SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION

lzIfs M zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu Ps cfk;df ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf bfx] f/] f] s'/fsfgL x'gk' 5{ .
bf]xf/] f] s'/fsfgLn] Psn] csfn{ fO{ a‰' g ;xofu] u5{ . oxf“ dWo:ystfs{ f] el" dsf
dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 . c¿nfO{ b'Mv kbf{ cfkmn“} fO{ k/s] f] h:tf] dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
klg zflGt sfod ug{sf nflu cfjZos xG' 5 .

ljgo M lxhf] xfdLx¿ vN] bf vN] b} g/z] / dxz] n] ´u8f u/] . pgLx¿ l/;n] s6' fs6' ug{
yfn] . d uP/ tL b'js} f lardf a;“] / bj' }nfO{ tfg/] 5'6\ofP“ . Ps l5gkl5 b'j}
hgfnfO{ ´u8f ug'{sf] sf/0f ;fw] “] . pgLx¿nfO{ dgdf nfus] f s'/f eGg lbP“ .
s'/f] 7n' f] /xg] 5 . ?dfn rf]/ vn] vN] bf b'j} hgfn] klxnf cfkmn" ] ?dfn
lnP/ bf8} g] egs] f /x5] g\ . dn} ] bj' } hgfnfO{ dfGo x'g] u/L lr67\ f yT' g lbg] lgwf]
u/“] . To;nfO{ bj' n} ] d~h/' u/] / ToxLcg;' f/ vn] ] . casf lbgdf ;fgfl] tgf]
s/' fdf slxNo} ´u8f gug{] egL bj' }n] c7f6] u/]/ xft ldnfP . o;nfO{ zflGt
sfod ug]{ Pp6f pkfo dfGg ;lsG5, ld; <

lzIfs M ljjs] n] w/] } /fdf| ] s/' f u¥of,} oxL t xf] lg åGåsf] Joj:yfkg / lbuf] zflGt
egs] f] . ltdL cfkm" n] k9s] f] s/' fnfO{ Jojxf/df klg ptf/s] f /x5] f} . :ofaf; ¤
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf xg' ] u/s] f ljleGg tgfjsf cj:yfnfO{ o;} u/L Joj:yfkg ugk{' 5{ x} ¤

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdLx¿n] ;fyL ;fyL lardf jf 3/ kl/jf/df ´u8f ePsf] cj:yfdf ´u8fsf]
;dfwfg ug{ ckgfPsf tl/sfx¿ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/ . ;a}]eGbf /fdf| ] tl/sf ckgfO{
h;n] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ dbt u/]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ ljBfnosf] ;r" gf kf6Ldf 6f;“ .

@= cfÇgf cleefjs;u“ ;f]wk5' u/L ´u8f ldnfpg ul/g] pkfo ;DaGwdf ;j+ fbsf] gd'gf
tof/ u/ .

#= ltdLn] sIffsf]7fdf b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿ ´u8f u/]sf] b]Vof} eg] pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L
ldnfp“5f} < cfÇgf] tl/sf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ åGå eg]sf] s] xf] < åGå s;/L pTkGg xG' 5 < 43
-v_ åGå Joj:yfkg egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ zflGt eg]sf] s] xf] < zflGt :yfkgf ug{ s] s] ug'{k5{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

;f/f+z

o; PsfOdf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:tc' g¿' ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof“} M
kl/jltt{ ;dfhcg';f/ cfkm" df x'g] kl/jt{g
dflg; lnªu\ sf cfwf/df dlxnf, k'?if / t];f| ] lnªu\ L x'G5 eGg] tYo
hflt, wd,{ lnªu\ , ju{ cflbsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;a;} u“ ul/g] ;dfg Jojxf/
3/n] ' lx;+ fsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfo
dfgj a]rlavgn] ;dfhdf kf/s] f] c;/ / /f]syfdsf pkfox¿
;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfgdf ;xofu]
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ JolSt, kl/jf/, ;d'bfosf] el" dsf
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;n+ Ug ljleGg ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿
tL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfaf6 lnOg] ;xof]u / tL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfnfO{ ul/g] ;xof]u
åGåsf] sf/0f / To;sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u
3/ kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;db' fodf k'gM åGåsf] cj:yf gcfpg] u/L lbuf] zflGt sfod ugs{ f
nflu ;xof]u

44 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

$PsfO gful/s r]tgf

^(

æToxL dflg; wflds{ xf] h;n] csfs{ f nflu Tofu ug{ ;S5 .Æ

– uf}td a4'

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro lbg
;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg
/fi6«, /fli6o« tf / nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ cjnDag ug{
gful/ssf] kl/ro lbg / c;n gful/s aGg

6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf ug{ / c¿nfO{ kfngf u/fpg ;xofu] ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 45

k f7 M ! xfd|f] ;+ljwfg

/fHo ;~rfng ug]{ ;a}eGbf 7'nf] sfg'g ;+ljwfg xf] .
b]zsf cGo sfg'gx¿ o;}sf cfwf/df aG5g\ . To;}
n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'g klg elgG5 . tL
sfg'gsf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng
xG' 5g\ . b]zdf zflGt ;/' Iff / cdgrog -;'zf;g_ sfod
ul/G5 . k;] f, Joj;fo, pBfu] wGbf ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . ltg}
P]g sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ hgtfn] ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]u
ug{ kfp“5g\ .

;l+ jwfgn] /fHo Joj:yfsf] :j¿k lgwf/{ 0f ug{] ePsfn] o;nfO{
dn' s' sf] cgx' f/ xg] {] Pg] f klg elgG5 . ;l+ jwfg hlt /fdf| ] eof] Tolt g} /fdf| , hgdv' L, nfs] tflGqs
P]g sfgg' x¿ lgdf0{ f xG' 5g\ . tL /fdf| Pg] sfgg' af6} hgtfn] ;lhnl} ;t ;j] f kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g\ .
hgtfn] Pg] , sfgg' df Joj:yf ePcg;' f/ ;j] f / ;l' jwf kf| Kt gu/d] f ;j] f ;l' jwf glbg] JolSt jf
;dx" Pjd\ ;:+ yf ;hfosf] efuLbf/ xg' k' 5{ . hgtfnfO{ sfgg' df Joj:yf ePcg;' f/ ;j] f ;l' jwf
glbg] JolSt jf ;:+ yfnfO{ b08 ;hfo lbOG5 . ;l+ jwfgn] hgtfn] kfpg] xs / clwsf/ lgwf/{ 0f
u/]sf] xG' 5 .

;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/s] f] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xs elgG5 . xfnsf] ;l+ jwfg ;ª\3Lo
nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds / ;dfjz] L rl/qsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf
/ Gofokflnsfsf] u7g k|ljm| of / sfd, st{Jo Pjd\ clwsf/x¿ :ki6 ¿kdf tfl] sPsf]
xG' 5 . b]zdf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;l' jwf / Gofo kb| fg ug{ ljleGg ;j+ w} flgs cªu\ x¿sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h klg xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{
kT| os] JolStsf] st{Jo / bfloTj xf] . ;l+ jwfg lgdf0{ f ug{sf] nflu hgtfåf/f rg' /] k7fPsf
kl| tlglwx¿sf] ;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;ef elgG5 . g]kfndf @)&@ ;fn c;fh] # ut] ;+ljwfg
;efaf6 gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . o; ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3, kb| ]z / :yfgLo tx u/L
tLg txsf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . o; ;l+ jwfgnfO{ hgtfsf] rfxgf tyf cfjZostfcg;' f/
;;+ f]wg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

;+ljwfgsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg ljBfnosf] lgod;“u tn' gf ug{x' f];\ / sl7g zAbx¿sf cys{ f nflu k|fljlws
zAb sf]zsf] ko| f]u ugx{' f];\ .

46 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lj|mofsnfk
!= rf/ kf“r hgfsf] ;d"x agfpm / x/s] ;d"xn] cfk\mgf] sIffsf nflu cfjZos

lgodx¿ ab“' fut ¿kdf tof/ u/ . pSt lgodx¿ kfnk} fnf] sIffdf k:| t't ub{}
;femf a“b' fx¿ n]Vg] kf6Ldf l6Kb} hfpm . ;as} f ;femf a'“bfx¿ 7n' f] sfuhdf n]v/]
sIffdf 6f;“ / ;an} ] pSt lgodsf] kfngf u/ .
@= sIffsf]7fdf kfng ug'{kg{] lgod / ;l+ jwfgdf s] s] leGgtf 5g,\ 5nkmn u/L
nv] .
#= æ;l+ jwfg bz] sf] dn" sfg'g xf]Æ s;/L, ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L nv] .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ ;l+ jwfg egs] f] s] xf] < o;nfO{ lsg dn" sfgg' elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ lsg ;+ljwfgnfO{ dn' 'ssf] d'xf/ x]g{] P]gf elgPsf] xf] <
-u_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ s] s:tf sfgg' agfOG5g\ <
-3_ xfnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] 5g,\ 5nkmn u/L n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 47

kf7 M @ gful/ssf] kl/ro



kf6g, a}t8L
@)^( df3 @% ut]

lko| alxgL zf]ef,

w]/} w/] } ;Demgf

ltdLn] k7fPsf] kqdf gful/ssf] kl/efiff / /fi6« lgdf{0fdf p;sf] e"ldsf af/] ;f]ws] L
/lx5f} . /fHoleq gu/df jf ufp“df a;fa] f; ug{] JolSt To; /fHosf] ;b:o xG' 5 .
/fHosf] ;b:o ePafkt p;n] sx] L clwsf/ kf| Kt u5{ . /fHokl| t p;sf] stJ{ o klg
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fHon] cfÇgf] l;dfgfleq a:g] JolStx¿nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] x]/]sf]
x'G5 . Ps lsl;dsf ;b:onfO{ gful/s elgG5 . csf]{ lsl;dsf ;b:onfO{ lgjf;L
dfq elgG5 . gful/s egs] f] b]zsf] :yfoL afl;Gbf xf] . lgjf;L eGgfn] JolStsf] efu} f]
lns klxrfg;u“ ;DalGwt xG' 5 . of] c:yfoL ks| l[ tsf] xG' 5 . /fHodf gful/s / lgjf;L bj' }
xG' 5g\ . ;a} gful/s lgjf;L x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;a} lgjf;L gful/s x'g ;Sbg} g \ . g]kfnleq
cGo /fHoaf6 cfO{ a;fa] f; u/s] f ljbz] L gful/s gk] fnsf gful/s xb'“ }gg \ . pgLx¿n]
gk] fndf gk] fnsf gful/s;/x clwsf/ bfaL ug{ ;Sbg} g \ . sfgg' n] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f cfwf/df
JolStnfO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/G5 .

/fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;as} f] bfloTj xG' 5 . ;an} ] rl/qjfg\ gful/s aGg'k5 { . rl/qxLg / cN5L
gful/sn] /fHosf] enfOsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;Sbg} g\ . To;n} ] gful/s :j:y
/ km'lt{nf] x'g'k5{ . gful/sn] plrt lzÔf k|fKt ug{k' 5{ . cfkm"nfO{ /fi6« ;]jfdf ;dlk{t
ugk{'[ 5{ . /fli6o« :jfy{sf] cufl8 JolStut :jfy{ 5f8] \g'k5 { . ;fjh{ lgs Ôq] leqsf wf/f,
sj' f, kfv] /L, 9n, lah'nL, dlGb/, rr,{ dl:hb, rf}tf/L, kf6L kf}jf cflbsf] ;+/Ô0f ugk{' 5{ .

xfdLn] k9\g] :s'nsf] jftfj/0f :jR5 / ;kmf ;U' 3/ /fVg'k5 { . gful/s clwsf/sf] pkofu]
ubf{ /fi6« lgdf0f{df ;d:of klg cfpg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dt lbg hfb“ f w]/} le8 x'g
;S5 . le8df kªl\ Stdf ldn/] hfgk' 5 { . xfdf| ] ljBfnodf vfgk] fgL gxb“' f ;a} cleefjsx¿åf/f rGbf
;ªs\ ng u//] ufpk“ flnsfsf] ;xofu] df vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f agfpg] sfd u/] . s]xL dflg;n]
c;xofu] ubf{ sfd /f]lsof] t/ ;a} ldn]/ ;D´fPkl5 ljBfnodf wf/f aGof] . ;a} ljBfyL{n]
kfgL vfg kfP . o;k|sf/ ;fjh{ lgs enfOsf nflu sfd ubf{ sx] L ;d:ofx¿

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gful/ssf] kl/ro u/fpb“ f ufp“ kflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf a;fa] f; ug]{ JolStsf] pbfx/0f lbO{
;/n tl/sfn] ljifoj:ts' f] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

48 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

cfpg ;S5g\ . ;a} ldn/] To;sf] ;dfwfg ugk'{ 5{ . o;}df gful/ssf] sNof0f xG' 5 . o;
kqdf gful/ssf] kl/ro / /fi6« lgdf{0fdf p;sf] pkofu] ;DaGwdf olt g} hfgsf/L u/fpg
rfxG5 ' . cfhnfO{ olt csf{] k6s gful/s clwsf/sf af/]df rrf{ u/f“n} f .

pxL ltd|f] bfh'

bLk]z

ljm| ofsnfk

!= gful/s / lgjf;Ldf sg' sg' s/' fx¿ ;dfg 5g\ / sg' sg' s/' fx¿ leGg 5g\ < 56' o\ fpm .

@= /fi6« lgdf{0fdf gful/ssf] s:tf] bfloTj /xG5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lb“b} ltdf| ] ;fyLnfO{
kq n]v .

#= æ/fli6«o :jfy{sf cufl8 JolStut :jfyn{ fO{ 5f]8g\ k' 5{ .Æ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ub{} sIffdf
k|jrg sfoj{ |md cfofh] gf u/ . Ps Ps hgfn] pb3\ f]ifs, ;do kfns, ;efklt /
sDtLdf b'O{ hgfn] lg0ffo{ ssf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/ . lg0f{osf cfwf/x¿ klxn] g} 5nkmn
u/]/ tof/ u/ . OR5's JolStn] jStfsf ¿kdf ;xeflutf hgfpm . /fdf| ] / ts{k"0f{
af]Ng]nfO{ kf| T] ;flxt u/ .

$= /fi6« lgdf0{ fdf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf clt cfjZos x'G5 t/ w]/} hgfsf] ;xeflutfdf
;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < kf7sf
cfwf/df 5nkmn u/ .

%= Pp6f gful/ssf] gftfn] b]zsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfox{ ¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ k:| t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ gful/s egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ gful/ssf] bfloTjx¿ s] s] x'g\, To;sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/ .
-u_ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf gful/ssf] pkofu] lsg cfjZos 5 <

;fdb' flos sfo{

dfgf“}], :yfgLo ;db' fodf /x]sf] Pl] txfl;s :yn Hofb} k/" fgf] eP/ eTsg nfus] f] 5 .

