lxhf]cfh Çnf]/ ldn ljB'tLo
zlStaf6 ;~rflnt ePsf kfOG5g \ .
o; ldndf ultsf] pTklTt / ultnfO{
rfxc] g¿' k ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
5f6] f] cjlwdf w]/} sfd ;DkGg ug{] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk
cfk"mn] b]vs] f] kfgL366\ sf af/]df cfkm\g} zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .
cEof;
!= 366\ s] xf,] s:tf] zlStaf6 36\6sf] ;~rfng xG' 5, nv]  .
@= 366\ / km\nf]/ ldndf s] leGgtf 5, n]v .
#= 36\6 3d' fpg] kl| jlwsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] x'G5, aofg u/ .
$= ae] ]n luo/n] 366\ df s] sfd u5{, nv]  .
ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
ltdf| ] ;db' fodf dgfOg] ljleGg kj{ tyf pT;jdf k|ofu] x'g] k]o kbfy{ tof/ kfg]{ kl| jlwsf]
af/]df ;dx" agfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 155

kf7 # xnf] / 6o\ fS6/

!= xnf]

xnf] hldg hf]Tg tof/ kfl/Psf] k/Dk/fut sf7af6
ags] f] sl[ if cf}hf/ xf ] . xnfd] f kmfnL, cgf,} xl/;,
h'jf, hf]tf/f h:tf ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/G5g\ . oL
;a}sf] ;+o'St h8fgaf6 uf]?, /f“uf h:tf hgfj/
sf] zlSt k|of]u u/L hldg hfl] tG5 . o;df lne/
(Lever Technology) kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . lne/
(Lever) k|ljlw o:t} cGo k/Dk/fut kl| jlwdf ;dt] k|of]u xg' ] u/]sf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut xnf] sf7af6 agfOG5 . o;df s?jfsf] dfWodaf6 sf7sf] rR' rf]df kmfnL
h8fg ul/Psf] xG' 5 . s?jf / kmfnL kmnfdaf6 aG5g \ . kmfnL l;wf / rR' rf] k/]sf] x'G5
eg] s?jf o' cfsf/sf] xG' 5 . kmfnLnfO{ s?jf 7fs] L c8\ofOG5 . o;n] kmfnLnfO{ alnof]
agfp5“  . xnf] hfT] bf df6f] vf]tlnb“ } / klN6“b} hfG5  .

@= 6\ofS6/

o;df l8h]naf6 ;~rfng xg' ] OlGhg h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ u'8g\ ] ;fwgsf ¿kdf
lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;df hldgdf u8' \g] / k5fl8af6 6o\ fS6/sf] xnfn] hfT] g] kl| jlw h8fg
ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;df Pp6} nx/df w/] } xnfx¿ hf]l8Psf xG' 5g \ . o;sf cufl8sf rSsf
;fgf / k5fl8sf 7n' f x'G5g\ . of] lxnf] df6fdf klg u8' g\ ;S5 .

6\ofS6/n] yf/] } ;dodf w]/} hldg hfT] 5 . o;nfO{ ;~rfng ubf{ w/] } dfgj >d nfUbg}  .
Ps hgf rfnsn] 6o\ fS6/ rnfp5“  . 6\ofS6/n] sl[ ifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ lgs} ;xof]u
k¥' ofPsf] 5 .

156 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

lj|mofsnfk
!= 6\ofS6/n] sl[ ifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5, sIffsf]7fdf
5nkmn u/ . 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf a'+“bfx¿nfO{ rf6{ agfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:tt' u/ .
@= sfb] fnfn] vg/] vt] L uge{' Gbf xnf] / uf?] jf /fu+“ f ko| fu] u/L hldg hfT] g' a9L pkofu] L
x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
cEof;
!= xnfn] s] sfd u5,{ n]v .
@= xnfdf k|of]u ePsf] k|ljlw s] xf,] n]v .
#= 6o\ fS6/n] s[lifnfO{ s;/L cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5, n]v .
ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk
xnf] jf 6\ofS6/ ko| f]u u/L hldg hf]ts] f] :yfgdf uO{ o;df ko| f]u ePsf] k|ljlwsf]
cWoog u/ / sfd ug{] JolSt;“u ;fw] L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 157

kf7 $ ;w' fl/Psf] rn' f]

dflg;n] vfgf agfpgsf nflu cfuf] afNg /
ef8“ f a;fNg k|of]u ug{] 7fp“ r'nf] xf ] . o;df
cfuf] afNg bfp/fsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

sltko rn' fa] f6 wj' f“ lg:s/] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf
c;/ ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . o:tf r'nfnfO{ ;w' f/L
lgl:sPsf] wj' f“nfO{ aflx/ k7fOG5 . o;df sd
bfp/fsf] ko| f]u u/L w]/} vfgf tof/ ul/G5 . of]
g} ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] xf ] . ;'wfl/Psf] rn' fdf lgl:sPsf]
wj' f“ aflx/ hfg] / sd bfp/fn] w]/} ksfpg ;lsg] u/L
bO' {b]lv tLg dv' agfOPsf] x'G5 .

