ธรณีวิทยาประเทศไทย

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 519

·Àâß·≈ßâ ·≈–„π™«à ߪ≈“¬‡ªπì ·∫∫·Àßâ ·≈ßâ ®—¥ ¢Õß¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß ∫√‡‘ «≥·Õàßπà“π ·≈–·Õàßæ–‡¬“
À¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿ¢¥— ¡’§«“¡Àπ“µÈß— ·µà 150-500 ‡¡µ√ À√Õ◊ ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬ lower unit (ms3.1-.5)·≈– upper unit (ms3.6)
Õ“¬®ÿ ·Ÿ √ ´°‘ ®“°À≈°— ∞“π∑“ß≈–ÕÕ߇√≥Ÿ ‚¥¬æ∫„π ms3.4 ´ß÷Ë
¡“°°«“à ππÈ— «“߉¡àµàÕ‡πËÕ◊ ßÕ¬à∫Ÿ πÀ¡«¥À‘π‡¢“¬“à ªÿ° ¡’Õ“¬ÿ™à«ß ‡ªìπ™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫∑Ë’æ∫„πÀ¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿ°√–¥÷ß·≈–À¡«¥À‘πæ√–
‡¥’¬«°—∫À¡«¥À‘π‡¢“¬à“ªÿ° §◊Õ¡’Õ“¬ÿµÈ—ß·µà§√’‡∑‡™’¬ ∂÷߇∑Õ√å «À‘ “√∫√‡‘ «≥∑√’Ë “∫ ßŸ ‚§√“™ ·≈–®“°´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æÀå Õ¬°“∫§Ÿà
‡™’¬√’ ‡°‘¥®“°°“√ – ¡µ—«·≈–µ°µ–°Õπ®“°·¡àπ”È ·∫∫‚§âß ™È—πÀ‘𧫓¡Àπ“‚¥¬‡©≈Ë’¬ª√–¡“≥ 300-400 ‡¡µ√ ‡°‘¥
µ«—¥·≈–‡π‘πµ–°Õππ”È æ“√Ÿªæ—¥ „π ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»„π ¡—¬  – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫µ–°Õπ√Ÿªæ—¥ ·≈–·∫∫∑“ßπÈ”
‚∫√“≥∑§’Ë Õà π¢“â ß°ßË÷ ·Àßâ ·≈âß ‚§âßµ«—¥

16.4.2.2 ∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ·≈–¿“§µ–«π— µ° Àπ«à ¬Àπ‘ ms4 ‡°¥‘ ®“°°“√ – ¡µ«— „π ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡
µÕπ∫π ·∫∫∑“ßπ”È ‚§ßâ µ«¥— æ∫·º°à √–®“¬µ«— µàÕ‡πÕ◊Ë ß Õ¬∫Ÿà πÀπ૬À‘π
ms3 §«“¡Àπ“‚¥¬‡©≈Ë’¬ª√–¡“≥ 400-500 ‡¡µ√
À‘π¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ ´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå ¢Õߪ≈“πÈ”®◊¥ ÀÕ¬°“∫§àŸ ·≈–´“°æ◊™∑Ë’æ∫
„πÀ‘π‚§≈π∑’Ë·∑√° ≈∫— Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬¡Õ’ “¬ÿ®Ÿ·√ ´°‘
À‘π∑Ë’µ°µ–°Õπ∫π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊Õæ∫
Õ¬Ÿà‚¥¬∑Ë—«‰ª∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕµÕπ∫π µÕπ°≈“ß ∫√‘‡«≥¥â“π À¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿ°√–¥÷ß ·≈–À¡«¥À‘πæ√–«‘À“√ æ∫·ºà
µ–«—πÕÕ°·≈–µàÕ‡πË◊Õß≈ß¡“∑“ß„µâ®π∂÷ß∫√‘‡«≥∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ° °√–®“¬µ“¡∫√‡‘ «≥¢Õ∫·Õßà π§√‰∑¬¥“â πµ–«π— µ°·≈–¥“â π∑»‘ „µâ
‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° ‰¥â·°à À¡«¥À‘πæ√–∏“µÿ·≈– Õ“¬ÿ¢ÕßÀ¡«¥À‘π‰¥â®“°≈—°…≥–∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ·≈–°“√≈”¥—∫
À¡«¥Àπ‘ º“·¥ß  ”À√∫— Àπ‘ ∑¡Ë’ °’ ”‡π¥‘ ‡ªπì µ–°Õπ∫π¿“§æπ◊È ∑«ª’ ™—ÈπÀ‘π‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ à«π≈à“ߢÕß°≈àÿ¡À‘π‚§√“™ À¡«¥À‘π
¡’ 2 Àπ૬À‘π ‰¥â·°à Àπ૬À‘π ms1 æ∫ – ¡µ—«„π·Õàß ¿Ÿ°√–¥÷ß‚º≈à„Àâ‡ÀÁπ™—¥‡®π∫√‘‡«≥‡À¡◊ÕßÀ‘π‡°à“ ∫â“π«—ߥ‘π Õ
πà“π-æ–‡¬“ «“ßµ—«µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·∫∫§àÕ¬‡ªìπ§àÕ¬‰ª ·≈–√Õ¬º‘¥ °¡. 24+100 ∑“ßÀ≈«ßÀ¡“¬‡≈¢ 12 ‡ πâ ∑“ßæ…‘ ≥‚ÿ ≈°-À≈¡à  °—
«‘ —¬‡©æ“–∑Ë’∫√‘‡«≥¢Õ∫·Õàß °—∫À‘πµ–°Õπ∑’˵°µ–°Õπ„π ¡’§«“¡Àπ“ 22.50 ‡¡µ√ ‡°‘¥®“°°“√ – ¡µ—«·∫∫∑“ß
∑–‡≈Õ“¬ÿ‰∑√·Õ ´‘°∑Ë’«“ßµ—«Õ¬àŸ¥â“π≈à“ß pebbles ‡ªìπæ«° πÈ”‚§âßµ«—¥  ”À√—∫À¡«¥À‘πæ√–«‘À“√«“ßµ—«µàÕ‡πË◊Õß®“°
À‘π∑√“¬  ’‡À≈◊Õß  ’‡∑“ À‘π‡™‘√åµ  ’·¥ß À‘πªŸπ  ’‡∑“ÕàÕπ- À¡«¥Àπ‘ ¿°Ÿ √–¥ß÷ ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬Àπ‘ ∑√“¬ ¢’ “« ¢π“¥À¬“∫ ·≈–
‡∑“¥” ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ Àπ‘ ∑√“¬  ’‡¢¬’ « ·≈– ‡’ ∑“¥” À‘π‚§≈π ≈–‡Õ’¬¥ °“√§¥— ¢π“¥¥’ ‡¡Á¥∑√“¬ «à π„À≠à®–¡π·≈–ª√–°Õ∫
·≈–À‘π¥‘π¥“π  ’·¥ß ·≈– ’‡¢’¬« ·≈–À‘π°√«¥¡π∑Ë’¡“®“° ¥â«¬·√৫յ´å¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 90 πÕ°π—Èπ‡ªìπ·√à‡ø≈¥å ª“√å
À‘πµ°µ–°Õπ∑’ˇ°‘¥„π∑–‡≈Õ“¬ÿ‰∑√·Õ ´‘° ‡æÕ√凡’¬π ·≈– « — ¥ªÿ √– “π‡ªπì æ«°·√à´≈‘ °‘ “ ¡’§«“¡Àπ“‚¥¬ª√–¡“≥ 50-
Permo-Carboniferous reef limestone ‡°‘¥ – ¡µ—«„π 100 ‡¡µ√
 ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫µ–°Õπ√Ÿªæ—¥ Õ“¬ÿ‰∑√·Õ ´‘°µÕπª≈“¬
§«“¡Àπ“¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ª√–¡“≥ 300 ‡¡µ√ Àπ૬À‘π ms2 À‘π¬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬ 
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø·∑√°¥—π√–¥—∫µÈ◊π·∫∫‰À≈πÕß ™π‘¥
intermediate ∂÷ß acid  ’·¥ß ¡«à ß  ‡’ ∑“ ·≈–‡∑“‡¢’¬« ·≈– Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ πæÈ’ ∫ – ¡µ«— ·≈–·º°à √–®“¬‡ªπì ·π«¬“«‡ÀπÕ◊ -
Àπ‘ µ–°Õπ¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø ¢π“¥≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥  π’ È”µ“≈·¥ß ‡À≈Õ◊ ß ª√–°Õ∫ „µâ ∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥πà“𠵑¥°—∫™“¬·¥πª√–‡∑»
¥«â ¬ §«Õµ´å ·≈–‡ø≈¥ å ª“√‡å ªπì  «à π„À≠à ¡’∑»‘ ∑“ß°“√«“ßµ«—  “∏“√≥√—∞ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬ª√–™“™π≈“« §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∫√‘‡«≥
‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ ‚¥¬ª√–¡“≥ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æÈ◊π∑Ë’¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß Õ”‡¿Õ∫Õà ‡°≈Õ◊ ·≈–∫â“πÀ«â ¬‚°πã ‰¥â·°à
®ß— À«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ ·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥æ–‡¬“ ·≈–∫√‡‘ «≥µ–«—πµ°¢Õß
®—ßÀ«—¥πà“π ¡’≈”¥—∫™È—πÀ‘πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—∫Àπ૬À‘π ms1 ·µà Àπ૬Àπ‘ ms5 ‡°‘¥°“√ – ¡µ«— ·∫∫√–∫∫∑“ßπÈ” „π
∫√‘‡«≥∫√‘‡«≥¢Õ∫·Õàß®–¡’√Õ¬™—Èπ‰¡àµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—∫À‘πµ°µ–°Õπ ∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕßÀπ૬À‘π¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õߙȗπ‡°≈◊Õ´Ë÷ß
∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ „π∑–‡≈Õ“¬‰ÿ ∑√·Õ ´°‘ ·≈–‡æÕ√‡å ¡¬’ 𠧫“¡Àπ“‚¥¬‡©≈¬Ë’ ‰¥â·°∫à √‡‘ «≥Õ”‡¿Õ∫Õà
300-350 ‡¡µ√ Õ“¬ÿ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπª≈“¬
À¡«¥À‘π‡ “¢—« §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß
Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ ®Ÿ·√ ´°‘ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬‡ªìπ·π«¬“«¢÷Èπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»
‡ÀπÕ◊ „π·Õàßπ§√‰∑¬ æ∫«“ßµ«— µÕà ‡πÕ◊Ë ß°∫— À¡«¥Àπ‘ æ√–«‘À“√
Àπ«à ¬Àπ‘ ms3 §√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ æ◊πÈ ∑Ë∫’ √‡‘ «≥¥“â πµ–«—πÕÕ°
À¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿæ“π ∫√‘‡«≥·Õàßπ§√‰∑¬ æ∫¡’°“√ – ¡
µ—«µ“¡∫√‘‡«≥¢Õ∫·Õàß «“ßµ—«µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—∫À¡«¥À‘π‡ “¢—«
‚¥¬¡À’ ‘π‚º≈à„À‡â ÀÁπ∫√‘‡«≥Õ”‡¿Õ™“µ‘µ√–°“√ ®ß— À«¥— æ…‘ ≥‚ÿ ≈°

