PESA GRADE 8

-v_ 8f]g6 agfpg] tl/sf M 8fg] 6 agfpgsf nflu db} f, lo:6, kfgL, lrgL, g'g / l3p
rflxG5 . Ps s=] hL= d}bfsf] 8f]g6 agfpgsf nflu lrgL !)) u|fd, gg' !* u|fd, lo:6
@) uf| d, a6/÷l3p %) uf| d, kfgL %%) ld= ln=, t]n ! ln6/, kfp8/ b'w %) uf| d
rflxG5 . oL kbfyx{ ¿ Ps} 7fp“df ld;fP/ sx] La]/ k'mNg lbg'k5{ . To;kl5 a]n]/ ;]n
cfsf/df sf6L tftf] t]nsf] s/fOdf v/} f] x'g] u/L ksfOG5 .

^= ;df];f

gk] fnL vfhfsf] kl/sf/sf ¿kdf pknAw xg' ] vfB kbfy{ ;df;] f xf] . o;nfO{ l;u“ 8f klg
elgG5 . of] db} fsf] lk7fdf cfn', abfd, s]/fp h:tf lrh /fvL agfOG5 . o;sf nflu
db} f, gg' , Hjfgf] jf vfg] ;'k, l3p, kfgL / cfn' rflxG5 . ;fy} abfd, lehfPsf] s/] fp
jf rgf, xl/of] wlgof, n;g' , xl/of] v;' f{gL jf wn' f] v';fg{ L, lh/f, clhgf]df6] f] / t]n klg
ko| f]u ul/G5 .

-s_ cfjZos ef8“ fs'8“ f M s/fO, emf“em/ cflb

-v_ ;df;] f agfpg] tl/sf M d}bfdf Hjfgf] jf ;'k, g'g / l3p ld;fO{ d5' \gk' 5{ .
d'5]sf] d}bfaf6 ;;fgf uf]nf 8Nnf agfpg'k5{ . uf]nfnfO{ a]n]kl5 ;fgf] srf}/fsf]
cfsf/df 9fNgk' 5{ . To;df pl;g]sf] cfn,' leh]sf] s/] fp jf rgf, abfdnufot cfjZos
;fduL| nfO{ tn] df km' /fP/ d;nf ldnfP/ /fVgk' 5 { . o;nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dg kg{] cfsf/ agfO{
s/fOdf tn] ttfP/ ksfpg'k5{ . ksfp“bf ;df];fsf] /ª v/} f] x'gk' 5 { . To;kl5 emf“e+ m/n]
ptf/L pkef]u ug{ jf cfjZostfcg';f/ lajm| L ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

&= ss]

db} fdf cfjZos dfqfdf lrgL, a6/, cG8f, kfgL, a]lsª kfp8/ / ljleGg ks| f/sf d;nf
ld;fO{ pRr tfkjm| ddf ksfP/ tof/ ul/Psf] vfg] s'/fnfO{ s]s elgG5 . ss] !*)
bl] v @))) ;]= tfkj|mddf km' nfP/ ksfPsf] x'gfn] xn'sf / g/d xG' 5 . o;sf nflu tn
lbOPsf ;fduL| rflxG5g\ M

;fdu|L a6/ s]s kfpG8 s]s :kGh ss]
db} f
a6/ ! s]=hL= ! s]=hL= ! s=] hL=
lrgL
cG8f *)) uf| d ! s=] hL= %) uf| d
d;nf
a]lsª kfp8/ *)) u|fd — !=@ s]=hL=

!* cf]6f @) cf6] f @@ cf]6f

cfjZostfcg;' f/ cfjZostfcg;' f/ cfjZostfcg;' f/

@) u|fd @) uf| d —

b'w jf kfgL @%) ld= ln= #%) ld= ln= @)) ld= ln=

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 91

-s_ cfjZos ef8“ fs'“8f M rfNgf,] af6f, 8]SrL, ;fr“ f] jf 6«,] s/fO{ cflb

-v_ ss] agfpg] tl/sf M ;ae} Gbf klxn] plNnlvt ;fduL| hDdf ug{k' 5 { . To;kl5 al] sª
kfp8/ sx] L db} fdf /fdf| ;] u“ ld;fO{ bO' { k6s;Dd rnfpgk' 5 { . a6/nfO{ /fdf| ;] u“ lkmh“+ cfpg]
u/L lkm6\g'k5 { . o;f] ubf{ lkm6s] f] a6/df xfjf k;L xns' f] x'G5 / ;]tf] lkm+h“ cfp5“  . lkmh+“
cfPsf] a6/df tf}n]sf] kfp8/ lrgL xfNb} lkm6\b} ugk{' 5 { . ;'? ;'?df lkm6g\ sl7g x'G5 .
lkm6fO ku' ]kl5 kg' M klxn]sf] h:t} ;t] f] / xn'sf lkm+“h cfp“5 . o;kl5 rflx“b+ f] cG8f Ps
Ps u/L xfNb} lkm6g\ 'k5 { . o;f] ubf{ ;'?df b'w kmf6] h:tf] xG' 5 t/ lkm6\b} hfb“ f ;t] f] lkmh+“
cfp“5 / xn'sf x'G5 . lkm6fO gku' d] f ss] xn'sf / g/d aGbg} g \ . s]s agfp“bf lkm6\g]
;dodf ljzi] f Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 .

lkm6\g k'uk] l5 hf]v]/ tof/ ul/Psf] db} f la:tf/} xfNb} rnfpg'k5 { . d}bf xfnk] l5 lkm6]df
s]s k'mNbg}  . ss] sf nflu db} f xfnk] l5 la:tf/} rnfpgk' 5{ . d;nf, sfh,' abfd, r]/L,
ls;ld; db} f;u“ dfN] g klg ;lsG5 . logLx¿nfO{ ss] sf] dflyNnf] efudf dfq klg ;hfpg
;lsG5 . db} f ld;fO;sk] l5 l56\6} al] sª ug{'k5 { . t?' Gt} d'5]sf] db} fsf] ld>0fnfO{ ;f+“rfdf
xfnL cfe] gdf /fVgk' 5{ . o;f] ubf{ OR5fg;' f/sf] cfsf/sf] ;f+“rf] jf 6«]df a6/ bNg'k5{ .
To;sf] dfly;Dd lu|k kk|' m sfuh jf ;fbf sfuhdf klg a6/ bn/] ldnfP/ /fVg'k5 { .
o;kl5 s]snfO{ !*)) b]lv @))) ;]=df @) b]lv #) ldg6] ksfpgk' 5 { . s]ssf] dflyNnf]
efudf d;nfn] ;hfpg'k/d] f ss] km' ln;sk] l5 k'/f gkfSbd} f ;hfpg ;lsG5 .

*= hfd

cf?, gf;kftL, :ofp, cf?av8f, ;G' tnf, hg' f/, e'O“ s6x/, cf“k, d]jf, lsDa', ?v s6x/
h:tf kmnk"mnaf6 hfd agfpg ;lsG5 . hfd egs] f] kmnsf] u'bL, lrgL / cldnf] ld;fO{
ksfP/ ;+/If0f ul/Psf] kbfy{ xf ] . hfd y/Ly/Lsf xG' 5g \ . w]/} j:t' ld;fP/ ldS; hfd
klg agfpg ;lsG5 .

hfd agfpg] ljlw

-s_ kmnsf] 5gf6] tyf tof/L M ;jk{ |yd hfd agfpg] kmn 5gf]6 ugk'{ 5{ . pSt kmnnfO{
;kmf kfgLn] kvfNgk' 5 { . e'O“ sfkmn, cDaf, cf?av8f h:tf afj] |mf;d]t vfg x'g] kmnsf
af]j|mf tf5\gk' b{}g . gf;kftL, xnj' f j]b, cfk“ , e'O“ s6x/, d]jf, ;'Gtnf h:tf afSnf] / ;fxf|
afj] |mf ePsf kmnsf af]j|mf tf5\g' jf 5f8] fpgk' 5 { . laof,“ u8] f, sf]of / cGo vfg gxg' ]
efu kmfNgk' 5{ . To;kl5 kmnk"mnnfO{ ;;fgf 6'j|mf x'g] u/L sf6]/ dl] ;gdf /fvL /; jf
u'bL lgsfNg'k5 { .

92 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-v_ kmnaf6 ub' L tof/L M dfly ega] dfl] hd tof/ ul/Psf] kmn jf To;sf 6'j|mf ;f/f jf
s8f klg xg' ;S5g \ . To;n} ] ltgLx¿af6 nb] f] agfpg cfNdfl] god jf l:6nsf] ef8“ fdf yf/] }
kfgL /fvL pSt kmnsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ ksfpg'k5 { . kfgLsf] dfqf kmnsf] s8fkgdf e/ k5 { .
o;/L ksfp“bf sf7sf] jf l:6nsf] 8f8'n] v'8/] kmn uns] f] u'bL tof/ ug'{k5{ t/ kmnsf]
ub' L lgsfNg] kNk/ dl] ;g ePdf dl;gf] u'bL lgl:sG5 . To;nfO{ ksfO/xg'kb{}g .

-u_ lrgL ldnfpg] / ksfpg] tl/sf M ;fwf/0ftof ! s=] hL= kmnsf] ub' LnfO{ ! s=] hL= lrgL
ld;fpg'k5{ t/ lrgLsf] dfqf kmnsf] hft, kmn kfs] gkfss] f], ul' nof] jf cldnf] h:tf
kIfdf e/ k5{ . sfkmn, P];“ ]n', e'O“ sfkmn, v'kf{gL, eO' “ s6x/ h:tf kmndf kmnsf] ub' L /
lrgL a/fa/ /fVbf xG' 5 . cf?, cDaf, s/] f h:tf ul' nof kmndf lrgL sd dfqfdf /fVgk' 5 { .
o:tf kmnsf] ! s=] hL= u'bLdf *)) uf| d lrgL /fv/] ksfp“bf klg xG' 5 .

7n' f pBfu] df l:6d Hofs6] ]8 ^) bl] v *) kf}G8 k;|] /df hfd ksfOG5 . 3/]n' :t/df l:6n
jf cGo pknAw ef“8fdf ksfpgk' 5{ . hfd pDng yfnk] l5 afSnf] bl] vG5, To;kl5 af“sL
lrgL ldnfP/ rnfp“b} sx] L a]/ ksfpgk' 5 { . hfd lgs} afSnf] eO{ kmTsg yfnk] l5 cldnf]
kbfy{ ;fOl6«s, 6f6f{l/s jf dl] ns Pl;8dWo] sg' } Ps kl| t s=] hL= kmnsf] ub' Ldf !=% uf| db]
lv !) u|fd;Dd /fVg'k5 { . To;kl5 rnfpb“ } /fd|f;] “u ksfpgk' 5 { . ^% k|ltzt 7f;] kbfy{
gag;] Dd pSt hfd ksfO/xgk' 5{ . xfn ;fOl6s Pl;8 /fv/] hfd agfpg] rng a9L 5 .

-3_ hfd hDg] a]nf yfxf kfpg] tl/sf

-c_ tfn} af6 M hfd agfpb“ f ;?' df ksfpg] ef“8fsf] ;d]t tf}n lng'k5 { . hfd kfsk] l5
klg tf}n lng'k5 { . hfd agfp“bf ! s]=hL= u'bL / ! s=] hL= lrgL ;d]tsf] kfs ha
!=% s=] hL= x'G5 ta hfd tof/ eof] eGg] hfGgk' 5{ .

-cf_ kq] k/LIf0f M hfd kfSb} hfb“ f rDrf jf 8f8d' f lemsL s]xL a/] lr;f] x'g lbg'k5{ .
To;kl5 To;nfO{ v;fNgk' 5 { . v:bf afSnf] emfn] h:tf] u/L v;]df hfd kfSg
ku' ]sf] 5}g t/ kq h:tf] eO{ v;]df hfd tof/ eof] eGg] yfxf xG' 5 .

-O_ hnlaGb' k/LIf0f M Ps lunf; kfgLdf kfls/fvs] f] Ps yf]kf hfd v;fNgk' 5{ . olb
hfd kfgLdf glk“mhLsg lunf;sf] lk+w“ df uP/ a:of] eg] xfdLn] ksfPsf] hfd tof/
eof] eGg] hfg] xG' 5 . o;sf] pN6f] lunf;df /fvs] f] hfd kfgLdf lk“mlhg uof] eg]
hfd cem kfs]sf] 5g} / o;nfO{ ksfO /xg'k5{ eGg] yfxf x'G5 .

-O{_ l/k|m\ ofS6f]ld6/ M kfSb} u/s] f] Ps yf]kf hfd l/k|\mofS6fl] d6/df /fVg'k5 { . hfd kfs]
gkfs]sf] t'G?t} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o; oGqsf] ;xfotfn] x]bf{ l8u|L ljS; ^% gf3]/
hfg nfUof] eg] hfd kfSg kU' of] egL ;DemL cfufaf6 lgsfNgk' 5 { .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 93

-p_ /ª tyf af:gf xfNg] tl/sf M hfd cfsifs{ agfpgsf nflu :jLst[ ul/Psf vfB /ª
/ af:gf ldnfpgk' 5 { . kfs]sf] hfdnfO{ cfufaf6 ptfl/;sk] l5 /ªnfO{ yf/] } kfgLdf
3fn] L ld;fpg'k5 { . o;kl5 af:gf ld;fP/ /fdf| ];u“ rnfpg'k5{ . kfs]sf] hfdsf] /ª
/fd}| b]lvPdf /ª / af:gf /fVg h?/L 5g}  .

-pm_ Koflsª, l;naGbL / e08f/0f M hfd kfsk] l5 ;n] fpg 5f8] g\ k' 5 { . hfd l;;L, Knfl:6ssf
l8Aaf jf l6gsf] Sofgdf /fVg ;lsG5 . hfd eg'{ cufl8 g} l;;L, l8Aaf, Sofg /
lasf]{ plDn/xs] f] kfgLdf #) ldg]6 8a' fO{ lgsfNg'k5 { . hfd /flvg] ef“8f k"0f{ ¿kn]
cf]efgf x'g'k5{ . To;df hfd e/L l;naGbL ug]{ dl] ;g jf d}gn] l;n ug{k' 5{ . l;;L,
l8Aaf / Sofgsf] aflx/ hfdsf] gfd, ag]sf] ldlt, tf}n / d"No nv] L na] lnª ug'{k5 { .
o;/L tof/ ePsf] hfdnfO{ 708f / cf]efgf] sf7] fdf e08f/0f ug'k{ 5{ .

(= ;n]

rfdnsf] lk7f,] lrgL, l3p, vfg] ;f8] f / OR5fOPsf kmnkm" n jf d;nfdf kfgL xfnL afSnf]
n]bf] agfpgk' 5 { . To;nfO{ tftf] t]n jf l3pdf af6'nf] agfO{ ksfp“bf ;n] aG5 .

-s_ cfjZos ef8“ fs8'“ f M s/fO, lem/ cflb

-v_ ;]n ksfpg] tl/sf

;kmf rfdn lnO{ To;nfO{ leHg] u/L kfgL xfNgk' 5{ / To;nfO{ 5fK] gk' 5 { . udL{ ;dodf eP
$ bl] v % 306f / hf8f] df};ddf /fte/ lehfpg'k5{ . leh]sf] rfdnaf6 kfgL t}¥ofP/ s]xL
a/] lkm“ hfP/ /fVgk' 5 { . pSt rfdnnfO{ l9sL, hft“ f,] cfv] n, l;nf6} f] jf uf| OG8/df lkW“ gk' 5 { .
rfdnsf] lk7fdf lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ ld;fpg'k5{ M

– rfdnsf] lk7f ! s=] hL= l3p OR5f tyf :jfbcg';f/ /fVgk' 5{ .

– kfgL ! ln= lrgL OR5f tyf :jfbcg';f/ /fVg'k5 { .

– vfg] ;f]8f % uf| d cGo d;nf OR5fg;' f/ /fVg'k5{ .

plNnlvt lrhnfO{ Ps} 7fpd“ f /fvL d'5\g'k5 { . d5' s] f] lk7fnfO{ udL{ ofddf eP $
306f / hf8f] ofddf eP /fte/ 5f]k/] /fVgk' 5{ . To;nfO{ s]xL a]/ df8/] n:;f lg:sg]
agfpgk' b{5 . o;kl5 s/fOd{ f t]n jf l3p ttfpg'k5{ . /fd|f;] “u tfts] f] t]n jf l3pdf
rfdnsf] lk7fsf] afSnf] n]bfn] fO{ af6n' f] agfO{ ;n] xfNg'k5{ .

;a}lt/ v}/f] jf /ftf] xg' yfnk] l5 pSt /f6] LnfO{ lem/ jf /8sf] ;xfotfn] Ps k6s
kN6fOlbg'k5{ . v/} f] jf /ftf] eO{ l3p jf t]ndf lkmh“+ cfpg 5f8]kl5 ;]n/f]6L kfS5 .

94 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

lx;fa lstfa Joj:yfkg
vfB ;fdu|Laf6 kl/sf/ agfp“bf lx;fa lstfa o;/L /fVg ;lsG5 M
jm| =;=+ sRrf kbfy{ ljj/0f PsfO kl/df0f ld:qL Hofnf lajm| L d"No d'gfkmf 3f6f
!=
@=
#=

lj|mofsnfk
!= Ps lsnf] lk7fsf] cfn' rk agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ;fduL| sf af/d] f 5nkmn u/L

rk tof/ u/ .
@= la; hgf kfxg' fnfO{ ;n] vj' fpg s] slt ;fduL| x¿ rflxG5, 5nkmn u/L /l] ;kLsf]

;r" L tof/ u/ .
cEof;
!= hfd agfpgsf nflu kmnkm" nsf] 5gf]6 s;/L u5f{,} nv]  .
@= ;df;] f agfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .
#= vfB kl/sf/x¿ k|zfw] g u/L lsg Koflsª ugk{' 5,{ nv]  .
$= ;n] ksfpg] tl/sf n]v .
%= pTkflbt ljleGg vfB kl/sf/sf] lajm| L ljt/0f ;n' e tl/sfn] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, nv]  .
k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk
!= glhssf] kfp/f6] L pBfu] df uO{ kfp/f6] L lgdf0{ f ubf{ ckgfOg] kl| jlwx¿sf] cjnfs] g

u/ / k|ltj]bg tof/ u/ . kfp/f6] L pBfu] gePdf o;sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf
n]vL sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@= ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfO{ ;df];f tof/ u/ / ;dx" ut ¿kdf dN" ofªs\ g;lxtsf] l6kf6]
tof/ u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 95

PsfO !) M km" n tyf h8La6' L v]tL

kf7 ! k"mnaf/L lgdf0{ f

!= If]q 5gf]6

cfnª\sfl/s af]6la?jf /fk] L ltgLx¿af6 ljleGg /ªsf km" n pTkfbg ul/G5 . logLx¿sf]
Jofj;flos ¿kn] vt] L ug{ j}1flgs k4lt ckgfpg'k5 { . o;sf nflu df6fsf] dlnnf]
kgf, xfjfkfgL, ;o" {sf] kx“'r, /fu] Joflwaf6 ;/' Iff, ahf/, kfgLsf] ;f| ]t h:tf kIfnfO{ Wofg
lbg'k5 { . k"mnaf/L lgdf{0fsf nflu plNnlvt kIf ;dfj]z ePsf] 7fp“ 5gf6] ugk'{ 5{ .

