SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION

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dfªl\ vd, d"lt{ cflbsf] lrq agfP/ jf tl:a/ lvr/] sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

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l;Gw' gbLsf] lsgf/df ljsf; ePsf] dfgj ;EotfnfO{ l;Gw' pkTosfsf] ;Eotf
elgG5 . l;Gw' pkTosfdf htftt} k|frLg ;Eotfsf cjz]ifx¿ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ .
ltgdf klg kfls:tfgsf] kGhfasf] /feL gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] x/Kkf (Harappa) /
x/KkfeGbf $)) dfOn -^$$ lsnf]ld6/_ blÔ0f klZrddf l;Gw' gbLsf] lsgf/df /xs] f] dfx] g
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kf7sf cfwf/df ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ l;Gw' pkTosfsf] ;Eotf emNsg] lrq, syf, ;j+ fb, lr7L tof/ ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

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5 . of] kvfn{ %) lkm6 -!% ld6/_ cUnf] / $) lkm6 -!@ ld6/_ rf8} f 5 . o;sf] pQ/
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;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 .

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ljj/0f ;fyLx¿sf ;d"xn] 5fg .

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kf7 M & gfOn gbLsf] ;Eotf

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ld> (Egypt) ;Eotfsf] lj1fkg

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cjz]if;Dd klg af“sL 5g} . Pl] txfl;s k|df0fx¿df logLx¿sf] aofg u/s] f] e]l6G5 .

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lj1fkg tof/ u/ . lj1fkgdf pSt :yfgsf] 7u] fgf, 6]lnkmfg] gDa/ / jj] ;fO6
klg /fv .

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Rofgn, kqklqsf cflbaf6 hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L Ps lau as' tof/ u/ .

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cEof;

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;Eotf -sf7df8f“} pkTosf_ lar tn' gf u/ .

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/ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ . pTs[i6 lk/fld8nfO{ k/' :s[t u/ .

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sf7df8f}“ / l;+hf pkTosfsf P]ltxfl;s tYo
g]kfnsf] k|frLg sfnsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf
g]kfnsf] kf| rLg sfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf / l:ylt
g]kfnsf] k|frLg sfnLg cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk
kf| rLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] klxrfg u/L snf / ;:+ s[ltkl| t em' sfj
ljZjsf ;Eotfx¿dWo] l;Gw' pkTosfsf] ;Eotf / gfOn gbLsf] ;Eotfsf] kl/ro
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h;sf] /fd|f] sfd 5, p;sf] 7'nf] gfd 5 .
h;sf] w/] } sfd 5, p;sf] 3/df dflg;sf] nfd 5 .

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gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf] j0fg{ ug{
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o:t} OGb|fjtL ufpk“ flnsf $, w';g] Lsf
csf{ ls;fg k"0f{axfb'/ df´L afx'gL kf6L :jf:Yo ;]jf ;ldltaf6 ;xof]u lnO{ clxn] rf/
dfp aª\u'/af6} #@ cf]6f aRrfx¿ x'sf{pg ;kmn ePsf b]lvG5g \ . l;Gwk' fNrfs] bU' w
pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;ª3\ sf] ;xof]uaf6 tflnd lnP/ bw' a]rs] } e/df cfÇgf] kfl/jfl/s u'hf/f
ug]{ cGo ls;fgx¿ xfn o:t} afv|f tyf kz' kfngdf cfslift{ aGg yfns] f 5g \ .

dfly ;dfrf/df pNn]v ul/Psf afxs] pBf]u, ko{6g, ;]jf, jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/, h8La'6L vt] L
cflb klg gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkleq k5g{ \ .

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100 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

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sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

@= ltdf| ] cfkm\ gf] a;fa] f; Ifq] df dflg;x¿n] s] s] sfd u/s] f 5g,\ cjnfs] g u/L nv] .
#= a/] f]huf/ dflg;n] efU] g' k/]sf bM' vsi6 ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f syf n]v .

cEof;

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@= al] 7s eP l7s agfpm M

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-u_ h;n] w]/} cfocfhg{ ug{ ;S5, pm ul/a xG' 5 .

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-v_ cfDbfgL ePkl5 bl} gs u'hf/f ug{ ;lhnf] k5{, s;/L < sf/0f bp] m .
-u_ ltdLn] bv] ]sf] sfdaf/] Pp6f l6Kk0fL nv] .

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:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] sDtLdf bz 3/df hfpm . k|To]s 3/sf dflg;x¿ s'g sg' cfly{s
ljm| ofsnfkdf ;+nUg 5g\, tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ k|:t't u/ M

3/ ;ªV\ of c fly{s lj|mofsnfk

s[lif kz' kfng Jofkf/ pBfu] ;j] f -hflu/_

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ls;fg M klxn] / clxnd] f w]/} km/s 5 . klxn] xfdL k/' fg} tl/sfn] v]tL uYof“{ } . To;n]

sd pTkfbg x'GYof ] .
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ls;fg M xf], clxn] xfdL pGgt laplahg, 6\ofS6/ / kDk;]6sf] k|of]u u5f}“{ . df6f]

h]=6L=P= (Junior Technical Assestent) nfO{ hrfp“5f{}“, s'g afnL nufpgk' 5{
egL pgLx¿;“u ;Nnfx u5f}“{ / ToxL afnL nufp5“ f}“ . a;{}lkR5] km/s km/s
afnL nufp5“ f} “ . 3D' tL afnL nufp“bf a9L pTkfbg x'G5 .
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ls;fg M afnLdf /f]u nfUof] eg] s[lif k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ sL6gfzs
cf}ifwL 5sG{ 5f“ } . o:tf cfi} fwL 3/n] ' kl| jlwaf6 cfkm}n“ ] agfP/ 5/d] f dflg;sf]
:jf:Yodf sd c;/ kg]{ s/' f klg yfxf kfPsf 5f“} . xfdLn] ldn/] l;“rfOsf]
;'ljwf klg k¥' ofPsf 5f“} . o;n] ubf{ klg a9L pTkfbg x'G5 .
;+jfbbftf M a9L ePsf] cGg / t/sf/L s] ug{'x'G5 t <
ls;fg M a9L ePsf] cGg, t/sf/L xfdL ahf/df nu/] a]R5f“} . To;af6 cfPsf] k;} fn]
dn, pGgt lap lahg / sl[ if cfh} f/ lsG5f }“ . cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos kg]{ cGo
;fdfgx¿ klg lsG5f“} . 3/ vr{ rnfp5“ f}“ .
;+jfbbftf M To;f] eP v]tLkftLdf s'g} ;d:of 5}g t <
ls;fg M Tof] t 5 . ;dodf g} dn kfO“bg}  . h]=6L=P= ufpd“ f xb'“ }gg \ . ;/;Nnfx
;dodf g} gkfpg] / pGgt hftsf] lap;d]t gkfpgfn] slxn]sfsL“ afnL
lau|G5 . To;}n] ubf{ 3/ vr{ rnfpg g;sL c¿;u“ C0f lnG5f}“ . slxn]
sfxL“ t C0f lbg] JolSt;d]t kfOb“ }g .
;j+ fbbftf M o:tf] ;d:of x6fpg s] ug'{knf{ <
ls;fg M h]= 6L= P= tyf h=] 6L= (Junior technician) x¿ ufp“ 3/df g} /xg] Joj:yf
;/sf/n] ug'k{ 5{ . To:t} ls;fgnfO{ ;:tf] / ;n' e 9ªu\ af6 C0f lbg] ;xsf/L
;:+ yf jf a}ªs\ ufp“df g} :yfkgf xg' 'k5 { . s[lifsf nflu rflxg] dn, lap,

cfh} f/ cflb plrt d"Nodf ;a} 7fp“df pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

cfÇgf] Ifq] df b]v]sf ls;fgsf] pknlAw / ;d:ofx¿af/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ls;fg / ;+jfbbftfsf] kfq agfO{

sIffdf gf6s vn] fpgx' f;] \ .

102 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

;j+ fbbftf M sl[ if;DaGwL c¿ s] s] ;d:of 5g\ t <
ls;fg M l;r“ fO ;'ljwfsf] cefj, gof“ k|ljlw ckgfpg] 1fgsf] cefj, pTkflbt j:t'

cGoq n}hfg oftfoftsf] cefj, ahf/sf] sdL h:tf ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ .
;j+ fbbftf M cGTodf, o; klqsfdfkm{t sx] L eGg' 5 ls <
ls;fg M xfd|f ;d:ofx¿df ;/sf/n] Wofg k'¥ofcf];\ . g]kfnsf ;a} 7fp“df o:tf

vfn] ;d:of xf]nfg\ . tL ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{ ;as} f] xft]dfnf] cfjZos
5 . ;a} ldn/] o:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ugk{' 5 { .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dflysf] cGt/jftf{df ltdLn] s[lif ;DaGwL s] s] ;d:ofx¿ km]nf kf/]sf 5f}, ab“' fut
¿kdf nv] .

@= ltd|f] ljrf/df ls;fgsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo :t/af6 s] s] ug{'knf{ <
;/sf/L tj/af6 s] s] ug{'knf,{ cfkm\ gf] ljrf/nfO{ sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

#= ahf/df ltdLn] b]v]sf s[lif pTkfbg;DaGwL j:tx' ¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ lgDglnlvt
;dx" df /fv / rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M

-s_ cGg tyf bfn ;dx" -v_ sGbd"n tyf t/sf/L ;dx" -u_ kmnkm" n ;d"x

$= lxhfc] fh /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ;66\ f kf| ªu\ fl/s dn / 3/n] ' cfi} fwLx¿
k|ofu] ug'k{ g]{ cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo k|fljlws;“u ;f]w/] hl} js
vt] L k0| ffnLsf af/d] f ljj/0f tof/ u/ .

cEof;

!= a]l7s eP l7s u/]/ nv] M

-s_ klxn] xfdL k/' fg} tl/sfn] v]tL uYof{} .
-v_ 3D' tL afnL nufp“bf a9L pTkfbg xG' 5 .
-u_ v]tL ubf{ h]=6L=P=;u“ ;Nnfx ub{g} f“} .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ v]tLkftLsf ;d:ofx¿dWo] sg' } rf/cf6] f ;d:ofx¿ n]v . 103
-v_ sl[ if pTkfbg a9fpg s] ugk'{ nf{ <
-u_ sl[ ifsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf s'g} rf/cf6] f pkfox¿ nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M # gk] fndf s[lifsf] dxŒj /
jtd{ fg cj:yf


gk] fn sl[ if kw| fg bz] xf] . oxfs“ f sl/a &$ k|ltzt dflg; sl[ ifdf cfl>t /xs] f 5g\ . oxf“
s[lifsf] k|efj x/]s Ifq] df k/s] f] 5 . To;}n] gk] fndf sl[ ifsf] dxŒjk0" f{ :yfg /xs] f] 5 .
gk] fndf s[lifsf] dxŒj / jt{dfg cj:yf tn pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

s[lifsf] dxŒj

gk] fndf sl[ ifsf] w/] } dxŒj 5 . bz] sf *) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof uf| dL0f eu] df a;f]af;
u5{g\ . uf| dL0f If]qsf dflg; hLjg wfGgsf nflu s[lifdf lge/{ 5g\ . w/] h} ;f] /fh] uf/ sl[ if
Ifq] n] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . vfBfGgsf] d'Vo ;|ft] klg s[lif g} xf] . kzk' G5Lsf] cfxf/ klg
sl[ ifaf6} pknAw xG' 5 . w/] } h;f] pBfu] / Jofkf/ sl[ ifdf lge{/ 5 . pBf]usf nflu rflxg]
sRrf kbfy{ s[lifaf6} pknAw xG' 5 . sl[ ifsf] ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] klg ljsf;
x'G5 . pBf]u Jofkf/sf] ljsf;af6 bz] sf] /fli6o« cfodf j[l4 eO{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ dfly
p7\5g\ . o;af6 cflys{ ljsf; xg' uO{ bz] sf] ljsf; xG' 5 .