520 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

À¡«¥À‘π¡À“ “√§“¡ æ∫ – ¡µ—« ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬ 16.4.2.4 ∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§µ–«—πµ°µÕπ≈à“ß
µ«— ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥·§∫Ê „πµÕπ°≈“ߢÕß·Õàßπ§√‰∑¬À¡«¥Àπ‘ π’È ·≈–¿“§„µâ
‚º≈à„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‰¡à„§√à™—¥‡®π „π∫√‘‡«≥ à«π∫π¢ÕßÀ¡«¥À‘πæ∫™—Èπ
‡°≈◊Õ ·≈–·√଑ª´—¡·∫∫Ωíߪ– ∫√‘‡«≥∫â“π∫àÕ¿“§ Õ”‡¿Õ Àπ‘ ¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´°‘ ·≈–À‘π¬ÿ§§√‡’ ∑‡™’¬ 
™“µµ‘ √–°“√ ®ß— À«¥— æ…‘ ≥‚ÿ ≈° ·≈–∫√‡‘ «≥∫“â π‡À¡Õ◊ ß·æ√à Õ”‡¿Õ
π“·À«â ®ß— À«¥— ‡≈¬ ¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“°°“√‡®“– ”√«®‚¥¬°ÕßπÈ”∫“¥“≈ À‘π¡À“¬ÿ§¡’‚´‚´Õ‘°∑’˵°µ–°Õπ∫π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª∑“ß
∫√‘‡«≥ ∫â“ππ”È ≈—¥ Õ”‡¿Õπ§√‰∑¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° ∑Ë’√–¥—∫ ¿“§„µâπÈ—πæ∫·ºà°°√–®“¬µ—«‡ªìπ·π«¬“«µ—Èß·µà®—ßÀ«—¥
§«“¡≈÷°‚¥¬ª√–¡“≥ 108 ‡¡µ√ æ∫™È—π¢Õß·√à·Õπ‰Œ‰¥√å∑ ª√–®«∫§’√¢’ π— ∏å ™¡ÿ æ√  ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ °√–∫≈Ë’ ߉ª®π∂÷ß®—ßÀ«—¥
·∑√° ≈—∫®”π«π 1 ™—Èπ ‚¥¬¡§’ «“¡Àπ“ª√–¡“≥ 6 ‡¡µ√ ®ß÷ µ√—ß ∫“ß à«πæ∫‡ªìπ‡°“–Õ¬àŸ„π∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«æ—ßß“ ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥
Õπÿ¡“π‰¥â«à“™—Èπ¢Õß·√à·Õπ‰Œ‰¥√å∑∑’Ëæ∫·∑√° ≈—∫πÈ—π®—¥Õ¬àŸ„π æß— ß“·≈–¿‡Ÿ °µÁ Àπ‘  «à π„À≠«à “ßµ«— Õ¬àŸ„π·π«‡ÀπÕ◊ -„µâ πÕ°®“°
À¡«¥Àπ‘ ¡À“ “√§“¡ π¬’È ß— æ∫·º°à √–®“¬‡ªπì ‡¢“≈°Ÿ ‚¥¥∫√‡‘ «≥®ß— À«¥— π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™
·≈– ß¢≈“¥«â ¬
16.4.2.3 ∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°
æÈ◊π∑’Ë™ÿ¡æ√∂÷ßπ§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ æ∫™È—πÀ‘π ’·¥ß·ºà
Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ ®·Ÿ √ ´°‘ °√–®“¬„π·π«‡°Õ◊ ∫‡ÀπÕ◊ -„µâ ‚¥¬æ∫¡“°„πæπ◊È ∑ÕË’ ”‡¿Õ∑ßÿà „À≠à
®—ßÀ«—¥π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™ Õ”‡¿Õ§≈Õß∑àÕ¡ ®—ßÀ«¥— °√–∫Ë’ ·≈–
À‘π∑’˵°µ–°Õπ∫π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πÕÕ°æ∫ Õ”‡¿Õ«—ß«‘‡»… ®—ßÀ«¥— µ√ß—
 – ¡µ«— ·≈–·º°à √–®“¬‰¡à„§√°à «“â ߢ«“ßπ°— §√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ ∫√‡‘ «≥
¥â“π„µâ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥®—π∑∫ÿ√’ ¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥ „π√–¬–·√° °≈àÿ¡À‘πµ√—ß  “¡“√∂·∫à߬àÕ¬µ“¡
∫√‘‡«≥‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“∫√√∑—¥µ‘¥°—∫™“¬·¥πª√–‡∑»°—¡æŸ™“ ·≈– ≈°— …≥–‡π◊ÈÕÀ‘𠂧√ß √“â ß¿“¬„π¢Õ߇πÈ◊ÕÀπ‘ ´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå
‡°“–°Ÿ¥„πÕ“à «‰∑¬„°≈°â —∫™“¬·¥πª√–‡∑»°¡— 晟 “ ∫√‡‘ «≥¥â“π ·≈–°“√°”‡π‘¥ÕÕ°‡ªπì 4 À¡«¥À‘π¬àÕ¬ (®“°Õ“¬·ÿ °à‰ªÕÕà π)
„µ¢â Õ߮ߗ À«—¥®—π∑∫ÿ√’ À¡«¥À‘π∑’¡Ë Õ’ “¬ÿ®·Ÿ √ ´‘°‰¥·â °à §◊Õ À¡«¥Àπ‘  ·’ ¥ß™ÿ¡æ√ À¡«¥À‘π§≈Õß¡’π À¡«¥Àπ‘  “¡®Õ¡
·≈–À¡«¥À‘πæÿπæ‘π À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ¡’°“√‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫™—ÈπÀ‘π°≈ÿà¡
À¡«¥À‘π·À≈¡ ‘ßÀå «“ßµ—«·∫∫‰¡àµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—∫À‘π∑Ë’ À‘πµ√—߇æË‘¡‡µ‘¡∫√‘‡«≥™È—πÀ‘π·∫∫©∫—∫ æÈ◊π∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ∑àÿß„À≠à-
µ°µ–°Õπ„π∑–‡≈Õ“¬ÿ‰∑√·Õ ´‘° æ∫∫√‘‡«≥·À≈¡ ‘ßÀå §≈Õß∑àÕ¡  “¡“√∂·∫à߬àÕ¬µ“¡≈—°…≥–‡πÈ◊ÕÀ‘𠂧√ß √â“ß
‡¢“∑–≈“¬ ‡¢“µ–°√∫ÿ ·≈–∑’ˇ¢◊ËÕπ§≈Õß√–∫¡ ‡°¥‘  – ¡µ«— „π ¿“¬„π¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕÀ‘π ´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå ·≈–°“√°”‡π‘¥ÕÕ°
 ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫µ–°Õπ√Ÿªæ—¥ ·≈–∑“ßπ”È ‚§âßµ«—¥ Õ“¬ÿ ‡ªìπ 4 À¡«¥À‘π¬àÕ¬ (Õ“¬·ÿ °à‰ªÕÕà π) „π‡∫Õ◊È ßµâπ§◊Õ À¡«¥
¢ÕßÀ¡«¥À‘π‰¥â®“°°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ à«π≈à“ߢÕß°≈àÿ¡À‘π À‘π§≈Õß¡’π À¡«¥À‘π≈”∑—∫ À¡«¥À‘π “¡®Õ¡ ·≈–À¡«¥
‚§√“™ ®—¥„À¡â ’Õ“¬®ÿ Ÿ·√ ´°‘ À‘πæÿπæ‘π °≈àÿ¡À‘πµ√—߇°‘¥®“°°“√ – ¡µ—«∫π∫°„π™à«ßµÕπ
µâπ¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘°µÕπ°≈“ß∂÷߬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬ µÕπª≈“¬ ·≈–
À¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿ°√–¥÷ß∑Ë’æ∫∫√‘‡«≥¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß «“ßµ—«Õ¬à“߉¡àµàÕ‡π◊ËÕßÕ¬àŸ∫πÀ‘πµ–°Õπ∑–‡≈¬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘°
‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“∫√√∑—¥µ‘¥°—∫™“¬·¥πª√–‡∑»°—¡æŸ™“ ‡°‘¥ – ¡µ—« µÕπª≈“¬¢Õß™π—È À‘πÀ¡«¥Àπ‘ ‰ ∫Õπ ´÷ßË æ∫ÀÕ¬°“∫§àŸ
„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑“ßπÈ”‚§âßµ«—¥ Õ“¬ÿ‰¥â®“°°“√‡ª√’¬∫
‡∑’¬∫°∫—  à«π≈à“ߢÕß°≈ÿ¡à À‘π‚§√“™®¥— „À¡â Õ’ “¬ÿ®·Ÿ √ ´°‘ 16.5 ¡À“¬ÿ§´’‚π‚´Õ‘°

Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ ®Ÿ·√ ´°‘ -§√‡’ ∑‡™¬’   ¡À“¬§ÿ ´’‚π‚´Õ‘° (Cenozoic Era) ‡ªπì ¡À“¬§ÿ ¢Õß
 —µ«å‡≈È’¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡·≈–„Àâ°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õß·À≈àß∑√—欓°√
À¡«¥À‘πæ√–«‘À“√ æ∫«“ßµ—«µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—∫À¡«¥À‘𠇙ÕÈ◊ ‡æ≈‘ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ °“ä ´∏√√¡™“µ‘ π”È ¡—π¥∫‘ ·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π∑Ë’
¿°Ÿ √–¥÷ß∫√‡‘ «≥‡∑Õ◊ °‡¢“∫√√∑—¥ ‡°‘¥ – ¡µ«— „π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ º≈‘µ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«¡∑—È߬—ß¡’À‘ππÈ”¡—𠥑π‡∫“
·∫∫∑“ßπ”È ª√– “𠓬 Õ“¬ÿ®Ÿ·√ ´‘°‰¥®â “°°“√‡ª√¬’ ∫‡∑¬’ ∫ ·≈–∫Õ≈‡§≈¬‡å °¥‘ √«à ¡¥«â ¬ ¡À“¬§ÿ ´’‚π‚´Õ‘°ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¬ÿ§∑’Ë
°∫—  à«π≈à“ߢÕß°≈ÿ¡à Àπ‘ ‚§√“™  ”§—≠ 2 ¬ÿ§ (Period) §◊Õ ¬ÿ§æ“≈’‚Õ®π’ (Paleogene Period)
¡’Õ“¬ÿµÈ—ß·µà 65.5-23 ≈â“πªï ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3  ¡—¬ (Epoch)
‡√’¬ßµ“¡≈”¥—∫®“°·°à‰ªÕÕà π §Õ◊  ¡—¬æ“≈’‚Õ´’π (Paleocene

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 521

Epoch)  ¡—¬Õ’‚Õ´’π (Eocene Epoch)  ¡—¬‚Õ≈‘‚°´’π ‰¡µà Õà ‡πËÕ◊ ß°—π ·µà¡≈’ °— …≥–∑ˇ’ À¡◊Õπ°π— ·≈–§≈⓬§≈÷ß°π— À≈“¬
(Oligocene Epoch) ·≈– ¬§ÿ π’‚Õ®π’ (Neogene Epoch) ¡Õ’ “¬ÿ ª√–°“√ §Õ◊ ‡ªìπ·Õßà ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ‡πÕË◊ ß®“°°“√™π°π— ¢Õß·ºπà ‡ª≈◊Õ°
µßÈ— ·µà 23 ≈â“πª®ï π∂ß÷ Õ“¬ªÿ í®®∫ÿ π— ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬ 4  ¡—¬ ‡√¬’ ß ‚≈°Õπ‘ ‡¥¬’ (Indian terrane) °∫— ·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°¬‡Ÿ √‡´¬’ (Eurasia
µ“¡≈”¥∫— ®“°·°à‰ªÕàÕπ §◊Õ  ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’π (Miocene Epoch) terrane) º≈®“°°“√™π°—π∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°
 ¡¬— ‰æ≈‚Õ´π’ (Pliocene Epoch)  ¡¬— ‰æ≈ ‚µ´π’ (Pleistocene ‚≈°µ“¡·π«√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ Õ—π‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·¬°µ—«¢Õß
Epoch) µß—È ·µà 1.8 ≈â“πªï-10,000 ªï∑’ºË “à π¡“ ·≈– ¡—¬‚Œ‚≈´π’ ‡·ºπà ¥π‘ „π·π«ª√–¡“≥‡ÀπÕ◊ -„µâ °”‡π¥‘ ‡ªπì ·Õßà ¢π÷È ‚¥¬‡ªπì
(Holocene Epoch) µß—È ·µà 10,000 ª-ï ª®í ®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‰¥¬â °‡≈‘° ·Õàß∑’ˇ°‘¥√–À«à“ß¿Ÿ‡¢“ (intermontane basin)  à«π„À≠àæ∫
°“√„™™â Õ◊Ë ¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √’ (Tertiary Period)  «à π™ÕË◊ ¬§ÿ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’ ∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß·π« çNan sutureé Õ—π‡ªìπ·π«∑Ë’‡°‘¥
(Quaternary Period) À√◊Õ¬ÿ§¢ÕßπÈ”·¢Áß (Ice age) ‰¥â„Àâ ®“°°“√™πª–∑–°—π¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ °—∫·ºàπ
¡Õ’ “¬¡ÿ “°¢π÷È ‡ªπì µß—È ·µà 2.6 ≈“â πªï ®π∂ß÷ Õ“¬ªÿ ®í ®∫ÿ π— (§√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®π’ µ–°ÕπÀ‘π (¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √)’ ®–«“ßµ«— ·∫∫
µ—Èß·µàµÕπª≈“¬¢Õß ¡—¬‰æ≈‚Õ´’π ∂÷ß ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π ·≈– ¡’√Õ¬™—Èπ‰¡àµàÕ‡πË◊Õß Õ¬àŸ∫πÀ‘π∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ·°à°«à“·≈–∂Ÿ°ªî¥∑—∫
 ¡¬— ‚Œ‚≈´π’ ) ·∫∫¡’√Õ¬™È—π‰¡àµàÕ‡π◊ËÕߥ⫬µ–°Õπ¢Õ߬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’
πÕ°®“°πÈ’¿“¬„π™—ÈπÀ‘π¬ÿ§π’‚Õ®’π‡Õß §◊Õ„π™à«ß ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’π
16.5.1 À‘π¬§ÿ æ“≈’‚Õ®π’ ·≈–¬ÿ§π’‚Õ®π’ µÕπ°≈“ß (Middle Miocene) °¡Á √’ Õ¬™—Èπ‰¡µà Õà ‡πÕË◊ ߥ«â ¬