-s_ df6f] M km" naf/L lgdf0{ fsf nflu k|z:t dfqfdf cufl{ gs kbfy{ ePsf] anf6} ] jf bd' 6
df6f] pkoS' t x'G5 .

-v_ ahf/ M ahf/eGbf 6f9f Jofj;flos ¿kdf ki' k v]tL u/] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd
k'¥ofpg sl7g x'G5 . o;y{ ahf/;u“ } /x]sf] jf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfg Jofj;flos
ki' k vt] Lsf nflu pkoS' t x'G5 .

-u_ kfgLsf] ;f| ]t M ki' k vt] L ug{] :yfgdf jif{el/ g} kfgLsf] :yfoL ;|ft] /xs] f] xg' 'k5{ .
km" nsf] g;/{ Lbl] v pTkfbg xb“' f;Ddsf af6] la?jfnfO{ an] f an] fdf l;r“ fO ul//xgk' g]{ ePsfn]
kfgLsf ;|ft] df Ogf/, 6\oa' n] , sn' f] jf wf/f agfpg'k5 { .

-3_ kxfl/nf] / pRr 7fp“ M km" naf/L agfpg] :yfg s]xL pRr tyf kxfl/nf] xg' k' 5{ . ulx/f]
eof] eg] jifft{ d\ f kfgL hdL km" nsf la?jf d5g{  \ . k"mnsf af6] la?jfnfO{ kxfl/nf] :yfg rflxG5 .
;l] knf] jf 3fd gnfUg] :yfgdf k"mnsf af]6la?jfsf] jl[ 4 /fd|f] xg' ;Sb}g . o:tf] :yfgdf
nufOPsf af6] la?jfdf ljleGg /fu] klg nfUg ;S5g\ .

k"mnaf/L ljleGg 9fr“ fdf agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu O6“ f jf ufn] f 9ª' u\ f 5p] 5p] df /fvL
ljleGg cfsl[ t lbP/ /]vfªs\ g ul/G5 . o;/L agfOPsf] :yfgnfO{ tLg rf/ k6s;Dd vgL
kz| :t dfqfdf kf| ª\ufl/s dn ld;fpg'k5 { . plNnlvt tl/sfn] tof/ ul/Psf] :yfgdf
df};dcg';f/sf a]gf{x¿ /f]Kgk' 5{ . To;df l;“rfO / uf8] d]n u/L k"mnaf/L lgdf0{ f ug'{
pkoS' t xG' 5 .

96 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

@= km" nsf] k;| f/0f -u|flkm\6ª / sl6ª_

km" nsf] b'O{ k|sf/af6 k|;f/0f ul/G5 . tL tl/sfdf lah' la?jf / jfg:klts k|hgg
k5g{ \ . w]/} h;f] k"mnsf] k|;f/0f sl6ªaf6 ul/G5 . s'g} klg af]6la?jfsf] sl6ª ln“bf
To;sf] dflyNnf] efusf] tLg hf]8L kft;dt] lng'k5{ . ;fwf/0ftof sl6ª dª\l;/b]lv
kmfu'g;Dd lng' /fdf| ] x'G5 . sl6ª $ ;]= ld=sf] km/sdf /fVgk' 5{ . sl6ª /fvs] f] tLg
xKtfkl5 h/f cfp5“  . o;nfO{ /fK] gnfO{ tof/ ag] f{ klg elgG5 . To;kl5 a]gf{nfO{ tof/
kfl/Psf] 7fpd“ f nuL /fK] g'k5{ .

u|flÇ6ª / sl6ªsf nflu :j:y / c;n hftsf] la?jf 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . :j:y / k'i6 cf“Vnf
ePsf] ;fOg 5gf6] u/L al8ª ljlwaf6 sl6ª ug'k{ 5{ . o;sf nflu cfh} f/sf] ko| fu] af6
cfV“ nf h8fg u/L gof“ la?jf pTkfbg ul/G5 . un' fkm k"mndf o; tl/sfaf6 pGgt hftsf]
la?jf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} u|flÇ6ªsf nflu klg c;n hftsf ;fOg lng'k5{ .
To;kl5 pxL hftsf] ?6 :6saf6 pGgt hftsf] km" nsf] ag] f{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= lap pTkfbg ;/+ If0f / e08f/0f

s/;] f af/Ldf Jofj;flos ¿kdf km" nsf] lap pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . lap pTkfbgsf nflu
ljleGg hftsf km" n a]Unfa]Un} Ifq] df nufpg'k5{ . lap pTkfbg ug{] s[ifsn] lap pTkfbg
ug]{ hftsf] kmn' cGo hftsf] k"mn;u“ } /fK] g' xb“' g}  . uf8] dn] , l;r“ fO / ;dodf /fu] tyf
ls/fsf] lgoGq0f u/L /fdf| ] lap pTkfbg ugk{' 5 { . km" n km' n/] /fdf| ;] u“ kfsk] l5 dfq km" n l6Kgk' 5 { .

-s_ lapsf] ;+/If0f / e08f/0f

pTkflbt lapnfO{ ;kmf u/L @ bl] v $ k6s;Dd 3fddf ;s' fP/ e08f/0f ugk{' 5 { . o; sfod{ f
hft x/] L lr:ofgsf] dfqf !) bl] v !@ kl| tzt xg' k' 5 { . lap e08f/0f uge{' Gbf cl3 To;sf]
Nofa 6:] 6 ugk{' 5 { . k"mnsf] lapdf cGo emf/kftsf] lap jf k"mnsf] lap klg ldl;g lbg'
xb“' g}  . kT| os] k6sdf pTkflbt lap kfl] nlyg Aofudf /fvL na] lnª;lxt ugk{' 5 { . lxhfc] fh
lr:ofg kk'| m kfl] nlyg Aofu klg kfOG5 . To;df lap e08f/0f ug'{ pQd dflgG5 . e08f/0f
ugc{' l3 lapnfO{ sL6gfzs tyf /fu] gfzs ljiffbLn] pkrf/ u/L /fVg ;lsG5 . e08f/0f
ubf{ cfe] fgf] tyf lztn sf7] fdf /fvL r/f, d;' f h:tf hLjhGta' f6 hfu] fP/ /fVgk' 5 { .

-v_ k"mnsf] k|of]u

wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts k|rngcg';f/ d7 dlGb/nufotsf If]qdf k"hf ug{ k"mnsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . rf8kj{, cltly :jfut nufotsf Ifq] df klg k|ofu] x'g] j:t' g} km" n xf] .
km" nsf] dfnf, a'sL jf u'R5f agfP/ laj|mL ljt/0f u/L cfo cfhg{ ug]{ ul/G5 . o;af6
c:yfoL ¿kdf ko| f]u ul/g] ;hfj6 ;fdu|L klg lgdf{0f ul/G5 . km" naf6 ;hfj6sf ;fduL|
dfq geO{ ;u' GwoS' t h8La6' L / tn] klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;okqL km" naf6 ;'uGwo'St
tn] tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 97

-u_ ;fgf kl/df0fsf] k"mn v]tL ofh] gfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f

oxf“ Ps /f]kgL hUufdf sfg{;] g (Carnation) k"mn v]tL ug{] ofh] gfsf] emns k:| t't ul/Psf]
5 . of] k"mn $% b]lv &% ;]= ld= nfdf] x'G5 . o;sf] af]6 w/] } jif;{ Dd /lx/xG5 . of]
km" n km" naf/Ldf ;]8 xfp; agfP/ /flvG5 .

j|m=;=+ ljj/0f -vrt{ km{_ PsfO cfjZos d"No k|lt sn' /sd
kl/df0f PsfO -?=_

!= sfg;]{ g ag] f{ vl/b Uff6] f %,))) #@ !,^),)))

@= hUuf tof/L >dzlSt !) #)) #,)))

#= ufa] / dn lSjG6n #) %)) !%,)))

$= /f;folgs dnvfb ;fdu|L s=] hL= %) $) @,)))

-s_ Knfl:6s 6x/f af“; !)) !)) !),)))
-v_ kf]nL xfp; vr{ ========= ( !),))) (),)))

%= Knfl:6s 6x/f lgdf{0f >dzlSt !) #)) #,)))

^= la?jf /fK] g] sfo{ >dzlSt % #)) !,%))

&= l;“rfO ug{] k6s @ #)) ^))

*= hfnL agfpg ] >dzlSt ! #)) #))

(= slnnf xf“uf lrdf6] \g] >dzlSt @ #)) ^))

!)= cfjZostfcg;' f/ ljiffbL >dzlSt @ #)) ^))

!!= klxnf] g6] /fVg ] >dzlSt # #)) ())

!@= bf];|f] / t];f| ] g6] ag' fO >dzlSt # #)) ())

!#= rfy} f] / kf“rf}“ g6] a'gfO >dzlSt # #)) ())

!$= sf]lknf lgsfNg] >dzlSt # #)) ())

!%= afnL sf6g\ ] >dzlSt ^ #)) !,*))

!^= lr;f] pkrf/ tyf

e08f/0f >dzlSt @ #)) ^))

!&= lajm| L ljt/0f >dzlSt # #)) ())

hDdf @,(*,%))

98 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

cfDbfgL tkms{ f] cgd' fg o;ks| f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
!@) lbgkl5 kl| t /fk] gL %),))) l:6s pTkfbg xG' 5 . kl| t l:6s ?= !) kg{] 5 . o;sf/0f,
cfDbfgL = %),))) x !) = %,)),)))
d'gfkmf = ?= %,)),))) — @,(*,%)) = ?= @,)!,%)) x'G5 .
-3_ laj|mL ljt/0f tyf lx;fa lstfa Joj:yfkg
g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]q jl/kl/ tyf t/fO{sf s]xL lhNnfdf Jofj;flos ¿kn] k'ik v]tL
ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} dflg;n] 3/ jl/kl/ k"mnsf af]6, udnf, laplahg nufO{ kf| sl[ ts
;fG} bo{ a9fp5“ g\ . To;af6 pTkflbt k"mn glhssf] xf6 ahf/ jf d7 dlGb/df nuL lajm| L
ljt/0f u5{g \ . Jofj;flos ¿kn] k'ik vt] L ubf{ ;?' b]lv km" n a]Rbf ;Dddf ePsf vr{sf
ljj/0f l6kf6] ug{k' 5{ . k"mn a]Rbf ;fx] Ladf]lhd nfut dN" odf lglZrt k|ltzt hf]8/]
lajm| L ug'k{ 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk
!= Jofj;flos ¿kn] k"mnaf/L lgdf0{ f ug{sf nflu hUuf 5gf6] ug]{ tl/sfsf af/d] f

sIffsf ;fyLx¿;u“ cGtlj|m{of u/ .
@= %) cf]6f km" nsf dfnf agfpg k/]df To;sf nflu rflxg] cfjZos ;fdfgx¿sf]

;r" L tof/ u/L 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
!= k"mnaf6 pTkfbg xg' ] ljleGg ;fduL| sf] laj|mL ljt/0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, n]v .
@= ‘gk] fndf k'ik v]tLsf] dxŒj lbg k|ltlbg al9/x]sf] 5 .’ of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
#= km" naf6 x'g] cfDbfgL / vrs{ f] lx;fa s;/L /flvG5, nv] .
ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk
!= ltdf| ] ljb\ofnosf] jflifs{ sfo{j|mdsf nflu ;okqL km" nsf] !) cf]6f dfnf ;dx" ut

¿kdf tof/ u/L lzIfsnfO{ bp] m .
@= tLg /f]kgL Ifq] df Jofj;flos ¿kn] ;okqL jf cGo s'g} kmn' sf] vt] L ugs{ f nflu

ofh] gfsf] gdg' f tof/ u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 99

kf7 @ h8La6' Lsf] k|ofu]

cfheGbf #)) jif{kj" { dNnsfnbl] v g]kfndf h8La'6Lsf] Jofj;flos ¿kdf k|ofu] x'g ;'?
ePsf] xf ] . h8La'6L cfo'jl{] bs cfi} fwL, ;'ulGwt t]n tyf pbo\ f]u wGbfsf nflu sRrf
kbfys{ f ¿kdf k|ofu] ePsf] kfOG5 .

!= h8La6' Lsf] ko| f]u

-s_ cfo'j]b{ df k|ofu] xg' ] cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf
h8La6' Lsf] gfd cfi} fwLdf ko| f]u x'g] efu pkrf/ ug]{ /fu]

a/f]{ kmn slAhot, dGb Hj/f,] kfON;,
emf8f kvfnf

kf“r cf}n“ ] ufgf÷] h/f tfut lbg] cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf

uh' f ]{ sf08 / h/f Hj/f,] kf08/' fu] , dwd' x] , cDnlkQ,
lk;fa sd nfUg] /f]u

l3ps'df/L kftleqsf] u8' L cfufn] kf]ns] f], snh] fsf] /fu] ,
slAhot, Hj/f]

gL/ d;L d"n h/fdf nfUg] ufgf] ljif gfzs, ;k{ / laR5Lsf]

6fs] fOdf, skm gfzs

lgd kft, af]jm| f, km" n / kmn luhf / bft“+ ;kmf ug],{
5fnfsf] /f]u, k6] sf] u8a8L, /Strfk
a9L xg' ] /fu]

xn]bf] h/f ?3fvfs] L, cf“vf bV' g,] jfo;' dg,
3fp vl6/f nfu]sfdf

of;f{uD' af la?jfsf] k'/} efu tfut lbg,] ;a} /fu] sf] pkrf/

;k{uGwf h/f kfunkg, clgb|f, pRr /Strfk

100 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-v_ zª[ u\ f/sf ;fdfgsf ¿kdf

sx] L h8La6' L zª[ u\ f/, ;fag' , ;u' lGwt tn] cflbdf ko| fu] xG' 5g \ . ltgLx¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

h8La6' Lsf] gfd k|ofu] x'g] efu pTkflbt j:t '

l3psd' f/L kft :ofDk,' d'vdf nufpg] lj|md
sr'/ h/f ;'ulGwt tn] pTkfbg
v;v; h/f ;'ulGwt t]n / ;f] t]naf6 agfOg] cTt/
r'qf] afj] |mf /ª lgsfNg] / /ªu\ fpg] sfddf k|ofu]
h6fd;L h/f ;'ulGwt tn] , af:gfbf/ kz| fw] gsf j:t'x¿
l6d'/ kmn t]n, 6'y kfp8/, 6'y k]:6
wl;“u]| kft dfln;df k|ofu] xg' ] ;'ulGwt t]n
gfuan] L sf;] fsf] dl;gf] wn' f] lnlkl:6s
lgd kft ;fag' , n]k
l;sfsfO { sf;] f, kft skfn sfnf], nfdf], l;NsL agfpg]

-u_ pBfu] wGbfsf sRrf kbfys{ f ¿kdf

gk] fndf k/fkj" { sfnbl] v g} ljleGg cdN" o h8La6' L kfOGy ] . t/ klg h8La6' L ;Da4 pBfu]
wGbf eg] lj= ;=+ @)#* df h8La6' L pTkfbg tyf kz| fw] g sDkgL lnld68] sf ¿kdf eof ] .
of] sf7df8fd“} f :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof ] . o;n] bz] df kf| Kt h8La6' Lsf] ko| fu] u/L cfi} fwL,
tn] cflb pTkfbg ug{ yfNof ] . To;kl5 h8La6' Lkl| t ;as} f] Wofg cfsif0{ f eof ] . kmn:j¿k
Jofj;flos ¿kdf h8La6' L vt] L xg' yfNof ] . nd] g uf| ;, kfd/fh] f, l;6f« g] n] f, km| G] r al] ;n,
os' flnK6;, Sofdfd] fOn h:tf la?jf ljbz] af6 cfoft xg' yfn ] . o; sDkgLn] ;g' kftL,
lttk] ftL, afe] mf,] Sofdfd] fOn, l;6f« g} n] f, sr/' , km]| Gr al] ;n -tn' ;L_, h6fd;L, nd] g uf| ;,
dG] yf, w'kL, kfd/fh] f, 6fu]l6;, ;u' Gwsfl] snf, tflk{g tn] , wl;“us]| f] t]n, l6d/' tn] , c;'/f],
em\ ofpnufotsf] ;f/ lemS5 . ltgLx¿nfO{ :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf vkt u5 { .

@= h8La'6Lsf] Kofsl] hª

s'g} klg pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ Knfl:6s, sfuh, sk8f, af]/f, a6\6f, l6g, l;;L, wft',
sf6{'gnufotdf /flvG5 . ltgLx¿nfO{ afw“ L, k6] Ldf kfs] f] kf/L, ;/' lIft Pjd\ cfsifs{ agfO{
ahf/df lajm| L ljt/0f ul/G5 . o:tf] kl| jm| ofnfO{ Kofsl] hª elgG5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 101

#= Kofsl] hª ugf{sf sf/0f

o;n] pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ 66' km' 6 tyf xfgL gfS] ;fgL xg' af6 hfu] fp“5 . pTkflbt j:ts' f]
9j' fgL ;lhnf] / ;/' lIft kf5 { . To;sf] u0' f:t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod /fV5 . pTkflbt
j:ts' f] ;f| t] , tf}n / pTkfbg ldltsf af/]df pkefS] tfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fp5“  . j:t' pTkfbg
ug]{ ;:+ yf jf 6«8] dfs{nfO{ ljZj;gLo / kl/lrt u/fp5“  . pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ahf/df
cfslift{ u/fp5“  .

$= ;fgf kl/df0fsf] h8La6' L k|zfw] g of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf0{ f

h8La6' Lsf] ;f/ tŒj 56' \ofpg] k|ljlw Pjd\ sRrf kbfy{ ;ª\sng / To;kl5 ckgfOg]
k|ljm| ofnfO{ h8La6' L k|zf]wg elgG5 . h8La'6LnfO{ s6' g\ ,' lk:g,' lgkmGg', s]nfpg,' 5f6\g,'
;kmf ug,'{ ;s' fpg,' 6'jm| f kfg',{ emfn] agfpg', t]n lgsfNg', ksfpg,' afkm lgsfNg' h:tf
lj|mofsf ;dli6 ¿k g} k|zf]wg xf ] . ;fgf jf 7'nf pbo\ f]udf kz| f]wg ug{] k|lj|mof klg oL
g} x'g\ . oL kl| jm| of h8La'6Lsf] hft / kl/df0fcg;' f/ km/s km/s xg' ;S5g \ .

h8La6' L kz| fw] g ofh] gf lgDgfg;' f/n] ug{ ;lsG5 M

j|m= ;=+ h8La6' Lsf] gfd ;ªs\ ng ug{] efu kz| fw] g kl| j|mof kz| f]wg vr{

!= Sofdf]dfOn km" n / sx] L @—# lbg 3fddf ;+oGqdf ko| f]u
;s' fP/, k|zf]wg ubfs{ f] vr,{ HofdL
kft ;o+ Gqdf /fVg] tyf oflGqs vr{



@= dG] yf h/fafxs] ;a } l:6d l8l:6n;] g HofdL tyf
afnL sf6L cfO] nfP/ kl| jlwaf6 t]n l8l:6n;] g vr {
/fVg] lgsfNg]

#= wl;ª\u]| kft kftnfO{ 5fofdf kft l6Kg] Hofnf
;s' fpg,] akmfpg] / vr{ /
l8l:6n;] g kl| jlwaf6 l8l:6n;] g vr{
lgsfNg]




k|zfw] g of]hgfsf] 9f“rf — k|zfw] g ljlw — kz| fw] g vr{
— h8La6' Lsf] kl/df0f — laj|mL ljt/0fsf] d"No — gfkmf, gf]S;fg
— k|zf]lwt j:t'sf] kl/df0f

102 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

%= h8La6' Lsf] laj|mL ljt/0f / lx;fa lstfa Joj:yfkg

h8La'6L vt] L ubf{ g;{/Lb]lv pTkfbg;Dd xg' ] / ul/g] k|lj|mofdf ljljw vr{ nfU5 . o;df
HofdL, lap, dn, l;“rfO, uf8] dn] , /fu] / ls/fsf] pkrf/, sL6gfzs cfi} fwL k|ofu] h:tf
ljm| of k5g{  \ . h8La6' L ;ªs\ ng, kz| fw] g, e08f/0f, Kofsl] hª h:tf ljm| ofdf klg vr{ nfU5 .
;fy} lajm| L ljt/0fdf klg vr{ x'G5 . oL ;a} vr{ s6fO{ xg' ] z'4 gfkmf gf 3f6fsf] lx;fa
lstfa /fVg'k5{ .