Toxf“ glhs /xs] f] kfgLsf] wf/f ;l' s;ss] f] 5 . jl/kl/ ´f/kft / kmf]xf]/n] 9fs]sf] 5 .

To; :ynsf] hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ s] ugk{' nf,{ ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/L of]hgf agfpm / sIffdf

k:| tt' u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 49

kf7 M # gful/s clwsf/

clwsf/ eGgfn] csf{nfO{ s'g} lk/, dfsf{, afwf gkf/Lsg cfÇgf] xssf] pkef]u ug]{
tl/sfnfO{ a‰' g'k5{ . o:tf] xssf] pkef]usf nflu /fHon] :jLsl[ t lbPsf] xG' 5, h:t} M
;fjh{ lgs af6fdf lx8“ g\ ] clwsf/ ;an} fO{ 5 . Pp6fn] o; af6fdf d dfq lx8“ 5\ ' eGg kfpb“ g} .
o:tf] clwsf/nfO{ /fHon] :jLs[lt lbPsf] x“'b}g . ;as} f] ;f´f j:t'nfO{ xfdLn] Psnf}6L ¿kdf
ko| fu] u¥of“} eg] c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg xG' 5 . ;fj{hlgs kf6L, kf}jf, wdz{ fnf, Ogf/, wf/f,
rf}tf/L, aur“} fsf] pkefu] ug{ kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . wf/fsf] kfOk sfl6lbg', aur“} fdf
uP/ hyfefjL kmfx] f/] ug'{, kmn' l6Kg' clwsf/sf] b'?kofu] xf] . ljBfnodf uP/ k9\g kfpg'
ljBfyL{sf] clwsf/ xf] . sIffsf]7fdf sfuh Roft/] ÇofS“ g,' 6a] n' , 8]:s, aG] rdf d;L 5ls{g',
hyfefjL leTtfdf nV] g,' sIffdf xNnf ug,{' ;fyLx¿;u“ ´u8f ug{' ljBfyLs{ f] clwsf/ xfO] g .
;a}eGbf klxn] dflg;nfO{ vfgf, 3/, sk8fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . oL cfjZostf hLjgsf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xg' \ . ;fy} p;sf] lhpwgsf] ;/' Iff xg' 'k5{ . oL s'/fx¿ xfdf| dfgj
clwsf/leq k5{g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gful/ssf xs / clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg gk] fnsf] xfnsf] ;l+ jwfg cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf;] \ / To;df pNnv] ePsf xsx¿ k|:6 kfl/lbgx' f];\ .

50 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

sfgg' n] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f clwsf/nfO{ sfgg' L clwsf/ elgG5 . ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, ;DklTQ
cfhg{ , zfi] f0f lj?4sf] xs sfgg' L clwsf/leq k5g{ \ . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] dfl} ns xsdf
;Ddfgkj" s{ afR“ g kfpg] xs, sfgg' sf bl[ i6df ;a} ;dfg xg' ] / ;r" gf dfUg kfpg] xs
;dfjz] u/s] f] 5 . cfÇgf] wd{ / ;:+ sl[ tsf] kfngf ug{ kfpg,] lzIff kf| Kt ug,{] /fh] uf/
kf| Kt ug,{] cfÇgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg,] bz] lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg] h:tf xs klg ;l+ jwfgdf
pNnv] 5g\ . o;} u/L 5j' f5t' / hftLo eb] efj ug{ gkfOg,] ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, nv] , /rgf 5fKg
kl| taGw nufpg gkfpg,] oftgf lbg gkfpg] h:tf xssf] klg Joj:yf 5 . kt} s[ ;DklQdf 5f/] f /
5f/] Lsf] ;dfg xs, jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs, afnaflnsfnfO{ cfÇgf] klxrfg / gfdsf] xs,
Gofosf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, >d;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ;l+ jwfgn] u/s] f] 5 . sfgg' L clwsf/sf]
pkefu] ug{ /fHon] sfgg' sf cfwf/df ;an} fO{ 56' lbPsf] 5 . oL clwsf/sf] pkefu] ug{] xs ;a}
gk] fnLx¿df a/fa/ 5 . Ps JolStn] clwsf/sf] pkefu] ubf{ c¿nfO{ sg' } ks| f/sf] afwf xg' x' b“' g} . olb
sg' } gful/sn] o:tf] sg' } xs pkefu] ug{ kfPg eg] p;n] cbfntdf ph/' L lbg kfp5“ . cbfntn] p;nfO{ xs
lbnfOlbG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf], ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L n]v .

@= cfkm\ gf] clwsf/sf] ko| fu] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] kIfx¿sf] ;r" L agfP/ sIffdf k:| tt' u/ /
k|fKt ;'emfj ;dfjz] u/L ;'wf/ klg u/ .

#= dfl} ns xsx¿ ;dfjz] u/L Pp6f uLt jf sljtfsf] /rgf u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm .

$= xfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] afnaflnsfsf] xsdf pNn]v ePsf xsx¿ cfk\mgf]
sfkLdf ;f/ .
cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ c¿sf] clwsf/ s;/L xgg x'G5 <
-v_ dflg;sf cfwf/et" cfjZostfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-u_ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] kb| fg u/s] f dfl} ns clwsf/x¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ cfÇgf] clwsf/ pkofu] ubf{ c¿nfO{ afwf kfg{' xb“' g} eGg] ;DaGwdf Ps cgR' 5b] nv] .

;fd'bflos sfo{

;db' fosf dflg;x¿n] cfcfÇgf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ubf{ s] s] ;d:ofx¿ cfOk/] / ltgsf]
;dfwfg s;/L ul/of] eGg] ;DaGwdf kZ| gx¿ agfpm / ;db' fosf dflg;nfO{ ;fw] . k|fKt
pQ/x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf ;g' fpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 51

kf7 M $ gful/s st{Jo

gful/s st{Jo ;DaGwdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ ;'ifdf lar ePsf] s/' fsfgL o; ks| f/ 5 M

ljBfyL{ M ld; ¤ xfdf| ] cfhsf] kf7 ‘gful/s st{Jo’ eGg] /x5]  . stJ{ o eg]sf] s] xf] <
atfOlbgx' f];\ g .

lzIfs M xG' 5 . ;'g, d atfOlbG5 ' . stJ{ o eg]sf] lhDdj] f/L xf] . Pp6f JolStn] c¿
JolSt, ;dfh / /fHok|lt ug]{ c;n sfd xf] . dflg;n] cfÇgf] hLjgdf w/] }
sfd ug'{k5{ . tL sfdx¿ st{Joleq k5{g\, h:t} M cfkm"k|ltsf] st{Jo,
kl/jfkl| tsf] stJ{ o, ;dfhk|ltsf] st{Jo, /fi6k« l| tsf] st{Jo cflb .

ljBfyL{ M ld; ¤ tkfO{“n] egs] f s'/fx¿ dn} ] ;a} a‰' g ;lsg“ lg <

lzIfs M /fdf| ] Wofg lbP/ ;g' x} t ¤ stJ{ ox¿nfO{ d'Vo b'O{ efudf af8“ /] cWoog ug{
;lsG5 M != g}lts st{Jo @= sfg'gL st{Jo .

ljBfyL{ M gl} ts stJ{ o eg]sf] s] xf] <

lzIfs M cfÇgf] leqL dg jf rt] gfaf6 plAhP/ dflg;n] hg' bfloTj k/" f k5,{ To;nfO{
gl} ts st{Jo eGb5g\ . cfkme" Gbf 7n' fsf] cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug',{ cfdfafa' /
u'?hgn] egs] f] ;xL s'/f dfGg,' cfkm"eGbf ;fgf] JolStl;t :g]xk0" f{ Jojxf/ ug,{'
ei| 6x¿sf] lj/f]w ug,{' ;Tosf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg,' cGofosf] lj/f]w ug{' /
Odfgbf/Lkj" s{ sfo{ ug{' gl} ts stJ{ oleq k5{g \ .

ljBfyL{ M cl3 tkfO{“n] cfkm"kl| tsf] st{Jo, ;dfhkl| tsf] st{Jo / kl/jf/k|ltsf] stJ{ o
eGge' Psf] lyof] lg, xfO] g / <

lzIfs M xf,] cl3 d}n] dfly egs] f st{Jox¿ klg g}lts stJ{ o g} xg'  \ . cfkm"kl| tsf]
st{Jo eg]sf] cfkm"nfO{ rl/qjfg\ agfpg', cg'zf;gdf a:g', kl/>dL aGg',
plrt lzÔf kf| Kt ug{,' cfÇgf] hLjg c¿sf nflu klg pkofu] L agfpg' xf] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g}lts / sfg'gL stJ{ ox¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ To;sf] kfngf u/fpg clek|]l/t ug{] vfnsf
lj|mofsnfk u/fpgx' f];\ .

52 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

ljBfyL{ M clg kl/jf/ / ;dfhk|ltsf] st{Jo eg]sf] s] xf] lg, ld; <

lzIfs M kl/jf/k|ltsf] st{Jo egs] f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] x]/rfx, ;xof]u / cfb/ ug{'
xf] . cfdfafa'n] 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] pGgltsf nflu w/] } si6 u/s] f x'G5g \ . To;n} ]
cfdfafa' a9' f ePkl5 pgLx¿sf] ;]jf ugk{' 5{ . kl/jf/df ePsf cfkme" Gbf ;fgf
efOalxgL, 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ dfof ugk'{ 5{ . To:t} ;dfhk|ltsf] stJ{ ocGtut{
cfÇgf] 6f]n l5ds] , ufp“ gu/sf] pGgltsf nflu sfo{ ug'{k5{ . To:t} ;fjh{ lgs
:yn, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+jw{g ug'{ klg
gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] .

ljBfyL{ M sfgg' L stJ{ o eg]sf] s] xf,] atfOlbg'xf;] \ g ld; ¤

lzIfs M /fHosf] sfg'gn] JolStsf nflu ls6fg u/s] f] s'/f kfngf ug{' sfgg' L stJ{ o
xf ] . sfg'gL stJ{ oleq /fHonfO{ s/ ltg,'{ dtflwsf/sf] ko| fu] ug{,' sfg'gsf]
kfngf ug,{' b]z ;j] f ug,{' e|i6frf/sf] lj/fw] ug{,' ;To / Gofosf] kIfdf cfjfh
p7fpgn' ufot k5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sÔfdf klg ltdL / csf]{ Ps hgf ;fyL ldn/] clegosf ;fy kf7sf] ;+jfb k9/]
;'gfpm .

@= ltdLnfO{ ;j+ fb k9/] ul/Psf] clego s:tf] nfUof] . o; sfdaf6 ltdLn] s] s] s/' f
l;Sof,} Pp6f l6kf]6 nv]  .

#= gl} ts st{Jo / sfgg' L st{Jox¿sf] aU] nfaU] n} ;r" L agfpm .
cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ gful/ssf stJ{ ox¿ s] s] xg' ,\ a'b“ fut ¿kdf pNn]v u/ .
-v_ sfgg' L / gful/s st{Jox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .

-u_ gful/sn] cfÇgf st{Jox¿sf] kfngf lsg ug{k' 5{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 53

kf7 M % ;"rgfsf] xs

;"rgf eGgfn] tYo, tYofª\s, ;dfrf/,
clen]vnfO{ hgfpF5 . k|frLg sfndf
;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ k/]jfsf]
ko| fu] ul/GYof] . dWosfn / /f0ffsfndf
‰ofnL lk6/] , zªv\ ahfP/, bdfxf ahfP/,
lau'n k'ms]/ tyf s6jfn 3f]sfP/ ;r" gf
cfbfgkb| fg ul/GYof] . o;} u/L jt{dfg
;dfhdf 5fkf kqklqsf, /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg,
cgnfOg kqklqsf, OG6/g6] tyf ;fdflhs
;~hfndfkm{ t ;"rgf kj| fx u/]sf] kfOG{ 5 .
/fHon] cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ ;+ljwfg
jf sfg'gL k/Dk/fcg';f/ k|bfg ug]{ xs jf clwsf/x¿nfO{ df}lns xs elgG5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgdf dfl} ns xscGtut{ ;r" gfsf] xsnfO{ wf/f @& df ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rgfsf]
xs eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/
xf] . oL zAbn] ;fj{hflgs lgsfodf /x]sf] s'g} klg lnvt, ;fdu|L jf To:tf lgsfosf]
sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug]{ h:tf clwsf/nfO{
a'emfp5“ . xfd|f] ljBfno klg ;fjh{ lgs ;:F yf xf] . ljBfnodf x'g] ultljlwsf af/]df ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfn] hfgsf/L kfpg'kb{5 . ljBfnodf sg' lzIfsn] s] ljifo k9fpg' x'G5 < ljBfnodf
s:tf÷s:tf slt ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 < ljBfnodf jife{ l/df s] slt cfDbfgL
xG' 5 < s] slt vr{ x'G5 < s] s:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ slxn] slxn] ;~rfng x'G5g\ < h:tf s'/fx¿
hfgsf/L lng kfpg' xfdL ;a} ljBfyL,{ cleefjs / ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ xf] . of] ljifo klg ;r" gfsf]
xscGtu{t kb5{ .
k|Tos] gful/snfO{ cfkm\ gf] jf ;fjh{ lgs ;/fs] f/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs
xG' 5 . t/ ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gadfl] hd kj| fx ug{' gkg{] elgPsf ;r" gf / hfgsf/Lx¿ eg]
dfUg]lalQs} kfO+b{ }g . tL ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f u//] sx] L ;dosf nflu ;/+ If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6o«
Pstf, cfjZostf, ;/' Iffdf vnn kfg],{ hftLo ;b\efj vnn x'g], cg';Gwfg k|efljt xg' ], cflys{
tyf Jofkfl/s ;/f]sf/ Wj:t x'g] / c¿sf] JolStut uf]kgLotf xgg\ x'g] vfnsf ;"rgf dfUg]
lalTts} lbg ldNb}g . oL afxs] ;a} ;r" gf hgtfn] dfuk] l5 lbgk' g]{ xfdf| ] sfgg' L Joj:yf 5 . :yfgLo
:t/df xg' ] u/s] f ljsf; lgdf0{ f;u“ ;DalGwt ultljlwx¿sf af/d] f klg ;r" gf dfu ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj M ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ljBfno tyf :yfgLo txdf /x]sf ljleGg;ª3\ ;:yfx¿af6 ;r" gfx¿
s;/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f lbO{ k|:6 kfg{x' f;] \ .