o; r'nfn] dflg;sf] Zjf; kZ| jf;df c;/ ub{g}  .
rn' faf6 lgl:sPsf w'jf“ lrDgLaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5 .
o;sf] ko| f]u u/L sf7] f ;/' lIft / Gofgf] kfg{ ;lsG5 .
o;df jl/kl/af6 O“6f / df6fn] 3]l/Psf] xG' 5, h;n]
ubf{ xft kf]Ng] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rn]sf] rn' f] / ;'wfl/Psf] r'nfdf s] cGt/ 5, 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;
!= ;w' fl/Psf rn' fsf] kmfObf n]v .
@= k/Dk/fut r'nf] lsg :jf:YonfO{ xflgsf/s dflgG5, n]v .

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk

cfkm\gf ufp3“ /df ko| fu] eO/x]sf] k/Dk/fut r'nf] / ;w' fl/Psf] r'nfsf] cjnf]sg u/L
o;df k|o'St k|ljlw k|ofu] df bl] vPsf] leGgtfx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

158 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 % jiff{sf] kfgL ;ªs\ ng

kY[ jLdf ePsf] kfgLnfO{ ;o" {sf] tfkjm| dn] afkmdf kl/jtg{ u5{ . of] afkm dfly dfly hf“bf
sG8]G;];gaf6 kg' M kfgLdf kl/jt{g x'G5 / kY[ jLdf g} kms{G5 . o;/L k[YjLdf kfgL k5{
/ xfdL o;nfO{ jiff{ eG5f }“ .
g]kfn dg;'g cfpg] If]qdf k5 { . gk] fndf dg;'g c;f/, ;fpg / ebf} dlxgfdf cfp5“  .
oL tLg dlxgfdf g]kfndf cToGt} jiff{ xG' 5 . el" dut ¿kdf /x]sf] kfgL ;txeGbf dfly
cfp5“  . o; j|mddf d"n km' 65\ g\ / 5f“uf Pjd\ 5x/f nf]enfUbf aG5g\ . t/ lxp“b nfUg
;'? ePkl5 la:tf/} kfgLsf] dfqf 36b\ } hfG5 .
xfn xfdf| ] bz] sf sltko kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ ;S' g yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ kfgL kz| :t dfqfdf
pknAw geP/ o;sf] cefj v8l\ sPsf] 5 . sf7df8f“} h:tf ;x/df kfgLsf] cefj bl] vG5
t/ jiff{ofdsf] kfgL v/] uO/xs] f] xG' 5 . o:tf] v/] uPsf] kfgLnfO{ ;ªs\ ng ug{] xf] eg] kfgLsf]
cefjnfO{ w/] } dfqfdf sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ªs\ ng ug{] kl| j|mof
jiff{sf] ;dodf x/]s 3/sf 5fgfaf6 kfgL axG5 . of] kfgLnfO{ an]“;Ldf 8“8' /fv]/ kfgL
6\ofªs\ Ldf hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L hDdf ePsf] kfgL lkpg]afx]s ;a} sfdsf nflu
ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgL hDdf ubf{ 6\ofªs\ L 7n' f] agfP/ kfgL ;ªs\ ng ug]{ u/]df
3/ 3/df kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

kfgL ;ªs\ ng ug{] kl| jm| ofsf]
lrq

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 159

ljm| ofsnfk
cfÇgf] ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿;u“ jiff{sf] kfgL ;ª\sng ug{ ul/g] ljlwsf af/d] f 5nkmn
u/ / To;sf] k|lj|mof nv]  .

cEof;
!= jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ªs\ ng s;/L ul/G5, n]v .
@= jiff{ ofdsf] kfgL ;ªs\ ng ubf{ xg' ] kmfObf n]v .
#= jiff{ ofddf ePsf] kfgL e08f/0f ug]{ cGo pkfox¿ s] x'g ;S5g,\ nv]  .

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
ltdf| ] 3/ jf ljBfnodf jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ª\sng ug]{ k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] ePsf] 5 jf 5}g,
5}g eg] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsg] pkfosf af/d] f a'b“ f l6kf6] u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

160 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

PsfO !^M k|ljlw lzIff -cfwl' gs kl| jlw_

kf7 ! 3/fo;L k|of]usf cfwl' gs pks/0f

dflg;n] cfkmg\ f] ;l' jwfsf nflu ljleGg pks/0fsf] cfljisf/ jf lgdf0{ f u/L ko| fu] df NofPsf
5g \ . hLjgnfO{ pGgt, ;/' lIft / cf/fdbfoL agfpg] j|mddf o:tf pks/0f cfljisf/ ePsf
x'g \ . tLdWo] s]xL cfw'lgs pks/0fsf af/d] f tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