;fgf jf 7n' f h8La'6L v]tL ug{] ls;fg g} ltgLx¿sf] kmfd{ jf v]tLsf Joj:yfks xg'  \ .
oL s[ifs jf Joj:yfksn] lbgx“' ePsf vr{ zLifs{ / ljj/0f /fV5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pTkflbt
j:t'sf] ;xL dN" ofª\sg xg' uO{ lajm| L ljt/0fdf ;d]t ;lhnf] x'G5 . pTkflbt j:t'sf] dN" o
lgwf/{ 0f ug{] cfwf/ aG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf k|ofu] xg' ] !) cf6] f h8La6' Lx¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng
u/ / h8La'6Lsf] gdg' f;lxt sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@= 3/n] ' ¿kdf pTkfbg xg' ] h8La6' Lsf] Kofsl] hª ljlw pSt :yndf g} uO{ cjnfs] g u/
/ kl| tj]bg tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= h8La6' LnfO{ cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/g] kfr“ cf6] f h8La6' Lsf] gfd / /fu] sf] pkrf/ n]v .

@= zª[ \uf/sf ¿kdf ko| f]u x'g] h8La6' L s] s] xg' \ < ltgLx¿af6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t'sf]
gfd;lxt nv]  .

#= gk] fndf h8La6' Lsf] pBfu] wGbf s:tf] 5, j0fg{ u/ .

$= h8La6' L Kofs]lhªsf kd| 'v ljzi] ftf dfly ks| fz kf/ .

%= h8La'6Lsf] laj|mL ljt/0f tyf lx;fa lstfa Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, n]v .

ko| f]ufTds lj|mofsnfk

!= cleefjssf] ;xof]u lnO{ :yfgLo h8La6' L ;ª\sng u/ / 3/n] ' ¿kdf sg' }
cfi} fwL agfO{ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm . To; cfi} fwLdf ko| fu] ePsf h8La6' Lsf gfd klg
k:| tt' u/ .

@= glhssf] h8La6' L k|zfw] g s]Gb|df e|d0f ug{] Joj:yf ldnfO{ pSt sG] b|sf] h8La6' L
kz| fw] gdf cjnfs] g ul/Psf s/' fsf cfwf/df kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L lzIfsnfO{ ae' mfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 103

PsfO !! M kz'kIfL :ofxf/ / x]/rfx

kf7 ! e]8fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ |f kfng

xfdf| ] bz] df efu} fl] ns Pjd\ cflys{ bl[ i6sf0] fn] e8] fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ f| kfng Joj;fo pkoS' t
dflgG5 . e]8fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ |f kfng Joj;fon] si[ fssf] /fh] uf/L / cfo j[l4 ug{
;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M

!= r/gsf] ;/+ If0f

e]8fafv|f tyf Rofªu\ |fnfO{ xl/of] 3f;“ kft v'jfpg ;s] dx“uf] bfgfsf] e/ kg'{kb}{g . o;n]
ubf{ pTkfbg nfut sd x'g hfG5 . o;sf nflu r/g Ifq] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f
ug{ h?/L x'G5 . r/gsf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu :yfgLo 3f“;kftnfO{ a9fjf lbO{ ltgsf] lj:tf/
ug{k' 5 { . 3'DtL r/g k|0ffnL ckgfP/ r/g Ifq] sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

e8] f afvf| sf nflu Snfe] /, /fOuf| ;, ltdfy] L, sS; km6' h:tf 3f;“ pdfg{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}
sfO] /fnf], ufof], lub/] L, a8x/, 6fs“ L, s6' ld/f,] lsDa' h:tf 8fn] 3f;“ x¿ nufpg ;lsG5 .
t/fOs{ f kfgL w/] } xg' ] 7fpd“ f gl] ko/, n;' g{ , sO' h,' er] , ;fu] d{ , afhf| , :6fOnf,] l6kf;] G] 6L h:tf
3f;“ nufpg ;lsG5 . Toxf“ /x]sf vfnL 7fp“df klg pkoS' t 3f“;sf lap nufpg'k5{ .

@= /fu] sf] klxrfg / pkrf/sf tl/sf

e8] fafv|fdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ljiff0f,' hLjf0f,' ;"Id k/hLjL / 9';Lsf sf/0fn] w/] } /fu]
nfU5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL /f]u o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ kL= kL= cf/= M of] /f]u e]8fafv|fsf] x}hf /f]u eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . of] ljiff0fs' f sf/0f
xg' ] vt/gfs /f]u xf ] . of] /fu] nfu]kl5 e8] fafv|f ;vfk} klg x'g ;S5g \ . e]8fafv|fnfO{
!)$) bl] v !)^) km/]gxfO6;Dd Hj/f] cfpg,] z/L/ lhlu|ª aGg], y't'gf] ;'Svf x'g] tyf
cf“vf /ftf] xg' ] o; /f]usf nIf0f x'g\ . ;fy} o; /f]udf vfgf gvfg], gfsaf6 kfgL aUg,]
gfsleq 3fp xg' ,] sfnf] 5g] ]{, hn ljofh] g xg' ], % bl] v !) lbg;Dddf hgfj/ dg]{ tyf
Aofpg] kz' tl' xg] j|md hf/L /xG5 . of] /f]u /fs] yfdsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ jif{df of] /f]u lj?4sf]

vf]k nufpg'k5{ .

-v_ 5/] f6} L M ljleGg /f]usf sL6f0f', k/hLjL, ljiffbL cflbsf sf/0f 5/] f}6L nfUg ;S5 .
of] /f]u nfus] f kz' bA' nfp“b} hfg,] pTkfbg 36\g], sdhf/] x'g], vfg dg gk/fpg] tyf
vfPsf] vfgf klg krfpg g;Sg] x'G5g\ . 5]/f}6L nfus] f kz'nfO{ g]Anf]g, kuf{s] ]o/ h:tf

104 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

cf}ifwL vj' fOG5 . lb;f h“rfp“bf k/hLjL b]lvPdf ;fa] dfl] hdsf] cfi} fwL v'jfpg'k5{ . vf]/
sf] ;/;kmfO ug{k' 5{ . ljleGg /fu] lj?bw\ sf] vf]k nufpg] Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5 { .

-u_ lgdf]lgof M of] e]8fafvf| sf] k|d'v /fu] dWo] Ps xf ] . ljiff0f', hLjf0f,' 9';L / kmf]S;fsf]
hs' fsf sf/0fn] lgdf]lgof x'g ;S5 . ;'?df l56f] l56f] Zjf; km]g]{ t/ kl5 Zjf;kZ| jf;df
cj/fw] cfpg,] Hj/f] cfpg] / vf]sL nfUg] o;sf nIf0f xg'  \ . ;fy} gfsaf6 l;u“ fg aufpg,]
3f6“ L £of/ £of/ aHg] / vfg dg gug{] klg lgdf]lgofs} nIf0f x'g\ . o;sf] pkrf/sf
nflu Gofgf] tyf cf]efg] vf]/df /fVg], Plen ;O' { nufpg], SofÇng] kfp8/ vj' fpg] tyf
PlG6afofl] 6s ;O' { # b]lv % lbg;Dd nufpg] ugk'{ 5{ .

-3_ yg' ]nf] M yg' jf sNrf}“8f] ;l' gg,] y'gaf6 /ut jf lkk cfpg], b'w ;S' g,] ;dodf pkrf/
geP yg' aGb xg' ] h:tf y'gn] fsf] kd| v' nIf0f xg'  \ . vf]/sf] ;/;kmfO ug,{] PlG6afof]l6s
;'O{ nufpg] tyf dnxd nufpg] h:tf ljlwaf6 y'g]nfsf] pkrf/ ul/G5 .

-ª_ k]6 km' Ng] jf 9fl8g] /fu] M of] kz'sf] k6] df xfjf w]/} hDdf eO{ x'g] cj:yf xf] . kz'n]
ds,} bfnafnL jf cGgkft, 8fn] 3f;“ , sf;] ] afnL jf ljiffn' 3f;“ vfb“ f k6] km' Ng] cj:yf
cfp“5 . k]6df xfjf / lkm“h a9L eO{ lgsf;f xg' g;s]sf] v08df kz' d5{ .

ba] |] k]6 k'mnL esG' 8f] h:tf] xg' ], d'vaf6 ¥ofn lgsfNg] / ;f; kmg] { cK7\of/f] x'g] o; /fu] sf
nIf0f xg'  \ . ;fy} k6] b'vs] f] cg'ej xg' ], 56k6fpg] / s/fpg], lb;flk;fa aGb x'g] nIf0f
klg o; /f]u nfu]df bv] f k5{g\ . o; /fu] sf] pkrf/ ubf{ bfgf aGb ug{,] Plen jf 6«fs] /
Sofg'nf jf df6] f] ;'O{ nufpg], PlG6afof]l6ssf] ko| fu] ug{] ug'k{ 5{ . ;fy} ckmlgn, Anf]6f]
l;n jf l6lDkn cf}ifwL vj' fpg] tyf le6fldg aL ;O' { nufpg] klg ug{'k5{ .

#= kmfObf

e]8fafvf| tyf Rofª\u|faf6 kd| 'v ¿kdf df;' pTkfbg xG' 5 . df;'afx]s bw' , 5fnf, /f“,}
dndq" klg pTkfbg x'G5g\ . df;'afx]s bf;] f| ] dxŒjk0" f{ pTkfbg pmg xf ] . xfdf| ] bz] df
jflif{s ¿kdf e8] fsf] pmg %*#=% d=] 6g pTkfbg eO/xs] f] 5 . o:t} e]8faf6 a;{]lg
^%) d=] 6g dndq" klg pTkfbg eO{ vt] af/Ldf ko| fu] eO/x]sf] 5 . e]8fsf] l3p kf]l;nf]
dflgG5 . of] cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf klg ko| f]u ul/G5 . afvf| sf] bw' af6 dsjfgk/' , lrTnfªsf
s[ifsn] lrh pTkfbg u/L ljbz] df ;dt] k7fpg] u/s] f 5g\ .

$= pTkflbt j:t'sf] u0' f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f

:j:y hgfj/af6 dfq :j:y df;' pTkfbg xG' 5 . df;' :j:ys/ ¿kdf /fVg lkm| hdf /
fVgk' 5 { . df;' tfh} ¿kdf ko| fu] ug]{ ePdf t?' Gt} ko| fu] ul/xfNgk' 5 { . xfn vfB k|ljlw tyf
u'0f lgoGq0f ljefun] ko| fu] zfnf k/LIf0f u/L u0' f:t/ gePsf df;'sf Jofkf/LnfO{ sfg'gL
sf/afxL ug{;dt] yfns] f] 5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 105

e8] fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ f| af6 pTkflbt pmg wfO] { jf kvfnL To;nfO{ ;s' fpb“ f To;sf] u'0f:t/
/fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf pgsf] e08f/0f cf]efgf] :yfgdf ugk{' 5{ .

%= pTkflbt j:t' ;/+ If0f, Kofs]lhª / 9j' fgL

kza' f6 pTkflbt df;' / pgsf] ;+/If0f /fd|f];u“ ug'k{ 5 { . df;' Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf
nh} fg ljleGg ks| f/sf Knfl:6ssf Aofu jf sG6g] /df Kofs ug'{k5 { . ;fy} ljz]if k|sf/n]
lr;f] /xg] u/L agfOPsf uf8Lsf] ko| f]u ug{k' 5{ .

pgsf nflu af]/f jf 7n' f emfn] fdf Kofs]lhª ug'k{ 5 { . To;kl5 6«s jf a;df /fvL pTkflbt
Ifq] af6 wfuf] sfTg] jf aG' g] pbo\ fu] ;Dd n}hfg] Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5 { .

^= pTkfbg xg' ] j:ts' f] ahf/ Joj:yfkg

df;' sf6L ar] lavg ug{] xf] eg] ;dodf g} laj|mL ljt/0f ug'{u5 { . To;sf nflu /fdf| ]
ahf/ x'g' h?/L 5 . df;' Jofkf/Ln] cfÇgf] pTkfbg cGo k;naf6 ;d]t lajm| L ug{ ;S5g \ .

;fgf kl/df0fsf] e]8fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ f| kfng of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f ug]{ gdg' f

j|m= ;=+ ljj/0f PsfO kl/df0f b/ -?=_ hDdf /sd -?=_

!= k'“hLut vr{
hDdf
@= rfn' vr{
hDdf

lj|mofsnfk
glhssf] uf]7df uO{ e]8fafvf| tyf Rofª\u|f kfngsf] cj:yf klxrfg u/ .
cEof;
!= e8] fafvf| df nfUg] k|d'v ltg /fu] sf gfd n]vL ltgLx¿sf] nIf0f / pkrf/ tl/sf n]v .
@= e8] fafvf| kfng Joj;fodf lsg r/g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'g h?/L 5, 5nkmn u/ .
#= e8] fafvf| tyf Rofªu\ |f kfng Joj;foaf6 xg' ] kd| v' pTkfbg s] s] xg' \, ;r" L agfpm .

106 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 @ ufO{e“};L tyf rf}/“ L kfng

xfd|f] b]zsf] lxdfnL If]qdf rf}“/L / cGo If]qdf ufO{e}“;L kfng
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf g} ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ufO{, e}“;L jf rf}“/L
r/fpg] 7fpn“ fO{ r/g elgG5 . jg hªu\ n, le/ kv/] f, uNnL / vN' nf
rp/df hgfj/nfO{ 3f;“ rg{ 5fl] 8G5 . o:tf r/g Ifq] ufOe{ ;“} L tyf rf/“} L kfns si[ fssf
nflu cToGt pkof]uL Ifq] dflgG5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpgk' 5{ M

!= r/gsf] ;/+ If0f M lxhf]cfh kz' kfns s[ifsn] cfÇgf] lghL hUufdf ljleGg ks| f/sf
3f;“ ] afnL nufP/ xs' fp{ g] u/]sf 5g \ . gl] ko/, :6fOnf] al;d{ , ufDaf, er] , cld|;f] h:tf
3f“;] afnL kzs' f nflu pkofu] L dflgG5g\ . logsf ;fy} :yfgLo jf pGgt 3f;“ ] afnLx¿
r/g If]qdf nufO{ o;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ clt h?/L 5 . 3f“;kft a9L v'jfpg ;sd] f cGgkft
sd u/L pTkfbg nfut 36fpg ;lsG5 .

@= /f]usf] klxrfg / pkrf/ M ufO{e}“;Ldf cgs] /f]un] cfj|md0f u5{g \ . ;dodf pkrf/
x'g g;s]df ufOe{ }“;L dg{ ;S5g \ . o;n] ubf{ cfly{s Iflt eO{ si[ fsnfO{ ;d:ofdf kf5{ .
ufO{ e}“;Ldf nfUg] s]xL /f]usf af/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ Eofut' ] /f]u M of] hLjf0fa' f6 x'g] /fu] xf] . Eofut' ] /fu] udL{ df;} ddf a9L b]lvG5 .
of] ufOe{ ;“} Lsf nflu vt/gfs /f]u xf ] . of] /fu] nfUbf !)^ bl] v !)& l8uL| km/]gxfO6;Dd
Hj/f] cfO{ ufO{e};“ Ln] gfsd'vaf6 ¥ofn l;u“ fg sf8\5g \ . /fu] nfus] f kz'df klxnf lb;f
slAhot xg' ,] k5fl8 /ut ldl;Psf] kftnf] lb;f ug{], bf“t s6s6fpg] nIf0f bv] f k5{ .
Eofut' ] /fu] nfu]sf] ^ bl] v * 306fkl5 kz' d5g{  \ . o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu ;Nkmf ;dx" sf]
PlG6afof]l6s rnfpgk' 5 { . lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxdf clS;66] f« ;fOlsng / Snf/] fd] kml] gsn
PlG6afofl] 6s lbgk' 5 { .

-v_ vf]/t] /fu] M of] ljiff0fa' f6 nfUg] /fu] xf] . k|foM h;f] jiffo{ fddf v'/ kmf6s] f
hgfj/df of] /f]u a9L b]lvG5 . o; /fu] df v/' sf] sfkfdf 3fp xg' ,] Hj/f] cfpg,] v'6\6f
l;wf 6]Sg g;Sg,] dv' df 3fp eO{ ¥ofn sf9\g], bw' lbg] hgfj/ eP b'w pTkfbg 36g\ ,]
bA' nfpg] h:tf nIf0f bv] f k5g{ \ . o; /f]usf] pkrf/ ubf{ dv' sf] 3fpnfO{ Ps kl| tzt kf6] f;
kfgLdf lkm6l\ s/L ld;fO{ ;kmf ugk{' 5 { . v/' sf 3fpnfO{ kf]6f; kfgLn] ;kmf u/L lxdS} ; jf
nf/] ]shg] dnd nufpgk' 5{ . ;fy} v'6\6fsf] 3fpdf lkmgn] emf]n ko| f]u u/L ;kmf ug'{k5{ .

-u_ gfDn] /f]u M of] /f]u k/hLjL hs' fsf sf/0fn] x'g] /f]u xf ] . of] /f]u clwsf+z kz'df
nfUg] u5 { . gfDn] /fu] nfUbf kz'df emf]j|mfpg,] bfgfkfgL gvfg,] b'Anfp“b} hfg], /f}“ 7f8f
x'g,] 6fpsf] jf Rofk' jf x\ofsn' f] ;'lgg] h:tf nIf0f b]vf k5{g \ . ;fy} kftnf] uGxfpg]
5g] {], s'g} sg' n} ] sfnf] lb;f ug{], df6f] vfg], sn]hf] laluP| / hfg] tyf cfv“ faf6 cf;“ '
jf lrk|f cfpg] h:tf nIf0f klg b]lvG5g\ . gfDn] /fu] sf] prf/ ubf{ h]gfO8 af]n; !