54 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

Rfft} f/L ufpd“ f ;8s lgdf0{ f sfo{ x'b“ } lyof] . crfgs lgdf{0f sfo{ /fl] sof] . ufps“ f dflg; hDdf
eP/ lsg sfd /fl] sof] egL lhNnf ;8s sfofn{ odf a'emg\ uP . Toxfs“ f Ps sdr{ f/Ln] ah]6
;lsPsfn] sfd /fl] sPsf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbP . wgdfof lbbLn] vf;v'; ub}{ rf/ lsnfl] d6/ ;8s
agfpg cfPsf] ah6] ltg lsnf]ld6/ klg gagfO{ s;/L ;lsG5 elgg\ . c¿n] klg xf] t lg
eGb} OlGhlgo/nfO{ e6] \g uP . pgn] ;8s lgdf0{ f sfo{ /fl] sg'sf] sf/0f :ki6 egg] g\ . To;kl5
;8sdf slt /sd cfPsf] lyof,] s] s] sfdsf nflu slt vr{ eof] To;sf] hfgsf/L dfluof] . pgn]
o;/L cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0f lbg ldNb}g eg] . To;kl5 ufpsF f dflg;x¿n] ;8s lgdf0{ fsf ;a}
hfgsf/L kfpm“ egL To; sfofn{ osf ;r" gf clwsf/LnfO{ lgjb] g lbP . tL ;r" gf clwsf/Ln] klg
;"rgf lbg gdfgk] l5 ufpFn]x¿n] sfo{fno kd| v' nfO{ lgj]bg lbP . sfof{no k|dv' n] OlGhlgo/
/ n]vfkfnaf6 ;8s lgdf{0f;“u ;DalGwt ;a} sfuhft dufP/ x]/] . cem} Ps lsnf]ld6/
;8s agfpg k'Ug] /sd a}ª\sdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . sfof{no k|d'vn] 7]s]bf/nfO{ af]nfO sfd
k/" f ug{ lgb{]zg lbP . Ps dlxgfdf ;8s lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg eof] . o;/L s'g} sdr{ f/L
jf sfof{non] cfkm"n] ug'k{ g]{ sfd gu/d] f lsg gu/s] f] egL hfgsf/L dfUg'k5{ . ;fjh{ lgs
rf;f] / ljsf;sf sfd;“u ;DalGwt ;a} hfgsf/L ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ / s'g} gful/sn] dfu
u/]df pknAw u/fpgk' 5{ . k|Tos] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfon] ;f] lgsfo;“u ;DalGwt ;r" gf Joj:yfkg
ug{ tyf gful/sn] dfu]sf] ;r" gf pknAw u/fpg Ps clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ b{5 . ;"rgfsf]
xssf] sfofG{ jogsf nflu P]gadfl] hd lgoS' t x'g] pSt clwsf/LnfO{ g} ;"rgf clwsf/L elgG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltd|f] ljBfnodf s;/L ;r" gf kb| fg ul/G5, ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/]/
sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf /x]sf s'g} ;:+ yfn] ;r" gf kj| fx ug{ s] s:tf pkfox¿
ckgfPsf 5g,\ vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

cEof;

!= ;"rgf / ;"rgfsf] xs eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= xfdLnfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] cfjZostf lsg kb{5 <
#= s:tf s:tf ;"rgf dfUgl] alQs} kfO{“bg} <

;fdb' flos sfo{

!= ltdf| ] a;fa] f; glhs /x]sf] :jf:Yo s]Gb| jf To:t} cGo ;fdb' flos ;:+ yfdf hfpm . To;
sfofn{ oaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf / k|ljm| of l6kf6] u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 55

k f7 M ^ 6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf u/f“}

6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf u/f}“ .
xfdL ;an} ] cfÇgf] Hofg arfcf“} .
tnsf 6f« lkms ;ª\st] x¿ cWoog u/f}“ M



lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ glhssf] 6f« lkms k|x/L sfofn{ odf cjnf]sg ed| 0f u/fO{ jf 6«flkms lgod hfGg] JolSt
af]nfO{ 6f« lkms / To;sf] kfngf ug{ l;sfpg'xf;] .\ olb Tof] ;Dej gePdf kf]:6/x¿sf] cWoog ug{
clek]|l/t u/fpgx' f;] \ .

56 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

ljm| ofsnfk

!= /fhdfu{ jf 7n' f / km/flsnf Jo:t ;8sx¿df s;/L af6f] kf/ u5f,{} el" dsf clego
u/]/ bv] fpm . /ªu\ Lg sf8{ af8] n{ fO{ sf6/] ;ªs\ t] aTtLsf ¿kdf ko| fu] u/ . vn' f
7fpd“ f ;8ssf] Ifq] tfs] . ;8sdf sfutsf nfdf l/agx¿ ko| fu] u/L ha] f| jm| ; agfpm .
sx] L ;fyLx¿nfO{ uf8Lsf] / sx] LnfO{ a6j' fsf] el" dsf bp] m . uf8L bj' t} kma{ f6 rnfpg
cg/' fw] u/ . Ps hgfnfO{ ;ªs\ t] aQL bv] fpg nufpm . Ps bO' { hgfnfO{ 6f« lkms kx| /L
agfpm . ca kfn}kfnf] ;ªs\ ]t aQL b]vfpb“ } ha] |fj|m;af6 af6f] sf6\g] cEof; u/ .
uNtL ug{n] fO{ kg' M l;sfP/ cEof; u/fpm . lzIfssf] ;xof]u klg np] m .

@= kf7df plNnlvt 6f« lkms ;ª\st] sf] cy{ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L nv] .
#= kf7df lbOPsf 6f« lkms ;ªs\ t] x¿sf] cWoog u/L 7n' f] kfgfdf ptf//] kb| zg{ u/ .
$= 6f« lkms lgod kfngf ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf hufpg] Kns] f8{ tof/ u/, h:t} M k}bn
lx8“ \bf ;8ssf] bfof“ lsgf/faf6 lx8f“} .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ s:tf] lgodnfO{ 6«flkms lgod elgG5 <

-v_ 6«flkms ;ª\s]tsf] cWoog u/L h]a|fj|m;af6 af6f] sf6\bf s:tf] ;fjwfgL
ckgfpgk' nf,{ n]v .

-u_ 6f« lkms lgod kfngf gu/] s] xG' 5 <

@= lgDglnlvt 6f« lkms ;ªs\ t] x¿sf] lrq agfO{ tL ;ªs\ t] sf cy;{ dt] nv] M

-s_ ha] f| jm| ;
-v_ a; la;f}gL
-u_ dflg;n] af6f] sf6g\ xG' 5 eGg] ;ª\st] lrxg\
-3_ dflg;n] af6f] sf6g\ x“'b}g, /f]lsg'k5{ eGg] ;ªs\ t] lrxg\

-ª_ uf8L /f]Sg gx'g] ;ªs\ ]t lrx\g

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 57

k f7 M & /fi6« / /fli6«otf



pQ/

x/]s bz] sf cfcfkm\ g} ;+ljwfg / sfg'g xG' 5 . xfd|f] /fi6« g]kfn xf] xfdL g]kfnL xf} . g]
kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] g]kfn /fi6s« f] kl/efiff o;/L u/s] f] 5, æax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wflds{ ,
ax' ;f+:sl[ ts, ljzi] ftfoS' t, efu} f]lns ljljwtfdf /xs] f,] ;dfg cfsfªI\ ff / g]kfnsf] /fli6o«
:jtGqtf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf /fli6o« lxt / ;dl[ 4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;q" df cfa4
;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] .Æ

g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgcg';f/ ‘gk] fn :jtGq, cleefHo, ;fj{ef}d;tf ;DkGg wd{lg/kI] f, ;dfj]zL
nfs] tGqfTds ;dfhjfb pGdv' ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .’ gk] fndf af]
lng] ;a} dfte[ fiffx¿nfO{ /fi6«efiff elgPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff g]kfnL efiff x'g]
5 . gk] fnL efiffsf] cltl/St k|bz] leq ax';ªV\ os hgtfn] afN] g] cGo /fi6« efiffx¿ klg
5g\ . tL efiffx¿nfO{ k|b]zn] kb| ]z sfgg' adfl] hd kb| ]zsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff agfpg
;Sg] Joj:yf ;l+ jwfgn] u/]sf] 5 .

/fi6k« l| tsf] efj jf cf:yf Pjd\ /fi6« lxtsf] efjgfnfO{ /fli6o« tf elgG5 . kT| os] gful/sn] cfÇgf]
bz] sf] uf/} j ug{k' 5{ . b]zk|lt k]d| efj ks| 6 ug'k{ 5{ . To:t} bz] sf] l;dfgf ldlr“bf cfjfh
p7fpg,' To;sf] s'6gLlts ¿kdf ;dfwfg vfH] g' / bz] sf] lxt x'g] sfo{ ug'k{ 5{ . bz] sf] clxt
x'g] sfo{df va/bf/L ug{' klg /fli6o« tf xf] . cfÇgf] /fi6«sf] enfO x'g] sfo{ / ;a} hfthflt,
efiffefifL, lnª\u, ju,{ If]q cflbsf cfwf/df eb] efj gu/L Pstf sfod ug{' /fli6o« tfnfO{ alnof]
agfpg] cfwf/x¿ xg' \ . /fi6« /xg] eg] xfdL gk] fnL eP/ /xg ;Sbg} f“} .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf] efjgf hufpg] vfnsf cGo lj|mofsnfkx¿ klg cfÇgf] kl/jz] cg's"n

u/fpgx' f];\ / sl7g zAbx¿sf nflu k|fljlws zAbsf]zsf] k|ofu] ugx{' f];\ .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

xfd|f /li6«o lrx\gx¿ /fli6«o ufg, gk] fnL † gk] fn :ju{ agfObp] m †
/fli6«o emG8f, /fli6«o hgfj/, /fli6«o /ªsf] cfpm g bz] sf] 5 cfxj\ fg, lg:sg em66\ } lg:s @
;Ddfg ug'{ xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf] st{Jo xf] . kxf8nfO{ ;Dofpg,] alnof ltd|f kfv/' f
o;n] /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fp“5 . ;w}“ ljZjnfO{ lrgfpg,] lxdfn cUnf 6fs/' f .
/fi6«sf] pGglt / ljsf; ug{df ;lj|mo /xg',, tGg]/L sfd ug]{ Jofkf/L ls;fg hflu/]
/fi6« lalu|g nfud] f To;sf lj?4 va/bf/L ug{' ldn/] ;an] prfnf}+ of] bz] dfly dfly /] .
/ c;n gt] [Tj rogdf ;3fpg' ;Rrf gful/ssf] u08sL, sf;] L, s0ffn{ L ;Dkbf 5g\ b]zdf
bfloTj xf] . cfÇgf] /fi6«dfly s;n} ] xdnf u/d] f Pstf xfd|f] k|f0f xf], xfdL 5f“} yk' |} ji] fdf .
/ /fi6« 6j' m| g nfu]df /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu kxn xl/of kmf“6 e'mn]sf, nfU5 :ju{ oxL xf]
ug'{ xfdL ;a} gk] fnLsf] st{Jo xf] . bz] sf] dfof d'6d' f hLjg xfdf| ] oxL xf] .
hf]zn] ltd|f] 3lGsof,] kY[ jL ;f/f ;u/
NofP/ cfh ljZjdf o'usf] gf}nf] nx/ .
efiff / j]if Pp6} xf,] dfof / ddtf Pp6} xf]
ldn]/ xfdL xs' s]{ f] cfdfsf] sfv Pp6} xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgcg;' f/ /fi6« / /fHosf] kl/efiff kfgfel/ 7'nf cIf/n] nv] ]/
k|bzg{ u/ . h;sf] cfsifs{ / /fdf| ] x'G5 To;nfO{ leQ] klqsfdf 6f;“ .

@= /fli6o« tfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn /
cGt/ljm| of u/L To;sf a'“bfx¿ pNn]v ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ kq n]v .

#= /fli6o« tfsf] efjgf emNsg] sljtfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L sljtf uf]i7L u/ . ;a} hgfn]
clgjfo{ ¿kdf sljtf eGg} kg]{ / cfkm"n] nV] g g;s] c¿n] n]v]sf] sljtf jfrg
ug'{kg]{ lgod agfpm .

$= ;an} ] Ps Ps cf6] f /fli6o« emG8f agfpm . /fli6«otf emNsg] uLt ;ª\sng u/L
sIffdf ;fdl" xs ¿kdf ufpm . uLt ufp“bf ;an} ] uLtsf] tfndf /fli6«o emG8f
xNnfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ /fli6o« tf /Iff ug]{ pkfox¿sf] ;r" L agfpm <
-v_ /fli6o« tf egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgcg';f/ gk] fn /fHosf] kl/efiff n]v .
-3_ /fli6«otf egs] f] s] xf] < lsg xfdLn] /fi6«sf] lxt xg' ] sfd ug'k{ 5{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 59

k f7 M * ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq

;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq;DaGwL ljifodf lzIfs l;hg{ f
lu/L / ljBfyL{ ;l' gn tfdfªlar ePsf] ;j+ fb M

;'lgn M gd:sf/ ld; ¤

l;h{gf M gd:sf/, clg s] 5 ltdf| ] va/ <

;'lgn M l7s} 5, ld; ¤ cfh dnfO{ ;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq gk] fnsf
u0ftGqsf af/d] f s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls < k|yd /fi6k« lt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj

l;h{gf M ;'g, /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ PseGbf a9L PsfOdf af“8\g' ;ª\3Lotf xf] .