!= jfl;ª dl] ;g M dflg;n] kf| oM bl} gs ¿kdf nu' f w'g] sfd ug{k' 5{ . o; sfdsf nflu
jfl;ª dl] ;g lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xf ] . o; dl] ;gdf kmfx] f/] sk8f /fvL wfO] G5 . d]l;gsf]
lgbl{] zsfadfl] hd l86/hG] 6 kfp8/ xfnL ljBt' \sf] nfOg / kfgLsf] Ogn]6 vfl] nof] eg] n'uf
w'g] sfo{ ;~rfng x'G5 . o;n] n'uf w'g,] kfgL aflx/ kmfNg], n'uf kvfNg] h:tf sfd;d]t
u5 { . lxhfc] fh n'uf ;s' fpg];Ddsf sfd ug{] jfl;ª dl] ;gsf] klg lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] 5 .

o;sf] ;~rfng ubf{ lah'nLsf
tf/x¿ ;6{ ;ls{6 ePsf
5g\÷5}gg\ egL r]s ug'{k5{ .
;fy} sk8f wb“' f cfjZostfcg¿' k
sk8fsf] nf]8 /fVg'k5{ . kfgL
kmfNg] cfp6n]6x¿ l7s ¿kdf
/fVg'k5{ . wf]O;s]kl5 sk8f
lgsfNg'k5{ .

-s_ ks| f/ M ahf/df km| G6 nfl] 8ª,
6k nfl] 8ª / 6l\ jg 6a (Twine
tub) nufotsf jfl;ª dl] ;gx¿
pknAw 5g \ .

-c_ km| G6 nfl] 8ª M of] jfl;ª d]l;gdf cufl8af6 sk8f leq xflnG5 / nu' f w'g] sfd xG' 5 .

-cf_ 6k nfl] 8ª M o; ks| f/sf] jfl;ª dl] ;gdf sk8f dflyNnf] efuaf6 xfnL w'g] sfd
x'G5 .
-O_ 6\ljg 6a M o;n] sk8f bO' { v08sf] k|of]u u/L wG' 5 . o; dl] ;gsf] Ps v08df
sk8f wf]OG5 eg] csf]{ v08df kvfNg] sfd x'G5 . o;n] klg k|mG6 / 6k nf]l8ªdf h:t}
sfd u5{ . t/ o;df wfO] ;ss] f nu' f kvfNg Ps 6aaf6 lgsfn/] csf]{ 6adf ;fg'k{ 5{ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 161

@= luh/ (Geaser) : luh/n] wf/faf6 lg:sg] kfgL ttfp“5 . cyf{t\ o;n] g'xfpg cyjf
cGo sfos{ f nflu tftfk] fgL k|bfg u5 { . luh/ ljBt' \ jf Uof;af6 ;~rfng x'G5 .

-s_ ljBt' Lo luh/ M of] luh/ gx' fpg] sf]7f (Bathroom) sf] leTtfdf h8fg ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
wf/faf6 cfpg] kfgL o;sf] 6\ofª\sLdf hDdf xg' ] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] lk“wdf
lx6/ h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . ha ljBt' \ hfl] 8G5 ta o;n] kfgL ttfpg ;?' u5 { . To;kl5
wf/faf6 tftfk] fgL cfpg yfN5 .

-v_ Uof; luh/ M lxhf]cfh ahf/df Uof;af6 ;~rflnt luh/x¿ pknAw 5g \ . Uof;
luh/ ljleGg ks| f/sf xG' 5g \ . o;n] Uof;nfO{ aNg lbP/ wf/faf6 cfO/xs] f] kfgL ttfp5“  .
sg' } sg' } Uof; luh/ l8lh6n klg xG' 5g \ . l:jr cg u//] kfgLsf] ;f| ]t vf]Nbf Uof; cfkm“}
aN5 / kfgL ttfpg ;'? u5 { . sg' } s'g} Uof; luh/df nfO6/n] Uof; afNgk' 5 { .

#= /l] km| h]/6] / M /]lkm| h]/]6/nfO{ rng rNtLsf] efiffdf lk|mh eGg] rng 5 . /l] km| h]/6] /n]

o;leq /flvPsf ;fdfgnfO{ lr;f] (cold) agfO/fV5 . of] lr;f] agfO/fVg] Pp6f kl| jlw
klg xf ] . of] k|ljlw ;~rfng ug{ ljB't\ cyjf Uof;sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

/l] k|mh]/;] g kl| jlw M /]lkm| h/] ;] gnfO{ b'O{
efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{
ek] / rjm| elgG5 . of] rjm| nfO{ ek] /
sDk|:] 8 /l] km| h]/;] g / e]k/ PAh/K] ;g
/l] k|mh/] ;] g u/L b'O{ efudf afl“ 8G5 .

-c_ ek] / sDk]:| 8 /]lk|mh/] ;] g M o;
kl| jlwaf6 lgldt{ /l] km| h/] 6] /x¿ 3/fo;L
ko| fu] sf nflu a9L pko'St dflgG5g \ .
/]lk|mh]/]6/n] t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, df;'
h:tf vfbo\ kbfyn{ fO{ ;8g\ lb“b}g .
3/fo;L ko| f]udf cfpg] /l] k|mh]/6] /x¿
bO' { v08df cfp“5g \ . tNnf] v08 cln
7n' f] / dflyNnf] v08 ;fgf] x'G5 . of] ;fgf] v08nfO{ l8k lk|mh eGg] rng 5 . o;df
k"0f{ ¿kdf a/kmsf] lgdf0{ f x'G5 / j:t'nfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf k|mfh] g (Frozen) u5{ .