™π—È Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ æ“≈’‚Õ®π’ ·≈–π’‚Õ®π’ ‡°¥‘  – ¡µ«— „π·Õßà ‚¥¥Ê ·Õàß (‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’) „π¿“§„µâ√«¡∑È—ß„πÕà“«‰∑¬·≈–
√–À«à“ß¿Ÿ‡¢“ (intermontane basin) ´Ë÷ßæ∫Õ¬àŸ∑—Ë«‰ªµ—Èß·µà ∑–‡≈Õπ— ¥“¡π— ‡°‘¥°Õà π„π ¡¬— ‚Õ≈‘‚°´’π-Õ’‚Õ´’π ¡Õ’ “¬ÿ¡“°°«à“
¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ≈߉ª∂÷ß¿“§„µâ µ≈Õ¥®π„πÕà“«‰∑¬ ·≈–„π∑–‡≈ ·Õßà (‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √)’ „π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ´Ë÷ß «à π„À≠à¡Õ’ “¬„ÿ π ¡¬— ‰¡‚Õ´’π
Õ—π¥“¡—π ·≈–¢Õ∫∑Ë’√“∫ Ÿß‚§√“™ ·Õà߇À≈à“πÈ’¡’∑È—ß¢π“¥‡≈Á° ·µà·Õà߇À≈à“πÈ’¡≈’ ”¥∫— ™Èπ— À‘π∑’§Ë ≈⓬°π— ‚¥¬¿“æ√«¡·∫ßà ‰¥‡â ªπì
·≈–„À≠à √«¡ª√–¡“≥ 70 ·Õàß ·Õàß¢π“¥„À≠à à«π¡“°®– 3  à«π§◊Õ  à«π≈à“߇ªπì À‘π∑√“¬ Àπ‘ °√«¥¡π Àπ‘ ‚§≈π  ‡’ ∑“
ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬·Õßà ¬àÕ¬¢π“¥‡≈°Á Ê Õ°’ À≈“¬·Õàß ™πÈ— Àπ‘ ¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√å πÈ”µ“≈·¥ß ∑Ë’ – ¡µ—«®“°°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß·¡àπ”È (alluvial
‡™’¬√’ à«π„À≠à‰¡à‚º≈à∫πº‘«¥‘π ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®÷߉¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“À≈ÿ¡ environment) „π à«π°≈“ß™πÈ— À‘π à«π„À≠‡à ªìπÀπ‘ ‚§≈π  ‡’ ∑“
‡®“– ”√«® ®“°°“√ ”√«®∑“ß∏√≥ø’  î ‘° å ·≈–®“°∫Õà ‡À¡Õ◊ ß ¡’À‘π∑√“¬·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π‡°‘¥√à«¡¥â«¬ ‡ªìπæ«°∑‡Ë’ °¥‘  – ¡µ—«µ“¡
∫ß÷ ÀπÕßπ”È ·≈–∑–‡≈ “∫π”È ®◊¥ (swamp, lacustrine) πÈ”¡π—
¬ÿ§æ“≈’‚Õ®’π·≈–π’‚Õ®’π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπ¬ÿ§∑’Ë æ∫«à“‡°‘¥·≈– – ¡µ—«„π à«ππÈ’ „π à«π∫π ÿ¥ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π
 ”§—≠‡æ√“–‡ªπì ™Èπ— À‘π„À°â ”‡π¥‘ ¢Õ߇™◊ÕÈ ‡æ≈‘ß ‡™àπ πÈ”¡π— °“ä ´ ‚§≈π À‘π∑√“¬  ’‡∑“·≈–πÈ”µ“≈·¥ß ∑Ë’‡°‘¥ – ¡µ—«®“°
∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∂à“πÀ‘π ·≈–À‘ππ”È ¡—π ªí®®∫ÿ π— ¡°’ “√º≈‘µπ”È ¡π— ®“° °√–∫«π°“√∑“ß·¡πà ”È ¡ ’ «à π∑·Ë’ µ°µ“à ß°π— ‰¥·â °Õà µ— √“§«“¡‡√«Á
·ÕàßΩ“ß  ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ ·≈–·Õàßæ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° ·≈– à«π„À≠à¢Õß ¢Õß°“√∑√ÿ¥µ—«¢Õß·µà≈–·Õàß ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥¢Õßµ–°Õπ∑’Ë¡“
°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘º≈‘µ®“°·Õàß„πÕà“«‰∑¬ ¡’°“√∑”‡À¡◊Õß∂à“πÀ‘π  – ¡µ—«„π·µà≈–·Õàß ´Ë÷ß¡’º≈∑”„Àâ∫“ß·Õàß¡’∂à“πÀ‘π™È—πÀπ“
„πÀ≈“¬·Õàß ‡™àπ ·Õàß·¡à‡¡“– ·¡∑à “π ‡™’¬ß¡à«π ≈’È πÕ°®“°πÈ’ ·≈–∫“ßµà“ß°—π √«¡∑—Èߧ«“¡Àπ“¢ÕߢÕߙȗπÀ‘π„π·µà≈–·Õàß
¬—ßæ∫·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ’°À≈“¬∫√‘‡«≥ ‡™àπ ∑’Ë·Õàßß“« µà“ß°—π¥â«¬ ‚¥¬∑Ë—«Ê ‰ª §«“¡°«â“ߢÕß·Õà߇∑Õ√凙’¬√’¡’
«—߇Àπ◊Õ ·®â§Õ𠇫’¬ß·Àß ·¡à√–¡“¥ ·¡à≈–‡¡“ ÀπÕßæ≈—∫ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫§«“¡Àπ“¢Õßµ–°Õπ„π·Õàß ®“°°“√Õπÿ¡“π
 ‘πªπÿ ‡§¬’ π´“ ·≈–·Õßà  –∫“â ¬Õâ ¬ ‡ªìπµπâ ·À≈ßà ∂à“πÀπ‘ ∫“ß æ∫«à“·Õàß∑Ë’¡’§«“¡°«â“ß 1 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ®–¡’§«“¡≈÷°ª√–¡“≥
∫√‡‘ «≥‡™πà ∑Ë·’ Õàß·¡à∑“π ¡∫’ Õ≈‡§¬å (ball clay) ‡°¥‘ √«à ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π 100 ‡¡µ√
≈”¥—∫™È—π¢Õß∂à“πÀ‘π¥â«¬  à«πÀ‘ππÈ”¡—π (oil shale) æ∫¡’
ª√‘¡“≥¡“°Õ¬àŸ„π·Õàß·¡à Õ¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥µ“° ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¬—߉¡à‰¥â 16.5.1.2 °“√‡∑¬’ ∫ ¡— æπ— ∏¥å “â π´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æå
π”¡“„™â πÕ°®“°πÈ’¬—ßæ∫¥π‘ ‡∫“ (diatomite) ª√¡‘ “≥¡À“»“≈ (Biostratigraphy)
„π·Õßà ¬àÕ¬·¡∑à – ®ß— À«¥— ≈”ª“ß
º≈®“°°“√»°÷ …“´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æ å —µ«‡å ≈’Ȭß≈°Ÿ ¥«â ¬π¡
16.5.1.1 °“√‡∑’¬∫ —¡æ—π∏奓â π≈”¥∫— ™Èπ— Àπ‘ ‰¥â¢âÕ √ÿª«à“·Õà߇∑Õ√凙’¬√’„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡°‘¥°“√ – ¡µ—«
∑È—ß„π™à«ß¬ÿ§æ“≈’‚Õ®’π (Paleogene) ·≈–π’‚Õ®’π (Neogene)
·Õßà (‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √)’ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡°— ‡°¥‘ ‡ªπì ·Õßà ‚¥¥Ê ¥—ß· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 7.2