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 107

u|fd k|lt !)) ls= uf| = tfn} cg';f/ vj' fpgk' 5 { . Çofl;gS] ; ! afn] ; k|lt &% ls= u|f=
tf}ncg';f/ v'jfOG5 . gfDn] /fu] sf] cfi} fwL vj' fpb“ f lrlsT;ssf ;Nnfx lnO{ # bl] v $ lbg;Dd
lne/ 6lgs vj' fpgk' 5 { .

-3_ yg' n] f] M slxns] fxL“ ufO,{ e}“;L / rf}“/Lsf y'gsf] leqL efudf bw' pTkfbg ug]{ sfl] ifsf
tyf sNrf8“+} f cfl+ zs ¿kn] laluG| 5g \ . To;n} ] bw' df /ut tyf lkk ldl;P/ cfp5“  . o;
/fu] sf] gfd g} yg' n] f] xf] . yg' jf sNrf8“} f /ftf] / tftf] xg' ', bw' uflgg', bw' b'x'b“ f /ut /
lkk cfpg' h:tf o; /fu] sf nIf0fdf xg'  \ . o; /fu] sf] pkrf/ ubf{ bw' bfl] x;sk] l5 kfl] el8g
cfofl] 8g ld;fPsf] emf]ndf y'gnfO{ s]xLa/] 8'afpgk' 5 { . uf7] , kz,' bw' b'xg' ] dflg;sf] xft
jf cf“n} f / ef“8fdf ;kmf ugk{' 5{ . kf| ljlwssf] ;Nnfxadfl] hd PlG6afof]l6s rnfpg'k5{ .

#= kmfObf M ufO{ tyf rf}“/Laf6 bw' , ufa] / / d/k] l5 5fnf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . e“;} Laf6
b'w, df;', uf]a/, 5fnf / xf8 lng ;lsG5 .

$= pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f M lxhf]cfh b'Uw ljsf; s]Gb|n]
ufOe{ ;“} Lsf] bw' pTkfbg If]qaf6 cfÇgf] l8kf]dfkmt{ ;ªs\ ng u5 { . o:t} kf| Oe6] b'Uw
;ªs\ ng ;+:yfn] klg bw' ;ª\sng u/L kz| f]wg u5{g \ . u0' f:t/ ljefun] pSt sG] b| jf
;:+ yfn] kz| fw] g u/L pTkfbg u/s] f lrhnfO{ u0' f:t/sf] lrxg\ kb| fg u5{ . gk] fn ;/sf/n]
lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f] dfkb08df geP tL ;:+ yfnfO{ sf/afxL klg u5 { . b'w tyf df;' lau|g glbg
/l] k|mlh/6] / jf lr:ofg s]Gb|df /fVgk' 5{ .

%= pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;+/If0f, Kofs]lhª / 9'jfgL M g]kfnsf b'w ;ª\sng s]Gb|df
lr:ofg s]Gb| klg 5g \ . k|zf]lwt b'w tyf b'UwhGo kbfyn{ fO{ Knfl:6s jf l;;fsf] af]tn,
kfprnufotdf Kofsl] hª ul/G5 . To;kl5 pSt Ifq] af6 lajm| L ljt/0fsf nflu 9'jfgL
ul/G5 . o:t} df;'sf pb\ofu] af6 klg df;' sf6/] kfs]6df /fvL lr:ofg Eofgsf ;xfotfn]
ahf/;Dd 9'jfgL ug{] Joj:yf ul/G5 .

^= ahf/ Joj:yfkg M xfdf| ] bz] df bw' tyf df;s' f] ahf/ cku' g} 5 . ;fy} bz] df bU' whGo
kbfy{ / df;'sf] dfu k'/f xg' ;ls/xs] f] 5g}  . o; sf/0f df;' / bU' whGo kbfy{sf] dfu
Pjd\ ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu yk sfo{ x'g h?/L 5 . pTkfbs / pkef]Stfsf lardf
pTkfbgsf cfwf/df tfndn] x'g h?/L 5 . xfn g]kfndf l5d]sL b]zaf6 df;' / bU' whGo
kbfys{ f] cfk"lt{ x'g] u/s] f] 5 .

&= ;fgf kl/df0fsf] kz'kfng of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f M ufOe{ ;“} L kfng egs] f] 7'nf
hgfj/sf] kfng xf] . kzk' fng Joj;foaf6 b'w, df;', 5fnf h:tf Joj;fo klg ;~rfng
ug{ ;lsG5 . j1} flgs tj/n] kzk' fng ubf{ To;af6 /f]huf/Lsf] l;hg{ f;dt] x'G5 /
cflys{ pTyfg ug{ dbt kU' 5 . kz' kfng of]hgf lgdf0{ f ubf{ o;df nfUg] l:y/ k“h' Lut
vr{ / jflifs{ rfn' vr{ rflxG5 . tn gd'gfsf ¿kdf :yfoL kh“' Lut vrs{ f] 9f“rf k:| tt'

ul/Psf] 5 M

108 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

ljj/0f PsfO kl/df0f b/ -?=_ hDdf /sd

xhf/df ?= -xhf/df_

!)—!% ln= bl} gs b'w lbg] ;ªV\ of !) *) *))
ufO{ vl/b

ufO{ uf7] lgdf{0f, kl| tufO{ %) ;ªV\ of ! $)) $))
jul{ km6 Ifq] kmn / kl| tjul{ km6
?= $)) sf b/n]

afR5fafR5Lsf] uf7] lgdf{0f, ;ª\Vof ! ^) ^)
k|lt afR5fafR5L @) ju{lkm6
Ifq] kmn / k|ltjul{ km6
?= @)) sf b/n ]

sDkf]:6 dn vf8n ;ª\Vof ! %) %)

pks/0f ! !))

ljljw ()

hDdf !,%))

lj|mofsnfk

!= glhssf] kz' :jf:Yo sG] bd| f uO{ Ps jifl{ eq ufO,{ e};“ L la/fdL ePsf / pkrf/
ePsf] clen]v n]pm / s'g s'g /fu] nfus] f /x]5g,\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

@= ltdf| ] If]qdf bw' pTkfbg u/L sxf“ laj|mL ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5, vl/b stf{ sf] xg' ,\
gk] fn bw' ljsf; ;:+ yfgsf] l8kf] 5÷5}g, pNn]v u/ .

cEof;

!= ufOe{ ;“} Ldf nfUg] kd| v' bO' { /fu] sf] gfd nv] L ltgLx¿sf] nIf0f / pkrf/ tl/sf nv]  .
@= ufO{e“;} L kfng Joj;fodf r/g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'g h?/L 5, o; egfOnfO{ k:| 6 kf/ .
#= ufOe{ ;“} L Joj;foaf6 xg' ] kd| 'v pTkfbgx¿ s] s] xg' \ < ;"rL agfpm .

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk
!% cf6] f ufO{ kfngsf nflu :yfoL kh“' Lut vr{sf] 9fr“ f lgdf0{ f u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 109

kf7 # aªu\ /' kfng

!= vfgf÷bfgfsf] ;/+ If0f M aªu\ /' n] aflx/ lx8“ b\ f kfOPsf 3f;“ kft
vfg] u5g{  \ . logn] cGo hgfj/n] h:tf] /];f ePsf cfxf/f krfpg
;Sb}gg\ . aª\u/' sf] cfxf/fdf % b]lv ^ kl| tzt xl/of] 3f“;, lk“8fn',
l;:g' / efG;fdf a9L ePsf eft, t/sf/L h:tf lrh lbg ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf aªu\ '/ vn' f 5f8] L kfNg] rng klg 5 .

@= /fu] sf] klxrfg / pkrf/

-s_ Plgldof M of] /utsf] sdLaf6 x'g] /fu] xf ] . dfpsf] b'waf6 kf| Kt kmnfd tŒj gk'u
ePsf kf7fkf7LnfO{ of] /f]u nfU5 . o; /f]u nfu]df sdhf]/ eO{ k'mltn{ f] gx'g] tyf n'nf]
b]lvG5 . o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu kf7fkf7L hGds] f] ltg lbgkl5 klxnf] k6s Ps Pd=Pn= cfO/g
;'O{ nufpg'k5{ . To;sf] b; lbgkl5 bO' { Pd=Pn= cfO/g ;'O{ bf;] f| ] k6s nufpg'k5 { .

-v_ nt' f] M n'tfn] ] aª\u'/sf] sfg, uw{g / 9f8df a9L ke| fj kfb5{  . nt' f] nfu]df uf]N8g
nf;] g, lxdS] ;, Ps6fl] dg % Pd=Pn= % ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ gx' fP/ cfjZos dnd nufOlbgk' 5 { .

-u_ :jfOg lkma/ M of] ljiff0fa' f6 nfUg] /f]u xf ] . of] /fu] nfu]kl5 vfgf jf bfgf gvfg,]
emfj] m| fpg,] uf6] f lb;f ug,]{ lb;fdf /utdf;L b]lvg] / gfsaf6 /ut hfg] klg x'g ;S5 .
Hj/f] !)$) b]lv !)^) l8uL| kmf/g] xfO6;Dd cfp5“  . ;fy} kfgL vfg dg ug{], kfgL h:t}
5]g,]{ v6' 6\ fn] lx“8\8'n ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 . z/L/el/ lgnf yf]Knf bl] vG5g \ . afSnf] lkkem“}
l;u“ fg aufO{ lgdfl] gof eP/ dg{ klg ;S5 . o;sf] /fs] yfdsf nflu bO' { dlxgfsf] pd/] sf]
kf7fkf7LnfO{ :jfOg lkma/ EoflS;g nufpgk' 5 { . dfp aªu\ /' nfO{ ! ld= ln= sf b/n] k|Tos]
jif{ EoflS;g nufpg'k5 { .

-3_ Eofu't] /f]u M of] /f]u nfu]kl5 aª\u'/sf] 3f“6L / lha|f] ;'lgO{ vfg Pjd\ ;f;
km]g{ c;lhnf] xG' 5 . olt a]nf !)$) b]lv !)^) l8u|L km/g] xfO6;Dd Hj/f] cfp5“  . of]
/fu] df 6]6f« ;fOlsng jf ;Nkmfl8dfl8g ;'O{ $ bl] v % lbg;Dd df;'df nufp“bf l7s x'G5 .

-ª_ vf/] t] /fu] M o; /fu] n] kf7fkf7LnfO{ a9L ;tfp5“  . of] /fu] nfud] f dv' / lhaf| df vl6/f
cfp5“  . o;n] ubf{ ¥ofn dv' aflx/ b]lvG5 . /f]un] v/' sf lar efudf cfjm| d0f ug]{ xb'“ f
vfR] ofP/ lx“8\5 . o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu lkm6l\ s/Lsf] Ps kl| tzt emf]ndf v'6\6f ;kmf u/L
lxdS] ; dnd nufpg'k5 { . ;fy} lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx lnO{ pkrf/ ug{k' 5{ .

110 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

#= kmfObf M aª\u'/ kfngaf6 k|dv' ¿kdf df;' pTkfbg ul/G5 . ;fy} aª\u/' sf] dndq"
vt] af/L / df5f kfng kf]v/Ldf klg k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;sf] df;'af6 ;;]h, a]sg / ;nfdL
h:tf kl/sf/ agfpg] pBfu] x¿ ;~rfng xb“' } cfO/xs] f 5g \ .

$= pTkflbt j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f M z'4 gZnsf hft lar kh| gg u/
fO{ hGds] f j0f;{ ª\s/nfO{ df;s' f nflu kflnG5 . j0f{;ª\s/ rf“8} a95\  . o;df yf]/} bfgf
vfP/ w/] } df;' nfU5 . w/] } jif;{ Dd aª\u'/ kfNbf df;s' f] eGbf af];f]sf] dfqf w/] } a95\  .
To;}n] #—$ dlxgf b]lv ^—* dlxgf;Ddsf aª\u/' sf df;s' f] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] dflgG5 . o;df
nufgLsf] tn' gfdf dg' fkmf klg xG' 5 . aªu\ /' sf] df;' l8k lkm| hdf /fVg' jf e08f/0f ugk{' 5 { .

%= pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;+/If0f, Kofs]lhª / 9j' fgL M df;' l56} ;8g\ ] jf uNg] j:t' ePsf] x“'bf
jwzfnfdf tof/ ePsf] df;' sfN] 8 :6f/] jf l8k lk|mhdf /fVg' clt cfjZos 5 . ;;]h,
x\ofd, as] g, ;nfdL h:tf aªu\ /' sf] df;a' f6 ags] f kl/sf/ sf]N8 :6f/] ]hdf Kofs]lhª u/L
e08f/0f ug'{k5 { . o:tf pTkfbg ahf/;Dd 9'jfgL ug{] ka| Gw ldnfpgk' 5 { .

^= ahf/ Joj:yfkg M g]kfndf *) kl| tzt hlt pTkflbt ;'u“ /' tyf aª\u'/ s[ifs cfkm}“n]
sf6L :yfgLo ahf/df lajm| L ljt/0f u5g{  \ . afs“ L :yfgLo ;ªs\ ng stfn{ fO{ jf bnfnnfO{
a]R5g \ . ltgLx¿n] xf6 ahf/df nuL sf6L a]R5g\ . w/fg] sfnf] aª\u/' sf] ahf/ sf7df8f“},
kfv] /f tyf ef/tsf] l;nu8' Ldf ;d]t lj:tf/ eO/xs] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= glhssf] aª\u'/ kfng kmfd{ jf s[ifssxf“ uP/ aª\u'/df nfUg] /f]u / ltgsf]
pkrf/sf af/]df ;fw] ]/ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@= aªu\ '/sf] bfgfkfgLsf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= aªu\ '/df nfUg] s'g} tLgcf]6f k|d'v /f]usf] klxrfg / pkrf/ ljlw n]v .
@= g]kfndf aª\u/' sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg s:tf] 5, n]v .
#= aªu\ '/ kfng Joj;fosf] eljio pHHjn 5÷5}g, cfkmg\ f] ts{ nv]  .

ko| fu] fTds lj|mofsnfk

dfgf“,} ltd|f] ;db' fosf s[ifs /fdaxfb'/ cfn]n] !) cf6] f pGgt hftsf aªu\ /' kfng ug{]
ofh] gfsf nflu ltdL;“u ;Nnfx lng cfP eg] ltdL of]hgf thd'{ f s;/L ug{ ;S5f},
lgh si[ fsnfO{ lbg] aª\u/' sf] 3/ jf uf]7b]lv bfgfkfgL ;d]tsf] vr{ ljj/0f, nfut
vr{nufot kIfsf] of]hgfsf] vfsf agfO{ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 111

kf7 $ v/fof] kfng

v/fof] :tgwf/L ;dx" df kg{] Ps zfGt k|s[ltsf] 3/kfn'jf hgfj/
xf] . of] hgfj/ ljzi] f u/L df;' tyf pgsf nflu kfNg] ul/G5 .
s;} s;}n] eg] o;nfO{ ;f]vsf ¿kdf kfn]sf] klg kfOG5 .

ljzi] f u/L df;s' f nflu kflng] v/fof] ;fdfGo vfnsf] xG' 5 eg] cªu\ f/] f
hftsf] v/fof] pg tyf df;' b'j}sf nflu kfNg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ 3/sf] ;fgf] 7fpd“ f
Pp6f vf/] agfO{ kfNg ;lsG5 t/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf kfng ug{sf nflu ;fx] Ladfl] hdsf]
;/+ rgfsf] lgdf0{ f ugk'{ b5{ . cª\uf/] f hftsf] v/fof] ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf] 3/ kfn'jf hftdWo] Ps
xf] . of] v/fofs] f] pmg clt g} dl;gf] x'g] x'gfn] o;af6 g/d tyf hf8f]sf] ;dodf nufpg]
Gofgf] nu' f tof/ ul/G5 . o;sf] dl;gf /fn“} fO{ klZdgf elgG5 . gk] fndf Jofj;flos ¿kdf
pTkflbt kl:dgfsf] n'ufx¿ ljbz] df ;dt] lgof{t xb“' } cfPsf 5g\ . ljut s]xL ;docl3
g]kfndf kl:dgf pBf]u lgs} km:6fPsf] lyof] . o:tf] kl:dgfsf] pTkfbg cfsif{s tyf
dxu“ f;] dt] xg' ] ub5{ . gk] fnsf] kj" f~{ rn Ifq] cGtut{ kg{] wgs6' f lhNnfdf Jofj;flos ¿kdf
cªu\ f]/f hftsf] v/fof] kfng ul/“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

v/fof] kfng ug{] ljlw ;dx" agfO{ 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= v/fof] kfngaf6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

112 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 % df5f kfng

!= cfxf/sf] ;/+ If0f

df5fn] hnfzodf ePsf k|fs[lts tyf s[lqd cfxf/ vf]hL
vfG5g\ . sdg sfk{ / Uff| ; sfk{ hftsf df5fn] sl[ qd cfxf/f
?rfp“5g\ . t/ l;Ne/ sfk{, laux8] sfk{ / Eofs/' hftsf
df5fn] kf| sl[ ts cfxf/f dfq ?rfp5“ g \ . kfv] /Ldf sl[ qd cfxf/fsf
;fy;fy} kf| sl[ ts cfxf/f jl[ 4 / ljsf; ug'{k5 { . o;sf nflu
sDkf:] 6 dn @))) bl] v @%)) ls= u|f= kl| tx]S6/ kl| tjif{sf
b/n] df5f kfv] /Ldf /fVgk' 5 { . o;} u/L @@) ls= uf| = gfO6«fh] g / %$% ls= uf| = kmf]:kmf/] ;
kl| txS] 6/ k|ltjif{sf b/n] df5f kfv] /Ldf /fVg'k5 { . o;f] ePdf k|fs[lts ¿kdf ‰ofp,
np] tyf cGo hLjf0f' / df5fsf k|fsl[ ts cfxf/fsf] jb[ l\ w xG' 5 . kf]v/Ldf sl[ qd cfxf/f
klg ;“u;“u} lbb} hfg'k5{ .

@= /fu] sf] klxrfg / pkrf/

-s_ ;t] f] yf]Kn] /fu] M of] /fu] nfUbf df5fsf] aflx/L efu xl/of] /ª xb'“ } hfG5 . 5fnf kftnf]
xG' 5 . df5f ;:' t xG' 5 . z/L/el/ 3fp bl] vG5g \ . ltg} 3fpdf ;t] f yfK] nf bl] vG5g \ . o;n]
df5fsf] 5fnfdl' g / kv6] fdf c;/ k¥' ofp5“  . of] /fu] nfud] f df5fnfO{ tLg kl| tzt gg' kfgLsf]
emfn] df # bl] v $ ldg6] 8a' fpgk' 5 { . ;fy} dfnf sfO6lug| )=! kL=kL=Pd= k|of]u ug'k{ 5 { .