sl[ ifsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

gk] fnL cyt{ Gqsf] d?] b08 sl[ if xf] . gk] fndf sl[ if ljsf;sf nflu klxnf] cfjlws ofh] gfbl] v
g} kf| yldstf lbOPsf] lyof] t/ clxn;] Dd klg sl[ ifdf vf;} ;w' f/ xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . o;/L ;w' f/
gxg' d' f ljleGg sf/0fx¿ 5g,\ h:t} M vt] L k/' fg} k0| ffnLaf6 xg' ,' l;r“ fOsf] ;l' jwf gxg' ,' pGgt
hftsf] lap, dn ko| fu] gxg' ,' ahf/sf] ;l' jwf gxg' ,' ;j;{ n' e tl/sfaf6 sl[ if C0f pknAw gxg' ,'
af6f3] f6f] / ;~rf/sf] cefj cflb sf/0f 5g\ . To;n] ubf{ sl[ ifdf vf; ljsf; xg' ;ss] f] 5g} .

oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .
si[ fsx¿nfO{ gof“ gof“ k|ljlwsf] 1fg lbg'k5{ . pGgt hftsf lap, dn ko| fu] ug{ / l;r“ fOsf]
/fdf| ] ka| Gwsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;xofu] ug{'k5{ . s[lif pTkfbgx¿sf] plrt dN" o kfpg ahf/
Joj:yf /fd|f] xg' k' 5{ . si[ fsx¿sf] yk cfosf nflu / af/} dlxgf /fh] uf/Lsf nflu ufp“df
g} s'l6/ pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ugs{' f ;fy} s[lif C0f pknAw xg' k' 5{ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

bl} gs hLjgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf sl[ ifaf6 k'/f x'g] s/' fx¿ ljBfyL{x¿lar 5nkmn u/fO{ sl[ ifsf] dxŒj
ae' mfpgx' f;] \ . ;fy} sl[ ifsf ;d:ofx¿ a“'bfut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g}
vfH] g k|f]T;fxg lbb“ } sl[ ifsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf ae' mfpg'xf];\ .

104 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lj|mofsnfk

!= xfd|f] b]zsf nflu sl[ if lsg dxŒjk0" f{ 5 eGg]af/] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/ . ab“' fx¿ l6kf6]
u//] rf6d{ f nv] L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

@= ltdf| ] a;fa] f; If]qdf pTkfbg xg' ] sl[ if afnLx¿ sg' s'g x'g\, gub] / vfBafnL
5'6\ofP/ tflnsf agfO{ n]v .

#= gk] fn sl[ if kw| fg bz] eP/ klg aflx/L b]zx¿af6 vfBfGg cfoft lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf]
5 . oxf“ kz| :t dfqfdf kzk' fngsf] ;Defjgf 5 t/ gk] fnLx¿ e]8fafvf| uf7] fnf]
ug{ ljbz] hfg' k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf pTkfbg ePsf] :ofp ahf/;Dd
k¥' ofpg gkfP/ ;l8/x]sf 5g\ t/ gk] fnLx¿n] dxu“ f] dN" odf ljbz] af6 cfPsf :ofp
vfgk' g{] afWotf 5 . o:tf] cj:yf lsg / s;/L l;h{gf ePsf] xfn] f < of] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ s;n] s] s] ug{'k5{, 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“df e/ M

-s_ vfBfGgsf] dV' o ;|f]t ====================== xf] .
-v_ s[lifsf] ljsf;af6 hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ =============p75\ .
-u_ /fli6o« cfo jl[ 4 ug{ s[lifsf] ========================= ug{k' 5{ .

@= al] 7s eP l7s u//] n]v M

-s_ w]/h} ;f] u|fdL0f If]qdf /f]huf/ sl[ if If]qn] pknAw u/]sf] 5 .
-v_ s[lifsf] ljsf; ePg eg] pBfu] sf] klg ljsf; xb“' g} .
-u_ l;r“ fOsf] ;'ljwf gxg' ' sl[ ifsf] ;d:of xfO] g .

#= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ sl[ ifsf] lsg dxŒj 5 <
-v_ g]kfndf sl[ ifsf] ljsf; xg' g;Sg'sf s'g} rf/cf]6f sf/0fx¿ nv] .
-u_ sl[ ifdf bl] vPsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ s] s] ugk{' nf,{ sg' } rf/cf6] f pkfox¿ nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 105

k f7 M $ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfksf ¿kdf ;j] f

lbnaxfb'/ dR5] ufp“df a:5g\ . dR5] ufp“ sf7df8f}“sf] blIf0f klZrd If]qlt/
k5{ . pgsf ;ft hgf 5f/] f5f/] L lyP . lbnaxfb/' / pgsL >LdtL xl/dfof vt] L u//] uh' f/f
uy{] . w/] } ;Gtfg ePsf xg' fn] vt] Ln] dfq} vfg kU' bg} Yof] . To;n} ] lbnaxfb/' n] aª} s\ af6 C0f lnP/
ufpd“ } wfg s6' g\ ] dl] ;g /fv] . h7] f 5f/] f /fhdfgn] lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfnodf vl/bf/sf] sfd
kfP . la:tf/} dflxnf 5f/] f xifd{ fgn] dfa] fOn / sDKo6' / ddt{ ug{] k;ndf sfd kfP . h7] L 5f/] L
ddtfnfO{ xf]6ndf sf7] f ;kmf ug{] xfp; lslkª tflnddf k7fP . clxn] ddtf xf]6ndf hflu/
vflG5g\ . ca lbnaxfb'/sf] 3/df bM' vsf lbgx¿ la:tf/} ;lsb“ } 5g\ .

;flxn“ f 5f/] f sdn kmnfdsf] sfd ug{] ds] flgS; tflnd lnP/ ljbz] df sfd ug{ uP . pgn]
k;} f sdfP/ 3/df k7fO/xs] f 5g\ . lbnaxfb/' sf] 3/df cfDbfgL a9g\ yfnk] l5 afs“ L bO' {
5f/] Lx¿df nlntfnfO{ g;,{ dg' fnfO{ sDKo6' / OlGhlgo/ / sfG5f 5f/] f hLjgnfO{ lzIffzf:q k9fP .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

syfdf pNnv] ePsf ljleGg ;j] f ;DaGwL cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkaf/] pbfx/0f lbO{ ljBfyL{lardf 5nkmn
u/fO{ ;j] f;DaGwL JofVof ug{'xf;] \ .

106 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

nlntf c:ktfndf sfd ul//xs] L 5g\ eg] dg' f ;/sf/L sfofn{ odf OlGhlgo/ 5g\ . 5f/] f hLjg
eg] an] fotdf k9b\ } sfd ug]{ u/L uP . /fhdfg / d'gf eg] gk] fnd} a:5' eG5g\ . clxn]
sf dflg;x¿ s[lifdf eGbf ;]jf If]qdf nfUg yfn]sf 5g\ .

;]jf If]qsf] j[l4n] bz] nfO{ klg kmfObf g} ePsf] 5 . o;y{ sl[ if k|0ffnL cfwl' gsLs/0f ugs{' f
;fy} ;]jf If]qdf klg la:tf/ xg' h?/L 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= syf k9b\ f ltdLnfO{ s:tf] cg'ej eof], nv] /] sIffdf ;g' fpm .

@= syfsf kfqx¿n] u/]sf sfdx¿df ltdLnfO{ s'g sfd dg k5{, lsg < nv] ]/
sIffdf ;g' fpm .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ dflg; af“Rgsf nflu s'g} g sg' =} =============ugk'{ 5{ .
-v_ nlntfn] g;{ k9/] ===================df sfd ul/g\ .
-u_ xf]6ndf sf]7f ;kmf ug]{ sfdnfO{ ==================eG5g\ .

@= al] 7s eP l7s agfpm M

-s_ lzIfs aGgnfO{ lzIffzf:q k9\g'kbg{} .
-v_ g;n{ ] la/fdLsf] ;]jf u5{ .
-u_ kmnfdsf d]l;gx¿ dd{t ug]{nfO{ d]sflgS; elgG5 .

#= 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ xfdLn] sfd lsg ug{'k5{ <
-v_ ;]jf eg]sf] s:tf] k|sf/sf] sfd xf] <
-u_ lbnaxfb'/sf 5f/] f 5f]/Lx¿n] ss;n] s] s] sfd kfP <

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltd|f] a;fa] f; Ifq] df /xs] f sg' } kf“rcf6] f 3/df hfpm / To; 3/sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]
s] s] cfo cfhg{ ;DaGwL sfdx¿ u/s] f 5g\, tL sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 107

kf7 M % ;]jf If]qsf] dxŒj / jt{dfg cj:yf

cflys{ pkfhg{ sf ljleGg dfWoddWo] ;j] f klg
Ps xf] . Psn] csfn{ fO{ ;xofu] ug{] sfd ;j] f
xf].;j] fnfO{cfocfhg{ sf¿kdfklgpkofu] ug{
;lsG5 . ;/sf/L tyf u/} ;/sf/L Ifq] n]
hgtfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf pknAw
u/fp“5g\ .

;]jfsf] dxŒj

s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf cy{tGqsf d'Vo
cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . s[lif / pBf]ueGbf ;]jfsf]
e"ldsf al9/x]sf] 5 . gk] fndf ljleGg

lsl;dsf ;j] faf6 cfly{s pkfh{g sfo{ eO/xs] f] 5 . ;/sf/L ;j] f, u/} ;/sf/L ;j] f tyf j}
bl] zs ;j] f cflbaf6 /fh] uf/sf] 7n' f] lx:;f cfu] 6s] f] 5 . To;sf/0f cflys{ lj|mofsnfkdf ;]
jfsf] 7n' f] dxŒj 5 .