-cf_ ek] / PAh/]K;g /]lkm| h/] ];g M of] kl| jlw lxhfc] fh Tolt k|ofu] df cfpb“ g}  . la;f}“
ztfAbLsf] klxnf] r/0fdf o;sf] k|ofu] ePsf] lyof ] . lxhfc] fh o;nfO{ LP Gas k|ofu] ug]{
/l] k|mh/] ]6/x¿df ko| f]u ul/G5 . ljB't\af6 ;~rflnt xg' ] /]lkm| h]/]6/df o;sf] ko| f]u x'“bg}  .

162 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

$= ;fo} { aQL M ;o" s{ f] ks| fzaf6 ljBt' \ lgsfnL ;fo} { aTtL aflnG5 . ;o" s{ f] ls/0fnfO{
lahn' Ldf kl/jt{g ug{ kmf6] f] ef]N6fOs ;]nsf] ko| fu] ePsf] xG' 5 . ;"o{sf] ks| fzaf6 ljBt' \
pTkfbg ug{ ;fo} { Kofgnx¿sf] lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;fo} { Kofgnaf6 tf/ lgsfn/] aQL;Dd
k¥' ofO{ h8fg u//] ;fo} { aQL aflnG5 .
%= ;f}o{ lx6/ M ;o" s{ f] k|sfzsf ¿kdf cfPsf] tfknfO{ ;f;] /] kfgL ttfpg k|ofu] ePsf]
kl| jlw ;f}o{ lx6/ xf] . of] kl| jlwdf ;"o{af6 kf| Kt ls/0fsf tfknfO{ kfgL ttfpg ;fe] m}
ko| fu] df NofOG5 . ;fo} { Kofgndf ;"o{sf] tfknfO{ ;f]:g] sfnf] sfl] 6ª ul/G5 . ;f]xL sf]
l6ªaf6 kfgLsf kfOkx¿df tfk 6«fG;km/ ug]{ k|ljlw ckgfOG5 . ;fo} { Kofgnaf6 kfgL
abNg] k|lj|mof ldnfO{ tftf] kfgLnfO{ 6o\ fªs\ Ldf hDdf ul/G5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= lkm| hn] s;/L sfd u5{, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@= sg' } ;f}o{ Kofgn agfpg] pbo\ fu] df hfpm / o;sf] lgdf{0fsf af/d] f ;fw] L rflxg ]
;fduL| x¿ Pjd\ kl| jlwsf af/]df n]v .
cEof;

!= /]lkm| h/]6/sf] sfd s] xf], n]v .

@= /l] km| h/6] /n] efG;fdf s;/L ;xofu] k'¥ofp“5, nv]  .

#= jfl;ª dl] ;gsf] sfd n]v .

$= 3/fo;L k|of]udf ko| fu] ePsf cfw'lgs pks/0fx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 163

kf7 @ sx] L cfw'lgs kl| jlw Pjd\ pks/0f

udL{ / lr;f]nfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpgsf nflu jftfj/0f cg's"lnt k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ Pc/ slG8;lgª elgG5 . cfÇgf] aª} s\ sf] vftfdf /xs] f gub h'g;'s} ;dodf
lgsfNg P= 6L= Pd= (ATM) sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . ljBfno / sfof{nodf ljleGg sfuhftsf]
gSsn kl| t lgsfNg kmf6] f]skL d]l;g ko| f]u ul/G5 . lrq, kmf6] f,] lel8of] h:tf s/' f agfpg
dlN6ldl8ofsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;df ;r" gf kl| jlwsf] k|ofu] ePsf] xG' 5 . 6l] nlehgdf
kT| oIf k;| f/0f ug{ dlN6ldl8of kl| jlwsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . sDKo'6/sf] ;xofu] n] kmf6] f] jf
nv] nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} gSsn ug{ :Soflgª ul/G5 . oL ;a} cfw'lgs kl| jlw / pks/0f
x'g \ . tLdWo] sx] Lsf] rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 M

!= P=6L=Pd=

P= 6L= Pd= sf] k"0f{ ¿k Automated Teller Machine xf ] . o;nfO{ :jrflnt ¿kdf a}ª\s
vftfaf6 /sd lgsfNg k|of]u ul/G5 . o; d]l;gn] aª} s\ af6 lbPsf] sf8{nfO{ k95\  .
sf8s{ f] :jfldTj ePsf] JolStsf] vftfdf slt ?lkof“ 5, slt ?lkof;“ Dd lemSg ;lsG5
eGg] s'/fsf] ;r" gf lbG5 . o;n] rf}la;} 306f ;]jf k|bfg u5{ . r]ssf] ljsNkdf ko| fu]
xg' ] of] clt ;/n / l56f] ;fwg xf] .