-v_ l6«sf]l8gf M of] df5fsf] aflxl/ efu, 5fnf, luN; / kv]6fdf cfj|md0f ug{] Ps
sf]ifLo afx\o k/hLjL xf ] . o;n] df5fsf e/' fnfO{ cfjm| d0f ubf{ ltgLx¿ d5g{  \ . d/s] f df5f
kfgLdf tl} /G5g \ . of] /fu] nfud] f bl} gs ¿kdf df5fsf e/' f d/L kfgLdf tl} /Psf bl] vG5g \ . o;
/fu] sf pkrf/sf nflu @ bl] v # kl| tzt gg' kfgLsf] emfn] df df5f % bl] v !) ldg6] 8a' fpgk' 5 { .
;fy} @% kL=kL=Pd=sf b/n] kmdfl{ ng -kf]v/L_df xfnL )=@% kL=kL=Pd= dfnfsfO6lu|g
k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

-u_ ufO/f8] 8]S6fOn; M of] df5fsf] aflx/L 5fnfdf nfUg] k/hLjL xf] . o;n] df5fsf]
lhp lrnfpg] ePsfn] df5f kf]v/Lsf] lsgf/fdf jf leQfdf 3l;|/xg] / kfgL dfly plq/xg]
u5{g\ . o;af6 df5fsf e/' f a9L ke| fljt x'G5g \ . o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu )=@% kL=kL=Pd=
l8K6/] ]S; / )=@% kL=kL=Pd= kmdf{lng ko| fu] ug{k' 5{ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 113

-3_ O{=o'=P;= /f]u M of] ljut @) jif{b]lv ;d:ofsf ¿kdf cfPsf] /fu] xf] . of] /fu] nfu]df
;?' df ;t] f yfK] nf z/L/el/ bl] vG5g \ . ToxL 7fpd“ f sTnf emg{ uO{ vfN8f] k/s] f] 3fp bl] vG5 .
hf8f] df};ddf /x,' gg} L / Eofs/' hftsf df5fdf dfq o;sf] ks| f]k bl] vPsf] 5 .

o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu 3/df nufpg] rg' f !% ls= u|f= k|lts7\7fsf b/n] kfv] /Ldf /fVg'k5 { .
/fu] sf] ks| fk] x/] L Ps xKtfsf] km/sdf a9Ldf tLg k6s;Dd ko| fu] ugk{' 5 { . ;fy} lrlsT;s
jf lj1sf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/ tyf cGo j}slNks pkfo ckgfpg'k5 { .

-ª_ cfu{n; -df5fsf] hd' |f_ M of] df5fsf] z/L/el/ nfU5 . hd' |fn] df5fsf] /ut r':5
/ r';]sf] 7fpd“ f 3fp vl6/f bv] f k5{g\ . o;sf] pkrf/sf nflu df5fsf] ;Dk"0f{ efu @
bl] v # k|ltzt gg' kfgLsf] emf]ndf % bl] v !) ldg6] ;Dd 8'afpgk' 5{ . ;fy} l8K6/] ]S; )=@%
kL=kL=Pd= ko| fu] ug{'k5 { .

#= kmfObf

df5f kfngaf6 klg k|d'v ¿kdf df5fsf] df;' g} pTkfbg ul/G5 . df5fsf] df;'df !%
bl] v @) k|ltzt kf| l] 6g kfOG5 . o;df le6fldg P / 8Lsf] dfqf a9L xG' 5 . df5fsf]
xf8df SoflN;od, kmf]:kmf]/; / cfO/g kfOG5 . pTkflbt df5faf6 df;', l;b|f / ljleGg
kl/sf/ agfOG5g \ .

$= pTkflbt j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f

df5fsf] df;' k|fl] 6goS' t j:t' ePsfn] o;nfO{ l56} hLjf0fn' ] cfj|md0f u/L lau|G5 . o;y{
df5f /fu] L 5 jf 5}g, ;f] kTtf nufpgk' 5{ . /f]uL df5fn] :jf:YonfO{ lauf5 { . df5fsf]
xf/e]:6 u/L Ps} lbgdf pkefu] ug{ ;lsb“ g}  . To;nfO{ sf7] fsf] tfkjm| ddf e08f/0f ug{'
xb'“ g}  . df5fnfO{ a/km, sf]N8 xfp; tyf /l] km| h/] ]6/df lr;f] u/L e08f/0f ugk{' 5{ .

%= pTkflbt j:t'sf] ;+/If0f, Kofsl] hª / 9j' fgL

df5f ;dft]kl5 logLx¿nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;+/If0f ul/G5 M

-s_ ;'sfP/ ;/+ If0f ug{] ljlw

o; ljlwdf df5fsf] cfGb|f, e8“' L, sfg / sTnf kmfn/] ;kmf agfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 hldgd'lg
! bl] v @ lkm6 ulx/f] vf8n vgL bfp/f afn]/ c“ug] ' tof/ kfgk'{ 5 { .

cu“ g] fdfly /fkcg';f/ tf/sf] hfnL jf af“;sf] sK6/] fdf df5f /fvL kN6fpb“ } ;s' fpg'k5{ .
g89fOs{ g kmsf{pb“ } jf kN6fp“b} hf“bf ;s' k] l5 df5fsf] /ª /ftf] / cfn“} fn] lyRbf ;fx|f] ePsf]
5 eg] df5f ;'Sof] eGg] hfGgk' 5 { . of] 3/]n' k|ljlw klg xf] .

114 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-v_ 8d« jf r]Da/df ;s' fpg] ljlw

of] klg cfufsf] /fkn] df5f ;s' fpg] ljlw g} xf ] . kmnfd] 8G8L / hfnLdf df5f /fvL
/fkn] df5f ;s' fpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu r]Da/ 9ª' u\ f jf O6“ fsf] $ x $ x % lkm6 ;fOhsf]
sf]7f agfpgk' 5 { . uf/fsf] x/]s ! lkm6 b'/Ldf kmnfdsf] 8G8L 3;' fO{ tf/sf] hfnL
/fVg'k5 { . To; hflndfly df5f /fvL kfn}kfnf] tn dfly u/L ;'sfpgk' 5 { .

-u_ ;f}o{ 8f« o/df ;s' fpg] ljlw

ahf/df pGgt kl| jlwaf6 ags] f ;fo} { 8f« o/ kfOG5g \ . o;df df5f ;o" s{ f] tfkaf6 ;s' fOG5 .
o;df wj' f“ nufpg jf wj' f“ lbg 56' 6\ } Joj:yf;dt] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . cGo tl/sfdfly pNn]v
ePcg';f/ g} ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ gg' sf] ko| f]uaf6 ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlw

of] k'/fgf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf df5fsf] cfGbf| , e“8' L, sfg / kv6] f kmfn/] ;kmf ul/G5 .
s]xL a/] gg' kfgLsf] emf]ndf xfnL lr:ofgo'St /flvG5 / kfgL tsfO{ G5 . To;kl5 df5f
/fVg] sf7 jf Knfl:6ssf] ef8“ f] jf afs;df ! OGr hlt gg' xflnG5 . gg' dfly df5f
/flvG5 . To;} u/L tx tx ub}{ df5f / g'gn] ef8“ f] egk' 5{ .

dflyNnf] txdf klg g'gn] 9fSg'k5{ . To;kl5 df5fnfO{ lyRg] u/L lasf]{ nufpgk' 5 { . o;
ljlwaf6 df5fnfO{ !% lbg hlt /fVg ;lsG5 . o;/L df5f ;+/If0f ubf{ cfjZos k/s] f]
v08df gg' yKb} hfgk' 5{ . o;f] ubf{ g'gn] df5fsf] ;Dk0" f{ kfgL ;f]:5 / df5f gg' h:t}
;t] f] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 ! ln6/ kfgL / ! ls= u|f= g'gsf] emfn] agfO{ df5fnfO{ kvfNgk' 5{ .
o;/L kvflnPsf] df5fnfO{ kmn]sn] lyr/] /fVgk' 5{ . o;kl5 ;f}o{ lx6/ jf cfufdf
;s] fpgk' 5{ .

-ª_ lr;f] tfkj|mddf lk|mh ug]{ ljlw

kfv] /Laf6 df5f lgsfNgf;fy sx] L lbgnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L e08f/0f ug'{ 5 eg] /fdf| ];u“ ;kmf
u/]/ $) ;l] G6u8]| tfkjm| ddf lkm| h ugk{' 5{ . lkm| h ul/;s]kl5 OG;'n]68] Eofgdf /fvL
ahf/df laj|mL ljt/0fsf] nflu n}hfgk' 5{ .

-r_ a66\ fdf Kofs jf Soflgª ug{] ljlw

of] ljlw xfd|f] b]zdf ko| f]udf cfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;df pRr u0' f:t/sf] k|ljlwsf]
ko| f]u xG' 5 . ljbz] af6 a66\ fdf Koflsª ul/Psf] df5f sf7df8fd“} f lsgL vfg kfOG5 .

o;/L ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ;/+ If0f u/]sf df5fnfO{ j|m6] , kk] / jf u8\8f afs;df Kofsl] hª
u/L ;/' lIft tl/sfn] 9'jfgL ug{'k5 { .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 115

^= ahf/ Joj:yfkg
df5f tnfp, tfn, kf]v/L jf gbLdf pTkfbg tyf ;/+ If0f ul/G5 . oxf“af6 lgsflnPsf
df5fnfO{ pkef]u stf{;Dd nh} fg'k5{ . xfd|f] b]zdf t/fOd{ f a9L dfqfdf kf| s[lts tyf
sl[ qd ¿kn] kfn]sf df5f k|fKt x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] dV' o ahf/ eGg' g} sf7df8f,“}
kf]v/f h:tf ;x/L If]qx¿ x'g\ . s[ifsn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbg dWo:ystf{nfO{ lbG5g\ .
dWo:ystfn{ ] uf8Ldf /fvL tL pTkfbg ;x/L Ifq] df Nofp5“ g\ / yfs] lajm| t] fnfO{ lbG5g \ .
yfs] lajm]| tfn] vb' |f Jofkf/Ldfkmt{ pkef]Stf;Dd k'¥ofp5“ g \ . sltkon] df5f kmfda{ f6
;f]em} yf]s Jofkf/L;u“ ;Dks{ /fvL lghdfkmt{ vb' f| Jofkf/Lsxf“ k¥' ofp5“ g \ . vfn] fgfnf jf
wfgvt] sf df5f :yfgLo :t/sf Jofkf/Ln] lsgar] u5g{  \ .

ljm| ofsnfk

ljBfnosf] xftfleq kfv] /L 5 eg] Toxf“ ljleGg hftsf df5fsf e/' f NofO{ df5f vt] L u/ .

cEof;

!= df5fdf nfUg] rf/cf]6f /f]usf gfd nv] L ltgLx¿sf] nIf0f / pkrf/sf] tl/sf
n]v .

@= df5fnfO{ s:tf] cfxf/ rflxG5, sl[ qd cfxf/f / k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] leGgtf n]v .

#= df5f ;+/If0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿ Nfv]  .

$= gk] fndf df5f kfngsf] dxŒj dfly ks| fz kf/ .

%= ltd|f] ufp“ jf ;x/df df5f s'g ljlwaf6 ;+/If0f ul/G5, n]v .

k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

!= ljBfnonfO{ # ls= u|f= df5fsf] Joj:yfkg ul/lbg cg/' fw] u/L gg' ljlwaf6
;/+ If0f ug]{ tl/sfcg';f/ df5fsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ sIffsf7] fdf k|bz{g u/ .

@= ljBfno glhsdf /xs] f] df5f kf]v/L jf df5f kfng sG] b|sf] :ynut cWoog e|d0f
u/L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

116 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 ^ sv' '/f tyf xf“; kfng

sv' /f tyf xf;“ sf] r/g bO' { lsl;dsf xG' 5g \ . tL r/gnfO{ vn' f /
;/' lIft Pjd\ aGb elgG5 . sv' /f tyf xf“;nfO{ v'nf r/g lbP cfkmn“} ] 3f“;, ;fukft,
ls/f h:tf s'/f vfG5g\ . ;'/lIft Pjd\ aGb r/gdf o:tf] ;Defjgf /xb“ }g . o;sf nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M

!= vfgf÷bfgfsf] ;/+ If0f M s:tf] 7fp“df jf s'g lsl;dsf] vf/] df kflnPsf] 5, ;fc] g';f/
r/gsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . olb aflx/ 5f8g\ ] cj:yfsf 5}g eg] 3f“;, ;fukft lbP/ klg
bfgfdf s]xL s6ft} L u/L pTkfbg vr{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . nfs] n s'v/' f tyf xf;“ k|foM vn' f
r/g u5{g\ eg] ljsf;] sv' /' f tyf xf;“ ;'/lIft Pjd\ aGb r/gdf xG' 5g\ .
@= /fu] sf] klxrfg / pkrf/ M sv' /f tyf xf;“ w]/} 3/df kflng] kIfL x'g\ . s'v/f tyf
xf;“ nfO{ ljleGg /fu] nfU5g \ . o;y{ tL /f]usf] klxrfg tyf /fs] yfdsf pkfo hfGg'
/fdf| ] x'G5 .
-s_ /fgLv]t M /fgLvt] s'v'/fdf nfUg] /f]udWo] k|dv' /f]u xf] . ef/tsf] /fgLv]t eGg]
7fpd“ f b]vf k/s] f] xb'“ f o;sf] gfd klg /fgLvt] x'g uof ] . of] /fu] nfUbf s'v'/fnfO{ ;f;
kmg] { sl7g xg' ], cfv“ f, cg'xf/ / 3f6“ L ;'lgg] h:tf nIf0f b]lvG5g\ . l;p/ / nft] L kx]“nf] xb'“ }
kl5 lgnf] /ªsf] xg' hfG5 . /f]uL sv' /' f kmgkmgL 3'Dg,] n/a/fpg] / lx8“ g\ g;Sg] x'G5 .
/f]uLn] 6fpsf] 6fªdl' g jf k5fl8 n}hfg] / kv6] f d'lg 3';fpg] u5{ . of] efO/; /fu] ePsfn]
/f]u nfu]kl5 pkrf/ ug{ sl7g 5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu rNnfnfO{ klxnf] xKtfleq
Pkm:6f« ]g / EoflS;g nufpgk' 5 { . rNnf * b]lv !) xKtf ku' ]kl5 R2B vf]k nufpgk' 5{ .
-v_ sv' /' fsf] lakm/ M of] ;a} pd/] sf s'v'/fdf nfUg] ljiff0fa' f6 x'g] ;?jf /fu] xf] . of]
/f]u nfUbf sv' /' fsf] cgx' f/, l;p/, nft] L cflbdf kmfs] f lg:sG5g \ . tL kmfs] fdf kfkf| aG5 .
cgx' f/ / cf“vf jl/kl/ kmfs] f xg' ] / ;l' gg] ePsfn] sx] L sv' '/f cfv“ f gbV] g] klg xG' 5g\ .
of] /fu] sf] vf;} pkrf/ 5g}  . o;af6 aRg & bl] v * xKtfsf rNnfnfO{ of] /fu] lj?bw\ sf] vfk]
nufpgk' 5 { .
-u_ ujf/f] jf ;ª\jm| d0f a;n{ /fu] M of] /f]u sv' '/fsf xs' s]{ f rNnfdf nfUg] /f]u xf] . of]
/f]u @ b]lv ^ xKtfsf rNnfdf a9L nfU5 . bfgf gvfg,] emfj] m| fpg,] ;t] f] 5g] {], dnåf/
jl/kl/ ;'nL 6f“l;g], lgbfp/f] b]lvg], sfDg,] z/L/ wfGg g;Sg,] Psfk6\l6 dfq 9Nsg] h:tf
o; /fu] sf nIf0f x'g\ . o; /f]usf nflu klg lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ vfk] nufpg'k5 { .
vf]/ ;kmf /fVg'k5 { . af| ]On/ / n]o;{nfO{ 56' 6\ f 5'6\6} /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5 { .
-3_ sv' '/fsf] x}hf M of] /fu] hLjf0fa' f6 ;g{] vt/gfs /fu] xf ] . /f]uLsf] bfgfkfgL, ;'nL, ;f]
Tt/ / ;/;dfgaf6 xh} f /f]u ;g]{ u5 { . of] /f]u nfuk] l5 bfgfkfgL vfg 5f8] \g,] ;f; km]bf{
cfjfh cfpg] tyf l;p/ / nf]lt ;l' gg] u5 { . of] /f]u nfUbf xl/of] jf lkmsf /ªsf] kftnf]
5g] ]{ / nªu\ 8f] tl/sfn] lx“8g\ ] jf kmgkmgL 3D' g] h:tf nIf0f b]lvG5g \ . x}hf /fu] nfuk] l5

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 117

;Nkmfldhflygsf] !^ k|ltzt 3fn] jf PDal] hd !) b]lv !# kl| tzt 3fn] jf xf]:6f;flSng
Ps kl| tzt 3f]n kfgLdf /fvL xKtf lbg;Dd vfg lbg'k5 { .

-ª_ slS;l8ofl] ;; M slS;l8ofl] ;; gfds kf| 6] fh] fj] fsf sf/0faf6 xg' ] /fu] xf ] . o;n] sv' /' fsf
cfGbf| df c;/ u5 { . o; /f]un] * b]lv !) xKtfsf rNnfdf a9L cfjm| d0f u5{ . v6' 6\ f
tyf cg'xf/ kx“]nf] x'g,] cr]t eO{ Ps} 7fpd“ f emfj] m| fpg] h:tf o;sf nIf0f x'g \ . ;fy} of]
/f]u nfUbf rNnf Ps} 7fp“df emD' d eO{ cf“vf lrDn]/ a:5g\ . cfGb|f ;'lgP/ k6] df /ut
el/G5 / /f]u nfus] f] Ps xKtfleq /ut 5/] L d5{g\ . o; /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu vf]/
;kmf /fVgk' 5{ . ;fy} lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxcg;' f/ cfi} fwL vj' fpg'k5{ .

#= kmfObf M sv' /' f tyf xf;“ kfng ubf{ km' n, df;,' rNnf tyf Kjfv“ af6 ljleGg ks| f/sf
vn] fg} fsf ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} sv' /' fsf] dn sl[ ifnfO{ clt /fdf| ] cufl{ gs
dn dflgG5 .

$= pTkflbt j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f M sv' /' f tyf xf“;sf] cG8f / df;'
kf| l] 6go'St ePsfn] rf“8} ;8\g] jf uNg] x'G5 . hf8f] df;} ddf eGbf udL{ df};ddf o:tf]
kIfdf xf]l;of/ xg' ' h?/L 5 . To;n} ] pTkflbt df;' tyf cG8f sfN] 8 xfp;df e08f/0f
ugk'{ 5 { . o;df lgolGqt tfkj|md / ;fkl] Ifs cfb|t{ f x'G5 . lau|]sf cG8f tyf df;' laj|mL
ljt/0f ug'{ xb“' }g . e08f/0f 3/sf] ;/;kmfOdf ljzi] f Wofg lbgk' 5 { .

%= pTkflbt j:ts' f] ;/+ If0f, Kofsl] hª / 9'jfgL M s'v/' f tyf xf;“ kmfd{ ahf/af6 6f9f
x'G5g \ . t/fO{df ePsf kmfda{ f6 sf7df8f}n“ ufot ljleGg Ifq] df dfucg';f/ cG8f tyf
df;' nh} fg'k5 { . pSt If]qdf l56f], 5l/tf] / ;'/lIft tl/sfsf] 9j' fgLsf] Joj:yf ugk'{ 5{ .