jf:tjdf ;ª\3 Pp6} x'G5 t/ k|bz] -/fHox¿_ w/] } x'G5g\ . k|b]zx¿ eg]

sf PsfO xg' \ . ;ª\3 eg]sf] Psdi' 6df /fi6« xf] . ;ª3\ Lo /fHo xg' sf nflu

l;ª\uf] /fi6«nfO{ ;;fgf /fHo jf k|b]zdf ljefhg ul/G5 . tL /fHo jf

kb| ]zx¿ cfk;df ldnfO{ ;ª3\ agfOG5 . To;nfO{ sG] bL| o /fHo jf ;ª3\
elgG5 . jf:tjdf ToxL g} ;ª3\ Lotf xf] . To;u} /L ;;fgf :jtGq /fHox¿
cfk;df ldn/] cfÇgf] cfjZostf k/" f ug{ ;ª3\ agfp“5g\ . To;nfO{ klg
;ª3\ Lotf elgG5 . o;/L bj' } lsl;daf6 ;ª3\ Lo /fHo aGg ;S5 . /fHo jf
kb| z] sf] ljefhg ubf{ eu" f]n leqsf ;fwg, ;f| ]t / ;fdYo{, eflifs hftLotf,
ef}ufl] ns, ;f+:sl[ ts, Pl] txfl;s cfwf/ cflbnfO{ Wofg lbOG5 . x/s] k|bz] sf
gful/sn] cfÇgf] kb| z] sf] ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}n“ ] gLlt, ofh] gf, sfo{j|md agfp“5g\
/ nfu' u5{g\ . To;}n] /fHo jf kb| z] x¿ :jfoQ xG' 5g\ . kl| t:kwfs{ f cfwf/df ljsf;
lgdf0{ fdf h6' 5\ g\ . gk] fn ;ª\3Lo /fHo xf] . gk] fnnfO{ ;ft kb| z] df ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 .
;'lgn M ld; . ;ª3\ Lotfsf af/d] f t a'em“] . ca nf]stGq eg]sf] s] xf] <

l;h{gf M afa' ;'g, b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf cfk}m“ jf cfk\mgf] k|ltlglwdfk{mt
;xefuL x'g] / lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/;lxtsf] zf;g Joj:yf nf]stGq
xf] . o;df hgtfsf] ;xeflutf /xg], lg0f{o kl| jm| ofdf hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ /
;xeflutf /xG5 . ;as} f] kl| tlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'G5 . o;y{ :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf,

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

gof“ cjwf/0ff ePsfn] lzIfs ;fyLx¿n] o;;DaGwL ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf] cWoog u/L To;s} f cfwf/df
;ª3\ Lotf, nf]stGq / u0ftGqsf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

60 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

;l' gn M hgdtsf] sb/ x'g] zf;g Joj:yf g} nf]stGq xf] . hgtfsf nflu hgtfåf/f
ul/g] zf;g nfs] tGq xf] . gk] fndf nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu gk] fnL
hgtf / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ 5 .
ca cGTodf u0ftGqsf] af/d] f sx] L s/' f atfOlbg' x'G5 ls <

l;h{gf M n ;'g, hgtfn] 5fg]sf k|ltlglw /fi6« kd| v' x'g] Joj:yf g} u0ftGq xf] . g]kfndf
@)^% ;fn h]i7 !% ut] /fhtGqsf] cGTo eO{ u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf eof] . u0ftGq
Nofpg bz j;]{ hgo4' / bf];f| ] hgcfGbfn] g @)^@÷^# sf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf
/xs] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] cWoog u/L g]kfndf u0ftGq nfs] tGq / ;ª3\ Lotf ;DaGwdf
nl] vPsf ab“' fx¿ l6k/] 5nkmn u/ .

@= gk] fnnfO{ lsg nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds dn' 's elgPsf] xf], ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ ;ª\3Lotf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ /fhtGq / u0ftGqdf km/s 5'6\ofpm .
-u_ bz] ljsf;df /fli6«o :jfy{nfO{ ;jfk{] /L 7fgL ;a} bnx¿ ldn]/ cl3 a9\gk' 5{ .
o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 61

;f/f+z
o; PsfOdf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cg'¿ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof}“ M
;+ljwfgsf] kl/ro
;l+ jwfgn] k|bfg u/s] f df}lns xsx¿
c;n gful/s
gful/ssf] clwsf/
cfÇgf] clwsf/
cfÇgf] st{Jo
6«flkms ;ªs\ t] x¿
6«flkms lgod
gk] fndf u0ftGq :yfkgf
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kmfObf
;ª3\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqsf] cjwf/0ff
/fi6« / /fli6«otfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{
axh' ftLo, axe' flifs, ax'wflds{ / ax';f+:s[lts /fi6s« f ¿kdf gk] fn

62 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

%PsfO xfd|f] k[YjL

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ x'g] 5g\ M
k[YjLsf] kl/ro lbg
k[YjLsf] bl} gs ultnfO{ ko| f]u / gd'gf x]//] k'li6 ug{
Unfa] / gS;fdf cIff+z Pjd\ bz] fGt/ /v] fsf cfwf/df 7fpx“ ¿sf] cjl:ylt kQf nufpg
g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] kl/ro lbg
Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / kf| sl[ ts kIfsf] kl/ro lbg
gk] fnsf] gS;f ptfg{ / cWoog ug{
leTt] klqsf tof/ ug{
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/ atfpg
ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro lbg / Joj:yfkg sfod{ f ;xof]u ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 63

k f7 M ! xfd|f] kY[ jLsf] kl/ro

/d]z M -lzIfssf] xftdf /xs] f] Unfa] nfO{ bv] fpb“ _} ld;n] t kY[ jL g} afs] /] Nofpge' P5 . of]
lsg Nofpg'ePsf] ld; <

lzIfs M of] k[YjLsf] gd'gf xf] . ltdLx¿nfO{ kY[ jLsf af/d] f s] yfxf 5, eg t <

/fh' M k[YjL Pp6f ux| xf] . o;sf] pTklTt ;f9] rf/ ca{ jif{ klxn] ePsf] xf] .

uLtf M kY[ jL esG' 8fh] :tf] uf]nf] geP/ ;'Gtnf h:tf] tndfly y]lKrPsf] uf]nfsf/ 5 .
k[YjLsf] ;txdf b'O{ efu kfgL / Ps efu hldgsf] efu /xs] f] 5, ld; ¤

lzIfs M ltdLx¿nfO{ t w]/} s/' f yfxf /x5] . ltdLx¿nfO{ d}n] 3/af6 Pp6f b/f] l;Gsf
/ ufn] fsf/ j:t' Nofpm egs] f] lyP“ lg ¤ cufl8 /fv t .

dgdfof M -;an} ] cfkm"x¿n] NofPsf l;Gsf / ;G' tnf 8:] sdf /fV5g\ ._ ld; ¤ xfdL a;s] f]
7fp“af6 vGb} uof] eg] sxf“;Dd k'luPnf <

lzIfs M ltdLn] NofPsf] ;'GtnfnfO{ kY[ jL dfg . To;sf] l7s dflyaf6 Pp6f / bfofa“ f6
Pp6f l;Gsf 3;' f/ t . sxf“ kU' of] < sg' l;Gsf a9L 3':of] <

hfgsL M tn;Dd 5]l8of] . xfdLn] kY[ jLdf vGb} uof}“ eg] t csf{] 5]pdf kl' ub“ f] /x]5 .

lzIfs M t/ kY[ jL olt 7n' f] 5 ls o;/L vg]/ csf{] 5]p;Dd kU' g ;lsb“ }g . dflg;n]
xfn;Dd bO' { dfOn cyjf tLg lsnf]ld6/;Dd dfq vGg ;ss] f 5g\ .

6s] dfg M ld; ¤ dflyaf6 3';f/s] f] l;GsfeGbf bfof“af6 3';f/s] f] l;Gsf a9L 3';]sf] 5 .

lzIfs M -Unf]a kb| zg{ ub{}_ xf,] xfdf| ] k[YjL ;'Gtnf h:t} tn dfly y]lKrPsf] xg' fn] o;sf]
pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w'j| ;Ddsf] b/' L -Jof;_ !@&!# lsnfl] d6/ dfq 5 . hals
ed" Wo /v] faf6 gflkPsf] Jof; $# lsnfl] d6/ a9L cyft{ \ !@&%^ lsnfl] d6/
5 . To;n} ] bfofa“ f6 3;' f/s] f] l;Gsf a9L 3';]sf] xf] .

d}tL M uf]nfw{ egs] f] s] xf] lg <

lzIfs M kY[ jLsf] bfoft“ kms{ f] cfwf efunfO{ kj' L{ ufn] fw{ / afoft“ kms{ f] cfwf efunfO{ klZrdL
ufn] fw{ elgG5 . o;} u/L k[YjLsf] lar efuaf6 jl/kl/ lvlrPsf] /v] fnfO{ ed" Wo
/]vf elgG5 . of] ed" Wo /]vfbl] v dflytkms{ f] cfwf efunfO{ pQ/L ufn] fw{ /
tntkms{ f] cfwf efunfO{ blIf0fL ufn] fw{ elgG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

o; kf7 ljBfyL{ sl] Gbt| / ko| fu] fTds ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ . ;s;] Dd :yfgLo zl} Ifs ;fduL| sf] ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ .

kf7df h:t} lzIfssf] el" dsfdf tkfO+{ / ljBfyLs{ f] e"ldsfdf tkfOs“{ f ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xefuL u/fpgx' f];\ .

64 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

ljgf]b M d]/L sfsL cd]l/sfdf a:g'x'G5 . hlxn]
klg /ftL kmfg] cfp5“ . oxf“ t lbp“;f] 5
eGgx' G' 5 . s;/L o:tf] ePsf] xfn] f, ld; <

lzIfs M -Unf]a 3'dfp“b}_ k[YjL o;/L klZrdaf6
k"j{tkm{ 3'D5 -Unf]adf 6r{sf] k|sfz
kfb_}{ . o;nfO{ kY[ jLsf] bl} gs ult elgG5 .
;o" s{ f] pHofnf] 3fd Ps k6sdf kY[ jLsf]
cfwf efudf dfq kg{ ;S5 . kY[ jL Psgf;n]
3l' d/xg] xg' fn] kj' L{ efudf pHofnf] xb“' } cfp5“
/ klZrd efudf cW“ of/f] xb“' } hfG5 . gk] fn / cdl] /sf ljk/Lt uf]nfwd{ f kg{]
ePsfn] gk] fndf /ft x'“bf cdl] /sfdf lbg xG' 5 .

clgtf M Pp6} 7fp“df klg slxn] hf8f] xg' ], slxn] udL{ x'g,] slxn] w]/} kfgL kg]{ / slxn]
;S' vf x'G5 lg, ld; . o:tf] lsg ePsf] xf]nf <

lzIfs M of] ;a} k[YjLsf] jflifs{ ultsf sf/0f ePsf] xf] . ;"o{nfO{ k[YjLn] kl/jm| df ug{
#^% lbg cyft{ \ ! jif{ nufp5“ . of] ;dodf kY[ jL slxn] ;"ob{ ]lv 6f9f x'g], slxn]
glhs x'g,] slxn] ;o" s{ f] ls/0f pQ/L uf]nfwd{ f l;wf kg],{ slxn] 58\s] kg{]
x'G5 . oxL k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultsf sf/0f Ct' kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . ljleGg Ct'df
xfjfkfgL klg km/s km/s xG' 5 . o;n] ubf{ slxn] udL,{ slxn] hf8f,] slxn]
w/] } kfgL kg]{ / slxn] ;'Svf x'g] xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= :yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg] uf]nfsf/ j:t' jf Knfl:6ssf] es'G8f] jf lunf] df6f]af6 ag]sf]
ufn] fsf/ j:ts' f] ;xfotfn] uf]nfw{x¿ 5'6\ofpm .

@= sfkLdf jf ;fbf sfuhdf kY[ jLsf] lrq, kY[ jL;DaGwL ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿ ;dfj]z
u/]/ Ps kf]:6/ tof/ u/ / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

#= sIffdf cW“ of/f] kf/]/ 6r{ nfO6 jf d}gaQLsf] cufl8 Unf]a /fv]/ 3'dfp“b} lbg /
/ftsf] ke| fj s;/L xG' 5, x]/ . cfkmn" ] l;ss] f] s/' f ;d]6/] Ps nv] jf lrq tof/
kf/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ kY[ jLsf af/d] f OG6/g6] , OGsf6f,{ P6n; cflb cWoog u//] ;ªl\ IfKt kl/ro b]pm .

-v_ ufn] fw{ egs] f] s] xf], ufn] fwx{ ¿sf] k|sf/ lrqdf b]vfpm .

-u_ lbg / /ft lsg x'G5 < kY[ jL ufn] fsf/ geP/ ;dy/ ePsf] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f ,

sNkgf u/L cfÇgf] ;fyLnfO{ Ps kq n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 65

k f7 M @ cIff+z / b]zfGt/ /v] fx¿

0º pQ/L w|'j

k|wfg dWofxg\ /v] f

0º blIf0fL wj|'

k:| tt' lrqdf 7f8f] wsf{x¿ b]zfGt/ /v] f x'g\ . k[YjLsf] pQ/L w'j| / blIf0fL wj'| hf]8g\ ]
sfNklgs /v] fx¿ g} b]zfGt/ /v] f x'g\ . logLx¿ cw{ j[Qfsf/ x'G5g\ . an] fotsf] lug| ljr
eGg] 7fpa“ f6 lvlrPsf] bz] fGt/ /v] fnfO{ k|wfg dWofxg\ /v] f (prime meridian) elgG5 .
k|wfg dWofx\g /]vfbl] v kj" { -bfof“_ tkm{ k|Tos] Ps l8uL| df Ps Ps u/L !*) cf6] f / klZrd
-afof_“ tkm{ !*) cf6] f o:tf bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ x'G5g\ .

ss6{ /]vf ()º pQ/L w|j'
@#=%º
ed" Wo /v] f )º
ds/ /]vf @#=%º
()º blIf0fL wj|'

plNnlvt lrqdf bl] vPsf t];f{ wsfx{ ¿ cIff+z /]vfx¿ x'g\ . ed" Wo /]vf;u“ ;dfgfGt/ xg' ]
u/L kY[ jLsf] kj" b{ l] v klZrd;Dd lvlrPsf sfNklgs /]vfx¿ g} cIff+z /]vfx¿ x'g\ . oL
/v] fx¿ pQ/L ufn] fw{df kT| os] Ps l8uL| df Ps Ps u/L ()° ;Dd / blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f klg
ToxLcg';f/ ()° ;Dd xG' 5g\ .

gS;fdf cIffz+ /]vf / bz] fGt/ /v] f

/v] fx¿sf] ;xfotfn] sg' } klg :yfgsf] cjl:ylt -/xs] f] :yfg_ / ;do atfpg ;lsG5 . 3]/f
nufOPsf] efu ‘s’ eGg] 7fps“ f] gS;f xf] . k|:tt' gS;fdf ‘s’ eGg] 7fp“ k"j{ !)° b]lv k"j{
#%° bz] fGt/ / pQ/ !)° bl] v pQ/ #)° cIff+zdf k5{ egL atfpg ;lsG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

o; kf7df cIffz+ /v] f / bz] fGt/ /v] fsf] ;4} flGts kIfsf] geP/ ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] dfq
hfgsf/L u/fpg vfl] hPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;4} flGts kIfsf af/d] f sIff & df cWoog ul/g] 5 . ctM gS;fdf
cIffz+ /v] f / bz] fGt/ /v] fsf] ;xfotfaf6 ljleGg 7fp“ jf bz] sf] cjl:ylt kQf nufpg] cEof; u/fpgx' f;] \ .