;]jf Ifq] sf] jt{dfg cj:yf

g]kfndf ;]jf Ifq] n] 7'nf] of]ubfg k¥' ofPsf] 5 . sl[ ifsf] cfDbfgL 3l6/x]sf] 5 . pBfu] x¿
a9g\ ;ss] f 5g} g\ . o:tf] ;dodf ;j] fn] g} cyt{ Gq wflg/xs] f] 5 . ;/sf/L / u/} ;/sf/L
;]jfsf] ;ªV\ of / :j¿k al9/xs] f] 5, h:t} M 8sdL{, l;sdL,{ 6]lnkmfg] dd{t, :jf:Yo,
lzIff ;]jf cflb . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf tL ;]jfx¿ ck'u x'“b} uPsf 5g\ .
a]/f]huf/ lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} 5g\ . ljz]if u//] u}/;/sf/L ;j] fx¿ Jojl:yt, ;/' lIft /
;Ddfghgs agfpg ;lsPsf] 5g} . ljb]zdf cfÇgf] ;j] f ar] /] cfDbfgL ug]{ dflg;x¿sf]
;ªV\ of a9b\ } 5 . w/] h} ;f] oj' f hgzlSt j}bl] zs /f]huf/sf nflu cfslift{ ePsf] cj:yf
5 . ;]jf Ifq] df /x]sf dflg;sf] ;j] f;DaGwL tflndsf] Joj:yf eO{ l;k ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f
;j] f If]qsf] cj:yfdf ;w' f/ xG' 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

ljBfyLx{ ¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ / l5ds] Lx¿n] ug{] sfdx¿ ;fW] b} ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L ;]jf 5'6o\ fpg
nufO{ ;]jf If]qsf] JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ . ;fy} b}lgs kqklqsfdf cfpg] ljleGg ;]jf Ifq] sf lj1fkgx¿ ;ª\sng
u/fO{ ;j] fsf] dxŒj / jtd{ fg cj:yfaf/] af]w u/fpgx' f];\ .

108 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

ljm| ofsnfk

!= xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;j] f If]qdf /xs] f jt{dfg ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
;dx" df 5nkmn u/L nv] .

@= /fli6o« bl} gs kqklqsfdf lg:sg] ;/sf/L, u/} ;/sf/L / jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Lsf nflu
ul/Psf lj1fkgx¿ bzcf6] f ;ªs\ ng u/ / To;af/] sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ g]kfndf ==========n] 7n' f] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
-v_ g]kfndf sl[ ifsf] cfDbfgL ================== 5 .
-u_ g]kfndf a/] f]hf/ =================a9\b} 5 .

@= a]l7s eP l7s u//] nv] M

-s_ g]kfndf ;j] f Ifq] n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sbg} .
-v_ g]kfndf pBf]ux¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9g\ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
-u_ a]/fh] uf/ oj' fx¿ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uO/x]sf 5g\ .

#= 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ;]jf Ifq] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kl/ro bp] m .
-u_ u}/;/sf/L ;j] f Ifq] leq kg]{ sg' } bzcf]6f sfdsf] ;r" L agfpm .
-3_ jb} ]lzs /f]huf/n] cflys{ Ifq] df k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfg n]v .

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfÇgf] a;f]af; If]qdf ePsf sg' } kf“rcf6] f 3/df hfpm / tL 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfdx¿
;/sf/L ;j] f, u/} ;/sf/L ;]jf / j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ s] xf] 5'6\ofpm / ;ªV\ of klg kTtf
nufpm . tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ e/ / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ M

jm| = ;= ;/sf/L ;]jf u/} ;/sf/L ;]jf jb} l] zs /fh] uf/

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 109

;f/fz+
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cg'¿ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof“} M
xfdf| ] bz] df ;~rflnt cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿
s[lifdf cfwfl/t cflys{ lj|mofsnfk / ;]jf Ifq]
u|fdL0f If]qdf vfBafnL, guba] fnL, kzk' fng, dT:okfng, dfx/' Lkfng cflbaf6 cfo cfhg{ df
k¥' ofPsf] of]ubfg
s[lifsf] dxŒj / jtd{ fg cj:yf
s[lif / pBfu] larsf] ;DaGw
s[lifdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo
gk] fnsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;j] f If]qsf] of]ubfg
;]jf If]qsf] :j¿k
;]jf If]qsf] dxŒj / jtd{ fg cj:yf
g]kfnL o'jfx¿ jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/tkm{ cfslift{ x'gsf sf/0f
gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/sf] el" dsf
:yfgLo 7fps“ f] cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk vfh] L u/L kl| tjb] g tof/L

110 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

*PsfO xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u

-tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] b| sf7df8fd“} f ePsf] t;] |f] ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] gdf ;Dafw] g ub_}{

æPSnfPSn} jf cnu cnu /x]/ sfd ug{'eGbf Pp6} nIodf af“lwP/ sfd u/d] f g} k|efjsf/L
¿kdf o; If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ ldNg] 5 eGg] s'/f dx;'; ub}{ xfdLlar ePsf]
cfk;L k/fdz{n] xfdf| ] ;DaGwnfO{ cem 3lgi6 / xfdf| ] ldqtfsf] uf7“ f]nfO{ emg\ alnof] agfPsf]
5 eGg ;lsG5 .Æ
— :j= /fhf jL/G] b|

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd xg' ] 5g\ M
gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]usf] cj:yf atfpg
;fss{ f] kl/ro lbg
;fs{sf] p2Z] o atfpg
;fss{ f] cfjZostf / dxŒj kTtf nufpg
;fdflhs cWoog;“u ;DalGwt ;d;fdlos 36gf klxrfg ug{
;d;fdlos 36gfn] dfgj hLjgdf kfg{] ke| fj kQf nufpg

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 111

k f7 M ! g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw

-rLgsf] ed| 0fdf tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL ki' ksdn bfxfn -kr| 08_ / lrgLof /fi6k« lt l; lhª lkªlar e6] jftf_{

3/df a:bf kl/jf/sf,] ;dfhdf a:bf l5d]sLsf] ;xofu] rflxP h:t} b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu
cGt/f{li6o« ;xof]usf] vfr“ f] k5{ . ;a} b]zx¿ cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg ug{
;Ifd xb“' g} g\ . To;n} ] Pp6f bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu c¿ b]zx¿sf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . Ps
b]z / csf{] b]zlar x'g] ;DaGwnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw elgG5 . bz] b]zlar Pscfk;df
/fdf| ] ;DaGw ePdf dfq ;xof]u lng lbg ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwn] g} ljZjsf ljleGg
b]zx¿n] ;xofu] lnP/ ku| lt u/]sf 5g\ . cfhsf] ljZj oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{
glhlsPsf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

cGt/fl{ i6«o ;xofu] af6 :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ljBfno, k'n, af6f3] f6f] lgdf{0f ePsf] / g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o«
Ifq] df k|bfg u/s] f] ;xofu] sf] pbfx/0f lbP/ 5nkmn / cGt/ljm| of u/fpgx' f;] \ . lzIf0fnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{
/ yk kf7\o;fdu|L cWoog u/L lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg'xf;] \ .

112 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

cfÇgf] bz] df gePsf j:tx' ¿ c¿ bz] af6 NofOG5 . cfÇgf] b]zdf a9L ePsf j:t'x¿ c¿
bz] df k7fpg] ul/G5 . ljsf; lgdf0{ f ug{, zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg, k|fs[lts ks| f]
kaf6 p4f/ ugs{ f nflu ljleGg bz] x¿nfO{ cflys{ , efl} ts / dfgjLo ;xofu] sf] cfjZostf
k5{ . xfdf| ] b]zdf ljBfno ejg, af6f3] f6f,] kn' kn' ];f cflb c¿ bz] sf] cfly{s / efl} ts
;xof]udf lgdf0{ f x'g] u/s] f 5g\ . To;} u/L xfdf| ] bz] n] klg ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ugs{ f
nflu ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\ dfkm{ t\ gk] fnL ;g] f / kx| /L k7fO{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljleGg b]zdf
k|fsl[ ts ljklQ kbf{ cflys{ / dfgjLo ;xof]u k¥' ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] j}bl] zs ;DaGw
a9fpg] j|mddf ;j{ ky| d ;g\ !*!^ df an] fot;u“ s6' gLlts ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] xf] .
s6' g}lts ;DaGw sfod ug{] jm| ddf gk] fnn] ;g\ @)!( ;]K6D] a/ @% df 3fgf (Ghana) ;“u
s'6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ePsf !^* cf6] f b]z k'us] f] 5 . gk] fnn] s6' gLlts ;DaGw ljsf;
ug{] j|mddf ljleGg bz] df cfk\mgf] /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/s] f] 5 . g]kfndf klg rLg, ef/t,
a]nfot ;o+ 'St /fHo cd]l/sf, hfkfg nufot ljleGg bz] n] /fhb"tfjf; :yfkgf u/s] f 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o« ;DaGw emNsg] u/L ;dfrf/ tof/ u/]/ sIffdf ;an} fO{
;g' fpm .

@= xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg /fi6«x¿n] s] s:tf] ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf 5g\, ;"rL
tof/ u/ .

#= g]kfnn] ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ vn] ]sf] e"ldsf 5nkmn u/L nv] .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ g]kfnn] xfn;Dd sltcf6] f bz] ;“u s"6gLlts ;DaGw / låkIfLo ;DaGw sfod
u/s] f] 5 <

-v_ Ps b]z / csf]{ bz] lar lsg c;n ;DaGw x'g h?/L 5 <

-u_ gk] fnn] cGt/fl{ i6«o If]qdf ;DaGw a9fp“bf b]znfO{ s] s] kmfObf ku' ]sf] 5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{

ltdf| ] ;db' fodf jb} l] zs ;xof]udf ePsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sg' sfo{
s'g b]zsf] ;xof]udf ePsf] xf,] vfh] L u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u//] sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 113

k f7 M @ ;fss{ f] kl/ro

;fs{ dn' 'ssf ;DaGwdf >L dx]Gb| dflj sfek|] nf~rfs] sf ljBfyL{ s'zn / dlxnf lzIfs
;l' dqflar ePsf] jftf{nfk M

s'zn M ld;, cfh xfdL ;fss{ f af/d] f s'/fsfgL ug]{ xf] ls <

;'ldqf M xG' 5 lg .

sz' n M ;fs{ eg]sf] s] xf] ld; <

;l' dqf M ;fs{ egs] f] blÔ0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿sf] Ô]qLo ;xofu] sf nflu ag]sf] ;ªu\ 7g
xf] . o;sf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿ gk] fn, e6' fg, aªu\ nfb]z, ef/t, >Lnªs\ f, dflNbE;
kfls:tfg / ckmuflg:tfg xg' \ . h;/L xfdL xfdf| ] ljBfnosf lzÔs, ljBfyL{,
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o / ufps“ f cleefjsx¿ ldn/] 366\ k] fvfd] f jÔ[ /fk] 0f
ug{ Pp6f ;ldlt agfPsf 5f},“ To;} u/L /fi6« /fi6« ldn]/ cfk;L lxt / ;xof]usf
nflu Pp6f ;ªu\ 7g agfp“5g \ . To:t} ;ªu\ 7gdWo] ;fs{ klg Ps xf ] .

sz' n M of] t al' ´of] ¤ ca o;nfO{ cªu\ h]| Ldf nV] bf s;/L nV] gk' 5,{ Tof] klg atfOlbgx' f;] \ g ¤

;l' dqf M ;fs{nfO{ cªuh|] Ldf South Asian Association for Regional Co–operation-SAARC
eG5g\ . a‰' of} t <

s'zn M of] t a´' “,] ld; . o;sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] t <

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

;fs{ /fi6«sf af/]df yk kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng u/L yk hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ vf]Hg
pTkl|] /t u/fpg'xf;] \ .