aª} \sdf vftf ePsf dflg;nfO{ vftf ePsf] aª} \sn] Pp6f Knfl:6s sf8{ pknAw u/fp5“  .
o;sf] Psfk6l\ 6 nfdf] rD' asLo 6k] 6fl“ ;Psf] xG' 5 . ;fx] L rD' asLo 6k] df aª} s\ nfO{ cfjZos
kg{] ;r" gf e08f/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . oL ;r" gfn] P=6L=Pd=af6 k};f lgsfNg] JolStsf] aª} s\ sf]
vftf gDa/ / gfdsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;nfO{ ;'rf? Ufg{ ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ Pp6f
gDa/ lbOPsf] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ lkg cyjf JolSt klxrfgsf] gDa/ elgG5 . o; d]l;gn]
ljb]zL db' |fnfO{ :jb]zL db' f| df lx;fa u/L pknAw klg u/fp5“  . o;y{ P=6L=Pd= ofqf ug{]
JolStsf] e/kbf{] / ;/' lIft ;fwg aGg k'us] f] 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk
P=6L=Pd=af6 xg' ] kmfObfsf af/]df P=6L=Pd= ko| f]u stf{nfO{ ;f]w/] l6kf]6 tof/ kf/ .

@= Pc/ slG8;lgª

Pc/ slG8;lgªnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf P=;L= eGg] ul/G5 . of] kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] xf]6n, 3/ /
clkm;df kz| :t ePsf] kfOG5 . t/fO{sf sltko xf]6n tyf nhdf P=;L= /flvPsf] x'G5 .

164 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

Pc/ slG8;lgªn] jftfjf/0fsf]
tfkdfgnfO{ cfÇgf] cgs' "n agfpg
;S5 . cToGt} k|lts"n tfkdfgnfO{
sfd ug{ ;Sg] tfkdfgdf kl/
jt{g ug'{ Pc/slG8;lgªsf] d'Vo
sfd xf] . lxhf]cfh sf/, 6«s,
a;, xjfO{hxfhdf klg Pc/
slG8;lgªsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .
Pc/ slG8;lgªsf] k|ofu] n] dfOg;
@% l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkj|md;Dd
emg{] 7fpd“ f ;dt] dflg;n] cfÇgf] a:tL
a;fpg ;ss] f 5g \ .

lj|mofsnfk

tftf] xfjfnfO{ lr;f] s;/L agfpg ;lsG5, sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn u/ . ;fy} kªv\ f /
Pc/ slG8;lgªsf] xfjfsf] leGgtf 5'6\ofpm .

#= dlN6ldl8of

dlN6ldl8of kmf6] f,] lrq, cl8of], lel8of] / Plgd];gsf] ;o+ S' t ¿k xf] . dlN6ldl8ofdf
On]S6f« l] gs pks/0fsf] ko| fu] u/L pSt s/' fsf] ;+ofh] g / ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df
sDKo'6/, lel8of] Sofd/] f, Sofd/] f tyf l8lh6n cl8ofs] f] k|ofu] x'G5 . of] n]Vg,] ;G' g,]
k|;f/0f ug{] tyf lvRg] ldl8ofsf] ;dfof]hg klg xf ] .

dlN6ldl8of ljleGg Ifq] df ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ko| fu] ;r" gf kl| jlw, dgf/] ~hg, lzIff,
kqsfl/tf, OlGhlgol/ª h:tf If]qdf ePsf] kfOG5 .

lxhf]cfh sDKo'6/df OG6/g6] h8fg u/L s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . lel8of]sf dfWodaf6 klg
kT| oIf ¿kdf ;fIffTsf/ eO{ s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . /fh] uf/ l;hg{ fdf ;dt] dlN6dl8ofn]
dbt u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dlN6ldl8ofaf6 s] s] /fh] uf/L kf| Kt xg' ;S5g,\ hfgsf/ JolSt;u“ ;fw] L ln:6 tof/
kf/ .

@= sIffsf7] fdf dlN6ldl8ofsf] ko| f]u ePdf s;/L k9fOnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5,
5nkmn u/L lgrf8] tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 165

$= kmf6] fs] lko/

o;nfO{ rng rNtLsf] efiffdf kmf6] f]skL d]l;g klg elgG5 . o; dl] ;gn] sfuhdf ljifo
j:t' / kmf]6f]nfO{ gSsn u5 { . kmf6] fs] kLsf] ko| fu] af6 l56f] / 5l/tf] ¿kdf k9g\ ] ;fduL| sf]
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljbo\ fno, snh] / sfof{nodf o;sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . ljBfyLn{ fO{
ljleGg z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ u/L kmf]6f]skL u//] lbg ;lsG5 . sltko j:t'sf] Jofj;flos
¿kdf ;d]t kmf]6f]skL u/L u|fxsnfO{ laj|mLljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kmf]6fs] kL s;/L ;~rfng ul/G5, 5nkmn u/L To;sf] ljj/0f n]v .
@= w]/} skL gSsn ug{ ;Sg] c¿ s'g} pkfo 5 ls, ;f]r / ltdf| ] ;f]r nv]  .