66 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

To;} u/L ‘c’ eGg] 7fp“ @)º pQ/L cIff+z / @)º k'jL{ b]zfGt/df k5{ . kT| o]s ^) ;s] ]G8
a/fa/ ! ldg6] / ^) ldg]6 a/fa/ ! l8u|L x'G5 . ! l8uL| b]zfGt/leq ^) ldg]6 b]zfGt/

/ ! ldg6] bz] fGt/leq ^) ;]s]G8 b]zfGt/ x'G5 . cIff+zdf klg oxL PsfO nfu' xG' 5 .

$)º

#)º c
cIff+z @)º

!)º s

)º !)º @)º #)º $)º
b]zfGt/
ljm| ofsnfk

!= Unfa] jf gS;f x]/]/ cIff+z /v] f / bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ klxrfg u/ .

@= P6n; jf leQ] gS;fx¿df ePsf] /fhgLlts gS;f x]/L ljleGg d'n'sx¿ slt
cIff+z / bz] fGt/df kbf{ /x]5g\ kQf nufpm / tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf b]vfpm M

b]z cIffz+ b]zfGt/

cEof; 67

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ cIffz+ /v] f / bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿ b]vfpg] lrq agfpm .
-v_ cIffz+ / bz] fGt/ /v] fx¿sf] kl/ro b]pm .
-u_ cIff+z /]vf / bz] fGt/ /v] f s] ss] f nflu pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M # g]kfnsf] cjl:ylt, l;dfgf / Ifq] kmn

pQ/f~rn -ef/t_ ltAat -rLg_ udu9L, d'u'

g]kfn 

pQ/

laxf/ -ef/t_ ef/t

@)^( c;fh] #) ut]

Kof/L h]lgkm/,
;d' w'/ ;Demgf .

ltdLn] xfdf| ] bz] gk] fnsf] l:ylt, l;dfgf / Ôq] kmnsf] ljifodf cgs] kZ| gx¿ ;fw] s] fdf cToGt
v;' L 5 ' . ;r" gf ljefuåf/f k|sflzt g]kfn /fHosf] ;ªl\ ÔKt kl/ro gfdsf] k'l:tsfdf g]
kfnsf] l:ylt, l;dfgf / Ô]qkmnsf] ljifodf o;/L n]lvPsf] 5 M

Pglvsk] ff*n_] */k)f[Yi6j!«Ls@x’ff ]] k;."jag{ }ebk] Gz] fbnffG7t'n/@;^f] )Dddx@fkå@mL’}lknpPPQsl;/fo]b5f]lsv f.] #do)W;)ose@ffu]&sd’n'f pcÔQjq] l/:kymcntÔe!fz+,k" $l;/&jD,!d]li*7/!t *-;)d)b' n| $fO’ { g5f]
kj" {b]
ju{ lsnfl] d6/
5 . of] Ôq] kmn ljZjsf] )=)# kl| tzt / Pl;of dxfbz] sf] )=# kl| tzt xf] . g]kfnsf] k'jL{
l;dfgf dr] L gbLbl] v klZrdL l;dfgf dxfsfnL gbL;Ddsf] s'n nDafO **% lsnfl] d6/ 5 .
pQ/b]lv blÔ0fsf] rf}8fO eg] Psgf;sf] 5g}  . k'jL{ efueGbf klZrdL e"efu s]xL km's]sf]
5 . dWoefudf clns v'lDrPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ gk] fnsf] pQ/ blÔ0fsf] rf8} fO Go"gtd !$%
lsnfl] d6/bl] v clwstd rf8} fO @$! lsnf]ld6/ /xs] f] 5 . o;y{ g]kfnsf] ;/b/ rf}8fO
!(# lsnfl] d6/ xg' cfp“5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg;' f/ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8

^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %)$ /x]sf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿;u“ ePsf] P6n;df gk] fn;DaGwL efu} fl] ns ljj/0fx¿ cWoog ug{ nufO{ cEof; u/fpgx' f];\ .
;fy} gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿df klg ;docg;' f/ kl/jt{g x“'b} hfg] xg' fn] jt{dfg ;dosf]

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof -cgd' flgt olt xG' 5_ af/]df atfOlbgx' f;] \ .

68 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] ltAat / kj" {, blIf0f / klZrddf ef/tsf klZrd aª\ufn,
laxf/, pQ/ k|b]z tyf pQ/f~rn /fHox¿ kb5{ g \ . gk] fnsf] k'jL{ l;dfgfnfO{ ef/t;“u
dr] L gbLn] / klZrdL l;dfgfnfO{ dxfsfnL gbLn] 56' \ofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] blIf0f klZrd
efudf dxfsfnL gbLkfl/ klg dxfsfnL gu/kflnsf /xs] f 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} pQ/df
cUnf cUnf lxdfnx¿n] l;dfgf 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . blÔ0f l;dfgfnfO{ dfgj lgld{t :tDex¿n]
56' o\ fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{ b;uhf klg elgG5 . ltdLnfO{ g]kfn;DaGwL ljz]if hfgsf/L
/fVg' 5 eg] Odn] env@stak. wlink.com.np vfn] ]/ x/] , ;a} s/' f a'‰g ;Sg] 5f} .

ltdLnfO{ dfof ug{] ;fyL

kd]| k|wfg

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fn ;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg] ljleGg tl:a/, lrq, rf6{ cflb ;ªs\ ng u/L kl/ro
k'l:tsf jf kf]:6/ jf lau as' tof/ kf/ / sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

@= gk] fn ;DaGwL tYo tYofªs\ nfO{ tflnsfdf k:| tt' u/ M

d]/f] gk] fn

l;dfgfdf kg{] b]z / kb| z]

cIff+z bz] fGt/ Ifq] kmn nDafO rf}8fO k"j { klZrd pQ/ blIf0f

#= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ bO' { ;dx" df afl“ 8P/ x/s] ;d"xn] gk] fnsf] efu} f]lns tYox¿
;DaGwL b;cf6] f kZ| g / pQ/x¿ agfpm . pSt k|Zgsf cfwf/df xflh/L hjfkm
kl| tof]lutf ;~rfng u/ . k|Zg / pQ/ b'j}df ! bl] v !) ;Ddsf] jm| d ;ª\Vof
/fv . pb\3fi] fsn] Ps eg]kl5 ;dx" ‘s’ n] j|m=;+= ! sf] k|Zg ;fw] / ;dx" ‘v’ n]
klg j|m=;=+ ! s} hjfkm b]pm . hjfkm ldnd] f cªs\ bp] m .

$= g]kfnsf] xfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] Ifq] ut ljt/0f vfh] L u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ P6n;df ePsf] ljZjsf] gS;f / Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf gk] fn klxrfg u/L To;sf]
df6] fdf6] L cIffz+ / bz] fGt/ kQf nufpm .
-v_ xfdLn] xfdf| ] b]zsf] l;dfgf ;/+ If0f ug{ s] ug{k' 5{ <

-u_ g]kfnsf] gS;f agfO{ rf/ l;dfgf 5'6\ofpm . ltdLn] agfPsf] gS;f ;fyLsf]

gS;f;“u tn' gf u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 69

kf7 M $ g]kfnsf] ef}ufl] ns l:ylt / xfjfkfgL



pQ/

lxdfnL k|b]z
kxf8L kb| ]z
t/fO{ k|b]z

g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{ lxdfn 6Ns]sf],
dWoefudf kj" k{ lZrd kxf8 9Nss] f] .

blIf0ftkm{ ;dy/ db} fg cGg e08f/,
leqL dw];;u“ } /} 5 r/' ] kxf8 .

lxdfndf lr;f] xG' 5, t/fO{df udL{,
kxf8df hf8f] udL{ a/fa/ x'g] .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf gk] fn klxrfg ug{ nufO{ kf7sf] ;?' cft u/fpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyLx{ ¿ lar xflh/Lhjfkm
u/fP/ jf ofqf j0fg{ sf] gdg' f tof/ ug{ nufP/ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

70 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

g]kfnsf] efu} f]lns If]qcg';f/sf ljz]iftfx¿

ljj/0f t/fO{ kb| ]z kxf8L k|b]z lxdfnL k|bz]

cf]u6]sf] Ifq] kmn !& kl| tzt ^* kl| tzt !% k|ltzt

xfjfkfgL udL{ lxp“b\df 7G8f / hf8f]
uL| iddf udL{


jg:klt ;w“} kft eO/xg] lxp“bdf kft emg{] sf]0fwf/L jg, ;Nnf
;bfaxf/ hª\un ktem/ jg:klt wk' L, bj] bf/ hftsf
l;;f}, vo/, rf“k, plQ;, u'/f;“ , ?v / a6' o\ fgx¿
l;dnsf ¿vx¿ ;Nnf] cflb h8La6' L

df6f] gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf ] /ftf÷] k'm;f| ] kTyl/nf] -9ª' \ufx¿
dlnnf] kf“uf] df6f ] sd pAhfp xg' ] df6f] ldl;Psf]_ df6f]

hldg ;dy/ le/fnf,] a“;] L / ns] , w/] } le/fnf] / ulx/f
vf“r] , pkTosf, 6f/x¿ a;“] L, lxpn“ ] 9flsPsf] Ifq]

kmnkm" n s/] f, cfk“ , d]jf ;'Gtnf, cf¿av8f :ofp, cfv] /
s6x/ cf¿, cDaf, nK;L

ljm| ofsnfk

!= P6n; jf leTt] gS;fdf g]kfnsf] efl} ts gS;f x]//] t/fO,{ kxf8 / lxdfn klxrfg
u/ . sfkLdf To:t} gS;f ptf/L /ª e/ / sIffdf kb| z{g u/ .
@= P6n; jf leQ] gS;fdf gk] fnsf gbL, tfn / lxdfnsf af/d] f cfÇgf ljbz] L ldqnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fp“b} Ps kq n]v .
#= kf7sf] sljtf no xfn]/ ;an} ] Ps} k6s ufpm .
$= cfkm" a;s] f] eGbf km/s efu} fl] ns Ifq] df ed| 0f u/s] f] sNkgf ub{} dflysf ljj/0fx¿sf
cfwf/df Pp6f ofqf ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ lxdfnL kb| ]z / kxf8L kb| z] lar km/s 5'6\ofpm .
-v_ ltdL sg' kb| z] df a:5f,} cfÇgf] kb| z] sf af/d] f kf7df lbOPh:t} tflnsf agfpm .
-u_ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ kb| z] df kfOg] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf af/d] f pbfx/0f;lxt nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 71

k f7 M % gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs hghLjg

w/ftnLo :j¿kn] xfjfkfgL, dfgjsf] a;f]af;, njfO vjfO / /xg ;xgnfO{ k|ToIf ke| fj
kf5{ . To;n} ] g]kfnsf] t/fO{bl] v lxdfn;Dd ljljw k|sf/sf] hghLjg kfOG5 .

t/fO{ k|b]z

t/fOs{ f dflg;x¿ kftnf] nu' f nufp5“ g\ . Toxf“
a;fa] f; ug]{ hfltcg';f/sf] k/Dk/fut j]ife"iff
xG' 5 . kf| oM h;f] k'?ifn] wft] L, n'ª\uL, ef6] f], s'tf,{
sldh nufp5“ g\ . dlxnfn] ;f8L, rf]nL, nx] ª] u\ f
nufp5“ g\ . oxf“ afxg' , Ifq] L, yf¿, lwdfn, d;' ndfg,
d';x/, ofbj cflb hfltx¿ a:5g\ . yf¿, efh] k/' L,
dl} ynL, cjwL efiff a9L k|ofu] x'G5 . eft, /f6] L,
bfn / ;AhL t/fO{sf] dV' o vfgf xf] . t/fOd{ f
xf]nL, 57, df3L, l;?jf, Ob cflb kj{x¿
dgfOG5g\ . t/fOd{ f lxdfnL / kxf8L kb| z] af6 a;fO“
;/]sf ljleGg hftsf dflg; e]l6G5g\ .

kxf8L k|bz]

kxf8L k|b]zdf df};dcg';f/sf] n'uf nufOG5 .
k'?ifn] bf}/f, ;'?jfn, O:sf]6, sldh, s5f8,
efª\u|f, ufbf] nufp5“ g\ . dlxnfn] kml/of, rfa} GbL
rfn] f,] nª' u\ L, xfs' k6f;L, dV] nL / ljleGg ks| f/sf uxgf
nufp“5g\ . k'?ifn] 6f]kL / ljjflxtf dlxnfn]
kft] ] / ltnx/L nufp5“ g\ . pgLx¿ bfn, eft, u'Gb|'s, t/sf/L, l9“8f,] /f6] L vfG5g\ . o;
Ifq] df Ifq] L, afxg' , /fO{, lnDa', tfdfª, gj] f/, u?' ª, du/, wfdL, ;'gj' f/ tyf ljleGg blnt
hfltx¿ a:5g\ . b;,“} ltxf/, Nxf;] f/, pwf}nL, pefn} L cflb kj{ oxf“sf d'Vo rf8kjx{ ¿ xg' \ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj
ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ dgf]/~hgfTds / ;xeflutfdn" s lj|mofsnfkx¿af/] ltgcf]6} k|bz] sf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf

af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpgx' f;] \ .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lxdfnL kb| ]z

lxdfnL kb| z] df a;}e{ l/ hf8f] x'g] x“'bf afSnf] nu' f
nufOG5 . aSv,' bf]rf, kfªb]g oxf“sf d'Vo kf];fs
x'g\ . l9“8f], cfn', /f]6L d'Vo vfgf x'g\ . o;
k|b]zdf z]kf{, ysfnL, ef]6], 8f]Nkf] nufotsf
hfltx¿ a;f]af; u5g{ \ .