114 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

;l' dqf M o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*% df ePsf] xf] .

sz' n M xfn;Dd slt k6s lzv/ ;Ddn] g eof] t, ld; <

;l' dqf M xfn;Dd ;fs{sf] !* cf+“} lzv/ ;Ddn] g ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ gfe] ]Da/
@^ / @& df ;fss{ f] !* cf“} lzv/ ;Dd]ng gk] fnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}“df ePsf]
lyof] . pSt ;Ddn] gsf] ;dfkgdf ‘zflGt / ;d[l4sf nflu uxg Pstf’ (Deeper
Integration for peace and prosperity) eGg] gf/fsf ;fy #^ ab'“ ] sf7df8f}“
3fi] f0ff kq hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

s'zn M To;f] eP o;sf] ;lrjfno sxf“ 5 t <

;l' dqf M ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5g}  . o;sf] ;lrjfno t xfd}| b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f“d} f 5 .

s'zn M ca, k9fO ;?' x'g] an] f eof,] cfhnfO{ d sÔfdf uP“ x} ld; .

;'ldqf M x'G5, hfpm .

lj|mofsnfk

!= o; kf7df lbOPsf] ;fss{ f] nf]uf] x/] L To:t} lrq agfpm .

@= ;fs{sf] gS;f 6«;] u/L ;fs{ bz] x¿ aª\unfb]z, e'6fg, ef/t, kfls:tfg,
ckmuflg:tfg, gk] fn, >Lnª\sf / dflNbE; bv] fpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ k/j] f ss] f] kt| Ls xf] < ;fs{sf] nf]uf]df ePsf ;ftcf6] f k/j] fn] s] hgfp5“ <
-v_ hfl] 8Psf bO' { xftn] s] hgfp“5 <
-u_ tnsf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df b]zsf] gfd n]v M
gl/jnsf] tn] pTkfbg ug{] b]z
df5f lgof{t ug{] ;fgf] bz]
ljZjsf] ;jfR]{ r lzv/ ePsf] b]z
w/] }h;f] af9L cfpg] bz]
;fss{ f] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] bz]

a9L r6o\ fª kg{] bz]

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 115

k f7 M # ;fss{ f] p2]Zo, cfjZostf / dxŒj

;fs{ /ht hoGtLsf cj;/df hgtf dflj albj{ f;sf sIff ^ sf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;fss{ f]
p2Z] o / dxŒjaf/] jSt[Tjsnf k|ltofl] utfsf nflu tof/Lsf ;fy cfPsf lyP . tLg} ;bgsf
ljBfyLx{ ¿n] cfcfÇgf] gt] f 5fg]kl5 es[ 6' L ;bgsf gt] f sz' n ljZjsdfs{ f] klxnf] kfnf]
cfof] . pgn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/ o;k|sf/ 5 M

>Ldfg\ cWoÔHo", dfGoj/, u'?Hox" ¿,

oxf“ pkl:yt bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿ ¤

;jk{ y| d dnfO{ o; sfoj{ m| dsf cfofh] s u'?ju{n] ;fs{ /ht hoGtLsf cj;/df o;sf
p2Z] oaf/] af]Ng ;do lbge' Psfdf d cfofh] sk|lt cfef/ ks| 6 ug{ rfxG5' .

bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgL ¤ xfdL hxf“ a:5f}“ Toxf“ a:g] Ps ;b:onfO{ csf]{ ;b:osf]
;xofu] rflxG5 . Pscsfs{ f] ;xofu] g} dflg;n] cfÇgf] ku| lt ug{ ;S5 . cfÇgf] cfjZostf k/" f
ug{ ;S5 . To;} u/L Ps ;db' fonfO{ csf]{ ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . clg dfq ;dfhsf]
cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs pGglt / ;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . xfdL g]kfnLsf] uf/} j /
kl| ti7f cl3 a9g\ ;S5 . xfd|f] ;fd"lxs hLjg :t/df ;w' f/ cfpg ;S5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

;fss{ f] p2Z] o / dxŒjnfO{ k|:6 agfpg o; ;DaGwL ljleGg lj|mofsnfk u/fg'xf];\ .

116 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

To;n} ] t xfdf| ] bz] gk] fn, ef/t, kfls:tfg, aªu\ nfbz] , e6' fg, >Lnªs\ f / dfnlbE;n] cfk;df
ldnL Ôq] Lo ljsf;sf nflu ;fs{ gfdsf] ;ªu\ 7g agfPsf xg'  \ . kl5 cfP/ ckmuflg:tfg
klg o;sf] ;b:o ags] f] 5 .

;ª\u7g gePdf /fi6«nfO{ ;'b[9 / ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sb}gf}“ . oL cf7cf]6}
/fi6x« ¿n] Pscsf]{ /fi6n« fO{ :jtGq cl:tTj :jLsf/ u/s] f 5g\ . s;}sf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf
x:tÔ]k gu/L cfk;L ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ . Ô]qLo cfwf/df
cfcfÇgf b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ , ;f+:sl[ ts, lj1fg tyf kl| jlwsf] ljsf;
ug{ Pscfk;df sfd ug]{ u/s] f 5g\ . b]zsf] ljsf; sfod{ f ;xofu] ug{] / ;b\efjgf
a9fpg] ;fr] lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L ;dfg p2]Zo kl" ts{ f nflu Ps cfk;df ;xofu] k'Ug uO{
;a} /fi6«sf] lxtsf nflu ;fss{ f] cfÇg} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . olt eGb} d cfÇgf] egfOnfO{
6'ª\Uofp5“ ' . wGojfb ¤

ljm| ofsnfk

!= ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L ;fs{sf p2]Zox¿sf] ;"rL agfpm / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

@= tnsf zAbx¿ ko| f]u u/L ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f tof/ u/ / sIffdf k|:t't u/ M

hLjg :t/df ;w' f/ cflys{ ljsf; cfTd lge/{ tf

;d:ofsf] klxrfg cfk;L ljZjf; / ;xofu] ;xsfos{ f] jl[ 4

;be\ fjgfsf] jl[ 4 lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf; k|lti7fdf j[l4

#= ;fs{sf] p2]Zo / dxŒjsf af/d] f ;/n efiffdf efif0fsf] gdg' f tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't
u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;fs{ :yfkgfsf d'Vo p2Z] o s] s] xg' \ <

-v_ ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

-u_ ;fs{sf] dxŒjsf] af/d] f Ps cgR' 5]b nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 117

k f7 M $ ;fs{ / g]kfn

eStk'/

@)^*÷!!÷%

lko| alxgL /df,

z'efzLjfb{

;fs{ /ht hoGtL jif{ ltdLx¿n] dgfof} ls dgfPgf} < ;fsn{ ] gk] fnsf] lxtdf cgluGtL
sfd u/]sf] 5 . ltdL / ltd|f ;fyLx¿n] cfÇgf nflu dfq sfd gu/L ;f´f nfesf nflu
klg sfd ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . o;s} f nflu ;fs{n] x/s] jif{ ah]6 af“8kmf“8 ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
;fs{sf x/]s /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;df ;fs{ hfkfg ljz]if sf]if / ;fs{ ljsf; sf]ifn] cfcfÇgf]
Ôq] af6 ;xofu] lbg] u/s] f 5g\ . oLafx]s Jofkf/ tyf ljsf;;DaGwL ;+o'St /fi6«
;Dd]ng, Pl;of tyf k|zfGt Ô]qsf lglDt cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs cfofu] , ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª3\
afnsfi] f, ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ ljsf; ofh] gf cflb cGt/fl{ i6o« ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fsn{ fO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf
5g\ . tL ;xofu] af6 ;fs{ b]zx¿df sl[ if, ;~rf/, lzÔf ;+:s[lt, v]nsb' , jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo,
hg;ª\Vof, hnjfo' lj1fg tyf afn sNof0f h:tf If]qdf cflys{ ;xof]u lbg] u/s] f] 5 .
nfu' kbfy{ b?' kofu] tyf cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ glbg, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|jw{g ug{, ko{6g lj:tf/
ug,{ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg dlxnf ;xeflutf jl[ 4 ug{ ljleGg ofh] gf tyf sfo{j|md
agfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] u/s] f] 5 . gk] fndf klg ul/aL pGdn" g ug{, Jofkf/ / cflys{
;xofu] jl[ 4 ug{ >JobZ[ o ;fduL| cfbfg kb| fg ug{ / ;fs{ o'jf :jod\;]js sfoj{ |md ;~rfng
ug{ ;xofu] lbg] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ltdL / ltd|f ;fyLx¿n] ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf ;Dks{ u/L
ljBfnosf efl} ts tyf cfly{s sfo{j|md ;kmn kfg{ ;xofu] kf| Kt ug]{ 5f} egL cfzf u/]sf] 5' .

ltdf| ] dfof ug{] bfh'

/fh'

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kqklqsfdf ks| flzt ;fs{ ;DaGwL ;d;fdlos pbfx/0fx¿ k:| tt' u//] lzIf0fnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpgx' f;] \ .

118 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

lj|mofsnfk

!= kf7sf cfwf/df ljBfnodf x'g] sg' } sfo{jm| ddf k:| tt' ul/g] efif0fsf] gdg' f tof/
kf/ .

@= ;fss{ f] ljsf;sf nflu s'g s'g cGt/fl{ i6o« ;+:yfx¿n] ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf 5g\ <
pSt ;xof]uaf6 k|fKt /sd sg' s'g Ô]qdf vr{ ul/Psf] 5, ;r" L agfpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ ;fs{ dn' s' x¿n] g]kfnnfO{ s] s] ;xof]u k¥' ofpb“ } cfPsf 5g \ <
-v_ ;fs{sf nflu gk] fnn] s] s] ofu] bfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 <
-u_ ;fsn{ fO{ cGo s'g sg' ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿n] ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf 5g\ <

@= tnsf] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ lqej' g /fhkysf] lgdf0{ f=============== sf] ;xofu] n] ags] f] xf ] .
-v_ g]kfndf ============sf dflg; z/0ffyLs{ f ¿kdf /xs] f 5g \ .
-u_ g]kfnn]==============sf] k"mnaf/L aª\unfaGw dfu{af6 ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/
ul//xs] f] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 119

k f7 M % ljZjsf] ;d;fdlos ultljlw

-;fs{sf] !* cf“} lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx¿_

‘zflGt / ;dl[ 4sf nflu uxg Pstf’ (Deeper Integration for peace and prosperity) eGg]
gf/fsf ;fy sf7df8f}df !* cf}“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng #^ ab'F ] sf7df8f} 3fi] f0ff kq hf/L
ub{} @)!$ sf] gfe] ]Da/ @^ / @& df ;DkGg eof] . pSt lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL
x'ge' Psf ckmuflg:tfgsf /fi6k« lt c;/km 3fgL, aª\nfbz] sf kw| fgdGqL ;]v xl;gf, e6' fgsf
k|wfgdGqL l5l/ª tfU] j], ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL, dflNbE;sf /fi6k« lt cAbN' nfx ofldg
cAbn' uo} d' , g]kfnsf kw| fgdGqL ;z' Ln sf]O/fnf, kfls:tfgsf k|wfgdGqL gafa ;l/km /
>Lnª\sfsf /fi6«klt dxG] b| /fhkIfåf/f x:tfIfl/t 3fi] f0ffkqdf k|:tt' ul/Psf kl| ta4tfx¿
lgDgcg;' f/ 5g\ .