522 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

·Õàßæ“≈’‚Õ®’π (Paleogene Basin) ·Õàß°√–∫’ˇªìπ 16.5.2 Àπ‘ ·≈–µ–°Õπ¬§ÿ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’
·Õàßæ“≈’‚Õ®’π∑’¡Ë ’Õ“¬¡ÿ “°∑Ë ’ ÿ¥ ®“°º≈°“√»°÷ …“æ∫´“° µ— «¡å ’
°√–¥Ÿ° —πÀ≈ß— ®”æ«° µ— «å‡≈¬’È ß≈°Ÿ ¥â«¬π¡ 27 ™π¥‘  —µ«‡å ≈Õ◊È ¬ ¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’‡ªìπ¬ÿ§∑’Ë¡’°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß∑—Èß ¿“æ
§≈“π ®”æ«° ߟ ®√–‡¢â ·≈–‡µà“ 6 ™π‘¥ æ∫«à“‡ªìπ —µ«™å 𥑠„À¡à ¿¡Ÿ ª‘ √–‡∑» ¿¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“» ·≈– ß‘Ë ¡™’ «’ µ‘ ∑’ˉ¥‡â °¥‘ ¢π÷È ¡“°Õà π·≈«â ‡ªπì
À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à ∫à“ß (Dermotherium major) ‰æ√‡¡∑ ¬ÿ§∑Ë’¡πÿ…¬å¡’«‘«—≤π“°“√°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª√à“ß·≈–æ—≤π“¡“
(Siamopithecus eocaenus, Wailekia orientale)  —µ«å°π‘ ‡π◊ÈÕ ‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬å ¡—¬„À¡à ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¢Õ߬ÿ§πÈ’®÷ß¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫
(Miasis thailandicus)  —µ«å°’∫ (Egatochoerus jaegeri, ™’«‘µ¡πÿ…¬å¡“°∑Ë’ ÿ¥ ‡ªìπ∑—Èß∑Ë’Õ¬àŸÕ“»—¬ ∑’Ë∑”°‘π ·≈–·À≈àß
Siamotherium krabiense, Anthracotherium chaimanei, ∑√æ— ¬“°√Õπ— À≈“°À≈“¬ µ≈Õ¥®π«≤— π∏√√¡ª√–‡æ≥¢’ Õß¡π…ÿ ¬å
Anthacokeryx thailandicus, Bothriogenys orientalis)
‚¥¬‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫∑æ’Ë ∫„πª√–‡∑»æ¡à“ ·≈–∑“ßµÕπ„µ¢â Õß 16.5.2.1 ∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ·≈–¿“§µ–«—πµ°
®π’ º≈®“°´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æ·å ≈–º≈°“√»°÷ …“ π“¡·¡à‡À≈Á°‚≈° µÕπ∫π
‚∫√“≥ √ªÿ «“à ·Õßà °√–∫¡Ë’ Õ’ “¬Õÿ ¬àŸ„π ¡¬— Õ’‚Õ´π’ µÕπª≈“¬ (Late
Eocene) ª√–¡“≥ 33.5-37 ≈“â πªï ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’¢Õß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ·≈–¿“§µ–«—π
µ°µÕπ∫π‡°Õ◊ ∫∑ß—È À¡¥ – ¡µ«— „π·Õßà √–À«“à ß¿‡Ÿ ¢“(intermon-
·Õàßπ’‚Õ®π’ (Neogene basin)  «à π„À≠Õà ¬Ÿ∫à √‘‡«≥ tane basin) µ–°Õπ∑’Ë – ¡µ—«„π·Õà߇À≈à“πÈ’‡ªìπæ«°∑’ˇ°‘¥
¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ·Õàß∑’Ëæ∫´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå —µ«å‡≈’È¬ß ®“°°√–∫«π°“√∏“√π”È æ“ (fluvial process) ·¡àπÈ” “¬À≈—°
≈°Ÿ ¥«â ¬π¡ ‰¥·â °à ·Õßà ·¡‡à ¡“– ·Õßà ·¡µà ∫’ ·Õßà ªß ·Õßà ‡™¬’ ß¡«à π ∑—ßÈ   ’Ë “¬§◊Õ ·¡πà ”È ªîß ·¡àπ”È «ß— ·¡àπ”È ¬¡ ·≈–·¡πà ”È π“à π √«¡
·Õàß≈”ª“ß ·≈–·Õà߇ √‘¡ß“¡ ·Õàß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¡’Õ“¬ÿ ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’π °—∫·¡àπ”È  “¢“µà“ßÊ Õ’°À≈“¬ “¬ ®÷ß¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ≈—°…≥–
µÕπ°≈“ß (Middle Miocene) ®“°º≈°“√»°÷ …“æ∫´“° µ— «å¡’ ∏√≥’ —≥∞“π·≈–∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’¢Õß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡ªìπ
°√–¥°Ÿ  π— À≈ß— ®”æ«° µ— «‡å ≈¬È’ ß≈°Ÿ ¥«â ¬π¡ 43 ™π¥‘ ‰¥·â °°à √–·µ Õ¬“à ߬ßË‘ ®“°À≈°— ∞“π∑’æË ∫Àπ‘ ∫–´Õ≈µå∑’¡Ë ’Õ“¬ÿ 640,000 ªï ∂ß÷
1 ™π¥‘  µ— «å°π‘ ·¡≈ß 5 ™π¥‘ §“â ߧ“« 3 ™π¥‘ ‰æ√‡¡µ 2 ™π‘¥ 170,000 ªï «“ß´âÕπ∑—∫∫π™È—π°√«¥„π·Õàß≈”ª“ß  √ÿª‰¥â«à“
 µ— «°å ‘π‡π◊ÕÈ 3 ™π‘¥  —µ«å°—¥·∑– 14 ™π¥‘  —µ«å°’∫ 12 ™π‘¥ ™È—π°√«¥¢ÕßÀπ૬µ–°Õπµ–æ—°≈”πÈ” Àπ૬µ–°Õπ‡»…À‘π
·≈–™â“ß 3 ™π¥‘ πÕ°®“°πÈ’¬—ßæ∫ —µ«®å ”æ«°®‘ß‚®âÕ’° 1 ™π‘¥ ‡™ß‘ ‡¢“ ¡Õ’ “¬¡ÿ “°∂ß÷  ¡¬— ‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π  «à πµ–°Õπ∑’√Ë “∫πÈ”∑«à ¡
‡πË◊Õß®“°°≈àÿ¡´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå∑’Ëæ∫„π·Õàß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õµà“ß®“° ∂ß÷ µ–°Õππ”È æ“ µ–°ÕππÈ”æ“√ªŸ æ—¥ ¡Õ’ “¬ÿ„°≈⇧¬’ ß°—π ·≈–
°≈ÿ¡à ´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå ¢Õß·Õßà °√–∫’Ë‚¥¬ È‘π‡™‘ß ‚¥¬·Õàß„π¿“§  – ¡µ«— µ—ßÈ ·µ à ¡—¬‚Œ‚≈´π’ ®π∂ß÷ ª®í ®∫ÿ π—
‡Àπ◊Õ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’°“√§âπæ∫´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå™â“ß‚∫√“≥‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°
·Õàß „π¢≥–∑Ë’·Õàß°√–∫Ë’‰¡à‡§¬æ∫´“°´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå™â“ß 16.5.2.2 ∫√‡‘ «≥∑Ë√’ “∫≈à¡ÿ ¿“§°≈“ß
‚∫√“≥‡≈¬ ®“°°“√»÷°…“‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå —µ«å¡’
°√–¥°Ÿ  π— À≈ß— ¢Õ߉∑¬∑“ß¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ °∫— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»ª“° ’ ∂“π ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’√“∫≈ÿà¡¿“§°≈“ß
·≈–¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®’π æ∫«à“´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æ宓°·Õà߇∑Õ√凙’¬√’ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬∫√‘‡«≥¢Õ∫·Õßà ¿“§°≈“ß ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫≈¡àÿ
¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ¢Õ߉∑¬‡°¥‘ „π™à«ßÕ“¬ÿ‡¥¬’ «°—π§◊Õ  ¡¬— ‰¡‚Õ´’πµÕπ ¿“§°≈“ß
°≈“ß À√Õ◊ ª√–¡“≥ 13 ≈â“πªï
∫√‘‡«≥¢Õ∫·Õàß¿“§°≈“ß ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑Ë’√Õ¬µàÕ√–À«à“ß
∑Ë’∫àÕ‡À¡◊Õß·¡à‡¡“–¥â“πµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ æ∫™—ÈπÀÕ¬ ¿Ÿ‡¢“°—∫∑Ë’√“∫≈àÿ¡ ¡’≈—°…≥–¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë≈Õπ§≈Ë◊π
¢¡Àπ“ª√–¡“≥ 12 ‡¡µ√ ·∑√°Õ¬àŸ„π™Èπ— ∂à“πÀ‘π çK-Zoneé (undulating terrain) ∑’≈Ë “¥‡™ß‘ ‡¢“ (hillslope) „π√–¥∫— §«“¡
§≈ÿ¡‡πÈ◊Õ∑Ë’À≈“¬ ‘∫‰√à ‡ªìπ™—ÈπÀÕ¬¢¡π”È ®◊¥∑Ë’æ∫¡’§«“¡Àπ“  ßŸ ∑’˵”Ë °«à“ 100 ‡¡µ√ ≈ß¡“ ∫“ß∫√‘‡«≥°¡Á ‡’ ππ‘ ‡¢“‡µ’¬È Ê ·≈–
¡“°∑ Ë’ ¥ÿ „π‚≈° ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬‡ª≈Õ◊ °ÀÕ¬¢¡ °≈ÿ Bellamya «ß»å ‡¢“‚¥¥ (monadnock) °√–®—¥°√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬ ·∫àßµ“¡
Viviparidae ·≈–ÀÕ¬‰´ °ÿ≈ Bithynia «ß»å Bithyniinae ≈—°…≥–¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 ¥â“π§◊Õ ¢Õ∫·Õàߥâ“πµ–«—πÕÕ°
„π·Õàß·¡à‡¡“–¬—ßæ∫´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå¢Õß —µ«åÕ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ·≈–¢Õ∫·Õàߥ“â πµ–«—πµ°
 √ÿª«“à ¡’Õ“¬„ÿ π™«à ß ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´π’ µÕπ°≈“ߪ√–¡“≥ 13 ≈“â πªï
·Õßà ¿“§°≈“ß ¡«’ «‘ ≤— π“°“√®“°°“√¢¬“¬µ«— (extension)
¢Õßæπ◊È º«‘ ‚≈°„π¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √’ µÕà ¡“„π ¡¬— ‰æ≈‚Õ´π’ µÕπª≈“¬