ef}uf]lns / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf eP klg
g]kfnLx¿df /fli6o« Pstf sfod 5 . ltgcf]6}
k|b]zdf Ps csf]{ kb| z] sf dflg; 5o\ f;ld; eP/ a:g]
jm| d a9s] f] 5 . gk] fnL efiffnfO{ ;Dks{ efiffsf ¿kdf ko| fu] u/s] f] kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg hflt jf Ifq] sf] kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u/L cfkm\ gf] sIffdf ePsf ;fyLx¿ kfr“ 5 cf6] f
;dx" agfP/ a; . x/s] ;dx" n] cfkm\ gf] Ifq] , efiff, wd,{ kj,{ ji] fei" ff ;DaGwL ljj/0f
tof/ kf//] sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .
@= sIffdf ji] fei" ff kl| tof]lutf u/ . pTs[i6 xg' n] fO{ ;Ddfg u/ .
#= k/' fgf kqklqsfx¿ / kf7o\ k:' tsx¿af6 kf7df h:t} g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf
emNsfpg] tl:a/, lrq, ;dfrf/ cflb ;ª\sng u//] Pp6f rf6{ k]k/ jf k'/fgf]
SofnG] 8/sf] kfgfdf 6f;“ /] ‘d/] f] gk] fn d/] f] uf/} j’ zLifs{ df Ps kf:] 6/ tof/ kf/L kb| zg{ L
u/ . pTsi[ 6 kf]:6/nfO{ k/' :s[t u/ .
$= lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ kb| z] sf dflg;x¿ a:g] 3/x¿sf] lrq ;ª\sng u/L ltgLx¿
lar t'ngf u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ltdL sg' efu} fl] ns kb| z] df a:5f} < cfÇgf] efu} fl] ns k|bz] sf] ;fdflhs cj:yf
emNsfpb“ } Pp6f ;+jfb jf lr7L jf ;dfrf/ tof/ kf/ .
-v_ ægk] fndf ljljwtfdf PstfÆ zLifs{ df Pp6f 5f]6f] lgaGw n]v .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfÇgf] ;db' fodf ePsf hft÷hflt, wd{, efiff, rf8kj{, j]ifei" ff / vfgf;DaGwL hfgsf/L
;ª\sng u/ / Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 73

kf7 M ^ gk] fnsf] gS;f sfo{

s g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] tl/sf v
-!_
vs
&=% ;l] d -@_

3 u3 u

s vs v
-#_ -$_

6

8

3 9u 3u
gS;f eg{] ;fdfGo lgodx¿
gS;fdf tYox¿ k|of]u ul/g] sx] L
!= gS;f eg]{ sfd ;kmf, :ki6 / z4' xg' 'k5{ . kr| lnt ;ªs\ ]tx¿

@= gbL, tfn, 6fs/' f,] ;x/sf] gfd ;se/ gS;fdf gfd ;ªs\ ]t
n]lvg'k5,{ gS;f aflx/ xfO] g .
kj{t
#= 7fps“ f] cefj eP dfq tYonfO{ ;ª\s]tåf/f gS;f eGHofª÷gbL
tfn÷;x/

aflx/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . ;8s÷/]n dfu{

$= aflx/ Ps 5p] df ;ª\s]tsf] tflnsf lbO{ gS;fdf xjfO{ dfu{
gfd;lxtsf] ;ªs\ t] x¿ lbg'k5{ .
/Hh' dfu{
%= sg' } j:ts' f] Ô]qLo ljt/0f lbb“ f ;ªs\ ]tsf] k|of]u vlgh kbfy{
ug{' cfjZos 5 . sg' } Ifq]

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ P6n; x]//] gS;f ptfg,{ 6];« ug{ / ptf/s] f] gS;f eg{ cEof; u/fpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyL{n]
agfPsf] gS;fdf cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbg'xf;] \ . cg;' r" Ldf ePadfl] hdsf ljm| ofsnfk klg u/fpgx' f];\ .

74 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdLx¿ rf/ kfr“ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;]/ Pp6f 7n' f] sfuhdf g]kfnsf] gS;f agfP/
cfkm" n] ;g' s] f] jf hfgs] f] cfwf/df tYofªs\ e//] kb| zg{ u/ . kb| lzt{ gS;fdf ;ae} Gbf /fdf|
ltg cf]6f gS;f 5fg/] sIffsf7] fsf] leQfdf 6f;“ .

@= afSnf] sfuh jf Knfl:6ssf] kftfdfly gk] fnsf] ;fgf] gS;f 6f;“ / To;nfO{ gk] fns}
cfsf/df sf6 . cfsifs{ /ª e//] 6D] Kn6] agfpm / emfn] f, k6] L, lSnk, lstfasf] uftf
cflbdf 6f“;]/ pkof]u u/ .

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ kf7df h:t} gfksf] u|fkm lvr/] To;df g]kfnsf] gS;f ptf/ .

-v_ P6n;df ePsf] g]kfnsf] gS;fdfly kftnf] sfuh /fv]/ gS;f sfuhdf ptf/
-6«]; u/_ .

-u_ g]kfnsf] gS;fnfO{ afSnf] sfuhdf 6f“; . s}“rLn] g]kfnsf] aflx/L l;dfgf
ldnfP/ sf6 . ca 6]DKn]6 tof/ x'G5 . pSt 6D] Kn]6 csf]{ sfuhdfly /fv/]
jl/kl/ kl] G;nn] sf/] . g]kfnsf] gS;f tof/ x'G5 .

-3_ gS;fdf ko| f]u ul/g] lgDg lnlvt tYox¿sf] ;ª\st] agfpm M gbL, tfn, lxdfn,
/fhwfgL, s[lif pTkfbg Ifq] , ;x/, ;8s dfu{

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdL a;s] f] ;db' fosf] sg' } cUnf] 7fpd“ f a;/] cfÇgf] l;dfgfx¿sf] /v] fªs\ g u/ . gS;fsf]
/v] fªs\ g ul/;sk] l5 ;db' fodf ePsf 3/x¿, af6f3f6f, ?v, la?jf, gbLgfnf, :s'n,
k':tsfno, sfofn{ o, d7dlGb/ OToflb e/ . To;nfO{ ljBfnosf] an' l] 6g af]8{df 6f“;]/
kb| zg{ u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 75

k f7 M & Pl;of dxfb]z

kf| s[lts cj:yf

Pl;of ljZjsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] dxfb]z xf] . o; dxfb]zn] ljZjsf] s'n hldgsf] Ps ltxfO
efu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . o;sf] Ifq] kmn $,$#,*&))) ju{ lsld 5 . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ efu pQ/L
ufn] fwd{ f k5{ . of] dxfbz] ed" Wo /]vfbl] v pQ/L wj'| ;Dd kml} nPsfn] oxf“ ljleGg k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . blIf0fdf udL{ / cf]l;nf] -w]/} jiff{ x'g]_, dWo / klZrddf ljifd -Hofb} sd
jiff{ xg' ] tyf hf8f] / udLs{ f] tfkjm| ddf w/] } leGgtf xg' _] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . pQ/L efudf lr;f]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . udL{ / w/] } kfgL kg]{ If]qdf ;bfjxf/ hªu\ n, ;'Vvf 7fpd“ f sf8“ f ePsf]
l;p8“ L / sd kfgL kg{] 7fpd“ f 3f;“ sf ljzfn db} fgx¿ kml} nPsf 5g\ .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs hghLjg
Pl;of dxfbz] df g]kfnnufotsf %) cf]6f b]zx¿ 5g\ . Pl;ofsf dflg; k|foM s[lif sfod{ f
;+nUg /xs] f 5g\ . hfkfg, sf]l/of, rLg, ef/t, dn]l;of h:tf dn' s' df pBf]u / Jofkf/sf]
lgs} ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

Pl;of dxfb]zsf af/]df ljleGg k|Zgx¿ agfP/ xflh/L hjfkm kl| tof]lutf u/fpg'xf];\ . To:t} ‘ljZj
dfglrqdf Pl;of’ zLif{sdf jStT[ jsnf sfo{jm| d u/fpg'xf];\ .

76 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

o; dxfbz] df wfg, pv,' lrof, h6' , kmnkm" n, ux'“ cflb pTkfbg x'G5 . o; dxfbz] df ^*
cf6] f hghfltsf] a;f]af; 5 h;nfO{ uf/] f, kx]n“ f / sfnf u/L ltg ju{df ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . oxf“ lxGb,' af}4, O:nfd, O;fO{nufot ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStx¿ a:5g\ .
pQ/L If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿ afSnf / Gofgf sk8f nufp“5g\ eg] pi0f Ifq] df a:g]x¿ kftnf
sk8f nufp5“ g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= P6n; jf leTt] gS;f jf Unfa] df Pl;ofsf] gS;f cWoog u//] gk] fneGbf 7n' f / ;fgf
kf“r kfr“ cf]6f d'ns' sf] ;"rL agfpm .
@= Pl;ofsf] ef}lts gS;f cWoog u/]/ kf“rcf6] f gbL, ;u/dfyf, kfr“ cf6] f tfn /
kf“r cf]6f ;x/x¿ klxrfg u/L ltgsf] gfdsf] ;"rL agfpm .
#= Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf ek" l/jl] i7t /fi6x« ¿ kQf nufpm / ltgLx¿sf] gfd sfkLdf l6k .
$= kf“r÷5 hgfsf] ;dx" agfpm . ;d"xsf x/s] ;b:on] tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps sfdsf]
lhDdf np] m M

-s_ Pl;ofsf] s'g} kfr“ cf]6f b]zsf] emG8f agfP/ /ª eg]{

-v_ s'g} kfr“ bz] sf] gS;f ;ª\sng jf 6];« ug{]

-u_ Pl;ofsf ljleGg dn' s' sf ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng ug]{

-3_ tl:a/x¿ ;ªs\ ng ug]{ .

Ps xKtfleq ;an} ] sfd k"/f u/]/ lauas' -ljj/0f k:' ts_ tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ P6n;sf] ;xof]udf Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf lgDglnlvt tYox¿ kQf nufO{ vfnL
gS;fdf e/ M
;fOa]l/ofsf] d}bfg, 6fOuf hª\un, c/asf] d?e"ld, sf7df8f}“, >Lnª\sf,
ef/t, rLg .
-v_ Pl;ofsf] hghLjg / g]kfnsf] hghLjg lar ldNg] / gldNg] s'/fx¿sf]
;r" L agfpm .
-u_ Pl;ofsf] ef}ufl] ns ljj/0f ;dfj]z u/L ;+jfb tof/ kf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 77

kf7 M * hnjfo' kl/jt{g

-hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] kf/s] f] c;/kl| t ljZjsf] Wofgfsif0{ f ug{ sfnf kTy/df a;]sf] dlGqkl/ifbs\ f] a7} s_

æg ;dodf kfgL k5{, g hf8f] udL{sf] 7]ufg 5 . c;f/el/ v8]/L k/]/ wfg /f]Kg
kfOPg . c;f]hdf a:] ;/L kfgL k//] af9L klx/f] uof] . k';sf lbgdf klg slt udL{ ePsf]
xf]nf . b]ptf l/;fPsf x'g\ ls sln hfu]sf] xf] . dfG5n] ] kfk wds{ f] Vofn gu/]kl5 b}jn]
-ks| l[ tn]_ klg 7Ug yfNof] .Æ xh'/af PSn} uGugfp“b} lyP . glhs} a;s] L gfltgLn] elgg\,
æbp] tf l/;fP/ jf sln nfu/] o:tf] ePsf] xf]Og xh'/af ¤ d/] f] lstfadf t o:tf] cj:yfnfO{
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ egL pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 .Æ

æltd|f egfO klg l7s} xf]nfg\ t/ uG| ydf -wfld{s k':tsdf_ n]vs] f] s'/f em'6f] xb“' g} x} . ltd|f
s'/f klg ;g' f“} g t . c¿ s] nv] s] f] /x5] , gfgL <Æ xh/' afn] eGg'eof] .

gfltgLn] elgg\, æxfd|f] jfod' 08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 / sfag{ dfg] f]cS;fO8 h:tf Uof;x¿
5g\ . logLx¿n] a9L tfk ;l~rt ug{ ;S5g\ . sf/vfgf, uf8L / r'nfa] f6 lg:sg] w'jf“n]
o:tf Uof;“ sf] dfqf a9fp“5 . o;sf] afSnf] txn] ;"o{sf] ls/0fnfO{ jfo'd08nleq l5g{ lbG5
t/ jfo'd08naf6 aflx/ lg:sg lbb“ g} . kmn:j¿k l;ªu\ } kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md a9b\ } uO/xs] f]

lzIf0f ;'emfj

:yfgLo 36gfx¿sf] pbfx/0f lbP/ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ / o;sf c;/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lbgx' f;] \ . :yfgLo Hoi] 7
gful/snfO{ afn] fO{ klxns] f] df;} dL cj:yf af/d] f 5nkmn u/fP/ clxns] f] df;} dL cj:yf;u“ tn' gf ugx'{ f;] \ .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

5 . o;nfO{ xl/t u[x k|efj (green house effect) elgG5 . o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
lxdfnosf] lxp“ klUn/x]sf] 5 . ;d'bs| f] ;tx dfly p7\b} cfO/xs] f] 5 . a9L udL{ x'g,] v8/] L
kg]{, a9L jiff{ x'g], grflxg] ;dodf jiff{ xg' ] t/ cfjZos ;dodf kfgL gkg]{ h:tf c;/x¿
b]lvPsf] 5 .Æ

æc¿ s] s] xg' ] /x5] gfgL <Æ xh'/afn] lh1f;f /fVg'eof] . ætfkjm| d a9s] f sf/0fn]
r/fx¿n] ;do g} gcfO{ km' n kf/]/ aRrf xs' f{pg,] afnLgfnLdf /fu] ls/fx¿ bv] f kg{] klg
o;}sf] c;/ /x5] , xh/' af ¤Æ gfltgLn] ylkg\ .

æs]xL jif{cl3 jz} fvdf kfSgk' g]{ sfkmn kmfu'gdf g} kfs/] vfOPsf] lyof] . c;f]hdf k'mNg'
kg{] ;okqL km" n dª\l;/df km' Nof] . of] klg hnjfo' kl/jtg{ s} sf/0fn] ePsf] /x]5 . xfdL
dflg;s} c;fjwfgLn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g h:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] /x]5 . xfdLn] as] f/df b}jnfO{

bfi] f lbO/xs] f 5f“} . p;n] t xfdLnfO{ olt /fdf| ] wtL{ / :jR5 xfjfkfgL lbPs} 5 lg . clg
of] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] ;d:ofaf6 dl' St kfpg s] ugk{' nf{ t gfgL <Æ xh/' afn] yKge' of] .

æxh'/afn] eGgx' f];\ t, klxns] } h:tf] agfpg ca s] ugk{' nf{ <Æ gfltgLn] elgg\ . æs] ug'{
lg gfgL ¤ klxn]sf] h:t} xfjfkfgL agfpgnfO{ jftfj/0f klg klxns] } h:tf] agfpg'k¥of] .
af6] la?jf /f]Kgk' ¥of,] ePsf hª\unsf] ;/+ If0f ug'{k¥of], w'jf“ gcfpg] jf sd cfpg] kl| jlw
ckgfpg'k¥of] . clg t o:tf ;d:ofaf6 dl' St kfOxflnG5 lg .Æ xh/' afn] yKge' of] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= Pp6f sfutsf] afs;nfO{ sg' fx¿ glau|g] u/L larlardf sf6/] jl/kl/sf] efu
vn' f agfpm . dflysf] efu klg vn' f agfpm . vn' f efudf kf/bzL{ Knfl:6s 6f;“ ]/
sx] La]/ 3fddf /fv . rf}8fOk6l\ 6sf] Ps 5p] df xft l5g{] Kjfn agfpm . ca,
s]xL a/] kl5 afs;leq xft 3';f/]/ x/] , s] eof] < o;nfO{ xl/t u[x elgG5 .