%= lel8of] s'/fsfgL

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;u“ } ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 lr7L k7fpg] rng :yflkt eof ] . o;n] l56f] 5l/
tf] ¿kdf lr7Lkqsf] cfbfg kb| fg eof ] . lel8of] s'/fsfgLdf OG6/g6] sf dfWodaf6
cf;kf;sf] ;Dk0" f{ b[Zo;dt] bv] fpg ;lsG5 . o;/L bZ[ o bv] fpg sDKo'6/df Pp6f Sofd/f
hl8Psf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ ja] Sofd elgG5 . oxL ja] Sofd / OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 ul/g]
s'/fsfgLnfO{ lel8of] d]n elgG5 .

lel8of] s/' fsfgLdf s'/fsfgL ugn]{ ] cfjfh tyf bZ[ o ;u“ ;u“ } x]g{ / ;'Gg ;S5 . of] k|ljlwn]
dflg;nfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg], hfGg] / ;'Gg] sfod{ f ;xofu] u5 { . lel8of] s'/fsfgLaf6
JolStut / Jofkfl/s ko| f]hgsf nflu ;dfrf/ k7fpg klg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= JolStut / cfi} fwL pkrf/sf ¿kdf s] s;/L lel8of] s/' fsfgLsf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5, 5nkmn u/ / af| pg kk] /df nv] L sIffsf7] fdf 6f;“  .
@= ltdf| ] glhssf sfof{non] lel8of] s/' fsfgL ko| fu] df NofPsf 5g\ eg] s] sfos{ f nflu
ko| f]u u/s] f 5g\, nv]  .

^= :Sofg/

of] k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] u/L s'g} klg j:ts' f] lrqnfO{ xa' x' lgsfn]/ sDKo6' /df clen]v u/L
cfjZostfcg;' f/ k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] nv] nfO{ l8lh6n ¿kdf kl/jt{g u5 { . o;y{
s'g} lstfanfO{ kg' M 6fOk ug'e{ Gbf :Soflgªaf6 l8lh6ndf kl/jt{g ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

166 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

:Sofg/nfO{ Od]h :Sofg/ klg elgG5  . sfof{no, Jofkfl/s ;+:yf, ljBfno tyf
sn]hdf o;sf] ko| f]u ePsf] kfOG5 . oL 7fp“df ko| f]u ePsf :Sofg/nfO{ 8]:s6k :Sofg/
elgG5 .
:Sofg/sf] k|ofu] u/L lstfa tyf n]vnfO{ l8lh6nfOh u/L Ps 7fp“af6 csf{] 7fpd“ f
k7fpg ;lsG5 . lstfanfO{ ;fwf/0f d]df]/L l:6sdf /fv/] hg' ;'s} 7fpd“ f n}hfg ;xh
xG' 5 . :Soflgª kl| jlwn] ljleGg k;] fut 1fg / ;r" gfnfO{ ;lhn} Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fpd“ f
k¥' ofpg ;Sg] agfPsf] 5 .

cEof;
!= P=6L=Pd=sf] ko| f]un] a}ªl\ sª If]qdf NofPsf] k|efj s:tf] 5, n]v .
@= Pc/ slG8;lgªsf] dV' o sfd s] xf], nv]  .
#= Pc/ slG8;lgªn] dflg;sf] hLjgdf s] c;/ u/s] f] 5 <
$= dlN6ldl8ofsf] sfd s] xf] <
%= dlN6ldl8of k|ofu] n] sIffsf7] fdf s] s] kmfObf k¥' ofpg ;S5 <
^= kmf]6fs] kL d]l;gsf] sfd s] xf] <
&= lel8of] s'/fsfgL s;/L ul/G5 <
*= :Sofg/n] s] sfd u5{ <

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 167

kf7 # js} lNks pmhf{

df6] /, uf8L, 6o\ fS6/, xjfOh{ xfh, 8fh] / h:tf dl] ;g ;~rfng ug{ pmhf{ ko| fu] ul/G5 . o:tf
ks| f/sf pmhf{ kmfl] ;n Çon' af6 kz| f]lwt ul/Psf x'G5g\ . kmf]l;n Çon' k[YjLsf] pyn ky' n
x'“bf o;sf] ue{df tof/ ePsf] pmhf{sf] e08f/ xf] . e08f/ dfq ePsfn] kmf]l;n Ço'n
Ps lbg ;lsG5 . o;sf] pTkfbg eO/xs] f] 5g}  . bl} gs ¿kdf k|of]u dfq eO/x]sf] 5 .

kmf]l;n Çon' sf ljsNkdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsg] pmhf{sf] vf]hL / k|ofu] ug{k' 5{ . o:tf pmhf{nfO{
j}slNks pmhf{ elgG5 . kmf]l;n Ço'nsf ;6\6fdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] pmhf{df xfO8«fk] fj/ /
;f}o{ pmhf{ d'Vo ¿kdf /x]sf 5g \ . 6fO8n, afof] Uof;, xfjf zlSt / Go'lSno/ zlStnfO{
klg js} lNks pmhf{sf ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|of]u u/]/ ;lsb“ g} ,
h:t} M ;"o{ /xb“+ f;Dd ;f}o{ zlSt /lx/xG5 .