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 523

µÕà °∫—  ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´π’ (ª√–¡“≥ 1.8 ≈â“πª∑ï ºË’ “à π¡“) ‡°¥‘ √Õ¬ 16.5.2.3 ¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°
‡≈Ë◊Õπ·∫∫∫≈ÕÁ ° ∑”„ÀâÀ‘π∞“π√“° (bed rock) „π¿“§°≈“ß¡’
°“√‡≈Ë◊Õπ¢÷Èπ·≈–‡≈◊ËÕπ≈ß µ“¡·π«·≈–∑‘»∑“ߢÕß√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ ≈°— …≥–∏√≥ ’ ≥— ∞“π¢Õß¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ° ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬
(fault)  «à π∑‡’Ë ªìπ¢Õ∫·Õßà µ–«π— ÕÕ°¡°’ “√¬°µ«—  ßŸ ¢÷Èπ‡ªπì ¿Ÿ‡¢“ ·π«‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“ ßŸ ∑“ßµÕπ‡ÀπÕ◊ æÈ◊π∑Ë’≈Õπ§≈πË◊ ·≈–∑Ë’≈“¥™—π‡™‘ß
À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ°Á¡’°“√ºÿæ—ß·≈–∑”≈“¬¢ÕßÀ‘π∞“π√“°‡°‘¥‡ªìπ ‡¢“∑“ßµÕπ°≈“ß ·≈–∑Ë’√“∫™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈∑’ËÕ¬Ÿàµ‘¥°—∫Õà“«‰∑¬
µ–°Õπ – ¡µ—«Õ¬Ÿàµ“¡¢Õ∫·Õàß Õ“¬ÿ¢Õßµ–°Õπ¢Õ∫·Õàß ∑“ßµÕπ„µâ ∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ” “¬„À≠àÊ Õ“®æ∫∑’√Ë “∫πÈ”¢Èπ÷ ∂ß÷
¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ°®÷ߧ«√‡°‘¥¢È÷π„π ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π  ”À√—∫ ·≈–∑’Ë≈ÿà¡πÈ”¢—ߪɓ™“¬‡≈π ≈”¥∫— ™π—È µ–°Õπ¬ÿ§ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’¡’
¢Õ∫·Õàß¿“§°≈“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¡’≈—°…≥–∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√å §«“¡Àπ“‰¡à¡“°π—° ‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 20-50 ‡¡µ√ ªî¥∑—∫∫π
π“√’§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—∫¥â“πµ–«—πÕÕ° ¬°‡«âπµ–°ÕππÈ”æ“√Ÿªæ—¥ Àπ‘ ∞“π√“° ‚¥¬ ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡°“√ – ¡µ«— ¢Õßµ–°Õπ§«Õ‡∑Õ√å
¢π“¥„À≠à ∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ®“°·¡πà È”·¡°à ≈Õß ·¡πà È”ª“É  °— ·≈–·¡πà È” “¢“ π“√’ ¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ª√–‡¿∑¢ÕßÀ‘πµâ𰔇𑥠 ¿“æ∏√≥’
Õ“¬ÿ·≈–≈”¥—∫™È—πµ–°ÕππÈ”æ“√Ÿªæ—¥ – ¡µ—«µ—Èß·µà ¡—¬  —≥∞“π‚∫√“≥ ·≈– ¿“æ¢Õß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»„π·µà≈–™à«ß‡«≈“
‰æ≈ ‚µ´π’ ¡“®π∂ß÷ ª®í ®ÿ∫π— ®“°À≈—°∞“πæ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕª√–¡“≥ 6,000 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ‡§¬¡’
πÈ”∑–‡≈∑à«¡‡¢â“‰ª„π·ºàπ¥‘π‡ªìπ√–¬–∑“߉°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥ª√–¡“≥
∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’√“∫≈àÿ¡¿“§°≈“ß ¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ·Õàß∑’Ë≈“¥ 3-5 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√®“°·π«™“¬Ωòßí ª®í ®∫ÿ π— µÕà ®“°π—Èπ√–¥∫— π”È ∑–‡≈
‡Õ¬’ ß∑“ßµÕπ‡ÀπÕ◊ ·≈«â ·º°à «“â ßÕÕ°‡ªπì ∑√Ë’ “∫„π∫√‡‘ «≥µÕπ„µâ °Á§àÕ¬Ê≈¥√–¥—∫≈߇√Ë◊Õ¬Ê ®π∂÷ß√–¥—∫∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π „π
®ß÷ ¡°’ “√·∫ßà æπ◊È ∑ÕË’ Õ°‡ªπì ∑√Ë’ “∫¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ∫π ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬ √–À«à“ß∑Ë’πÈ”∑–‡≈≈¥√–¥—∫≈ß µ–°Õπ®“°∑–‡≈°Á – ¡µ—«‡°‘¥
æ◊Èπ∑Ë’√“∫ Õßø“°·¡àπ”È ªîß «—ß ¬¡ ·≈–πà“π ·≈–∑’Ë√“∫¿“§ ‡ªπì ∏√≥ ’ ≥— ∞“𙓬Ωòßí ≈°— …≥–µ“à ßÊ ¢πÈ÷
°≈“ßµÕπ≈“à ß À√Õ◊ ∑√Ë’ “∫≈¡àÿ ‡®“â æ√–¬“ ¡≈’ °— …≥–‡ªπì ∑√Ë’ “∫°«“â ß
§√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ æπ◊È ∑µ’Ë ß—È ·µµà πâ ·¡πà È”‡®“â æ√–¬“ ∫√‡‘ «≥ ®ß— À«¥— π§√ «√√§å 16.5.2.4 ¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ
≈ß¡“∑“ß„µ®â πÕÕ° ∑àŸ –‡≈∑®Ë’ ß— À«¥—  ¡∑ÿ √ª√“°“√ ¡µ’ –°Õπ·∫ßà
ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 °≈àÿ¡„À≠à §◊Õ µ–°Õπ ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π·≈– ¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡ÀπÕ◊ ‡ªìπæπ◊È ∑∑’Ë Ë’¡¢’ 𓥄À≠à¡“°
µ–°Õπ ¡¬— ‚Œ‚≈´π’ ´ß÷Ë «“ßµ«— ª¥î ∑∫— °π— ·∫∫¡√’ Õ¬™πÈ— ‰¡µà Õà ‡πÕË◊ ß §‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π 1 „π 3 ¢ÕßæÈ◊π∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥àπ
(unconformity) ∑“ß∏√≥’ —≥∞“π √®âŸ °— °π— „ππ“¡ ∑√Ë’ “∫ Ÿß‚§√“™ ¡≈’ °— …≥–¿Ÿ¡‘
ª√–‡∑»·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 2 ·Õàß ·Õàß °≈π§√ ·≈– ·Õßà ‚§√“™
„π ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π‡ªìπ™à«ß∑’Ë¡’°“√ºÿæ—ß·≈–°“√
°—¥‡´“–¢ÕßÀ‘π¥“π®π°≈“¬‡ªìπµ–°Õπ·≈â«∂Ÿ°æ—¥æ“‰ª – ¡ ·Õßà  °≈π§√ §√Õ∫§≈¡ÿ æπÈ◊ ∑ª’Ë √–¡“≥ 1,000 µ“√“ß
µ—«„π∑’Ë≈àÿ¡µ”Ë ¢Õß·Õàß¿“§°≈“ß ®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ß ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‚¥¬¡’µ–°Õπ¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’  – ¡µ—«°√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà
µÕπª≈“¬ ∫“ß∫√‡‘ «≥∑ÕË’ ¬Ÿà„°≈™â “¬∑–‡≈ ‡¡Õ◊Ë ¡Õ’ “°“»·ª√ª√«π ∑«—Ë ‰ªµ“¡·π«≈¡ÿà π”È ¢π“¥‡≈°Á ¢Õ߮ߗ À«¥—  °≈π§√·≈–π§√æπ¡
‡°‘¥§≈πË◊ ≈¡ ·≈–√–¥∫— π”È ∑–‡≈ ßŸ ¢πÈ÷ ®÷ß日擇ª≈◊Õ°ÀÕ¬·≈– Õ“¬ÿ·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√ – ¡µ—«Õπÿ¡“π‰¥â
∑√“¬¡“°¡“¬¡“∑—∫∂¡µ“¡¢Õ∫¢ÕßÕà“«‰∑¬µÕπ∫π À≈—ß®“° ®“°À≈—°∞“π¢Õ߇∑°‰∑µå∑’Ëæ∫„πÀπ૬µ–°Õπµ–æ—°≈”π”È
ππÈ— ‡¡ÕË◊ √–¥∫— π”È ∑–‡≈≈¥≈ßæπ◊È ∑√’Ë “∫ª“°§≈Õß°‡Á ªπì æπ◊È ∑‡’Ë ª¥î ‚≈ßà √–¥—∫ Ÿß ´Ë÷ß«—¥À“Õ“¬ÿ‰¥âª√–¡“≥ 600,000-700,000 ªï°àÕπ
¡ª’ Ø‘°√‘ ¬‘ “ÕÕ°´‘‰¥´å„π™—Èπµ–°Õπ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°√ß— ·≈–»≈‘ “·≈ßÕ¬àŸ ªí®®ÿ∫—π
∫πº‘«¢Õßµ–°Õπ™ÿ¥‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π∑È—ß„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫¿“§°≈“ß
µÕπ∫π·≈–µÕπ≈à“ß ·Õßà ‚§√“™ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡æπ◊È ∑Ë’ª√–¡“≥ 33,000 µ“√“ß
°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¡’·¡àπ”È À≈—° 2  “¬§◊Õ ·¡àπÈ”¡Ÿ≈·≈–·¡àπÈ”™’ ¡’
„π ¡—¬‚Œ‚≈´’π ‡¡Ë◊Õª√–¡“≥ 6,000 ªï∑Ë’ºà“π¡“  ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß°“√ – ¡µ—«®“°°√–∫«π°“√ ÷°°√àÕπ·≈–
πÈ”∑–‡≈‰¥â∑à«¡‡¢â“‰ª‰°≈ ÿ¥®π∂÷ß∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ∫π¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥ °¥— ‡´“–Õ¬“à ߬“«π“π„π™«à ߬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √’∂ß÷ µπâ ¬§ÿ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’
Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕª√–¡“≥ 900-800 ªï∑Ë’ºà“π¡“πÈ”∑–‡≈‰¥â≈¥ ∑”„Àâ¢Õ∫·Õàß – ¡µ—«∂Ÿ°µ—¥‡ªìπ à«πÊ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ∏√≥’ —≥∞“π
≈ß¡“Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ªí®®ÿ∫—π °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈ µ–æ—°≈”π”È √–¥—∫µà“ßÊ À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ®÷߉¥â¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«„π·Õàß
∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπ∑’Ë√“∫πÈ”¢È÷π∂÷ߢÕß¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ≈à“ß ·≈–º≈ ‚§√“™Õ¬“à ßµÕà ‡πÕË◊ ßµ≈Õ¥¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’
®“°πÈ”À≈“°≈âπµ≈‘Ëß·≈–πÈ”∑à«¡®÷ß¡’µ–°ÕππȔ擷≈–µ–°Õπ
∑’√Ë “∫πÈ”∑«à ¡ª¥î ∑—∫™πÈ— µ–°Õπ∑–‡≈Õ°’ ™πÈ— Àπ÷ßË