@= lzIfssf] ;xof]udf xl/t u[xsf] gdg' f tof/ u/L xl/t ux[ ke| fjsf af/]df 5nkmn
u/ .

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M 79

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 s] s:tf c;/x¿ kg{ ;S5g,\ a“b' fut ¿kdf nv] .
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ sd ug{ s] s] ugk{' nf{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M ( ljkt\ Joj:yfkg

xfdf| ] hLjgdf ljleGg kf| s[lts Pjd\ b}jL ljklTtx¿ cfOk5g{ \ . cfunfuL, af9L, klx/f,]
89]nf] cflbn] 3/ / ;DklTt gi6 eO/xs] f 5g\ . afnLgfnL klg gfz eO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ dflg; tyf hLj hgfj/sf] dT[ o' xg' ,] 3fOt] / ckfª\u x'g] h:tf ;d:of pTkGg
x'G5g\ . ljkt\sf ;dodf kl/jf/sf] la5f8] xg' klg ;S5 . ;fy} vfgf, kfgL, sk8f, cf}ifwL
Pjd\ cf>o:yn gkfpgfn] cToGt b'Mv Pjd\ kL8f ef]Ug'kg{] x'g ;S5 . ljkt\sf ;dodf
ckgfOg] ;fgf] ;fjwfgLn] klg xfd|f] hLjg ;ª\s6af6 d'St xg' ;S5 .

ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿

-s_ ljkt\eGbf klxn]

!= df;} dsf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;r" gf k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{
@= cfkt\sfnLg emfn] f -vfgf, sk8f, cfi} fwL, aTtL, Aof6L« , /]l8of] cflb j:t'x¿
/flvPsf] emf]nf_ 9f]sfsf] 5p] df ;a}n] bV] g] u/L /fVg] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;an} fO{
hfgsf/L lbg]
#= df;} d ;DaGwL eljiojf0fL / ;r" gfx¿ ;l' g/xg]
$= df;} dsf] cj:yf x]/L klxn] g} ;/' lIft :yfgdf hfg]
%= cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf ;/' lIft x'g] pkfox¿sf] kj" fE{ of; ug{]
^= gbLdf kfgLsf] ;tx a9s] f] xg] {] Joj:yf ug{] / ;fO/g ahfP/ vt/fsf] ;r" gf lbg] .

-v_ ljkts\ f] ;dodf

!= cQflnP/ hyfefjL gbf8} g]

@= cfkts\ fnLg emfn] f lnP/ lg:sg]

#= kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;fy} /xg]

$= s]xL 56' o\ f] ls egL kg' M 3/df gkms{g]

%= ;/' lIft 7fp“df a;/] p4f/sf] k|tLIff ug{] / PsfGtdf a;s] f] eP cfuf] afn/] jf
6r{ nfO6n] p4f/stfn{ fO{ ;ªs\ t] lbP/ jf s/fP/ jf sk8f xNnfP/ ;ªs\ t] lbg]

lzIff0f ;'emfj

o; kf7df lbOPsf s/' fx¿ pbfx/0f x'g\ . lzIfsn] :yfgLo Ifq] df ;Defljt ljkta\ f6 aRg] pkfo;DaGwL
kj" f{Eof; u/fpg'xf;] \ . o;sf nflu :yfgLo /8] jm| ; jf :sfp6sf] klg ;xofu] lngx' f];\ . cfh t/fOd{ f
ePsf] JolSt ef]ln lxdfn / kxf8df klg xg' ;S5 . To;}n] ;Defljt ;a} ks| f/sf ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf
pkfox¿ ;an} ] hfgL /xgk' 5{ egL atfpgx' f];\ .

80 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

^= lah'nLsf tf/, km'6s] f l;;f, lsnf cflbaf6 hf]lug]
&= ;Dej ePdf glhsdf /xs] f ;ªs\ 6df k/]sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
*= /]l8of]df ;"rgf ;G' g]
(= 3fOt]nfO{ tTsfnsf] kf| ylds pkrf/ ug{] .

-u_ ljkt\kZrft\

!= l:ylt k/" f ;'/lIft geO{ 3/ gkmsg{ ]
@= 3fOtn] fO{ ;'/lIft 7fp“ jf lzlj/ jf c:ktfn nuL pkrf/ ug]{
#= hyfefjL vfgf / kfgL ko| fu] gug{] / cfkmn" ] klg hyfefjL lb;f lk;fa u//] kmf]xf/]
gug{]
$= x/fPsf JolStx¿sf] vfh] L ug{]
%= /fxt / p4f/ ;fduL| sf] ;b'kofu] ug{]
^= ;Defljt lx;+ f / n'6af6 hf]lug ;fjwfg /xg]
&= p4f/ sfo{df ;xofu] ug]{
*= /l] 8of]sf ;r" gfx¿ ;'Gg]

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ;d"xdf ljeflht eP/ lzIfssf] lgbz]{ gcg';f/ :yfgLo ¿kdf ljkt\ cfOkbf{

ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgL / p4f/ sfos{ f] k"jfE{ of; u/ . kj" f{Eof;kZrft\ s] s]

l;lsof] eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/ / sdL sdhf]/Lx¿sf] klg ;dLIff u/ .

@= tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ sg' ljktd\ f s] s] ugk'{ 5{ egL tlnsfdf e/ M

ljkt\ ljkt\ cfpg'kj" { ljkts\ f] ;dodf ljkt\kZrft\

af9L

klx/f]

cfunfuL

89n] f ]

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ ljkt\ egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ljkts\ f ;dodf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfo{x¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .
-u_ :yfgLo ¿kdf cfOkg]{ ljkt\sf ;DaGwdf Pp6f klqsfdf k|sfzgsf nflu
;dfrf/ tof/ kf/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 81

;f/f+z
o; PsfOdf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:tc' g¿' ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof“} M
k[YjLsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
kY[ jLsf] bl} gs ultsf] c;/
kY[ jLsf] bl} gs ultnfO{ k|of]u
cIffz+ / bz] fGt/ /]vfx¿sf] kl/ro
Unf]a / gS;fdf cIff+z / b]zfGt/ /v] fx¿sf] cfwf/df :yfgx¿sf] cjl:ylt
Unf]a / gS;fsf] k|of]u ug{
g]kfnsf] k|fsl[ ts :j¿k / hghLjgsf] kl/ro
g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f
;d'bfosf] gS;f lgdf{0f
Pl;ofsf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ / kf| s[lts kIfsf] kl/ro lbg
lau a's tof/L
leTt] klqsf tof/L
kf:] 6/ tof/L
hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{] tl/sf
ljkt\ cfpg'eGbf klxn], ljkt\sf] ;dodf / ljkt\kl5 ugk{' g{] lj|mofsnfkx¿

82 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

^PsfO xfd|f] ljut

-lnR5ljsfnLg lznfn]v_ -lnR5ljsfnLg 9ª' \ufsf] d'lt_{

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
k|frLg g]kfnsf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj:yf atfpg
sf7df8f}“ / l;+hf pkTosfsf] Pl] txfl;s ljj/0f k:| t't ug{
lnR5ljsfnLg snf / ;:+ sl[ taf/]df atfpg
cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s tYosf] vfh] L / ;/+ If0f ug{
l;Gw' pkTosfsf] ;Eotf af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
gfOn gbLsf] ;Eotfaf/] atfpg
;d'bfosf] Pl] txfl;s ljj/0f tof/ kfg{
P]ltxfl;s j:t'sf] ;hfj6 / ;/+ If0f ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 83

kf 7 M ! sf7df8f}“ pkTosf

-sf7df8f“} b/af/ If]q_

xhf/f“} jif{ klxn] g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fd“} f 7'nf] tfn lyof] . tfn jl/kl/sf 8f8“ fx¿af6
tfndf gbL / vf]nfx¿ ldl;g cfp“y] . aufP/ NofPsf 9'ªu\ f df6fn] tfnsf] lk“w kl' /b“ }
uof] . o;sf] blIf0ftkms{ f kxf8x¿ rg' 9ª' \ufaf6 ag]sf 5g\ . r'g9'ª\uf kfgLdf 3N' g
;S5 . To;n} ] r'g9ª' \ufsf] r6\6fg eP/ aUg] gbLx¿n] ulx/f uN5L / uk' mfx¿ agfp“b}
uP . ;?' df tfnaf6 lg:s]sf] jfUdtL gbLn] blIf0ftkms{ f] s6'jfn bx /xs] f] 7fpa“ f6 uN5L
agfof] . kfgL sd xb“' } uPkl5 rfe] f/sf] 8f8“ faf6 o:t} ulx/f] uN5L agfof] . o;sf/0f tfnsf]
kfgL vfl] nb“ } uof] . sfnfGt/df ;f] tfn ;s' /] sf7df8f“} pkTosf aGg uof] .

tfn ;s' ]/ ag]sf] xg' fn] pkTosfsf] df6f] dlnnf] lyof] . oxf“ k|z:t 3f“; kfOg] x'b“ f ;'?df
ufk] fn j+z / kl5 dlxifkfn j+zsf] zf;g rNof] . pgLx¿sf] d'Vo k;] f kz'kfng / vt] L
g} lyof] . ufk] fn j+zn] %!! jif{ / dlxifkfn jz+ n] !^! jif{ zf;g u/] .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

o; kf7nfO{ syfsyg ljlw jf lrqsyf ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ugx{' f;] \ . o;nfO{ ldlt gn]lvPsf] ;do /v] fdf
jm| da4 36gfx¿ b]vfP/ klg j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

lxGb' wd{ uG| yx¿df eujfg\ >Lsi[ 0fn] s6j' fn bxaf6 tfnsf] kfgL aflx/ k7fP/ pkTosfsf]
kfgL ;s' fPsf] eGg] nl] vPsf] 5 . af4} wd{ uG| ydf d~h>' Ln] rfe] f/sf] 8f“8fnfO{ v8u\ n] sf6/]
tfnsf] kfgL vf]n]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . h] eP klg tfn ;s' k] l5 g} dflg; o; pkTosfdf
a:g yfn] .

dlxifkfnkl5 ls/ft jz+ sf] zf;g rNof] . pgLx¿n] sl/a !!!* jif{ zf;g u/] . To;kl5
lnR5lj zf;g rNof] . lnR5lj / dNn zf;g sfndf o; pkTosfsf] lgs} ljsf; ePsf]
lyof] . To; avt ags] f dlGb/, rT} o, ljxf/, d"lt{x¿, b/af/ cflb clxn] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .

lj= ;+= !*@% df g]kfn PsLs/0fsf jm| ddf uf]/vf /fHon] pkTosfleqsf dNn /fHox¿nfO{
n8fO“df x/fPkl5 sf7df8f}“ clxn]sf] g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL aGg k'Uof] . xfn sf7df8f“} pkTosf
gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] ;x/ / /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sf7df8f“} pkTosfsf af/]df cfkm"n] b]vs] f], ;'g]sf], k9]sf] cfwf/df Ps lau a's
tof/ u/ .

@= sf7df8f}“ pkTosfnfO{ lsg gk] fnsf] /fhwfgL agfOPsf] xf]nf, cfkm\ gf] ljrf/
k|:tt' u/ .

#= ltdf| ] ufp,“ 6fn] jf ;x/sf] pTklQ, gfds/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwdf cfkm\ gf cleefjs
jf 5/l5ds] sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;fw] ]/ :yfg kl/ro tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ s:tf] 7fpn“ fO{ pkTosf elgG5 <

-v_ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf zf;g ug]{ ljleGg j+zx¿sf af/]df ;do /]vf jf
tflnsfdf jm| da4 ljj/0f n]v .

-u_ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfdf /x]sf] tfn s;/L ;S' of] <

-3_ lxGb' / af}4 wd{ u|Gyx¿cg';f/ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf] lgdf{0f s;/L ePsf]
lyof,] n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 85

kf7 M @ l;+hf pkTosf

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klZrd g]kfnsf] l;h+ f ;fdf| Hon] lgs} gfd sdfPsf] lyof] . klZrd
gk] fnnufot xfnsf] s'dfp“ u9jfn -hg' ef/tdf k5_{ / ltAat -xfn rLgdf k5_{ df
km]nf k/s] f clen]vdf pSt ;fdf| Ho -v; ;fd|fHo_ sf] rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . l;h+ f pkTosf
xfnsf] hD' nf lhNnfdf k5{ . l;h+ f pkTosfnfO{ /fhwfgL agfP/ v; /fhfx¿n] /fHo uy]{ .
vf/L k|bz] af6 -blIf0f klZrd ltAataf6_ cfO{ gfu/fhn] l;h+ fnfO{ /fhwfgL agfP . pgn]
oxf“ l:ylt a;fn]sf] s'/f bn} v] lhNnfsf] b'Nnd' f /xs] f] lstL{ vDasf] clenv] df :ki6 pNnv]
5 . o;af6 gfu/fhn] l;“hfdf w/] } ;w' f/sf sfox{ ¿ u/s] f] cgd' fg nufpg ;lsG5 . pgn]
klZrdL l;dfgf s'dfp“ u9jfn;Dd k¥' ofPsf lyP . To;}u/L pQ/df klZrd ltAat, blIf0fdf
t/fO{ / k"j{df u08sL gbLsf] cf;kf;sf] If]q ;d]6/] ljzfn v; ;fdf| Ho agfPsf lyP .
xfn hD' nf g]kfnsf] cGo ee" fusf] t'ngfdf bu' {d b]lvPtf klg o; If]qsf] 56' 6\ } P]ltxfl;s
dxTTj /x]sf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df sf7df8f}“ afxs] sf :yfgx¿sf] klg P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ phfu/ ub}{ :yfgLo Oltxf;sf]
vf]hL ug{ k/|] 0ff kb| fg ug'{ o; kf7sf] dV' o p2]Zo xf] . ctM :yfgLo Oltxf;sf] vf]hL u/fpg] ljm| ofsnfkx¿

klg ;dfjz] u/L lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{x' f];\ .