If]qLo ;xof]u, s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff, blIf0f Pl;ofnL cfly{s ;ª\3, jftfj/0f, ;fkm6\ f /
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, lgnf] cy{tGq, ;fs{ ljsf; sfi] f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, pmhf,{ oj' f, ul/aL
lgjf/0f, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf, cGt/ ;DaGw, ;g\ @)!% kl5sf] ljsf; nIo, ;fdflhs
;/' Iff, a;fO;{ /fO, ;'zf;g, lj1fgsf kl| jlw, b"/;~rf/, ;fs{ koj{ I] f0f, ;fs{ kl| jm| ofsf]
;anLs/0f, ko6{ g, ;:+ sl[ t, cfd;~rf/, cftª\sjfb, cGt/bz] Lo ck/fw / !( cf“} lzv/
;Dd]ng -kfls:tfgdf ug]_{

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7df lbOPsf] ljifoj:t' pbfx/0f dfq xg' \ . ljZjsf ;d;fdlos 36gf;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ vf]hL To;
;DaGwdf ljleGg ljm| ofsnfk u/fpgx' f;] \ .

120 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

ljZjdf 36s] f s]xL 36gf / To;n] kf/]sf ke| fjsf sx] L pbfx0fx¿ M
36gf k|efj÷c;/

;g\ @)!^ cS6f]a/ $ g]kfnåf/f kl] /; ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg

;g\ @)!^, l8;D] a/ g]kfndf klxnf] k6s sn]hf] kT| of/fk] 0f

;g\ @)!) sf] ljZjdf ePsf] cflys{ dGbL nfvf}“ JolSt a/] f]huf/

;g\ @)!* ¿;df ePsf] ljZjsk km' 6an s/f]8f}“ km' 6ankd]| Lx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f

;g\ @))( df g]kfnsf] dlGq kl/ifbs\ f] a7} s hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/s] f] c;/ ;DaGw

sfnf kTy/df a7} s ljZjsf] Wofgfsif0{ f

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltdf| ] ;db' fodf ePsf s'g} Ps ;:+ yfsf] jflifs{ ;Dd]ng tyf ;fwf/0f ;efdf s] s]
sfd ubf{ /x5] g,\ ;:+ yfsf JolStx¿nfO{ ;fw] L kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

@= ;fss{ f] jtd{ fg dfxf;lrj kfls:tfgsf chdb x';g] jL l;ofn 5g\ . xfn;Dd ;fs{df
dxf;lrj sg' b]zaf6 sf] sf] ePsf 5g\ < kqklqsf tyf k':ts cWoog u//] tyf
hfgsf/ JolStx¿;u“ ;f]w/] ;r" L tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ltdL /xs] f] ufp“ jf gu/df lats] f] Ps dlxgfleq 36]sf] k|d'v 36gf / To;n]
kf/s] f] k|efj nv] .

-v_ kqklqsf cWoog tyf /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehgaf6 ;dfrf/ ;'g]sf cfwf/df g]kfn-
nufot ljZjdf lats] f] Ps xKtfdf 36]sf k|dv' 36gfx¿ / To;n] dfgj
hLjgdf kf/s] f] k|efj nv] .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 121

;f/f+z
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cg¿' ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof“} M

gk] fnn] cflys{ , k|fljlws tyf dfgjLo ;xof]u / cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw

;fss{ f] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*% df ;ftcf]6f blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sx¿ cfk;df ldnL Ifq] Lo
ljsf;sf nflu ePsf] tYo

;fs{ ;ª\u7gdf xfn ckmuflg:tfg;lxt cf7 /fi6x« ¿ /xs] f] tYo

;fs{sf] p2]Zo

;fs{sf] cfjZostf / dxŒj

;fs{sf] ;lrjfno sf7df8fd}“ f /x]sf] tYo

;g\ @)!* nfO{‘zflGt / ;d[l4sf nflu uxg Pstf’ (Deeper Integration for peace and
prosperity) eGg] gf/fsf ;fy !* cf}“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng dgfOPsf] tYo

;fs{sf] jtd{ fg dxf;lrj chdb x;' g] jL l;ofn /x]sf]

kZ| gfjnL / k|ltj]bg tof/L

:yfgLo, /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o kl/jz] df 36]sf ;d;fdlos 36gf / To;n] dfgj hLjgdf
kf/s] f k|efj

122 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

PsfO hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro /

( hg;fª\lVos cj:yf

æ;of}“ yu“' f km" nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL 123
;fje{ f}d eO{ kml} nPsf dr] L dxfsfnLÆ

l;sfO pknlAw

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
kl/jf/sf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf] lsl;d 56' o\ fpg
hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6af/] pNnv] ug{
hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ klxrfg ug{
hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg tflnsf tyf rf6{df bv] fpg
hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4af6 kg{] c;/sf] JofVof ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M ! hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/ro / dxŒj

Hfg;ªV\ ofsf] zflAbs cy{ dflg;sf] ;ªV\ of
xf] . sg' } lglZrt 7fp“, ufp“, ;x/, lhNnf,
Ifq] jf bz] df lglZrt ;dodf a;fa] f;
ug{] ;a} s6] fs6] L, oj' foj' tL / a9' fa9Lx¿sf]
;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vof xf] . xfd|f] cfÇg}
kl/jf/df ePsf cfdf, a'af, bfh', efO,
xh'/ cfdf, xh'/ a'af ;as} f] ;ª\VofnfO{
hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . cyf{t\ s'g} lglZrt
:yfgdf lglZrt ;dodf a;f]af;
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{
hg;ªV\ of elgG5 .

hg;ª\Vof ;a} ;dodf ;a} 7fp“df Ps}
lsl;dsf] xb'“ g} . 7fpc“ g;' f/ hg;ªV\ of klg
km/s km/s xG' 5 . sg' } klg 7fp“df ePsf ;v' ;'ljwf, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, jftfj/0f cflbn]
dflg;sf] a;f]af;df km/s kf5{ . ;'v ;l' jwf ePsf 7fpd“ f hg;ªV\ of a9L xG' 5 . ;'v
;'ljwf gePsf 7fp“df hg;ªV\ of sd xG' 5 . lj=;=+ @)^* ;fnsf] P3f/f}“ hgu0fgfcg';f/
xfd|f] b]zdf hDdf hg;ªV\ of @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %)$ /xs] f] 5 . o;cGtu{t
k'?ifsf] hg;ªV\ of ! s/f]8 @* nfv $( xhf/ )$! / dlxnfsf] hg;ªV\ of ! s/f]8 #^
nfv $% xhf/ $^# /xs] f] 5 . b]zel/sf ;a} 3/bn} fd] f Ps} ;dodf ku' L kl/jf/ tyf kl/
jf/sf k|Tos] JolStsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ug{] sfon{ fO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 .
gk] fndf hgu0fgfsf] ;'?cft lj=;+= !(^* af6 ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)^* df hgu0fgfsf]
!)) jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf x/]s !) jifd{ f hgu0fgf ul/G5 .

dxŒj

dflg;n] ;v' ;l' jwf rfxG5 . bz] sf] ljsf; /fdf| ;] u“ ePdf ;v' ;l' jwf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
bz] ljsf; ug{ bIf hgzlSt / k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] plrt ko| fu] cfjZos x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

gk] fnsf] gS;f ko| fu] u/L hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL lrq bv] fpb“ } hg;ªV\ ofsf] cjwf/0ff tyf jtd{ fg cj:yfsf] hg;ª\
Vofsf] ;xL tYofªs\ lbgx' f;] \ . dxŒj ae' mfpb“ f 3/n] ' sfo,{ ;fdflhs sfo,{ pTkfbg sfo,{ kz| f;lgs sfo,{
ljsf; sfo{ cflb pNnv] ub{} dflg;lagf oL sfox{ ¿ k/" f ug{ ;lsb“ g} eGg] tYo pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .

124 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

bz] sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒj /xs] f] x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof sd
ePdf ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] k|ofu] sd xG' 5 eg] a9L ePdf ;f| t] ;fwgsf] cefj xG' 5 . t;y{ plrt
hg;ª\Vof agfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg / :t/Lo hLjg ofkg ug{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] dxŒj
/xs] f] 5 .

xfdL;u“ ePsf ;f| ]t ;fwgn] k'Ug] hg;ª\Vof ePdf dfq ljsf; kl| jm| of ;xL 9ªu\ n] cufl8
a9\5 . t;y{ xfdL;u“ ePsf ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] plrt k|of]u u/L ;'gfn} f] eljio lgdf0{ f ug{
hg;ªV\ ofsf] dxŒj 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ltd|f] 3/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] s] s] sfd ug'{x'G5, sfdsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L
sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= ltdf| ] l5d]sdf ePsf s'g} kfr“ cf6] f 3/df hfpm . tL 3/x¿df ePsf dflg;x¿sf]
;ª\Vof tnsf] tflnsfdf e/ M

3/ ;ª\Vof hg;ªV\ of

dlxnf k'?if hDdf

cEof; 125

!= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb nv] M

-s_ lj=;=+ @)^* cg;' f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ªV\ of =============== 5 .
-v_ a9L ;'ljwf xg' ] 7fpd“ f ================== a9L x'G5 .
-u_ bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu bIf ============= cfjZos xG' 5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒj nv] .
-u_ lsg hg;ª\Vof ;a} 7fp“df Psgf;sf] x“'bg} <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M @ hg;fª\lVosL tŒjx¿

dfgj hg;ª\Vof ax[ t\ ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifo xf] . dfgj hg;ªV\ of Pp6f ultzLn
kIf xf] . cyf{t\ dfgj hg;ª\Vofdf lg/Gt/ kl/jtg{ eO/xG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf If]qx¿ Jofks

5g\ . tLdWo] hGd (birth), dT[ o' (death) / a;fO ;/fO“ (migration) hg;ª\Vofsf d'Vo Ifq] x'g\ .

hg;fªl\ Vos tŒjx¿

hGdb/ dT[ o'b/ a;fO;/fO“

hGd (birth)

hGd g} hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ If]q xf] . Pp6f lzz' cfdfsf] z/L/af6 5'6\l6“bf
p;n] Zjf; km]g]{, z/L/sf cª\u rnfpg], ?g], s/fpg] cflb u¥of] eg] To;nfO{ hGd
elgG5 . hGdn] sg' } klg 7fp“, ufp,“ ;x/, If]q jf b]zsf] hg;ªV\ of a9fp“5 . dflg;
hGdk] l5 ;fdflhs ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug xG' 5 . hGd kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| of xf] . of] lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 .

a;fO“;/fO (migration)

dflg; hlGdPsf] :yfgaf6 cGo :yfgdf a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] u5{ . sltko cj:yfdf
/fh] uf/L, cWoog, 3d' 3fd cflbsf nflu dflg; Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf{] 7fpd“ f hfg] u5{ . o;/L cfÇgf]
hGd:yfgnfO{ 5f]8L cGo :yfgdf a;f]af;sf nflu jf cGo sfo{sf nflu hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{
a;fO{;/fO elgG5 .

a;fO;{ /fOn] hg;ª\Vofdf 36a9 Nofp“5 . al;/x]sf] 7fp“ 5f8/] hf“bf Toxf“sf] hg;ª\Vof
36\5 eg] a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] 7fps“ f] hg;ªV\ of a9\5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

hghª\Vofsf] If]qx¿ s] s] x'G5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Tt/ tyf 5nkmnsf] dfWodåf/f lj|mofsnfk
u/fpgx' f];\ .