524 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

16.5.2.5 ∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§µ–«π— µ°µÕπ≈“à ß ≈—°…≥–∏√≥ ’ ≥— ∞“π§Õ◊ µ–°Õπ∑’Ë√“∫πÈ”¢πÈ÷ ∂ß÷ (tidal flat) ·≈–
·≈–¿“§„µâ À“¥∑√“¬ (beach sand) º≈®“°°“√À“Õ“¬ÿ®“°æ’µ´“°æ◊™
·≈–‡ª≈◊Õ°ÀÕ¬„πµ–°Õπ∑Ë’√“∫πÈ”¢È÷π∂÷ß æ∫«à“¡’Õ“¬ÿÀ≈“¬
∫√‡‘ «≥µ–«π— µ°µÕπ≈“à ß·≈–¿“§„µ¡â æ’ πÈ◊ ∑µ’Ë Õà ‡πÕ◊Ë ß°π— ™à«ßµ—Èß·µà 9,000 ªï¢È÷π¡“®π∂÷ßÕ“¬ÿ‰¡à°Ë’√âÕ¬ªïµ“¡≈”¥—∫§«“¡
·µ°à “√ – ¡µ«— ¢Õßµ–°Õπ¬§ÿ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√¡’ §’ «“¡·µ°µ“à ß°π— ≈÷°¢Õßµ–°Õπ  à«πÕ“¬ÿ¢Õßµ–°ÕπÀ“¥∑√“¬ ¡’Õ“¬ÿµ—Èß·µà
‡π◊ËÕß®“°∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πµ°µÕπ≈à“߇ªìπæÈ◊π∑Ë’¿Ÿ‡¢“·≈–∑’Ë≈àÿ¡ 6,000 ªï ®π°√–∑ß—Ë ∂ß÷ Õ“¬‰ÿ ¡°à √Ë’ Õâ ¬ª∑ï º’Ë “à π¡“ ‚¥¬·π«À“¥∑√“¬
√–À«à“ßÀÿ∫‡¢“ µ–°Õπ¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’ à«π¡“°®ß÷ ‡ªìπµ–°Õπ ·≈– —π∑√“¬ «à π¡“°®–«“ß∑∫— Õ¬Ÿ∫à π™—Èπµ–°Õπ∑’Ë√“∫πÈ”¢π÷È ∂ß÷
∑’Ë – ¡µ—«‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√∑“ßπÈ”·≈–°√–∫«π°“√πȔ擇™àπ
‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫µ–°Õπ§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’∑Ë’ – ¡µ—«„π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ 16.6 À‘πÕ§— π·’ ≈–À‘π·ª√
·≈–¿“§µ–«—πµ°µÕπ∫π ·µà·µ°µà“ß°—π∑Ë’™π‘¥¢Õßµ–°Õπ´÷Ëß
¢È÷πÕ¬Ÿà°—∫°“√ºÿæ—ߢÕßÀ‘πµâ𰔇𑥠 à«π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§„µâ¡’ À‘πÕ—§π’‡ªìπÀ‘π∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡¬Áπµ—«·¢ÁߢÕßÀ‘πÀπ◊¥
≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ§“∫ ¡ÿ∑√¬Ë◊πÕÕ°‰ª„π∑–‡≈ (peninsula) ¡’æ◊Èπ∑Ë’ ≈“«“ (magma and lava) ¡’°”‡π‘¥¡“®“°°“√À≈Õ¡‡À≈«¢Õß
™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈∑ßÈ—  Õߥâ“π À‘π™π‘¥µà“ßÊ∑Ë’Õ¬àŸ≈÷°≈߉ª„µâº‘«‚≈° À‘πÕ—§π’∑’ˇ¬Áπµ—«·¢Áß°àÕπ
∑’Ë®–·∑√°¥—π¢È÷π∂÷߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°¡—°¡’º≈÷°¢Õß·√à¢π“¥„À≠à‡√’¬°
∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߥâ“πÕà“«‰∑¬ ¡’ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡°“√ «à“À‘πÕ—§π’·∑√°´Õπ (intrusive or plutonic rocks)  à«π
 – ¡µ—«¢Õßµ–°Õπ¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’  —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π À‘πÕ—§π’∑’˪√–∑ÿ¢÷Èπ¡“ àŸº‘«‚≈°°àÕπ·≈â«®÷߇¬Áπµ—«·¢Áß¡—°¡’¢π“¥
√–¥—∫¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ ‚¥¬‡§¬¡’°“√√ÿ°∑à«¡‡¢â“¡“„π·ºàπ¥‘π¢Õß ¢Õߺ≈°÷ ·√à∑’‡Ë ≈Á°°«à“√’¬°«“à À‘πÕ§— π’æÿ (extrusive or volcanic
πÈ”∑–‡≈ „π™à«ß‡«≈“ 13,000-7,900 ª°ï àÕπªí®®ÿ∫π— ∑”„Àâ rocks) πÕ°®“°πÈ’·≈«â ¬—ß¡À’ π‘ Õ§— πæ’ ÿ∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ °“√‡¬Á𵫗 ·¢ßÁ Õ¬à“ß
‡°‘¥°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õßµ–°Õπ∑–‡≈„π≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ °—π ·≈– √«¥‡√«Á ¡“°∑”„À⇰¥‘ ‡ªìπÀπ‘ ∑Ë’¡’‡πÕ◊È ‡ªìπ·°«â (obsidian)
√–¬–∑“ß∑π’Ë ”È ∑–‡≈√°ÿ ∑«à ¡‡¢“â ¡“‰°≈∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ª√–¡“≥ 40 °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√
®“°·π«™“¬Ωíòߪ®í ®∫ÿ —π‡¡ÕË◊ 6,000 ª∑ï ’Ë·≈â« À≈ß— ®“°π—Èπ √–¥∫— Àπ‘ Õ§— 𙒠𥑠µ“à ßÊ∑æË’ ∫„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬§¥‘ ‡ªπì √Õâ ¬≈– 8
πÈ”∑–‡≈°§Á Õà ¬Ê≈¥√–¥∫— ≈߇√ÕË◊ ¬Ê®π∂ß÷ √–¥∫— ∑æ’Ë ∫‡ÀπÁ „πª®í ®∫ÿ π— ¢ÕßæÈ◊π∑Ë’∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ‚¥¬ à«π„À≠à‡ªìπÀ‘πÕ—§π’·∑√°´Õπª√–‡¿∑
„π√–À«à“ß∑Ë’≈¥√–¥—∫≈ß °Á∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õßµ–°Õπ À‘π·°√π‘µ (granite) ‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à ¡’À‘π‰¥ÕÕ‰√µå (diorite)
™“¬Ωßíò ∑–‡≈¥—ß∑æË’ ∫‡ÀÁπÕ¬àŸ„πª®í ®ÿ∫—π Àπ‘ ·°∫‚∫√ (gabbro) ·≈–Àπ‘ Õ≈— µ√“‡¡ø°î ∫“â ߇≈°Á πÕâ ¬ πÕ°®“°
ππÈ— °¡Á À’ π‘ Õ§— πæ’ ªÿ √–‡¿∑∫–´Õ≈µå (basalt) Àπ‘ ·Õ𥉒 ´µå (andesite)
∫√‡‘ «≥™“¬Ωßíò ¥“â π∑–‡≈Õπ— ¥“¡π— Õ¬∑Ÿà “ߥ“â πµ–«π— µ° ·≈–‰√‚Õ‰√µå (rhyolite) ‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à „π∑’ËπÈ’®–¢Õ°≈à“«∂÷ß
¢Õß·À≈¡‰∑¬¿“§„µâ ¡’≈°— …≥–∏√≥’ ≥— ∞“πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬æÈ◊π∑Ë’ À‘πÕ§— π∑’ ’æË ∫„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬“à ߬Õà ¥—ßµÕà ‰ªπÈ’
¿Ÿ‡¢“ ∑’Ë√“∫‡™‘߇¢“ Àÿ∫‡¢“·≈–≈“¥‡¢“  ”À√—∫¿Ÿ‡¢“«“ßµ—«
„π∑»‘ ∑“߇¥¬’ «°∫— √Õ¬‡≈ÕË◊ π∑ Ë’ ”§≠— 2 ·π«§Õ◊ √Õ¬‡≈ÕË◊ π√–πÕß 16.6.1 À‘πÕ—§π·’ ∑√°´Õπ
·≈–√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ§≈Õß¡–√ÿଠµ“¡∑‘»∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-
µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ √Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õππ’È¡’·π«µàÕ≈߉ª®π∂÷ß∑–‡≈ ∑”„Àâ ¥—ß∑Ë’‰¥â°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßµâπ«à“À‘πÕ—§π’·∑√°´Õπ∑’Ëæ∫
™“¬Ωßòí ¥“â ππ¡È’ ≈’ °— …≥–‰¡√à “∫‡√¬’ ∫ «à π¡“°¡≈’ °— …≥– πÈ— ·≈–·§∫ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’À≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑‰¥â·°à
¡’≈—°…≥–µ–°Õπ·∫à߇ªìπ 2 °≈àÿ¡ §◊Õ  ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π ·≈–
‚Œ‚≈´’π µ–°Õπ ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π µ–°Õπ°≈àÿ¡π’ȇ°‘¥„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë 16.6.1.1 Àπ‘ ·°√πµ‘
≈“¥‡™‘߇¢“ ·≈–Àÿ∫‡¢“µ≈Õ¥®π™“¬ΩòíßÀπ⓺“  à«π¡“°‡ªìπ
µ–°Õπ∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°°“√ºÿæ—ßÕ¬Ÿà°—∫∑Ë’¢ÕßÀ‘π¥“π (residual À‘π·°√𑵇ªìπÀ‘π∑’Ëæ∫¡“°„π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§‡Õ‡´’¬µ–«—π
deposits) Õ“¬ÿ¢Õßµ–°Õπ ¡—¬‰æ≈ ‚µ´’π‰¥â®“°´“°‰¡âºÿ·≈– ÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫À‘πÕ—§π’Õ◊Ëπ¥â«¬°—π °“√·ºà
æ’µ∑’Ë – ¡µ—«Õ¬àŸ„πµ–°Õπ¥‘π‡§≈¬åÀ√◊Õ¥‘π‡À𒬫 ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥ °√–®“¬µ«— ¢ÕßÀπ‘ ·°√𵑠„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬· ¥ß‰«â„π√ªŸ ∑’Ë 8.1 ®“°
‡À¡Õ◊ ߥ∫’ °ÿ ®ß— À«¥— ¿‡Ÿ °µÁ À“Õ“¬¥ÿ «â ¬«∏‘ °’ ¡— ¡π— µ¿“æ√ß—  §’ “√∫å Õπ °“√»°÷ …“∂ß÷ ≈°— …≥–‡πÕ◊È Àπ‘ √“¬≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥¥“â π»≈‘ “«√√≥π“  «à π
14 ‰¥ªâ √–¡“≥ 31,050 + 280 ªï ·≈–®“°µ«— Õ¬“à ßæµ’ ∑ ’Ë – ¡ ª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’¢Õß·√àª√–°Õ∫À‘π ·≈–°“√«—¥Õ“¬ÿ¥â«¬«‘∏’
µ—«Õ¬Ÿà„π™π—È ¥‘π‡§¬∑å ’¡Ë ’®¥ÿ ª√–  ’ â¡  ’·¥ß µÕπ∫π¢ÕßÕà“«æß— ß“ °“√‰Õ‚´‰∑ª‡™πà Rb/Sr, U/Pb, K/Ar, Ar/Ar ·≈– Fission
‰¥Õâ “¬ÿ 30,430 + 1,160 ªï µ–°Õπ ¡¬— ‚Œ‚≈´π’ ‡ªìπµ–°Õπ∑’Ë
 – ¡µ—«‚¥¬π”È ∑–‡≈ ´÷Ëß·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 °≈àÿ¡„À≠à µ“¡