^= ahf/ Joj:yfkg M sv' '/f tyf xf;“ sf] cG8f / df;' laj|mL ljt/0f ubf{ dWo:y stfn{ ]
pTkfbs tyf ahf/df ;Dks{ u/L Jofkfl/s ;~hfn agfp5“ g \ . o;y{ :yfgLo tyf afxo\
Ifq] sf ahf/ a'emg\ h?/L xG' 5 . o;f] ePdf dfq pTkfbs / kmfd{ ;~rfnsnfO{ Joj;foaf6
/fdf| ] d'gfkmf x'g ;S5 .

;fgf kl/df0fsf] kzk' IfL kfngsf] of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf0{ f

%)) n]o;{ kfng of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0fsf] gdg' f tn lbOPsf] 5 M

sv' /' f kfng 3/ agfpgsf nflu cg'dflgt vr{

ljj/0f cfjZostf b/ -ju{ lkm6_ hDdf cfjZostf hDdf /sd

3/ agfpg ! j= lkm= rNnf !%) %)) x #)) !,%),)))

:6f]/ / clkm; #)) j= lkm= !%) #)) x !%) $%,)))

3/ agfpgsf nflu hDdf vr{ M !,(%,)))

118 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

;fdfg tyf kmlgr{ / vl/bsf nflu cgd' flgt vr{

;fdfgsf] gfd ;ªV\ of Ifdtf÷uf]6f b/ hDdf /sd -?=_
a'8/ @ @%) rNnf !,))) @,)))

lkm8/ !) % ls= uf| =÷%) rNnf #)) #,)))

kfgL vfg] ef8“ f ] !) % ln=÷%) rNnf @%) @,%))

kmlgr{ / !),)))

hfV] g] AofnG] ; ! !))) !,)))

af| ]On/ jm| 6] @ @%) !%) #))

9j' fgL, ;~rf/ #,)))

;fdfg / kmlgr{ / vl/bsf] nflu hDdf vr{ @!,*))=))

rfn' k'h“ L vr{ ljj/0f

ljj/0f b/ -?=_ ;ªV\ of÷PsfO hDdf -?=_

rNnf vl/b @* %)) !$,)))=))

bfgf -g+= !_ * xKtf

;Ddsf nflu !& !=^ ls= u|f= rNnf
&^) ls= uf| = ortality %% !@,(@)=))


bfgf -g=+ @_ & bl] v @) xKtf

;Ddsf nflu !^ ^=! ls= u|f= kfy] L @*(&
ls= uf| = (Mertality %%) $^,#^)=))


bfgf -! g_+ @)–&@ xKtf

;Ddsf nflu !& $@=& ls= uf| = kfy] L

@,)@*@ ls= u|f= #,$$,*)@=%)

EoflS;g cfi} fwL @) %)) !),)))=))

sfdbf/ @,))) !* dlxgfsf nflu #^,)))=))

ddt{ , ;'wf/, ljBt' ,\ cGo !),)))=))

hDdf rfn' kh“' L vr{ $,&$,)*@=))

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 119

cfDbfgL ljj/0f

ljj/0f cf;} t b/ -?=_ hDdf hDdf /sd -?=_

k"mn kfl/;s]sf] no] ;{sf]

df;' lajm| Laf6 @=% ls= uf| = *% !,!@% (%,^@%

km" n laj|mLaf6 @*) cf]6f #=%) (*) $,$!,)))

;n' L dn af/] fsf] @,%))

hDdf cfDbfgL %,#(,!@%=))

hDdf art M %#(!@% — $&$)*@ = ^%,)$#

lj|mofsnfk
!= ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf kflng] sv' '/f tyf xf“;x¿nfO{ ;tfpg] k|dv' bO' { /fu] sf] l6kf]6 u/L

5nkmn u/ .
@= sv' /' f tyf xf;“ kmfda{ f6 s;/L cG8f / df;' ahf/df lajm| L eO/xs] f] xG' 5, 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;

!= s'v'/f kfngaf6 pTkflbt j:ts' f] dxŒjdfly ks| fz kf/ .

@= sv' '/f tyf xf;“ df nfUg] kfr“ cf]6f /f]usf] nIf0f / pkrf/sf ljlw nv]  .

#= sv' '/f tyf xf“;af6 pTkfbg ePsf j:ts' f] ahf/ Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5,
n]v .

$= s'v'/f tyf xf;“ kfng gk] fnsf nflu d'Vo Jofj;flos k;] f x'g uO/x]sf] 5, o;
egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .

k|ofu] fTds lj|mofsnfk

!))) no] ;{ kfng ofh] gfsf] vfsf lgdf0{ f u/L ljifo lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

120 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 & df/} L kfng

!= r/gsf] ;+/If0f

df}/Lsf] cfxf/f k'ik/; / k/fu x'g\ . af6] la?jfsf k'mnaf6
df/} Ln] /; kf| Kt u5g{  \ . df}/Ln] dx / s'6 agfpg], ;Gtfg j[l4
ug]{, vfg]s'/f k|fKt ug]{ h:tf hLjg ;~rfngsf cfwf/e"t
tŒj la?jf jf k"mnaf6 kfp“5g\ .

df/} L kfng Ifq] df s6;' , lrnfpg,] ;fn, 6g' L, rq' f,] lrp/L, ko} ,“' nfnLu/' f;“ h:tf ?v :yfg
/ xfjfkfgLcg;' f/ /fK] gk' 5 { . wfg, ds,} ux,“' kmfk/, tf/] L h:tf cGgafnL klg df/} Lsf nflu
pkoS' t af6] la?jf x'g\ . ;a} ks| f/sf kmnk'mn, t/sf/L afnL tyf h8La6' Laf6 df}/Ln]
/; k|fKt u5g{ \ .

@= /fu] sf] klxrfg / pkrf/

aRrf / jo:s cj:yf u/L b'O{ cj:yfdf df/} LnfO{ /f]u nfU5 . aRrf cj:yfdf df}/LnfO{
nfUg] /fu] o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

-s_ o/' fk] n] L kmfpn a8'| M of] /f]u o/' f]kaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . of] Ps k|sf/sf] hLjf0fa' f6
sdhf/] uf]nfdf nfU5 . of] /fu] j;Gt Ctd' f $* 306feGbf sd pd/] sf aRrfnfO{
nfU5 . o; /fu] n] d/]sf aRrfsf] /ª kxn“] f] jf v/} f] xb“' } hfG5 . d/s] f aRrfsf] cldnf] uGw
klg cfp5“  . o; /fu] af6 aRgsf nflu 3f/sf rfs} f;] ;kmf kf/L gfOl6s« cDn jf gg' kfgLn]
pkrf/ u//] dfq ko| f]u ugk'{ 5 { . k/' fgf] /fg' x6fO{ gof“ /fg' abNg'k5 { . %)) ld= u|f=
6/] fdfOl;g ! ln= rf:gLdf 3fn] /] tLgcf6] f ufn] fsf df/} LnfO{ tLg lbg;Dd nuftf/ vj' fpgk' 5 { .
# bl] v $ lbgsf] km/sdf ltg k6s;Dd of] cfi} fwL v'jfPdf pSt /fu] lgsf] x'G5 .

-v_ yfO :ofs j|8' M of] ljiff0fa' f6 nfUg] ;?jf /f]u xf ] . of] /fu] gk] fndf lj= ;=+ @)#*
b]lv @)$@ sf lardf dxfdf/Lsf ¿kdf km}lnof] . o;n] aRrfnfO{ cfjm| d0f u5 { . d/]
sf aRrf klxnf xNsf kxn“] f jf v/} f xb“' } sfnf] /ªdf bl] vG5g \ . /fu] L aRrfsf] aflx/L efu
g/d bl] vG5 / leq kfgL el/Psf] xG' 5 . of] /fu] Ps ufn] faf6 csf]{ ufn] fdf ;5 { . o; /fu] sf]
vf;} pkrf/ 5g}  . o;sf] /fs] yfdsf nflu ;kmf vfgfsf] ka| Gw ugk{' 5 { . gof“ :j:y /fg' kmg] '{ g} o;
/fu] sf] pkrf/ xf ] . olb /fu] lgoGq0fdf gcfP 3f/af6 6f9f nuL k/' } ufn] fnfO{ gi6 ug{' plrt xG' 5 .

-u_ cd]l/sg kmfpn a|8' M of] hLjf0f'sf] cfj|md0faf6 aRrfdf nfUg] /f]u xf] . o; /fu] sf
nIf0fx¿ o/' fk] n] L kmfpn a|'8sf] h:t} x'G5 . d/]sf aRrfsf] sg' } efu ;dft/] tflglb“bf
nfdf] tfGbf| ] eP/ cfp“5 . of] /fu] nfuL d/s] f aRrf uGwxLg x'G5g \ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 121

-3_ rs a8|' M of] Ps lsl;dsf] 9;' Lsf] cfjm| d0faf6 x'g] /f]u xf] . o; /fu] n] aRrfnfO{
cfjm| d0f u/]kl5 aRrf k/' } ;t] f / s8f bl] vG5g \ .

-ª_ gf];d] f M of] k/hLjL gf;] d] f Plk; eGg] kf| ]6f]hf]jfaf6 jo:s df/} Ldf nfUg] /fu]
xf] . of] k/hLjL efh] g gnL x“b' } cfGb|fdf k'U5 . cfGbf| af6 k]6df k'uk] l5 df/} Lsf] k]6
lau|G5 / df}/Ln] 3f/df lb;f u/L kmf]xf/] kf5g{  \ . hf8f] df};ddf of] /f]u a9L b]vf k5{ .
/fu] nfu]kl5 htftt} df}/Ln] 5]g{', df/} Lsf] rxnkxn sd x'g', ;ªV\ of 36\g,' dx tyf s6' sf]
;ª\sng sdL cfpg' o;sf nIf0f xg'  \ . ;fy} z/b\ Cts' f] 3fddf 3f/ jl/kl/ df/} L dg{
nfus] f] jf dl/;s]sf] b]lvg' klg o; /fu] sf nIf0f xg' \ . o; /fu] sf] pkrf/sf nflu gof“
3f/df ufn] f /fvL gjLg s[lqd rfsf;d]t /flvlbgk' 5 { . ;fy} @) uf| d k'mdflulng cfi} fwL
! ln6/ kfgLdf rf:gL agfP/ 3f/sf ;a} df/} LnfO{ kg]{ u/L rf/l} t/ 5lsl{ bg'k5 { .

#= kmfObf

df}/L kfngaf6 xg' ] kmfObf o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ dx M df}/Ln] k'ik/; NofO{ cfkm“n} ] kz| fw] g u/L rfsfdf hDDff u/]sf] ul' nof], lrklrk]
/ cw{ t/n kbfy{nfO{ dx elgG5 . dxnfO{ kz| f]wg u/L e08f/0f ul/G5 . dx kz| fw] g
eg]sf] dxdf ePsf] lr:ofgnfO{ sd ug'{ xf] . dxdf !& b]lv @) kl| tzt lr:ofg x'G5 .
o;nfO{ ^% l8uL| ;=] jf !$( l8u|L km/]GxfO6df % bl] v !) ldg]6 ttfpgk' 5{ . ;f]eGbf
dfly ttfpg' x“'bg}  . dx kfl} i6so'St kbfy{ ePsfn] ;a} pd/] sf dflg;n] o;sf] pkof]u
ug{ ;S5g\  .

-v_ dg} M sdL{ df}/Ln] k6] df ePsf rf/ hf/] dg} ul| Gyaf6 dg} lgsfn/] rfsf agfp“5g \ .
df/} Lsf rfsfaf6 dx lgrf/] /] afs“ L /xs] f] efuaf6 kz| fw] g u//] dg} agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf
nflu k/' fgf rfsf jf dx lgrfl] /Psf rfsfnfO{ !) b]lv !@ 306f kfgLdf 8'afpgk' 5 { .
tl} /Psf j:tn' fO{ kmfnL af“sL rfsfnfO{ 8]SrLdf 8'Ag] u/L kfgL /fvL ksfpg'k5 { . kfgL
pDn]kl5 bflanf] jf sf7sf] nf}/fn] rnfO/xg'k5{ . dg} sf 6'jm| f klUn;sk] l5 v's'nf] emf]nf
jf h'6sf] yn} fdf 5fg]/ ef“8fdf /fVgk' 5{ . pSt ld>0f ;]nfPkl5 d}gsf] l9Ssf dfly /
kfgL tnlt/ /xG5 . o;kl5 d}gsf] l9Ssf aflx/ lgsfNgk' 5{ . zª[ \uf/sf ;fdu|L, dxnd,
ljleGg y/Lsf kfln;, ef8“ fdf 9nf6} ug,{ ljleGg d;L, Knfl:6s pbo\ fu] tyf /ª /fu] gdf dg} sf]
ko| fu] ul/G5 . dg} xfdLn] vfg] r'Ou“ d, rsn]6, d}g aQL agfpg] sfddf klg k|of]u x'G5 .

-u_ s6' M df}/Ln] km' naf6 k/fu hDdf u/L 3f/sf] sfi] fdf /fV5g \ . To;nfO{ g} s6'
elgG5 . of] kf| ]l6goS' t vfB kbfy{ xf ] . of] zfsfxf/L JolStsf nflu clt pQd kf| l] 6gsf]
;|ft] xf] . af“emfk] g tyf cGo ljleGg /fu] sf pkrf/sf nflu / cfi} fwL agfpg] jm| ddf
;dt] s'6sf] ko| fu] x'G5 .

122 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

$= pTkflbt j:ts' f] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf e08f/0f

dxdf lrgL, rf:gL tyf cGo j:t' ld;fO{ laj|mL ljt/0f eO/xs] f] klg e]l6G5 . o;/L
ld;fj6 u/]/ laj|mL ljt/0f ug{' plrt xfO] g . ;fwf/0ftof dxsf] z4' tf hfR“ gsf nflu
l;;fsf] lunf;df cfwf hlt kfgL /fvL To; dflyaf6 Ps b'O{ yf]kf dx v;fNg'k5 { . olb
Tof] dxsf] yfk] f lunf;sf] kfgLdf 3n' /] x/fof] eg] To;df lrgL ld;fPsf] zªs\ f ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ dx kfgLdf 3'n]g / lunf;sf] lkw“ df uP/ 8Nnf] k//] a:of] eg] dx z'4 x'g ;S5 .
of] tl/sf ;fwf/0f dfq xf] . vf; k/LIf0f t k|of]uzfnfdf dfq ug{ ;lsG5 .

pTkflbt dx, d}g jf s'6nfO{ ;8\g / uNgaf6 /f]Sg ;'/lIft tl/sfn] e08f/0f ug{k' 5 { .
dxnfO{ k|zfw] gkl5 7'nf sG6g] / jf l;;Ldf l;n u/]/ cfe] fgf,] ;'Svf, ;kmf, ;"o{sf]
ls/0f ;f]em} gkg{] 7fpd“ f nuL e08f/0f ugk{' 5 { .

%= pTkflbt j:ts' f] ;+/If0f, Kofsl] hª / 9j' fgL

gk] fnsf dx pTkfbg ljz]if u/L kxf8L tyf t/fOs{ f lhNnfx¿df xb“' } cfPsf] 5 . pTkflbt
dx ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] vl/b u/L k|zf]wg u/]/ Kofs]lhª sfo{ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L
sf/vfgf jf JolStut ¿kn] klg dx, dg} sf] k|zfw] g u//] logLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ul/G5 .
l;naGbL u/L l;;L, hf/, af]6n, Sofg 8«dx¿df dx /flvG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

ljBfnosf] glhs df/} L kfns si[ fs eP pgLx¿sf] df}/L 3f/ glhs uO{ df}/Lx¿sf]
ljm| ofsnfk x]/L l6kf6] u/ .

cEof;

!= df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v rf/cf]6f /f]usf gfd n]vL ltgLx¿sf] nIf0f / pkrf/
ljlw nv]  .

@= df}/L kfng gk] fnn] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Ps kd| v' Joj;fo xf], o; egfOnfO{
k:| 6 kf/ .

#= dxsf] dxŒjdfly ks| fz kf/ .

k|of]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk

ljBfnosf] xftfleq Ps cfwl' gs df/} L 3f/ lsg/] Nofpg] Joj:yf u/L To;df dl] nlkm/f
hftsf] Ps ufn] f dfx/' L kfNgsf nflu of]hgfsf] vfsf lgdf{0f u/L lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 123

PsfO !@ M lzNksnf

kf7 ! sfuhsf ljleGg ;fduL| lgdf{0f

-s_ s/f]u6] 8] sf8{af8] {

sfuhaf6 ljleGg j:t'sf] lgdf{0f xG' 5 .
lgld{t j:t' Koflsª ug]{ ;fwgdWo]
afs; klg Ps xf] . s'g} sfuhnfO{
alnof] agfpg Tof]eGbf afSnf] sfuhnfO{
s/f]u]6]8 ¿kdf kmf]N8 u/L sf8{af]8{
sfuh lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

s/f]u]6]8 sf8{af]8{ lgdf{0f ubf{ tNnf]
/ dflyNnf] sfuhsf larsf] s/f]u]6]8
efu ud -Un'_ n] alnof;] “u 6f“l;Psf]
xG' 5 . o;n] sf8{af]8{ kk] /n] ;fdfGo
wSsf ;xg ;S5 / alnof] x'G5 . o;/L
lgdf0{ f ul/Psf afs;df 6L=eL=, lk|mh,
sDKo6' /, ss' / h:tf j:t' Kofs u/L
Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf]{ 7fpd“ f ;/' lIft ¿kn]
k¥' ofpg ;lsG5 .

-v_ afs; lgdf{0f

sf8a{ f]8{ h:tf] rf}8f j:t'af6 afs; lgdf{0f ug{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ HofldtLo efiffdf 8e] nkdG] 6
elgG5 . o;sf] l;4fGtcg'¿k afs;sf] lgdf0{ f x'G5 . o;y{ afs; agfpb“ f cfjZos
cfsf/sf] s/f]u]68] sf8{af8] { lngk' 5 { . o;af6 afs; agfpg'k5{ . afs;sf 5 kf6f
xG' 5g\ . tL 5 kf6f Ps cfk;df k6o\ fP/ afs; tof/ ul/G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfO{ afs;sf] lgdf0{ f u/ .

124 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

-u_ lgdGq0ff sf8{ lgdf0{ f

jt| aGw, ljjfx, hGdlbg, gof“ jif{, ljz]if rf8kj{ h:tf cj;/df z'e sfdgf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ jf lgdGq0ff lbg o;sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . sf8{ cfkmg\ f] OR5fcg';f/ sf8a{ f8] { k]k/,
cf6{ kk] / jf g]kfnL xft] sfuhdf lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkmg\ f] OR5f / l8hfOg cg';f/
sf] sfuhsf] gfkdf k6o\ fP/ jf ef“r/] jf gk6\ofO{ tof/ kfl/g] sfuhnfO{ sf6]/ o;sf]
lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . %Æx &Æ, $Æx ^Æ, $Æx (Æ cflb sf8{ lgdGq0ff agfpg k|ofu] ug{
;lsg] sfuhsf ;fOh x'g\ . o:tf] gfkcg';f/sf sf8{df cj;/cg¿' ksf] Joxf/] f nv] L sf8{
tof/ ul/G5 . sf8{sf] lsgf/fdf ljleGg a'6\6f jf Kof6g{ sf]//] sf8{nfO{ cem cfsif{s
agfpg ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

sIffsf x/s] ljbo\ fyLn{ ] lgdGq0ff sf8s{ f] cufl8sf] kf6fdf cfk"mnfO{ dg kg{] cj;/ jf
rf8sf] Joxf]/f nv] L lgdGq0ff sf8{ agfpg l8hfOg u/ / lgdGq0ff sf8{ agfpm .