86 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

l;+hf /fHodf gfu/fhkl5 jm| frNn, czf]s rNn, lhtf/L dNn, cflbTo dNn, k'0o dNn,
k[YjL dNn, l/k' dNn, ceo dNn cflb /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/] . lhtf/L dNnn] pkTosf
-sf7df8f_“} df ltg k6s cfjm| d0f ul/;sk] l5 rNn y/ kl/jt{g u/L dNn n]Vg yfn]sf]
bl] vG5 . pgLkl5sf l;h“ fklt /fhf cflbTo dNnn] bO' { k6s gk] fn pkTosfdf cfjm| d0f
u/s] f lyP . k'0o dNnn] Ps k6s gk] fn pkTosf -xfnsf] sf7df8f}“ pkTosf_ df cfjm| d0f
u/]sf lyP . l/k' dNnn] lj=;=+ !#^( df kzk' lt, :joDe" cflb b]jtfsf] kh" f u/L g]kfn
pkTosfsf k|hfnfO{ ef]h klg vj' fPsf] Oltxf;df kfOG5 .

cfwl' gs g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklTt v; /fHo jf l;“hf pkTosfaf6 g} ePsf] lyof] . To;}n]
o; efiffnfO{ v; af]nL jf l;h“ fnL efiff;dt] eGg] ul/G5 . l;h“ f pkTosfnufot klZrd g]
kfndf xfn;Dd klg kfOg] bj] n, :tk" , du' f| xf, vDaf, lznfnv] cflbn] Pp6f ljzfn ;DkGg
;fd|fHosf] cl:tTj /x]sf] b]vfp“5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fyLx¿sf] kf“r÷5 hgfsf] ;dx" agfO{ x/s] ;d"xn] gfu/fhn] l;“hf pkTosf
lht]sf], /fHo lj:tf/ u/s] f] / ;w' f/sf sfox{ ¿ u/s] f cflb 36gfnfO{ clego
u/L kb| z{g u/ .

@= ‘l;h“ f pkTosf’ zLifs{ df xfnsf] l;h+ f pkTosf / sgfn{ L kb| ]z;u“ ;DalGwt lrq,
tl:a/, ;dfrf/x¿ / Toxf“ /xs] f dlGb/, k~r b]jn, u'Daf, rT} o cflbsf] tl:a/
/ Pl] txfl;s ljj/0f;lxtsf] Ps lau as' jf kf:] 6/ tof/ u/ .

#= cfkm" hGd]sf] hGde"ldsf ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h u/L Pp6f ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ Pl;of / gk] fnsf] gS;fdf sgf{nL k|b]z, l;h“ f pkTosf, h'Dnf, s'dfp u9jfn
/ vf/L k|bz] sxf“ sxf“ k5g{ \, kQf nufpm .
-v_ l;“hf pkTosfdf zf;g ug]{ kf“r hgf /fhfsf] gfd nv] .
-u_ tTsfnLg l;h“ f /fHo s'g s'g 7fp“;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 87

k f7 M # kf| rLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf

-P]ltxfl;s rfu“ g' f/fo0f dlGb/_

cfbz{ dfljsf ljBfyL{x¿n] Ps hgf Oltxf;sf/nfO{ e]6g\ ] cj;/ kfP . pxf“n] gk] fnsf]
kf| rLg /fhgLlts cj:yf o;/L aofg ug{'eof] M

gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df lnR5lj sfn;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|frLg sfn elgG5 . lnR5lj sfneGbf
cufl8sf] ;dosf af/d] f 7f]; Pl] txfl;s kd| f0fx¿ Tolt kmn] f k/s] f 5g} g\ . sf7df8f“}
pkTosfdf zf;g ul//x]sf ls/ft j+zsf zf;snfO{ blIf0faf6 cfPsf lnR5ljx¿n]
x/fP . To;kl5 lnR5lj zf;g :yfkgf xg' kU' of] . of] zf;g O;f k"j{ @(^ jif{ klxn] ;?'
ePsf] dflgG5 .

lnR5lj sfnnfO{ gk] fnL Oltxf;sf] :j0f{ ou' klg elgG5 . o;} ;dobl] v ljleGg 36gfx¿nfO{
9'ªu\ fdf nv] ]/ /fVg] rng ;?' ePsf] bl] vG5 . lnR5lj sfnbl] v g} 9ª' u\ f, sf7 / df6fsf d"lt{
Pjd\ snfTds j:tx' ¿ agfpg] rng rn]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿n] To;/L nv] ]/ g/flvlbPsf]
eP xfdLn] lnR5lj sfnsf af/d] f yfxf g} kfpg] lyPgf}“ . lrlgof“ ofqLx¿n] To; an] f
nv] s] f ofqf ljj/0fx¿df g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] kz| ;+ f u/]sf 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7df h:t} :yfgLo Ifq] df ePsf Pl] txfl;s hfgsf/L /fVg] JolStx¿;u“ cGt/ljm| of u/fpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{
k:' tsx¿ cWoog ug{ nufP/ Pl] txfl;s tYox¿sf] vfh] L ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpgx' f;] \ .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lnR5ljsfnLg /fhgLlts Joj:yf klg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf cfwfl/t lyof] . To; an] f s]Gb|df
/fhf eP klg :yfgLo 7fp“df ;fdGtx¿ xG' y] . /fHonfO{ ljleGg ljifo -lhNnf_ df afl“ 8Psf]
xG' Yof] . ljifokltsf ¿kdf lhNnfsf kd| v' ;fdGtx¿ xG' y] . ufp“ txdf k~r ;dR' r xG' y] .
sG] b| sdhf]/ ePsf] ;dodf ljifosf ;fdGtx¿ :jtGq klg x'g vfH] y] .

ljBfyL{x¿sf lh1f;f zfGt kfb}{ pxfn“ ] yKge' of,] ælnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jn] n]Vg nufPsf]
lznfnv] n] To; ;dosf] P]ltxfl;s tYo a‰' g w]/} ;xofu] u/]sf] 5 . of] lznfn]v xfn
eStk'/sf] rf“ug' f/fo0f dlGb/df /xs] f] 5 . pSt lznfnv] df dfgb]jn] sf7df8f“}b]lv kj" {
/ klZrdtkm{ /fHo lj:tf/ u/]sf] s/' f pNnv] 5 . lnR5lj /fHosf] k"jd{ f ldlynf /fHo
lyof] . of] 7'nf] Ifq] df kml} nPsf] lyof] . /fhf hgssf] kfnfdf of] /fHon] lgs} Voflt sdfPsf]
lyof] . klZrd t/fO{df slknj:t' /fHo lyof] . of] zfSo j+zLo /fHodf a'4sf] hGd ePsf]
lyof] . of] /fHo lgs} ;DkGg lyof] eGg] tYo oxf“ e]l6Psf eUgfjz]ifx¿n] k:| 6 kf5g{ \ .
csf{ lnR5lj sfnsf /fhf cz+ j' df{sf] kfnfdf g]kfnsf] w]/} ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . pQ/ /
blIf0fsf 7'nf /fHox¿;“u pgn] ;DaGw ;w' f/ u/L g]kfnnfO{ hf]ufPsf lyP .Æ

ljm| ofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df dfgbj] / cz+ j' dfs{ f] ;dodf ePsf /fhgLlts cj:yfsf af/d] f
vf]hL u/L n]v .

@= kf| rLg sfnsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ ;DaGwdf ;g' ]sf jf k9s] f tYox¿ sIffdf
k:| tt' u/ .

#= cfkm\ gf] ;d'bfodf ePsf hfgsf/ JolStx¿;“u ;Dks{ u/L gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf
36gfx¿af/] 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ kf7df plNnlvt 36gfx¿ j0fg{ ub}{ Pp6f ;+jfb jf lr7L tof/ kf/ .

-v_ lnR5lj sfnsf pklnAwx¿ n]v .

-u_ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ lsg :j0f{ o'u elgG5 <

-3_ lnR5ljsfnLg /fhgLlts k|0ffnL s:tf] lyof] <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 89

k f7 M $ kf| rLg gk] fnsf] cflys{ tyf
;fdflhs cj:yf


-lnR5ljsfnLg db' f| x¿_

lxpb“ ] labfsf] 56' 6\ Ldf xfd|f] kl/jf/n] e|d0fdf hfg] lgZro u¥of“} . cfdfaf, d / d]/f]
l5d]sL ;fyL rf“ug' f/fo0f dlGb/ 3'Dg uof}“ . of] dlGb/ lnR5lj sfndf ag]sf] /x]5 . oxf“
dfgbj] sf] lznfnv] klg /x5] . af6fdf cfdfafn] lnR5lj sfnsf af/d] f w/] } s/' f atfpge' of] .

cfdfn] eGge' of,] ælnR5lj sfneGbf klxn] g]kfndf kz'kfng / v]tLkftL d'Vo k];f
lyof] . lnR5lj sfndf eg] pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;fdfgn]
ljb]zdf ;dt] Voflt kfPsf] lyof] .Æ pxf“n] Oltxf;sf] lstfa kN6fP/ lnR5lj sfndf
nl] vPsf] clen]vx¿sf] cgj' fb bv] fpg'eof] .

;/sf/L :jLs[ltlagf lgsf;L ug{ gkfOg] kmnfd, rd/, pmg, s:t/" L, tfdfsf ef8“ fs8'“ fx¿
lnO{ lajm| Lsf nflu otfaf6 uPsf / lajm| L u/L l;WofO{ kmss{] f l6:6ª' uf| dsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{
;flasadfl] hd a'emfpgk' g{] z'Ns xfdLaf6 dfkmL ul/Psf] 5 .

— c+zj' df{sf] l6:6'ªsf] lznfnv]

xfdLn] rf“ug' f/fo0f dlGb/ glhs} /x]sf] ;ªu\ x| fno klg x¥] of}“ . Toxf“ dfgbj] n] rnfPsf] db' f|
‘dfgfª\s’ klg x]g{ kfof“} . afn] eGge' of], ædfgb]jn] rnfPsf] db' f| n] ;fdfg vl/b lajm| L ug{
dbt kU' of] . cz+ j' dfn{ ] sl[ ifsf] ljsf;sf nflu sn' f] agfpg nufPsf lyP . ;'wf/sf w/] } sfdx¿
klg u/]sf lyP .Æ

lzIf0f ;'emfj

o; kf7df lnR5ljsfnLg cflys{ , ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkaf/] clt ;ªl\ IfKt hfgsf/L dfq 5g\ . lzIfsn]
Oltxf;sf k':tsx¿ k9/] cfkm" ljifoj:t'df k:| 6 eO{ ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ .

90 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

lnR5ljsfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yfsf af/d] f rf“us' f :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] eg], æTo; avt Pp6}
kl/jf/df afa,' cfdf, xh/' af, xh/' cfdf, sfsf, sfsL, 5f/] f, 5f/] L;lxt w/] } hgf a:g] uy]{ .
pgLx¿ lardf /fdf| ] d]nldnfd lyof] . cfk;df af“8]/ sfd uy]{ . ;dfhdf ljleGg sfdx¿
ugs{ f nflu ;+:yf jf ;dx" x¿ agfpy“ ] . tL ;d"xnfO{ ufi] 7L elgGYof] . To; an] fdf kfgLsf]
Joj:yf ug{ kf0fLo ufi] 7L, 3f8] f aUuL h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug{ kj| x0f ufi] 7L, af6f3] f6f]
;kmf /fVg dfu] fg{ dfhg{ ufi] 7L /xs] f lyP . o:tf ufi] 7Lx¿ cfh klg kr| ngdf 5g,\ h;nfO{ u7' L
elgG5 . rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/df kh" f ug{ / hfqf rnfpg 5'6\6} u'7L 5 . To;avt lxGb' /
af4} wd{ k|rngdf lyof] . ljleGg hfqfx¿ / rf8kj{ dfGg] rng klg lyof] .Æ

ljm| ofsnfk

!= lnR5lj sfnsf] cflys{ cj:yf / clxns] f] cflys{ cj:yflar t'ngf u/ .

@= lnR5ljsfnLg kl/jf/ / xfnsf] kl/jf/ bv] fpg] lrq jf j+z tflnsf tof/ u/L
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ . lsg ;dfg jf km/s eof] xf]nf egL 5nkmn u/ .

#= cfkm" ;u“ ePsf] l;Ssf dfly ;t] f] sfuh /fv / l;;fsndn] la:tf/} l;Ssfdfly sfnf]
bn . l;Ssfsf] h:t} cfsf/ sfuhdf 5flkG5 . k:' ts x/] L To;sf] ;u“ } lnR5ljsfnLg
db' f| sf] klg lrq agfpm / leTt] klqsfdf 6f;“ .

$= lnR5ljsfnLg db' f| ;u“ xfn kr| ngdf /xs] f db' f| tn' gf u/ . pSt db' f| x¿sf] ;/' lIft
¿kdf ko| f]u ug{] tl/sf 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ lnR5lj sfndf ufi] 7L eGgfn] s] a'lemGYof] < s'g sg' ufi] 7Ln] s] s] sfd uy{] <

-v_ cfÇgf cleefjs;“u ;f]w]/ lnR5ljsfnLg uf]i7L / clxn]sf] u'7Llardf
ldNg] s'/fx¿ kQf nufpm .

-u_ lnR5ljsfnLg cfly{s cj:yfsf] j0f{g u/ .

-3_ lnR5lj sfndf lgDglnlvt sfd ug]n{ fO{ s] elgGYof] nv] M
kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ =============
oftfoftsf] ;fwg Joj:yf ug]{ =========
af6f] ;kmf ug{] ==========

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 91

k f7 M % kf| rLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:sl[ t

-lji0f'ljj|mfGtsf] dl" t{_ -lj?kfIfsf] d"lt{_

d/] f] 8fo/Lsf] kfgf
sf7df8f“} ed| 0f .

xfdL ljBfnoaf6 z}lIfs ed| 0f ug{ sf7df8f}“ uof“} . Toxf“sf j;Gtk/' , eStk/' / kf6g
b/af/ Ifq] x¥] of“} . kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ klg uof}“ . kz'kltdf sDd/eGbf tn hldgdl' g
ufl8Psf] lj?kfIfsf] dl" t{ /x5] . of] d"lt{ ls/ft sfndf ags] f] /x5] . Tof] d"lt{ b]v]/ To;
an] fsf dflg;sf] cgx' f/ clxns] f dflg;sf] eGbf km/s /xs] f] cgd' fg u/f“} . xfdLn] eStk'/sf]
rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/ klg x]¥of}“ . lnR5lj sfndf ags] f] of] dlGb/ tnf tnf k/s] f] 5fgf
ePsf] -Kofuf]8f zn} L_ df ags] f] /x]5 . 6'“8fn / vDafx¿df ;G' b/ snf s'“lbPsf] 5 .
xfdLn] of] dlGb/sf] lrq sf¥] of}“ . dlGb/sf] k6] Ldf /x]sf] dfgb]jsf] kfnfsf] lznfnv] k9g\ ]
sf]l;; u¥of}“ t/ ae' m]gf}“ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

afnaflnsfnfO{ P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f 3f]sfpge' Gbf To;af6 k/|] 0ff kf| Kt ug]{ / To;nfO{ jtd{ fgdf pkof]u ug]{
Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug{] 1fg, l;k, cjwf/0ff hufpg] vfnsf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpgx' f];\ .

92 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^