!= ;fo} { pmhf{

;f}o{ pmhf{af6 lah'nL aQL, kfgL
ttfpg] d]l;gb]lv sf/ rnfpg]
pmhf{;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf
nflu ef]N6fOs ;]nsf] k|of]uaf6
ljB'tLo zlStsf] pTkfbg ug{] sfo{
eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 pTkflbt
ljB't\af6 lah'nL aQL, 6]lnlehg,
sDKo'6/ cflb ;~rfng eO/x]sf
5g \ . o;sf] pTkfbg ;fo} { Kofgnaf6
x'G5 . ;f}o{ KofgnnfO{ 3/sf
5fgfdf /fvL ljBt' \ pTkfbg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . ;;fgf Kofgnaf6 pTkflbt
ljBt' \n] Aof6«L rfh{ u5{g\ . o;af6
3/ 3/df ljBt' \ cfkl" t{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

;f}o{ zlStsf] ko| fu] sf af/]df 5nkmn u/ / Pp6f rf6{ agfO{ sIffsf]7fdf /fv .

168 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= hn ljB't\ (Hydro Power)

hn ljB't\ ofh] gf ;fgf / 7n' f u/L bO' { lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 7'nf hn ljB't\ ofh] gfnfO{ hn
ljB't\ dfq klg eGg] kr| ng 5 .
-s_ ;fgf hn ljB't\ (Peltic Set /Micro Hydro Power)
g]kfndf ;;fgf em/gf tyf vfN] ;f kz| :t dfqfdf 5g\ . oL em/gf tyf vfn] faf6 kfgLsf]
zlSt ko| fu] u/L ;fgf hn ljBt' \ ;~rfng ul/G5 eg] To:tf ofh] gfnfO{ ;fgf hn ljBt' \
of]hgf elgG5 . ;fdfGotof ;fgf hn ljB't\ of]hgfx¿ %) lsnf]jf6 ;Ddsf x'G5g\ .
xfd|f] b]zdf 36\6x¿af6 8fOgfdf] hf]8]/ ljBt' \ pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;/L
pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljBt' \ 3/x¿df ljt/0f u/L lahn' L aQL aflnG5 . o:tf ;]6x¿nfO{
kl] N6s ;]6 egL lrlgG5 . o;n] :yfgLo cfjZostf k"lt{ u5{ .
-v_ hn ljB't\ (Hydro Power)
of] kfgLaf6 lgsflng] pmhf{ xf ] . xfn ljZjdf ePsf] cfjZostfsf] kfr“ efusf] Ps efu
dfq hn ljB'ta\ f6 kl/k"lt{ ePsf] 5 . gk] fndf hn ljB't\ pTkfbgsf] k|r/' ;Defjgf 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk
kfgLaf6 ljBt' \ s;/L pTkfbg x'G5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
!= j}slNks pmhf{ eg]sf] s] xf,] JofVof u/ .
@= ;fgf hn ljBt' \ ofh] gfsf kmfObfx¿ n]v .

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
ltdf| ] j/k/ sg' } js} lNks pmhfs{ f] lgdf0{ f ePsf] eP cjnfs] g u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ kf/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 169

kf7 $ OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu] tyf ;r" gf kl| jlwdf
cfrf/ ;l+ xtf

OG6/g]6n] k'/fgf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kb\wltnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbPsf] 5 . 6]lnlehg,
kq klqsfnufot klg j]a k]hdfkm{t OG6/g]6 k|of]u u/L x]g{ / k9\g ;lsG5 .
sDKo'6/df cg'xf/ x]b{} s'/f ug{ ;lsg] / t'?Gt} va/ k7fpg] kb\wltsf] ljsf; klg
OG6/g]6 k|ljlwn] u/]sf] xf] .

OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u

jN8j{ fO8 ja] nfO{ w]/h} ;f] dflg;n] ja] eg]/ a‰' 5g\ . o;af6 ljleGg ;"rgf k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . ljleGg Jofkfl/s ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n] cfkmg\ f] Jofkf/ Pjd\ Joj;fo j[bl\ w ug{ o;sf]
ko| fu] u5g{ \ . j]adfkmt{ ;ª\3 ;:+ yf jf cfkm\gf] pTkfbgsf] lj1fkg klg ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .

OG6/g6] sf dfWodaf6 Dof;]h / Odn] k7fOG5 . OG6/g]6 6l] nkmf]g klg ;j;{ fwf/0fn]
k|of]u ug{ ;?' cft ul/;ss] f 5g \ . Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf]{ 7fpd“ f tYofªs\ tyf ;r" gfnfO{ k7fpg
OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cfÇgf] 5'6\6} klxrfg agfO{ Od]n k7fpg / kf| Kt ug{
;lsG5 .