-3_ rªu\ f lgdf{0f

rª\uf dgf/] ~hgsf nflu cfsf;df wfufsf dfWodaf6 p8fOG5 . of] ljz]if u/L c;fh] /
sflt{s dlxgfdf p8fOG5 . s'g} s'g} :yfgdf rª\uf p8fpg] / Psn] csfs{ f] rª\uf sf6]/
klxnf], bf;] |f] / t;] |f] klg x'g] u/L k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng ug]{ rng klg 5 . rª\uf p8fpg
n6\6fO{ / wfufsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . wfuf] alnof] u/L agfOPsf] x'g'k5 { .

rªu\ f lgdf{0f ubf{ ¥oflkª kk] / (wrapping paper) #) x $) ;=] ld=, s}“+rL tyf af“;sf
ltg cf6] f l;Gsf hDdf ugk' 5{ .

lrqdf bv] fP h:t} u/L 8fodG8 cfsf/df lrxg\ nufpgk' 5 { .
lrxg\ nufO;sk] l5 s“}rL cyjf rSs'n] lrxg\ cg';f/ sf6L
ljleGg cfsf/ tof/ ugk'{ 5 { .

To;kl5 b'Oc{ f]6f af;“ sf l;Gsfx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L
afW“ gk' 5{ . larsf] efudf wfufnfO{ alnof;] u“ afw“ L rªu\ f
p8fpg ;lsG5 . rª\ufnfO{ cfsifs{ agfpgsf nflu ljleGg
l8hfOgdf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df y/Ly/Lsf lrqsf] ko| f]
u klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 125

-ª_ lajm| L ljt/0f
sfuhaf6 lgldt{ j:tx' ¿ ahf/df nf]slk|o x“'b5} g\ . lgdGq0ff sf8{, km' n, rª\uf, sfuhsf
yª' \uf, sfuhsf emf]nf, sfuhsf kmfOnnufotsf ;fduL| ahf/df laj|mL x'G5g\ . :6;] g/L
k;ndf ;Dks{ u//] yfs] lajm| ]tfsf ¿kdf sfuhaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf j:t'x¿sf] lajm| L
ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk
!= pTkflbt ;a} sfuhsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dN" o lgwf{/0f u/ .
@= pTkflbt j:t'x¿ laj|mL u/ .
#= laj|mL ljt/0f u/s] f] j:t'x¿sf] lx;fa lstfa /fv .

cEof;
!= Koflsªsf nflu s/f]u6] ]8 sfuhaf6 lsg afs; agfOG5, n]v .
@= lgdGq0ff sf8{ lsg tof/ ul/G5, n]v .
#= rªu\ f agfpg] tl/sf j|md;} u“ n]v .

ko| f]ufTds lj|mofsnfk
sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfO{ Ps÷Ps cf]6f sfuhsf afs; / Ps÷Pscf]6f
rªu\ f tof/ kf/ .

126 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 @ ljleGg 3/fo;L ;fdu|L lgdf0{ f

-s_ dfGbf| ]
a]t / af;“ cnu cnu lgdf{0f ;fdu|L eP tfklg xfdLn] a]taf;“ eGg] u/]sf 5f} “ . a]t
/ af“;sf] sfo{ k|sl[ t cnu cnu 5 . at] nfO{ aªu\ fP/ ljleGg cfsf/ lbg ;lsG5 eg]
af;“ sf] ef6f agfO{ pSt sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . lxhf]cfh af“; 3/ lgdf0{ f ug{b] l] v efG;fsf
;fduL| lgdf0{ f sfod{ f k|of]u ul/G5 .
!= af;“ sf] dfGbf| ] agfp“bf k|of]u x'g] cfh} f/
xl“ ;of÷sb{ M oL bj' } cfh} f/ af“;af6 cfjZostfcg'¿k rfo] f agfpg ko| f]u ul/G5 .

vk' f÷{ vs' /L M oL bj' } af;“ af6 sK6/] f lgsfNg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

xft] s/f“}tL M xft] s/f}t“ L af“;nfO{ 6j' m\| ofpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .

@= rf]of lgsfNg] k|lj|mof
;a}eGbf klxn] af;“ sf] sK6/] f lgsfNg'k5 { . sK6/] fsf] leqL ;t] f] efu lgsfnL o;nfO{
ÇofS“ g'k5{ . leqL kf6f] lgsfln;sk] l5 sK6]/fnfO{ ;kmf ug{k' 5 { . To;kl5 sb{ cyjf x“l;of
k|ofu] u/L rfo] f lgsfNgk' 5{ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 127

#= af“;af6 dfGbf| ] lgdf{0f

af“;af6 rf]of lgsflnG5 .
rfo] f egs] f] kftnf ef6f xg'  \ . oL
rfo] fnfO{ Ps cfk;df aG' bf 7n' f]
dfGbf| sf] lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . dfGbf| ]
aG' bf a6' 6\ f klg lgsflnG5 .
of] rfo] f vK6fpb“ fsf] kl| jm| ofdf
e/ k5 { . dfGbf| ] aG' g] rfo] f cln
rfSnf ePdf aG' g] sfo{ l56f]
xG' 5 .

dfGbf| ] a'Gbf rfo] fnfO{ laraf6
k|To]s rf]ofnfO{ tn dfly
agfpb“ } aG' b} hfgk' 5{ . dfGbf| ]
nDafO w/] } / rf8} fO ;fgf] ePsf]
jf cfotfsf/, juf{sf/ h:tf
cfs[ltdf agfpg ;lsG5 .
dfGb|f] a'Gbf cfjZos cfsf/
df k'lu;s]kl5 5]p 5]pdf la6
dfg{'k5 { . la6 dfbf{ lgl:sPsf
rf]ofnfO{ a6f/]/ 8f]/L h:t} agfpg'k5{ .

$= dfGb|fsf] ko| f]u

ufp“3/df dfGb|f] cGgafnL ;'sfpg, esf/L -cGg e08f/ ug_{] agfpg / ufOu{ f]7df a9L
ko| fu] ePsf] kfOG5 . ;x/ ahf/df l6gsf] 5fgfd'lg l;lnª agfpg tyf /]:6'/]G6df leQf
;hfpg ko| fu] ul/Psf] 5 .

128 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

lj|mofsnfk
af;“ af6 rf]ofx¿ lgsfn]/ ;fgf] @’ X #’ sf] dfGb|f] ag'  .
-v_ 9SsLsf] lgdf{0f

9SsL lgdf0{ f ug{ ljleGg j:t'sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . 9SsL lgdf{0fdf ljzi] ftM 5j\ fnLsf]
ko| f]u ul/G5 . k/fn, 5\jfnL, aflaof] h:tf j:ts' f] ko| f]u u/L 9SsL lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 .
9SsL lgdf0{ f ubf{ cfjZos j:tx' ¿sf] ;ªs\ ng ugk{' 5 { . To;kl5 lkw“ af6 o;nfO{ n77\ fsf
¿kdf agfpb“ } jl/kl/ a'Ggk5{ . o; sfod{ f n77\ fnfO{ 3d' fpb“ } aG' g'k5{ . 9SsLnfO{ dfly
p7fO{ sl/a !% b]lv @) ;=] ld= k'uk] l5 alnof] u/L la6 dfg{k' 5 { .

ljm| ofsnfk
glhssf] 9SsL tyf dfGb|f] a'Gg] pBf]udf uO{ a'gfOsf kl| jm| ofx¿ l6kf6] u/L Nofpm .
cEof;
!= lsg af“; dflg;sf] hLjgdf pkofu] L dflgG5, JofVof u/ .
@= dfGbf| sf] ko| fu] s]df cfp5“ , nv]  .
ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk
!= aflaof] cyjf 5j\ fnL k|of]u u/L 9SsLsf] gd'gf tof/ kf/ .
@= dN" o lgwf/{ 0f ug]{ tl/sf ckgfO{ ltdLn] tof/ kf/]sf] 9SsLsf] d"No lgwf/{ 0f u/ .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 129

kf7 # v/] uPsf j:ts' f] kg' M k|ofu]

xfdLn] 3/, ljbo\ fno, k;n nufotsf Ifq] df ljleGg j:ts' f] ko| fu] u/]sf xG' 5f}“ . tL
j:t'sf cjzi] f /xs] f c+z ;ªs\ ng u/L ljleGg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
j:t'sf] kg' M k|ofu] cyjf cGo j:ts' f] lgdf0{ fsf nflu rflxg] ;fdu|L agfpg ;lsG5 .
k|sl[ tdf ljnLg x'g ;Sg] h}ljs j:t' / ks| [ltdf ljnLg x'g g;Sg] ch}ljs j:t' u/L v]/
uPsf j:tn' fO{ b'O{ tl/sfn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= ks| [ltdf ljnLg x'g ;Sg] hl} js j:t'

efG;f3/af6 lg:sg] j:tx' ¿ -h:t} M t/sf/Lsf l5Nsf, kft, v/] uPsf] vfgf_ ;lhn};“u
ks| l[ tdf ljnLg xg' ;S5g \ . o:t} sIffsf7] f jf 3/af6 lg:ss] f sfuh / k;naf6 lgl:sPsf
Koflsª afs; klg k|sl[ tdf ljnLg xG' 5g\ . o:tf j:ts' f] ko| f]u u/L lgDgfg;' f/ tl/sfn]
sDkf]:6 dn agfpg ;lsG5 M

3/ tyf xf6] naf6 kz| :t dfqfdf hl} js j:t' lg:sG5g \ . logLx¿nfO{ 3/ jf xf6] nsf]
glhsdf ;fgf] vfN6f] vgL Toxf“ b}lgs ¿kdf ;ª\sng ug'{k5{ . o;f] ub{} hf“bf ha vfN8f]
el/G5 ta xNsf df6f] / cGo 3f“;n] /fdf| ];“u 5f]Kg'k5{ . 5f]k]/ /fvs] f] sl/a @ dlxgfdf
of] dnsf ¿kdf k|of]u x'g ;S5 . /fd|f] sDkf]i6 dn agfpg ;do ;dodf tL j:t'nfO{
tn dfly agfO{ kN6fpg'k5 { .

@= ks| [ltdf ljnLg xg' g;Sg] ch}ljs j:t'

k/' fgf sk8f, aft] n, Knfl:6ssf emfn] f, bw' sf Kofsnufot ks| l[ tdf ljnLg xg' g;Sg] chl} js
j:t' x'g \ . tLdWo] sk8f, af]tn / Knfl:6ssf] k'gM ko| f]usf af/]df tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ v]/ uPsf sk8f

v]/ uPsf sk8f cj:yf x]/L k'gM ;:tfd] f lajm| L ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] dflg;sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ u5 { . gk] fndf o;sf] k|rng a9b\ f] 5 . s6] fs6] Lsf sk8f l566\ }
;fgf xg' ] ePsfn] oL sk8f /fd|f];u“ wfO] { cfO/g nufP/ k'gM ko| f]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
;fy} cGo dflg;sf kg' M ko| fu] xg' ;Sg] sk8fnfO{ /fdf| ];u“ wfO] { cfO/g ug'k{ 5{ . laluP| sf]
7fp“df l;nfpg], 6f“s nufpg] / k'gM k|ofu] df Nofpg] ug{k' 5{ .

kg' M ko| fu] df cfpg g;Sg] sk8fnfO{ ;DefJo ko| f]usf] Ifq] kQf nufO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ h:t}

M tGgf l3l;|P/ lardf kmf6]sf] 5 eGg] o;nfO{ laraf6 sf6L cGoq ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

130 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

;fgf e\mofnsf kbf{x¿ agfpg ;lsG5 . lardf alnof] sk8f snfTds 9ªu\ n] l;nfO{ kg' M
tGgfs} ko| fu] df Nofpg ;lsG5 .

-v_ v/] uPsf aft] n tyf chl} js j:t'

w/] }h;f] aft] n l/;fOsndf k7fOG5g\ t/ s'g}
aft] n l/;fOsndf k7fOb“ g} g \ . o:tf aft] nnfO{
k'gM ko| f]udf Nofpg kl] G6ª u/L snfTds
9ªu\ n] ;hfj6df ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|sfz, kfgL, df6f] jf xfjfn] unfP/
ks| [ltsf df6f] gaGg] j:tn' fO{ ch}ljs j:t'
elgG5 . o:tf j:t' Knfl:6saf6 ag]sf x'g\ .
Knfl:6saf6 df6fsf] lgdf{0f x'“b}g . o;y{
o:tf j:t'nfO{ chl} js j:t' elgPsf] xf] .
Knfl:6s kmfl] ;n t]nsf] afO{ k|f]8S6 xf] .
k6] f« l] nod kbfy{ lgdf0{ f ubf{ v/] uPsf kbfyn{ fO{ /f;folgs kl| jm| ofåf/f o;sf] lgdf0{ fdf ko| fu]
ul/Psf] x'G5 .

l/;fOsn ug{ ;lsg] Knfl:6ssf] klxrfg u/L l/;fOsn ug{] KnfG6nfO{ aR] gk' 5 { . Knfl:6ssf
emf]nf, Kofs6] h:tf j:t' kg' M laj|mL x'b“ g} g\ / hxf“txL“ kmf]xf/] agfp5“ g \ . o:tf j:tn' fO{
ljleGg tl/sfn] ko| fu] df Nofpg ;lsG5 . logLx¿nfO{ ltg efudf sf6]/ a6f/L wfuf]
h:t} j:t' lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tfaf6 rs6L, 8f]/Dof6, 9lsof, u'GbL| h:tf j:t' lgdf{0f
ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

v/] uPsf j:t' ;ª\sng u/L ko| f]udf cfpg ;Sg] Ps–Ps cf]6f ;fdu|L agfpm .

cEof;

!= v]/ uPsf j:t' s] s] xg' ;S5g\, cjnf]sg u/L nv]  .
@= v/] uPsf j:ts' f] k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObf nv]  .
#= sDkf]:6 dn agfpg hl} js lrh lsg /flvG5, nv]  .
$= v]/ uPsf j:t'af6 s;/L kmfObf lng ;lsG5, n]v .
%= chl} js kbfys{ f] ;r" L agfpm .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 131

kf7 $ sf7 tyf 9ª' u\ fdf sb“' fO

sfnLu9Ln] gk] fnnfO{ ljZj ;fd' lrgfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] sf7 tyf 9'ªu\ fdf sb“' ]sf
a6' \6fn] d7 dlGb/ ;hfPsf 5g \ . tL d7 dlGb/n] ljZje/ kl| ;bl\ w sdfPsf 5g \ . o;n]
snf;“u kT| oIf ;DaGw 5 . snf / l;ksf] ck"j{ ;lDd>0f g} sf7 / 9ª' \ufdf s“'lbPsf
a6' 6\ f / dl" t{ xg' \ .

!= 9ª' u\ f sf6g\ ] cf}hf/ l5gf

9'ªu\ fdf a'6\6f sf6g\ ] l5gf (Chisel) ;fe] mf] cfsf/df sf6g\ ] wf/sf ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf
xG' 5g \ . logLx¿ ;fu“+ /' fb] l] v rf8} f cfsf/sf xG' 5g \ . logsf] ko| fu] u/L cfjZostfcg¿' ksf
cfsf/ s'b\g ;lsG5 .

@= sf7df a6' 6\ f sf6\g] cfh} f/

-s_ :So'h -Skews) M of] klg l5gf] g} xf] t/ o;sf]
sf6\g] wf/ -Cutting Edge) sl/a $%) sf] sf0] f
ldnfP/ wf/ nufO{ tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . o;n]
s'gf lgsfNg ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .

-v_ uh (Gauge) : oL ljleGg ;fOhdf pknAw
x'G5g \ . logLx¿nfO{ sGs]e se{ (Concave Curve) lgdf0{ f ug{ k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;nfO{ se{
Çn6/ (Curve fluter) klg elgG5 . csf]{ k|sf/sf] uh :kg' uh xf ] . o;sf] sf6g\ ] 5p] bf]
laP| sf] xG' 5 . o;sf] ko| fu] åf/f vf]j|mf] / aflx/L efudf :dy' tof/ kfg{ ul/G5 .

-u_ lkm:6]n uh M of] uh df5fsf] k'R5/ cfsf/sf] x'G5 . o;n] sg' fdf ;kmf s6fO{ u/L
/fd|f s'gf lgsfNg db\bt u5{ .

-3_ Aofs aN] 6 uh M of] uhn] sGeS] ; (Convex) cfsf/
lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ .

-ª_ d'ª\u|f] M l5gfnfO{ la:tf/} xfgL cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f ug{
dª' \u|f] ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-r_ kl] G;n / sfag{ kk] / M kl] G;n a6' 6\ fsf cfsf/ agfpg
/ lvRg ko| f]u xG' 5 . o;/L cfsf/ lvRg] k]lG;n g/d
xG' 5g \ . oL k]lG;naf6 uf9f wsf{ aG5g\ . k]lG;nn] tof/ kf/]sf lrq jf cfsf/nfO{

132 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

sfuhdf ptf//] sf7df 6f“l;G5 . oxL 6f;“ s] f] cfsl[ tcg'¿k a6' \6f sfl6G5 . o:tf a6' \6f
sf7sf] jf:tljs nDafO / rf}8fOcg¿' k agfOG5 .

-5_ vfS;L M vfS;L a6' \6fnfO{ lrNnf / /fd|f agfpg ko| fu] ul/G5 . vfS;L v;f| ]bl] v
dl;gf] u]|8sf xG' 5g\ . oL u8|] x¿ gDa/df plNnlvt x'G5g \ . ^) gDa/ v;f| ] vfS;L xf]
eg] !)) gDa/ dl;gf] vfS;L xf ] .

#= cf}hf/sf] 5gf]6

a6' 6\ f sf6b\ f s:tf] cfsf/sf] cfh} f/ rflxG5,
To;nfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s 5fGg'k5{ . o;sf]
5gf6] sfo{ cEof; xb“+' } hfb“ f ;/n / ;xh
xb“' } hfG5 .

$= cf}hf/sf] ;+/If0f

cf}hf/sf] wf/ /fdf| ;] “u nufOPsf] xg' k' 5{ . 9'ªu\ fdf a'66\ f sf6\g] cf}hf/ klg a'66\ fcg¿' k
5flggk' 5{ . oL cfh} f/sf alnof] s'gf agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . a6' 6\ f sf6\g] cfh} f/sf 6K' kf s8f
agfOPsf x'G5g \ . oL 6K' kf 6's 6s' 3gsf ;xfotfn] l5gfdf xfg/] cfs[lt lgsfNbf gbf]
la|g] / wf/ glalug| ] x'G5g \ .