126 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

dT[ o' (death)
dflg;sf] hGdkl5 d[To' x'g] x'G5 . d[To'n] hg;ª\VofnfO{ 36fp“5 . dflg;sf hLljt
lj|mofsnfksf] cGTo x'gn' fO{ dT[ o' elgG5 . /fu] nfu]/, b'36{ gf eP/, a9' f] pd/] eP/ dflg;sf]
dT[ o' xg' ;S5 .
ljm| ofsnfk

!= ltd|f] a;f]af; ug]{ j8fsf Ps jif{leq hlGdPsf aRrf, d/s] f dflg; / a;fO“
;//] hfg] dflg;x¿sf] tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng u/L tflnsfdf k:| t't u/ .

@= gk] fndf a;fO;/fOsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf s:tf] /xs] f] 5, ;fw] vfh] u/L nv] / sIffdf
k:| t't u/ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ s'g} kl/jf/df gof“ lzz' yk x'g'===========================================xf] .
-v_ dflg;sf hLljt lj|mofsnfksf] cGTo xg' 'nfO{ =======================elgG5 .
-u_ dflg; hGd ePsf] 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fpd“ f a;fa] f;sf nflu hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{

====================================elgG5 .
-3_ hGd, d[To,' a;fO;/fO hg;ªV\ ofsf ======================================xg' \ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] cªu\ x¿ s] s] xg' ,\ pNnv] u/ .
-v_ a;fO;/fO“sf sf/0f s] s] xg' \ <
-u_ hGdn] hg;ªV\ of a9fp5“ eg] d[To'n] hg;ªV\ of 36fp“5, s;/L <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 127

k f7 M # hg;ª\Vof / cGo ljifosf] ;DaGw

hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;DaGw gePsf ljifoj:t' g} xb“' g} g\ . To;}n] hg;ªV\ of ljifo ax' ljifos :jefj
ePsf] ljifo xf] . hg;ª\Vof cfkm}“df ultzLn x'G5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] cWoogljgf ;fdflhs
lj1fgsf cGo ljifoj:ts' f] cWoog k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . o;;u“ ;DaGw ePsf ljifox¿ w]/}
ePtf klg dxŒjk"0f{ ;DaGw ePsf ljifox¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

e"uf]n

;dfh zf:q hg;ª\Vof cyz{ f:q



jftfj/0f

hg;ªV\ of / e"ufn]

dflg;sf] a;f]af; efu} fl] ns cj:yfcg;' f/ sd / a9L x'g] u5{ . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df
a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof km/s lsl;dsf] xG' 5 . lxdfndf cToGt} lr;f] xg' ] ePsfn]
sd dflg; a;f]af; u5g{ \ . kxf8df xfjfkfgL pko'St x'G5 . t/fOd{ f eg] pTkfbg a9L x'g]
/ ;l' jwf x'g] ePsfn] a9L dflg; a;f]af; u5{g\ . To;}n] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;DaGw eu" f]n;“u
/x]sf] 5 .

hg;ªV\ of / ;dfh

dflg; ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 g} ;dfh aG5 . klxnf JolStsf] hGd
xG' 5 . JolSt JolSt ldn/] kl/jf/ aG5 . kl/jf/ kl/jf/ ldn]/ ;dfh aG5. dflg;
ePg eg] ;dfh x'“b}g . ;dfh ePg eg] klg dflg;n] hLjg cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}g .
To;n} ] hg;ª\Vofsf] ;DaGw ;dfh;“u 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

hg;ªV\ of / cGo ljifo larsf] ;DaGw ;'?df ;d"xdf / kl5 JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
cfjZos eP ;RofOlbgx' f;] \ .

128 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

hg;ª\Vof / cyt{ Gq

dflg;nfO{ af“Rgsf nflu ljleGg j:ts' f] cfjZostf k5{ . tL j:t'x¿ p;sf] cyt{ Gq
/fd|f] ePdf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . xfdLn] vfg] vfgf, nTtf sk8f, 3/ lgdf0{ f cflb sfo{sf nflu
cy{tGqsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xG5 . To;}n] hg;ªV\ of / cy{tGqsf] ulx/f] ;GaGw 5 .

hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f

hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f Pscsf{df lge{/ /xG5g\ . hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'“bf o;sf] k|ToIf
c;/ jftfj/0fdf kg{ uO{ jftfj/0f kb| "lift x'g], /fu] AofwL a9g\ ] xG' 5 eg] hg;ªV\ of Jojl:yt
eof] eg] o;n] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpg ;xofu] k'¥ofp5“ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hg;ª\Vof / cGo ljifolarsf] ;DaGw 5nkmn u/L n]v / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .

@= ltdf| ] ;dfhdf s:tf ljm| ofsnfk xg' ] u5g{ ,\ 5nkmn u/L nv] / sIffdf k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ lxdfndf a;f]jf; ug{] dflg;nfO{ ====================================elgG5 .
-v_ ;dfhdf ul/g] ljleGg lj|mofsnfknfO={ ========================sfo{ elgG5 .
-u_ dflg;sf cfwf/et" cfjZostf ===========================================xg' \ .
-3_ hg;ª\VofnfO{ ======================================================klg elgG5 .
-ª_ hg;ªV\ of cfkmd}“ f ========================================================= xG' 5 .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] ;DaGw d'Vo ¿kdf s'g sg' ljifo;“u /x]sf] 5 <
-v_ ;dfhdf dflg;n] s'g s'g ljm| ofsnfk u5g{ ,\ nv] .
-u_ hg;ª\Vof ljifosf] k|s[lt s:tf] xG' 5 <
-3_ hg;ª\VofnfO{ ef}uf]lns :j¿kn] s:tf] c;/ u5{ <
-ª_ hg;ªV\ of / cy{tGqlar s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 <
-r_ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 x'“bf jftfj/0fdf kg{] c;/x¿ n]v .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 129

k f7 M $ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/

xftdf ljleGg kf]:6/ lnP/ lzIfs sIffdf kj| z] ug{e' of] . ljBfyL{x¿n] p7]/ clejfbg
u/] . clejfbg :jLsf/ ub{} ;“u} NofPsf] kf:] 6/ em' G8\ofp“b} lzIfsn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ /
kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf 5nkmn cufl8 a9fpg'eof] .

lzIfs M cfh xfdL hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ / kl/jtg{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug]{ 5f“} .

d'gf M hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ eg]sf] s] xf], ld; <

lzIfs M s'g} klg lglZrt 7fp“df lglZrt ;dodf a;f]af; ul//x] s] f s]6fs]6L, o'jfoj' tL
/ a'9fa9' Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ g} hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ elgG5 .

cho M To;f]eP g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof slt 5 t ld; <

lzIfs M -´G' 8o\ fPsf] kf]:6/ b]vfp“b_} gk] fnsf] P3f/f}“ hgu0fgf -@)^*_ cg;' f/ hDdf
hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %)$ /xs] f] 5 . o;nfO{ g} g]kfnsf]
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ elgG5 .

dLgf M hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{g egs] f] s] xf] t, ld; <

lzIfs M s'g} klg 7fps“ f] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ a9g\ ] jf 36\g] k|ljm| of g} hg;ªV\ of
kl/jtg{ xf] .

cg'hf M To;f] eP hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g ePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] ld; <

lzIfs M xfdL al;/xs] f] ufp÷“ ;x/df eO/x]sf] hg;ªV\ of a9d] f jf 36]df hg;ªV\ of
kl/jtg{ ePsf] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df kT| os] b; jifd{ f hgu0fgf u//]
hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ ePsf] tYo kTtf nufOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfndf
hg;ªV\ of lj= ;+= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ @ s/f8] #! nfv %! xhf/ $@#
ePsf]df @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] glthfcg';f/ @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($
xhf/ %)$ 5 . of] g} gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ xf] .

dlgtf M hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{g ePdf s] s]df c;/ k5{ t ld; <

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7sf] ;+jfbnfO{ e"ldsf clego u/fP/ klg hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / kl/jt{g;DaGwL lj|mofsnfk
u/fpgx' f;] \ .

130 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

lzIfs M :ofaf;, ltdLn] /fd|f] k|Zg u¥of} . hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gn] w]/} s'/fdf c;/
kf5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu jftfj/0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, /fh] uf/L, ljsf;
lgdf0{ f sfo{ cflbdf c;/ kf5{ .

cho M hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ s] s] sf/0fn] xG' 5 ld; <

lzIfs M hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{g hGd, dT[ o,' ljjfx / a;fO“ ;/fOn] ubf{ xG' 5 . logLx¿nfO{
hg;fªl\ Vos kl/jt{gsf tŒjx¿ elgG5 . hGdn] s'g} klg 7fp“sf] hg;ªV\ of
a9fp5“ eg] dT[ on' ] 36fp“5 . a;fO;“ /fOn] klxnf al;/x]sf] :yfgsf] hg;ªV\ of
36fp“5 eg] a;fO“ ;/fO u//] hfg] gof“ 7fps“ f] hg;ªV\ of a9fp5“ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sg' } ;ftcf6] f 3/df hfpm . tL 3/df ePsf kl/jf/ ;ªV\ of tnsf] tflnsfdf e/ /
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ M

3/ ;ªV\ of k?' if ;ªV\ of dlxnf ;ªV\ of hDdf ;ª\Vof kl/jf/sf] lsl;d

@= hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / kl/jt{gsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/L n]v .