OG6/g]6sf] ;r{ OlGhgdfkmt{ o;df /flvPsf ljleGg ;"rgfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf vfh] L ug{
;lsG5 . u'un ;r{ dflg;sf nflu ;lhnf] ;r{ OlGhg ags] f] 5 . j]a ;fO6sf] ;r{
ug{] aS;df vf]hL ug{] ljifo 6fOk u/]df To;sf af/]df ljleGg ;"rgf k|fKt x'G5 . OG6/g]6
vfh] ug{] / k9\g] ljbo\ fyLs{ f nflu cToGt} pkofu] L x'G5 . OG6/g6] nfO{ ljZjJofkL ;r" gf
tyf ;~rf/ kbw\ ltsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

;fdflhs g6] js{df km];a's, 6l\ j6/, lnGs8]g h:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ k5{g \ . o;af6
dflg;n] cfkm\gf] ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg u5{g \ .

OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug]{ kb\wltnfO{ Ol{ ahg]; elgG5 . dflg;nfO{
;j] f lbg]bl] v ;fdu|Lsf] laj|mLljt/0f ;DaGwL sfd Ol{ ahg];af6 x'G5 .

;"rgf kl| jlwn] ljleGg ks| f/sf ;r" gfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf pknAw u/fp“5 . oL ;"rgfnfO{
dfgj sNof0fafxs] cGoq hyfefjL ko| fu] ug{ gkfpg] lgodnfO{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf elgG5 .

gk] fn ;/sf/n] ;"rgf kl| jlwnfO{ dflg;sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] xt] n' ] cfrf/ ;l+ xtf
agfPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

170 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-s_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L csf{nfO{ ufnLunf}h / cZnLn efiff k|of]u ug{
kfO“bg}  . olb o:tf] efiff k|ofu] df cfPsf] 5 eg] sfg'gn] b08 ;hfo lbg ;S5 .
-v_ b]zsf ufK] o ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ kfOg] 5g}  . olb ufK] o ;r" gf cfbfg kb| fg
ePsfk] fOPdf ;Da4 lgsfon] sfgg' adf]lhdsf] ;hfo tfS] g ;S5 .
-u_ cfÇgf] kf;j8{ c¿nfO{ lbg' xb“' }g . olb s;n} ] lbO{ cfÇgf] Od]naf6 g/fd|f] sfo{
u/]df To;sf] lhDdf cfkm“}n] lngk' 5{ . t;y{ kf;j8s{ f af/]df s;n} fO{ yfxf lbg'
x“b' g}  .
-3_ OG6/g6] nfO{ ;r" gfsf] ;fu/sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;df kz| :t ;r" gf kfOG5g \ .
oL ;r" gf ;dfh jf dflg;nfO{ kl| tsn" c;/ kfg]{ vfnsf 5g\ eg] To:tf lrq, ;r" gf
nufotsf] ko| fu] ug{' xb“' g}  .
-ª_ c¿sf] kf;j8{ kTtf nufP/ Odn] cflb k7fpgn] fO{ x\ofs ug{] eG5g\ . o;/L x\ofs ug{
kfOb“ g}  . x\ofs u/]sf] kfOPdf sfg'gadf]lhd b08 ;hfo xG' 5 .
-r_ ;"rgf kl| jlw k|ofu] u/]/ c¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;/ kg]{ 8/ jf qf; bv] fpg] efiffsf]
k|ofu] ug{ kfOb“{ g}  . olb o:tf] efiff ko| fu] ePdf sfgg' n] ;hfo lbG5 . gk] fndf o:tf] sfd
ugn{] fO{ hn] ;hfo;d]t xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-5_ cGt/hftLo, cGt/;f:+ sl[ ts tyf cGt/wflds{ eb] efj bv] fpg] vfnsf ;fduL| OG6/g6] df
ko| fu] ug{ kfO“bg}  . o;n] ;fdflhs ;be\ fj / ;lxi0ft' fdf vnn k¥' ofp5“  . o;y{ o:tf
;fdu|L ko| f]udf Nofpg]nfO{ b08 ;hfo x'G5 . OG6/g6] af6 To:tf ;fdu|L x6fpg'k5{ .
k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
OG6/g6] sf dfWodaf6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf s/' fx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L ko| fu] / kb| z{g u/ .

lj|mofsnfk
;r" gf kf| ljlw ko| fu] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/ / lg:ss] f lgrf8] nfO{
sIffsf]7fdf ln:6 agfO{ kf:] 6/sf ¿kdf k:| tt' u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 171

cEof;
!= OG6/g6] af6 xg' ] ltg cf6] f kmfObf nv]  .
@= ja] ;r{ OlGhg egs] f] s] xf] <
!= ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ko| f]u ubf{ ckgfpg] cfrf/ ;l+ xtf n]v .
@= OG6/g6] df k|of]u x'g] ;"rgf s:tf] x'gk' 5{, n]v .
#= xo\ fs eg]sf] s] xf], n]v .
$= ;r" gf k|sfzg ubf{ s] s/' fdf Wofg lbg'k5,{ n]v .

172 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8