%= sf7df a'6\6f sf6\g] j:ts' f] 5gf]6

a6' 6\ f sf6g\ ] j:ts' f] plrt 5gf]6 ugk{' 5 { . ;fnsf] sf7df /fdf| ] a'6\6f cfpg] u5{ / of]
l6sfp klg x'G5 . l;;f,} ;fh, xNb', ;Nnf, b]jbf/ cflbdf klg a6' 6\ f sf6\g ;lsG5 .
a6' \6f sf6\g 8f]a lg:sg] / rs]{/ ghfg] sf7 5gf]6 ug{'k5{ .

^= j:ts' f] tof/L

a'66\ f sf6\g] sf7sf] df6] fO, rf}8fO / nDafOnfO{ ;Dd kfg{'k5 { . of] sfd sf7df /Gbf
nufO{ ul/G5 . lxhfc] fh ljBt' Lo /Gbfx¿ kfOG5g\ . oL /Gbfx¿sf] k|of]un] l7s ;fOhsf
;fy} lrNnf] / ;Dd ;tx ePsf j:t' tof/ ul/G5 . a'6\6f sf6\g] sf7sf] df6] fO Gog" td
Ps OGr cyjf @% ldlnld6/ ePdf /fd|f] x'G5 .

&= a6' \6f sf6\g] k|ljm| of

a6' \6f sf6\g] 9'ª\uf tyf sf7sf] gfkcg;' f/sf a6' 6\ fsf cfs[ltnfO{ sfuhdf ptfgk{' 5 { .
o;/L sfuhdf ptfl/Psf 5fkf, lrqk6, k|ltdf cflbnfO{ w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofO{ tof/
ul/Psf] Ps cfs[ltnfO{ Kof6g{ elgG5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] cfsl[ tnfO{ sf7df 6f“:gk' 5 { .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 133

sf7df 6f“l;;s]kl5 cfjZostfg;' f/sf cfh} f/sf] ko| f]uaf6 sf7df a6' \6f s“'b\g ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L ;fwf/0f gdg' f lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 .

;dtn ;tx (Plane Surface) df lrq / l8hfOg sf]g{ jf s'“b\g ;lsG5 .
o; ks| f/n] sf7 cyjf 9'ªu\ fdf a'6\6f s“'b\g ;lsG5 . sl7g cfs[ltx¿ lgdf{0f klg lg/
Gt/cEof;n] ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk
ltdLn] sb' g\ rfxs] f] ;/n a6' 6\ f sfuhdf ptf/ / bas] f jf p7s] f efudf lrxg\ nufpm .
cEof;
!= sf7 / 9'ª\ufdf sb' fOsf] dxŒj k:| 6 kf/ .
@= sf7df a6' \6f sf6\g] s'g} Ps cfh} f/sf] lrq agfpm .
#= a6' 6\ f sb“' b\ f lsg klxn] sfuhdf a6' 6\ f agfpgk' 5{, pNn]v u/ .
$= sf7df a'6\6f agfpg] kl| jm| of pNnv] u/ .

134 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 % j:t' /ªu\ fpg] tyf 6Nsfpg]

dflg;nfO{ ;'Gb/ j:t'n] cfslif{t u5{ . ;'Gb/tf cfsf/, /ª tyf ldlxgkgfn] b]vfp“5 .
/ª ;xL ¿kdf ko| fu] eof] eg] klg j:td' f ;G' b/tf kb} f u5 { . sf7df cfÇg} ks| f/sf] ;G' b/tf
xG' 5 . sf7sf /;] fn] k|fsl[ ts cfsl[ t tof/ kf/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf cfsl[ tnfO{ /ªu\ fpg] tyf
6Nsfpg] k|ljm| ofn] a9L ;'Gb/ bv] fp“5 / j:t'nfO{ alnof] kf5 { .

/ªn] sf7df ls/f nfUg, kfgL / df};dsf] c;/n] rsg{ tyf k'm6g\ af6 klg ;/' lIft /fV5 .
vfS;L, l:6n pn, /ª, kf| Od/, aflg;{ , rk|f kfln;, tn] , lyg/, a';| h:tf j:t' /ªu\ fpg]
;fdu|L xg' \ . o;sf nflu kf:] 6/ /ª, Plj|mlns, Ogfd]n, jflg{; h:tf /ªsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 .

!= /ª\ufpg] ljlw

/ª nufp“bf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

/ª nufpb“ f ntkt kfg{' xb“' g}  . /ª dflytn jf bfofa“ fof“ u/L nufpg ;lsG5 . Pp6} j:td' f
cnu cnu /ª nufpb“ f gnfpg] efu 6k] n] /fdf| ;] u“ 5fK] gk' 5 { . /ª nufpg cfjZostfg;' f/
g/d jf s8f a'?;sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . km/flsnf] ;txdf /ª nufp“bf 7n' f] a'?; /
;f“u'/f] ;txnfO{ ;fgf] a?' ; 5fGgk' 5{ .

s'g} klg /ªnfO{ /fd|f;] u“ 6Nsfpg lgDg lnlvt k|ljm| of ckgfpg'k5{ M

/ª nufpb“ f ;a}eGbf klxn] vfS;L nufpg'k5{ . clg k|fOd/ nufO{ ;S' g lbgk' 5 { . k|fOd/n]
j:t'sf] ;txdf ePsf Kjfn jf l5b| e5 { . o;n] sg' } sg' } j:ts' f] /;] f p7fOlbG5 / ;tx v;f| ]
xG' 5 . o;y{ o;sf ;txdf !@) gDa/sf] vfS;L la:tf/} nufO{ ;txnfO{ lrNnf] kfgk{' 5 { .
To;kl5 /ªsf] klxnf] /ªnk] nufO{ sl/a ^ bl] v @$ 306f ;s' fpgk' 5 { . /ªsf] klxnf]
;txdf klg xNsf l:6n pnn] /u8g\ k' 5 { . k'gM bf;] f| ] /ªn]k /ª nufO{ ^ b]lv @$ 306f
;'Sg lbgk' 5{ . To;kl5 clGtd /ªn]k /ª nufO{ /fd|f;] u“ ;S' g lbO{ j:tn' fO{ ko| f]udf Nofpg
;lsG5 . ;tx jf j:t'cg';f/ ljleGg k6s /ª nufO{ j:t'nfO{ cfsifs{ agfpg ;lsG5 .

@= 6Nsfpg] ljlw

ljzi] f u/L sf7 / af“;sf] sfoa{ f6 lgldt{ j:tn' fO{ a9L 6Nsfpg ;lsG5 . sf7, af“;
cflbsf] ;tx 6Nsfpg tyf ;'Gb/ / ;'/lIft vfS;L nufpgk' 5{ . To;kl5 cfjZostfg';f/
a?' ; jf sk8f k|of]u u/L k6s k6s aflg{; nufpg ;lsG5 . kf/bzL{ ePsfn] aflg{;
ko| f]u ubf{ sf7 jf af;“ sf] ;txsf] agf]6 k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf /xG5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 135

lrq

#= aflg;{ ug{] kl| j|mof

-s_ j:t'sf] ;txsf] tof/L M o;sf nflu vfS;L nufP/ ;txnfO{ lrNnf] kfg{'k5{ . o;
;dodf kl] G;nsf lrxg\ nfO{ v's/]{ x6fOG5 / vfS;L nufOG5 . o; jm| ddf df]6f]bl] v dl;gf]
vfS;L nufpg'k5 { . sf7sf] rf}kf6fdf vfS;L nufpg'k5{ . o;/L vfS;L nufPsf] ;tx
;kmf / /ª nufpg of]Uo xG' 5 .

-v_ aflg;{ nufpg] tl/sf M aflg{;nfO{ tof/ ePsf] ;txdf /;] fcg¿' k nufpg'k5 { .
aflg{;sf] klxnf] sf6] ;'sk] l5 To;n] j:ts' f] l5bn| fO{ k'/L s]xL ;tx k'mnfp“5 . o;nfO{
dl;gf] !@) gDa/sf] vfS;L nufO{ ;Dofpg'k5{ . k'gM bf;] f| ] sf6] aflg;{ u/L ;s' k] l5
dl;gf] l:6n pnn] ;tx xNsf 9ªu\ n] lrNnf] kfgk{' 5{ . To;kl5 clGtd sf6] aflg;{ nufO{
;S' g lbg'k5{ . o;/L sf7 / af“;af6 ags] f j:tn' fO{ 6Nsfpg / /fdf| ] agfpg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

ltdf| ] ljBfno jf 3/df /x]sf sf7af6 ags] f ;fdfgdf k'gM /ª nufO{ gof“ h:t} agfO{
k|bz{g u/ .

cEof;

!= j:td' f /ªsf] k|ofu] ug]{ sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' ,\ nv]  .

@= aflg;{ lsg ul/G5, nv]  .

#= /ª nufpg] k|lj|mof n]v .

136 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

PsfO !# M df6fsf] sfd

kf7 ! ljleGg cfs[lt lgdf0{ f

!= km" nbfgL lgdf0{ f

a7} s, ;T' g] / kfx'gf sf7] fdf ljleGg ef8“ fdf km" n ;hfP/ /flvG5 . k"mnaf6 dgdfx] s
af:gf kf| Kt xG' 5 . km" nnfO{ ;hfP/ /fVg] ef8“ fnfO{ k"mnbfgL elgG5 . ahf/df km" nbfgL
ljleGGf cfsf/ / ;fOhdf pknAw xG' 5g \ . k"mnbfgL km" n /fVg] 7fps“ f cfwf/df lgdf0{ f
u/s] f] kfOG5 . df6fsf] km'nbfgL agfpg df6f,] kfgL /fVg] ef8“ f,] df6f] d'5g\ ] lksf{ cyjf
9'ª\uf, 3'Dg] rSsf h:tf ;fdu|L rflxG5g\ .

ljleGg tl/sf ckgfO{ df6fsf] km" nbfgL tof/ ug{
;lsG5 . oLdWo] SjfOnx¿ 3d' fP/ tof/ kfg]{ / /f6] ]
lkª xl\ jndf cfsf/ lbg] tl/sf kr| lnt 5g \ . SjfOn
lgdf0{ f ubf{ pko'St df6f] 5gf6] u/L d'5\g'k5{ .
d5' ]sf] df6fnfO{ cfjZostfcg;f/' df8L n:;fbf/
agfpgk' 5 { . To;kl5 df6fnfO{ b'j} xftsf] ;xfotfn]
a]n/] 8f/] L cfsf/ agfpgk' 5{ / To;nfO{ l/ª cfsf/
jf rfx]h:tf] cfsl[ tdf 9fNgk' 5{ . To; cfsl[ tsf]
leqk6l\ 6 xNsf;u“ df6fn] lnKgk' 5 { . To;nfO{ ;o" s{ f]
ls/0f k|ToIf ¿kdf gkg{] :yfgdf ;s' fpgk' 5{ . w/] }
;ª\Vofdf km'nbfgL lgdf0{ f ubf{ 3D' g] rSsfdf cfsf/ lbg] k|ljm| of pkoS' t x'G5 . o;sf
nflu luvf{ gePsf] dl;gf] df6f] /fdf| ;] u“ d5' g\ k' 5 { . 5gf6] ul/Psf] df6f] n:;f k/s] f] xg' k' 5 { .
df6fsf] 8Nnf agfO{ rSsfsf] sG] bd| f /fvL rSsfnfO{ 3d' fpb“ } cfsf/ lbb“ } hfgk' 5 { . o; jm| ddf
glhsdf kfgL /fVg] hu xg' k' 5 { . kfgLn] xftnfO{ lr;f] kfb}{ cfsf/ lbb“ } hfgk' 5 { . cfsf/
tof/ ePkl5 aflx/ lgsfnL 5fofdf xfjf grNg] 7fpd“ f ;s' fpgk' 5{ .

w/] } k"mnbfgL tof/ eO;s]kl5 Ps 7fp“df /fvL k/fnn] 5fk] L tnaf6 k/fns} cfufn]
kfN] gk' 5 { . o;f] ubf{ km" nbfgL alnof xG' 5g \ . k"mnbfgLdf /ªn] a6' \6f klg eg{ ;lsG5 .
km" nsf] a6' 6\ f 5p] 5p] df agfpgk' 5 { . o;/L km" nbfgL tof/ u/L ahf/df lajm| L ug{ ;lsG5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 137

@= hgfj/x¿sf] cfsl[ t lgdf{0f

lrD6\ofOnf] df6f]af6 ljleGg hgfj/sf cfsl[ t lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . hgfj/sf cfsl[ t
lgdf{0f ubf{ vf]j|mf] / vl“ bnf] (Solid) b'j} lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . oL hgfj/sf cfs[lt aRrfsf
v]nf}gf, ;f]lelgo/ / zl} Ifs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/sf cfs[lt lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt k|lj|mof ckgfpg'k5{ M

;j{ky| d df6fnfO{ /fdf| ;] u“ d5' g\ k' 5 { . d5' ]sf] df6fsf] 8Nnf agfO{ z/L/sf ljleGg efu
cnu cnu lgdf0{ f ug'{k5{ . o; jm| ddf v6' \6f agfO;s]kl5 k'R5/ / 6fpsf] agfpg'k5{ .
o;/L agfOPsf efunfO{ df6fn] g} ljleGg efudf hf8] b\ } lrKnf] agfpgk' 5 { . oL ;a} sfd
df6f] lunf] 5b“ f g} ugk{' 5 { . o;/L hgfj/sf cfsl[ tnfO{ 5fofdf ;s' fpgk' 5 { . ;s' fpb“ f Knfl:6sn]
5fK] g' /fd|f] x'G5 . tof/ ePsf df6fsf hgfj/sf cfs[ltnfO{ kfn] ]/ alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

sIffsf ;a} ;fyLn] df6fsf] k|ofu] u/L Ps Pscf6] f k"mnbfgL tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= df6fsf] sfddf lrD6fOnf] df6fsf] lsg cfjZos k5{, nv]  .
@= k"mnbfgL agfpg] tl/sf pNnv] u/ .
#= df6fsf cfs[lt agfp“bf s] ugk{' 5{, nv]  .

138 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8

kf7 @ ;]/fldS;

;/] fldS; zAbsf] pTklTt lus| af6 ePsf] xf ] . o;sf] cy{ ef8“ f cyjf ef8“ fsf nflu
eGg] al' emG5 . ;/] fldS; lrD6fOnf] df6f] xf ] . o;nfO{ kfn] /] / lr:;fP/ alnof] agfpg
;lsG5 . ;fdfGo df6faf6 ags] f ef8“ feGbf ;/] fldS;sf Kn6] , sk h:tf ef8“ f alnof xG' 5g \ .

!= ;]/fldS;sf] ko| fu]

o;af6 efG;fdf k|ofu] x'g] Kn6] , sk, lrofbfgLnufotsf ef8“ f lgdf0{ f ul/G5 . e'O“df
k|of]u ul/g] 6fon, 3/ 5fpg] 6fon, O6“ f tyf e6\6L ;]/fldS;sf pTkfbg xg'  \ . e66\ Lsf]
lgdf0{ f ;/] fldS; O“6faf6 ul/G5 . ;]/fldS; pRr tfkj|mddf klUnG5 .

;]/fldS;sf] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv k|ofu] ul/“b} cfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] cg;' Gwfg / ko| f]u lbg
kl| tlbg a9\b} uPsf] klg 5 . ;]/fldS;sf] k|ofu] sk jf Kn]6df dfq} ;Lldt geO{ cGo
;fduL| tyf ld>0fx¿ lgdf0{ fdf klg ko| f]u ePsf] kfOG5 .

@= ;/] fldS;af6 ;fdu|L agfpg] kl| j|mof

;/] fldS;sf] ko| fu] u/L lgDg lnlvt k|lj|mofåf/f ;fdu|L agfOG5 M

-s_ 5gf6] ul/Psf] pkoS' t df6fnfO{ xftn] /fdf| ;] u“ d5' g\ k' 5 { . o;f] ubf{ df6f] a9L n:;fbf/
/ /fdf| ] aG5 . o;/L d5' b\ f df6fsf lardf xfjfsf kmfs] fx¿ /xg x“b' }g .

-v_ df6fsf] sfo{df h:t} o;df klg rSsf, :Nofa, SjfOn, df]N8 cflb tl/sf ckgfO{
cfsf/ lgdf0{ f ugk'{ 5{ .

-u_ OR5fOPsf] ef“8f] lgdf0{ f x'g]lalTts} kftnf] Knfl:6sn] o;nfO{ 5f]Kgk' 5 { . o;df ePsf]
kfgL k'/} ;S' g lbg' xb“' }g . ;S' gl] alQs} lgld{t j:t' rlsg{ nfU5 . tof/ ePsf] ;fdu|L
cfl] ;nf] sf]7fdf /fVgk' 5{ .

-3_ s]xL ;do cf]l;nf] sf]7fdf /fvk] l5 o;df cfpg] s8fkgnfO{ n]b/ xf8{ elgG5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf pTkflbt ;fdu|L sx] L s8f / nlrnf] x'G5 . of] ;dodf pTkflbt j:tn' fO{
/fdf| ] agfpg ;lsG5 .

-ª_ ef“8fnfO{ /fdf| ];“u ;s' fPkl5 o;nfO{ lu|g jo] / elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf ef“8fdf /xs] f]
kfgL k0" f{ ¿kdf ;l' s;S5 . o;sf] km'6\g] ;Defjgf klg sd x'G5 .

k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8 139

-r_ ;'ss] f ef“8fnfO{ sl/a !*))) km/]gxfO6df cfuf] nufpgk' 5 { . o; cj:yfdf cfuf]
nufpb“ f;Dd ef8“ fa] f6 kfgL rl' xg ;S5 . o;nfO{ kf/] fl] ;6L elgG5 . To;kl5 of] sl/a
tLg lbg hlt dGb cfufdf kf]Ngk' 5 { .

-5_ kf/] fl] ;6Lkl5 Unl] hª ul/G5 . o; k|ljm| ofdf ef“8fdf /ª nfpg,] Unf;sf] w'nfdf ?dNg]
h:tf sfo{ ul/G5g\ . ;fy} /ªdf 8'afpg,] a?' ;n] nfpg], :k]| ug]{ h:tf lj|mof klg
Un]lhª ug{] tl/sf x'g \ .

-h_ plNnlvt k|lj|mofkl5 klg oL ;a} ef8“ fnfO{ hDdf u/L kg' M e66\ Ldf @#%) km/]gxfO6df
kfN] g'k5 { . o;/L Un]hnfO{ kfN] g klg tLg lbg nfU5 . tg" lbgkl5 cfufaf6 lgsfn]
kl5 ef8“ f tof/ xG' 5g \ .

Pp6f /ª nufP/ !#))) km/g] xfO6df km]l/ kf]Ng] klg u5{g \ . To;dfly csf{] /ª nufP/
k'gM kfN] g ;lsG5 . o;n] /ªsf] ld>0f /fdf| ] bl] vG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

kfr“ kfr“ hgf ;fyLsf] ;dx" agfO{ ;/] fldS;af6 Kn6] x¿ agfpg] tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= ;]/fldS; s] xf], n]v  .

@= ;/] fldS;sf] k|of]u nv]  .

#= lug| j]o/ eg]sf] s] xf], n]v .

$= ;]/fldS;sf ef“8fdf Unl] hª s;/L ul/G5, nv]  .

%= ;/] fldS;sf af/]df cWoog cg';Gwfg lsg ug'{k5{, nv]  .

140 k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sIff 8