#= lj= ;=+ @)%* sf] hgu0fgf cg;' f/sf] gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of / lj= ;+= @)^* sf]
hgu0fgf cg;' f/sf] hg;ª\Voflar km/s bv] fpm .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;ªVo\ f kl/jt{g egs] f] s] xf] <
-u_ hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ n] s] s]df c;/ kf5{ <

@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ s'g} klg 7fp“sf] hg;ª\Vof=======nfO{ hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ elgG5 .
-v_ d[To'n] hg;ªV\ of ======================================.
-u_ a;fO“ ;/fOn] ubf{ ;/]/ hfg] gof“ 7fp“sf] hg;ªV\ of===========================.

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 131

k f7 M % hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 / ljt/0f

xftdf kf:] 6/ / gk] fnsf] gS;f lnP/ lzIfs sIffdf kj| ]z ug'{eof] .

lzIfs M -hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] nl] vPsf] kf:] 6/ sIffdf emG' 8o\ fpb“ _} cfh xfdL hg;ªV\ ofsf]
agf]6 / ljt/0faf/] 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}{“ .

dLgf M hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] eg]sf] s] xf,] ld; <

lzIfs M hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lnªu\ , hflt, efiff, k;] f, pd/] , wd{ cflbsf cfwf/df ;dx" ;dx" df
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;dx" n] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6nfO{ ae' mfp5“ .

dfof M hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 lsg cWoog ug{' h?/L 5, ld; <

lzIfs M hg;ª\Vofsf] cWoog ug{sf nflu o;sf] agf]6 dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'G5 .
b]zsf] ljsf; ultljlwx¿df o;n] k|efj kf/s] f] xG' 5 . ;dfhsf ljleGg If]
qx¿df hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg / ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{ k'?if / dlxnfsf]
56' 6\ f56' 6\ } tYofªs\ cfjZos k5{ . ;fy} pd/] sf] klg 7n' f] dxŒj /x]sf] xG' 5 .
sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd/] / sfd ug{ g;Sg] pd/] yfxf ePkl5 ;lj|mo / lglijm| o
hg;ª\Vof 5'6o\ fpg ;lsG5 .

dLgf M hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f eg]sf] s] xf,] ld; <

lzIfs M ;a} 7fp“df hg;ª\Vof ;dfg ¿kdf /x]sf] x'“b}g . o;/L ljleGg 7fp“df km/s
km/s hg;ªV\ of /xg' g} hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f xf] . xfdf| ] b]zdf ufp“df eGbf
;x/df hg;ª\Vof a9L /xg,' t/fO{ k|b]zdf w/] } / lxdfnL k|bz] df sd hg;ª\
Vof /xg' klg 7fp“cg;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fdf km/s /xs] f] pbfx/0f xf] .
xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of If]qut ¿kdf lgDgfg;' f/ /xs] f] 5 M

lxdfnL kb| ]z M !&,*!,&(@ -^=&#%)

kxf8L k|b]z M !,!#,($,))& -$#%_

t/fO{ kb| z] M !,##,!*,&)% -%)=@&%_

;f| ]t M sG] b|Lo tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] glthfcg;' f/

ljBfyLx{ ¿ M ca ;a} s/' f k:| 6 eof,] ld; .

lzIf0f ;'emfj
cfÇgf] lhNnf, ufp,“ ;x/sf] pbfx/0f lbO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 / ljt/0f;DaGwL ;j+ fb nV] g nufpg'xf];\ /
el" dsf clego ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .

132 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

g]kfnsf] kb| ]zcg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f
^=&# kl| tzt $# kl| tzt

lxdfnL k|bz]
kxf8L k|bz]
t/fO{ kb| ]z

lj|mofsnfk %)=@& k|ltzt

!= ltdL a;s] f] 7fp“df hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f s:tf] /xs] f] 5, sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
n]v / k:| tt' u/ .

@= g]kfnsf] kfr“ ljsf; Ifq] sf] hg;ª\Vof vfh] L u/L tflnsf agfP/ n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf] kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / agf6] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ t/fO{ Ifq] df hg;ªV\ of lsg a9L 5 <
-u_ 7fp“cg';f/ hg;ªV\ of lsg km/s km/s x'G5 <
;fdb' flos sfo{

glhssf] ;d'bfodf hfpm . sDtLdf bz 3/sf] hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL lgDglnlvt tYox¿
l6kf6] u/L Nofpm / sIffdf k|:tt' u/ M
hDdf hg;ª\Vof M
Ps jif{leqdf hlGdPsfsf] ;ª\Vof M
Ps jifl{ eqdf dT[ o' x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof M
Ps jif{leqdf a;fO“ ;//] hfg]sf] ;ªV\ of M
Ps jifl{ eqdf aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;/]/ cfpg]sf] ;ª\Vof M

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 133

;f/fz+
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf xfdLn] lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cg¿' ksf 1fg, l;k / Jojxf/ l;Sof“} M
hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/ro
hg;ªV\ ofsf] dxŒj
gdg' f hgu0fgf ug{] tl/sf
hg;ª\Vofsf If]qx¿
hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fOsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro
hg;ª\Vofsf] cGo If]q;u“ sf] ;DaGw
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6 / ljt/0f;DaGwL hfgsf/L
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf
hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf sf/0f
hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gn] kfg]{ c;/ .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

!)PsfO hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / Joj:yfkg

^(

l;sfO pknlAw 135

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ xg' ] 5g\ M
hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 / o;sf] c;/ klxrfg ug{
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿sf] el" dsf pNnv] ug{

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

k f7 M ! hg;ªV\ of j[l4 / o;sf] c;/

g]kfnu~h, af“s]

@)^( kmfu'g @) ut]

lk|o ldq s]zj,

gd:sf/ ¤

;x/ cfO;sk] l5 lr7L nv] fn“} f egs] f] lyP“ . oxf“ cfOku' ]s} lbgb]lv km';{b kfOPg . oxf“ t
dfG5] klg slt xf] slt ¤ lx8“ g\ ] 7fp“ g} 5g} . ;8sdf df6] /uf8L w/] } eP/ 6f« lkms hfd x“b' f]
/x5] . ;x/ cfOku' /] a;kfsd{ f a;af6 cflno{ f“} . To;kl5 ljlkg bfOn] 8/] fdf nh} fge' of] .
8]/fdf kU' g klg a;df Ps 306f nfUof] . lx“8s] } eP klg Ps 306fdf kl' ug] /x]5 .

ljlkg bfO 8]/fdf k'Ug] lalQs} kfgL lsGg hfg'eof] . Pp6f ef“8f]df vfg]kfgL /
csf]{ ef8“ fdf ;/;kmfO ug]{ kfgL lsg]/ Nofpge' of] . bfO ;fgf] sf]7fdf a:g'xb'“ f] /x]5 . ToxL
sf]7fdf vfgf ksfpg] rn' f,] lstfa /fVg] ¥ofs, n'uf /fVg] afs;, bO' c{ f6] f ;fgf vf6x¿
5g\ . ljlkg bfO / pxfs“ f] ;fyL vf6df ;T' gx' G' 5 . d e'O“df cf5] \ofg nufP/ ;'T5' . laxfg
p7k] l5 k6o\ fP/ vf6df /fV5' .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4af6 k/s] f c;/x¿nfO{ dflysf] lr7Lsf cfwf/df cfÇgf] ufp“, ;x/sf] t'ngf ug{ nufP/
sIffdf k:| t't u/fpgx' f];\ .

136 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

oxf“ cfOk'us] f] ef]lnkN6} ljlkg bfOn] :sn' df egf{ ul/lbge' of] . :s'ndf t Pp6} sIffdf 5
;ftcf]6f ;]S;g x“b' f /x5] g\ / Pp6f ;S] ;gdf krf;eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ 5g\ . dnfO{ ;/ /
ld;sf] s/' f a'‰g g} ufxf| ] eO/xs] f] 5 .

d t oxf“ cfOku' s] f] !% lbgdf g} la/fdL kl/xfn]“ . ljlkg bfOn] c:ktfndf n}hfge' of] .
c:ktfndf w/] } le8 lyof] . oxf“ t ;8ssf] rfs] rfs] df kmfx] f/] kmfNbf /x5] g\ / uGxfP/ al;g;Sg'
xG' 5 . vfn] fsf] kn' glhs k'Ugf;fy afGtf g} x'g] u/L uGxfp5“ . oxf“ 7n' f 7n' f 3/ ag]sf
5g\ . vt] LkftL ug]{ hUufsf] cefjn] ubf{ vfg]s'/f ;a} aflx/af6 NofO“bf] /x5] . vfgs] /' fx¿
klg slt dx“uf,] Tof] klg egs] f] a]nf kfO“bg} . dflg; w]/} ePsfn] sfd kfpg t ;fx}| uf¥xf]
/x]5 . To;n} ] rf/] L, 8st} L klg xG' 5 . slxn] 3/ rf/] s] f] t slxn] a}ª\s n'6s] f] va/ cfp“5 .
w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] 7fpd“ f o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g xg' ] /x]5 . o; ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Stf w/] } ;d:of l;hg{ f ePsf] bl] vG5 .

of] ;a} x/] ]/ dnfO{ xfd|f] ufp“sf] emnemnL ;Demgf cfp“5 . 3/ 5]pd} ;kmf kfgLsf] s'nf], vn' f
7fp“, gbLsf] 5ª5ª, ;fgf] :s'n, yf/] } ljBfyL{ ePsf] /dfOnf] jftfj/0fsf] ofbn] ;tfO/x]sf]
5 . xfdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ ;/ / ld;, la/fdL kbf{ hfg] ;fgf] xN] y kf:] 6, ;kmf uf]/6] f], vt] /
s/;] faf/L, oL ;a} emnemnL ;Demgf cfp5“ . 7n' f] ;x/df k9g\ t cfOof] t/ oxf“sf] cfÇg}
;d:of /x5] . cfhnfO{ olt g} afs“ L csf{] lr7Ldf x} ¤

ltd|f] ;fyL
ljm| ofsnfk efg'

!= cfkm\ gf] ufpx“ ¿df hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4af6 k/s] f c;/x¿ cWoog u/L kT| oIf cjnfs] gsf]
cfwf/df Ps l6kf]6 tof/ kf/ / sIffdf k:| t't u/ .

@= hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf] c;/ ufp“ / ;x/dWo] sxf“ a9L k/]sf] 5, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
nv] / k:| tt' u/ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4n] lzIffdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ <
-v_ kl/jf/df ;b:o ;ª\Vof a9\gfn] s] s] s/' fdf c;/ k5,{ n]v .
-u_ a]/fh] uf/L ;d:of a9\g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf], nv] .
-3_ ;x/ cJojl:yt /xgs' f] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] <

-ª_ sf7df8f“} pkTosfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ s] s] ugk'{ nf{ <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 137

k f7 M @ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf]
kl/ro / dxŒj


hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro

Pp6f lglZrt 7fpd“ f lglZrt ;do cjlwleq a;fa] f; u/s] f JolStx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ hg;ªV\ of
elgG5 . hg;ª\Vofdf hGd, d[To,' a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 kl/jt{g cfp5“ . ;du| b]zsf] hg;ªV\ of
a9\gd' f pRr hGdb/, Go"g dT[ ob' / / pRr cfk|jf;g b/ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . To;} u/L bz] sf]
hg;ªV\ of 36g\ d' f klg Go"g hGdb/, pRr d[To'b/ / Gog" cfk|jf;g b/ lhDdj] f/ xG' 5g\ .

kf| s[lts ;f| ]tx¿ bz] df ;Lldt dfqfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . hg;ªV\ of;“u} k|fs[lts ;f| ]tx¿df jl[ 4
ug{ ;Dej x“b' g} . /fdf| ] tyf u0' f:t/Lo hLjg lhpg k|fs[lts ;f| t] / hg;ª\Vofsf] ;Gt'ng
ldNg'k5{ . k|fs[lts ;f| t] n] wfGg ;Sg] u/L hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, jl[ 4, ;/+ rgf cflb ldnfpg]
sfon{ fO{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

xfd|f] bz] sf] ;Gbe{df hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu oxfs“ f] pRr hg;ªV\ of j[l4nfO{ sd
ug{ cfjZos bl] vG5 . w/] } h;f] o'/f]k]nL b]z tyf Pl;ofsf] hfkfgdf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg
ugs{ f nflu Toxf“sf] 36\bf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg hg;ª\Vofsf] b/df jl[ 4 ug{
cfjZos bl] vG5 .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj

bz] df pknAw k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] / ;fwgnfO{ Vofn u//] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ / jl[ 4df ;Gtn' g
Nofpg] sfon{ fO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o:tf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfkg sfos{ f] dxŒjnfO{
lgDgfg;' f/ a“'bfut ¿kdf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

!= ;'vL tyf :j:y hLjg lhpg

b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] l:yltnfO{ Vofn u/]/ hg;ª\Vofsf]
jl[ 4b/nfO{ ;Gtl' nt tyf Jojl:yt /fVg hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgn] ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
hg;ª\Vofsf] tLj| j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;Gt'lnt agfpg] x“b' f eljiosf] hLjg;d]t
;'vL tyf :j:y /xg ;xofu] k'U5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒjsf af/]df yk ;fdu|L cWoog ug{ nufO{ sIffdf ;d"xut ¿kdf
cGt/lj|mof / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;] \ .

138 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^

@= cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{j|mddfkm{t tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
cfjZos 5 . o; sfon{ ] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ bz] n] wfGg ;Sg] cj:yfdf NofOg] ePsfn]
vfgf, sk8f, cfjf;, lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;j] f / ;'ljwf h:tf cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf]
kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

#= jftfj/0fLo l:yltdf ;Gtn' g Nofpg

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L k|fs[lt
;|f]tx¿;“u hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;DaGw ;Gtl' nt agfOG5 .

$= b]zsf] cflys{ ljsf; ug{

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ sd u/L b]znfO{ rflxg]
9f“rfdf hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 sfod /flvG5 . o; sfo{n] ubf{ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf
kj" fw{ f/sf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k'U5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= bO' { ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ Pp6f ;d"xn] 7n' f] cfsf/sf] / csf{] ;dx" n] ;fgf] cfsf/
sf] kl/jf/df lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/L, ;Gtfg ;ªV\ of, a:g] 3/ cflbsf] cj:yf
klxrfg u/L To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿;d]t 5nkmn u/ . pkfox¿sf] ;r" L
agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' klg u/ .

@= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nv] / k:| tt' u/.

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ b]pm M

-s_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf sg' sg' kIfsf] Joj:yfkg k5{ <

-v_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg egs] f] s] xf] <

-u_ bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf; ug{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'k{ 5{ <

-3_ xfdf| ] bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{ s] s] sfd ug{k' 5{ <

-ª_ hg;ªV\ of / kf| s[lts ;|f]t ;fwg lar s:tf] ;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ªV\ of lzIff, sIff ^ 139

k f7 M # hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿

xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;Gbe{df hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ab'“ fut
¿kdf cfN}“ ofpg ;lsG5 M

;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ k|jl[ Q

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg sfos{ f nflu pRr k|hggb/ Pp6f ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf cfwfeGbf w]/} dlxnfsf] ljjfx @) jif{eGbf sd pd]/df eO/x]sf] bl] vG5 . ;fg}
pd/] df ljjfx ug{] / aRrf hGdfpg] kj| l[ Ttn] kh| ggb/ pRr /xs] f] xf] . sfgg' n] klg cleefjssf]
dGh/' Ldf !* jifd{ f ljjfx ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 t/ sfgg' k0" f¿{ kn] sfoG{ jogdf cfPsf] 5g} .

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] dfu k/" f ug{ g;Sg'

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]un] hGd lgoGq0f ug{ / hGdfGt/ a9fpg ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“
t/ of] ;j] f ;a} 7fp“df k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfdf| ] bz] df ;g\ @)!! sf] hg;fªl\ Vos
tyf :jf:Yo ;en{] ] $(=& kl| tzt ljjflxt dlxnfx¿n] kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf] ;fwg ko| fu] u/s] f
/ @$=^ kl| tztn] ko| fu] ug{ rfx] klg ;fwg kf| Kt ug{ g;ss] f] hgfPsf] 5 .

:jf:Yo ;j] f tyf ;'ljwfsf] cefj

kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfsf] cefjdf dft[ :jf:Yo tyf lzz' :jf:Yosf] cj:yf sdhf/]
x'g k'U5 . ke| fjsf/L :jf:Yo ;j] f tyf ;l' jwf kf| Kt gePdf uej{ tL cj:yfdf, ;'Ts]/L x“'bf /
;T' s/] Lkl5 cfdfsf] :jf:Yo sdhf/] eO{ To;sf] c;/ lzz'df k5{ . vfk] , :tgkfg, ;Gtl' nt
ef]hgsf] cefjdf lzzs' f] :jf:Yodf k|ToIf c;/ k5{ .

5f/] f5f/] Ldf e]befj

gk] fndf cem} klg 5f/] feGbf 5f]/LnfO{ sd dxŒj lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg cGwljZjf;sf
sf/0f 5f]/Lsf] hGd eP klg 5f]/f ghGdbf;Dd ;Gtfg hGdfO/xg] kj| [lTtsf] ljsf; ePsf]
kfOG5 . o:tf] ;:+ sf/n] 5f]/fnfO{ a9L kf| yldstf lbg] u5{ . o;y{ 5f]/f5f/] Ldf ul/g]
ljeb] n] dlxnf lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] l:ylt sdhf]/ x'g ku' ]sf] bl] vG5 .

lzIf0f ;e' mfj

kf7df pNnv] ul/Psf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;d:of / tkfO{n“ ] bv] ], ;g' s] f ;d:of vfh] L u/L
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

140 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^

dlxnf ;fIf/tf k|ltztdf sdL

kl/jf/df cfdf lzlIft ePdf pgn] cfÇgf] :jf:Yo hf“r ug,{] afn aflnsfsf] :jf:Yo hf“r
ug{,] kf]if0foS' t vfgfdf hf8] lbg] sfo{ ;lhn} ug{ ;Sl5g\ . t/ xfdf| ] bz] df ;g\ @)!! sf]
hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\sn] $@=* k|ltzt dlxnf ;fIf/ /x]sf] bv] fPsf] 5 eg] k?' if ^%=% kl| tzt
;fIf/ /xs] f] bv] fPsf] 5 . o;n] sl/a cfwfeGbf a9L dlxnf lg/If/ /xs] f] bv] fp5“ .

dlxnf /fh] uf/Lsf] cefj

xfdf| ] bz] df /f]huf/L ug{e] Gbf gug{] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L
sl[ ifhGo k;] f ug{] dlxnfeGbf u/} sl[ if k;] f ug{] dlxnfsf] ;Gtfg ;ªV\ of sd ePsf] bl] vG5 .
u}/s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; /fd|f] gePsfn] dlxnfx¿sf] k];fut kl/jt{g ug{] sfo{ sl7g b]lvG5 .

cJojl:yt a;fO;/fO“

b]zsf w]/} 7fp“x¿df ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f gePsfn] k"jf{wf/ ePsf tyf
/fh] uf/L, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff cflb ePsf :yfgx¿df dflg;x¿sf] tLj| a;fO;“ /fOn] Toxfs“ f]
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L n]v / k|:t't
u/ .

@= a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofn] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of pTkGg u/s] f] 5 eGg] s'/f
;dx" df 5nkmn u/L n]v .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ bp] m M

-s_ gk] fndf a;fO“ ;/fOn] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf s:tf] ;d:of pTkGg u/s] f] 5, nv] .

-v_ ægk] fndf 5f/] f / 5f/] Ldf eb] efj ug]{ k|j[lTtn] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of
NofPsf] 5 .Æ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 u/ .

-u_ g]kfndf tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] /x]sf 5g\ <

-3_ ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ubf{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf s:tf] ;d:of cfp“5 <

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^ 141

k f7 M $ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿

ljZjsf w/] } b]zdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ tyf jl[ 4n] ;d:of l;hg{ f ul//xs] f] 5 . Toxf“
hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] rfknfO{ 36fP/ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/
sd ePsf] tyf jl[ 4 gsf/fTds ePsf] cj:yfdf hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/nfO{ a9fP/ hg;ªV\ ofsf]
Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;Gbe{ df tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4sf] l:ylt /xs] fn] o;nfO{ sd u/L
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

kl/kSj pd/] df ljjfx

sfgg' L ¿kn] !* jif{df ljjfx ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf klg @) jife{ Gbf sd
pd]/df kl/kSj x'b“ }g . ckl/kSj cfdfn] hGdfPsf lzz' / cfdf bj' s} f] :jf:Yodf k|ltsn"
c;/ k5{ . To;n} ] sDtLdf @) jifk{ l5 dfq ljjfx ug'k{ 5{ .

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|ofu] df hf8]

kl/jf/ lgofh] g ;fwgn] hGdfGt/ a9fpg / cgfjZos uen{ fO{ /f]Sg ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n]
Jofks ¿kdf kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwgsf] k|of]udf hf8] lbg'k5{ .

:jf:y ;j] f lj:tf/

bz] df kofK{ t :jf:y ;j] fsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;sd] f cfdf / lzzx' ¿sf] dT[ ob' /df sdL cfp5“ . o;af6
k|hggb/df ;w' f/ eO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] k'U5 .

5f]/f5f/] LnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/

xfd|f] b]zdf 5f/] f / 5f/] L lar e]befj ug]{ rng 5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] ljeb] x6fpg ;sd] f
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] kU' 5 .

dlxnf lzIffdf hf]8

lzlIft cfdf ePdf 5f]/f5f/] Lx¿ klg lzlIft x'G5g\ . o;sf] ;fy} dlxnf lzlIft ePdf sd
;Gtfg hGdfp5“ g\ . o;n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'U5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg pkfox¿sf af/]df ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ kfn};u“ pgLx¿sf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ cGTodf
cfjZos eP ;w' f/;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff, sIff ^