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 525

track ·≈–°“√‡∑’¬∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫À‘π¢â“߇§’¬ß  “¡“√∂ ‡©’¬ß„µâ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Àπ‘ ·°∫‚∫√·≈–Àπ‘ ‡æÕ√‚‘ ¥‰∑µå ‡ªìπ «à π
·∫ßà Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠‡ªìπ·π«µ“à ßʵ“¡≈°— …≥–∑“ß¿¡Ÿ ‘»“ µ√剥⥗ßπÈ’ „À≠à

À‘π·°√𵑠·π«µ–«—πÕÕ° (Eastern belt or eastern 16.6.2 Àπ‘ Õ—§π’æÿ
province granites)  à«π„À≠à‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡«≈Àπ‘ ¢π“¥‡≈Á° (small
pluton) ·µ∫à “ß·Ààß°æÁ ∫‡ªπì À‘π∑Ë¡’ ≈’ —°…≥–‡ªìπ¡«≈¢π“¥„À≠à Àπ‘ Õ§— π’æÿÀ√◊ÕÀ‘π¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰øæ∫Õ¬Ÿà„π∫√‡‘ «≥µ“à ßÊ À≈“¬
(batholith) ´Ë÷߇°‘¥®“°°“√·∑√°∑—∫·≈–´âÕπ°—πÕ¬àŸ¢Õß¡«≈ ·Ààß ·À≈àß„À≠à∑’Ëæ∫‰¥â·°à ∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ∑Ë’√“∫¿“§°≈“ß
Àπ‘ ¢π“¥‡≈°Á πÕ°®“°π—πÈ ∫“ß·Àà߬—ß¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‚´π (zoned ·π«‡¢“‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥å ™“¬Ωßòí ∑–‡≈µ–«π— ÕÕ° ·≈–∑’√Ë “∫ ßŸ ‚§√“™
plutons) ·≈–∫“ß·Àà߬—ßæ∫À‘π·ª≈°ª≈Õ¡∑’ˇªìπÀπ‘ Õ§— π’ ‡’ ¢â¡ À‘π‡À≈à“πÈ’¡’≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ µ—Èß·µà‡ªìπÀ‘π‡¡øî°À√◊Õ ’¥”‡¢â¡‰ª
πÕ°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“À‘π·°√π‘µ·π«µ–«—πÕÕ°µ—¥·≈–·∑√°‡¢â“‰ª„π ®π∂÷߇ªìπÀ‘π‡ø≈ ‘° ’®“ß À‘πÕ—§π’æÿπ’È “¡“√∂·∫à߬àÕ¬µ“¡
Àπ‘ µ–°Õπ¡À“¬§ÿ æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ°‘ µÕπ∫π Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠·π«µ–«π— ÕÕ° ™à«ßÕ“¬ÿ∑À’Ë ‘π¥ß— °≈à“«‡°‘¥°“√ª√–∑ÿ‡ªπì 4 ™«à ß ‰¥â·°à (1) ¬ÿ§
π È’ «à π„À≠‡à °¥‘ ®“°°“√‡¬πÁ µ«— ®“°Àπ‘ Àπ¥◊ ®“°„µºâ «‘ ‚≈° (I-Type ‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π ∂÷ß ¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπµâπ (2) ¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπ
granites) µ«— Õ¬à“߇™àπ Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠∑’∫Ë √‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«¥— µ“° ª≈“¬∂ß÷ ¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπµπâ (3) ¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπª≈“¬ ·≈–
(4) Õ“¬ªÿ ≈“¬¡À“¬ÿ§´’‚π‚´Õ‘° ·µàÕ¬“à ߉√°µÁ “¡‡æÕË◊ „Àâ –¥«°
À‘π·°√𵑠·π«µÕπ°≈“ß (Central belt or central ·°°à “√Õ∏∫‘ “¬ „π∑πË’ È’®–·∫àßÀπ‘ Õ§— πæ’ ‡ÿ ªìπ 2 ™«à ßÕ“¬ÿ §◊Õ
province granites) ¡—°‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡«≈À‘π¢π“¥„À≠à (batholith)
¡’≈°— …≥–‡ªìπ·π«¬“«µ¥‘ µÕà °π— ∫“ß·Ààß¡’°“√‡√’¬ßµ—«¢Õ߇¡Á¥ 16.6.2.1 À‘πÕ§— π’æ°ÿ àÕπ¡À“¬§ÿ ´’‚π‚´Õ°‘
·√à∑Ë’¡’¢π“¥„À≠à·≈–·√à∑Ë’¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ·ºàπ À‘π·°√π‘µπÈ’ à«π
„À≠‡à °¥‘ ®“°°“√À≈Õ¡≈–≈“¬¢ÕßÀπ‘ µ–°Õπ (S-Type granites) ·∫ßà µ“¡∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’æ∫Àπ‘ Õ—§π’æÿ‰¥·â °à ∫√‡‘ «≥∑Ë’ Ÿß¿“§
À‘π·°√π‘µ∑’ˇªìπµ—«·∑π¢ÕßÀ‘π·°√π‘µ·π«µÕπ°≈“߉¥â·°àÀ‘π ‡ÀπÕ◊ ·≈–¿“§µ–«π— µ°æ∫Àπ‘ Õ§— πæ’ ∑ÿ ¡Ë’ Õ’ “¬µÿ ßÈ— ·µ™à «à ߬§ÿ ‰´≈‡Ÿ √¬’ π
·°√𵑠Õ∑ÿ ¬— ∏“π’ ´ßË÷  à«π„À≠à‡ªìπÀ‘π·Õ𥉒 ´µå (andesite) ·≈–Àπ‘ ‰√‚Õ‰≈µå (rhyolite)
‡√◊ÕË ¬¡“®π∂ß÷ ¬ÿ§§“√∫å Õπ‡‘ øÕ√—  ´ßË÷ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Àπ‘ ·Õπ¥’‰´µå
Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠·π«µ–«—πµ° (Western belt or western À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µå À‘π°√«¥¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø (agglomerate) ·≈–À‘π∑—øøá
belt granites)  «à π¡“°¡°— ‡°¥‘ ‡ªπì ¡«≈Àπ‘ ¢π“¥‡≈°Á ∑·Ë’ ∑√°´Õπ À√◊ÕÀ‘π‡∂â“¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø (tuff) ¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπµâπ à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ
∑—∫°—π‡ªìπ·π«¬“« (composite plutons)  à«π„À≠à®–·∑√° À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µ°‘ ∑ø— øá (rhyolitic tuff) ¬ÿ§‡æÕ√‡å ¡’¬πµÕπª≈“¬∂ß÷
µ—¥‡¢â“‰ª„πÀ‘πµ–°Õπ¡À“¬ÿ§æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ‘°µÕπ∫π À‘π·°√π‘µ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπµâ𠉥·â °Àà π‘ ‰√‚Õ‰≈µå ·≈–∑ø— øá ‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à
·π«µ–«—πµ°π’È à«π„À≠à‡°‘¥®“°À‘πµ–°Õπ∑Ë’À≈Õ¡≈–≈“¬‡™àπ ¡’À‘π·Õπ¥’‰´µå∫â“߇≈Á°πâÕ¬ ¬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘°µÕπª≈“¬·≈–
‡¥’¬«°∫— Àπ‘ ·°√π‘µ·π«µÕπ°≈“ß ·≈–Àπ‘ ·°√π‘µ∑Ë’‡ªπì µ«— ·∑π ®Ÿ·√ ´‘°µÕπµâπª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π·Õπ¥’‰´µå À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µå ·≈–
Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠·π«µ–«π— µ° ‰¥·â °Àà ‘π·°√𵑠‡°“–¿Ÿ‡°Áµ ∑—øøᇪπì  «à π„À≠à

16.6.1.2 À‘πÕ§— π’·∑√°´Õπ‡¡ø°î ·≈– ∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’√“∫¿“§°≈“ß æ∫‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥·§∫∑“ߥâ“π
Õ—≈µ√“‡¡øî° µ–«—πµ°µÈ—ß·µà¥â“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∑—¬∏“π’ ®π∂÷ߥâ“π
µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥π§√ «√√§å Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°‘¥πà“®–¡’Õ“¬ÿÕàÕπ
À‘πº“´Õà ¡Õ—≈µ√“‡¡ø°î (Pha Som Ultramafic belt) °«“à ¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπ≈“ß ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬Àπ‘ ·Õ𥉒 ´µå Àπ‘ ‡¥‰´µå
‚º≈à„À‡â ÀπÁ µ“¡·π«·¡πà È”π“à π·≈–∫√‡‘ «≥æπ◊È ∑’Ë„°≈‡â §¬’ ß ª√–°Õ∫ Àπ‘ ‰√‚Õ‰≈µå ·≈–Àπ‘ ∑ø— øá ‡ªπì  «à π„À≠à ·≈–æ∫«“à ¡§’ «“¡ ¡— æπ— ∏å
¥â«¬À‘π·°∫‚∫√ (gabbro) À‘π‡æÕ√‘‚¥‰∑µå (peridotite) À‘π „°≈™â ‘¥°—∫Àπ‘ Õ—§π·’ ∑√°´ÕπÕ’°¥â«¬
‰æ√ÕÁ °´‰’ πµå (pyroxenie) Àπ‘ ‡´Õ√‡å æπ∑‰‘ πµå (Serpentinite) ·≈–
Àπ‘ ¥π— ‰πµå (dunnite) ∫√‘‡«≥‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥å ‰¥â·°àÀ‘πÕ—§π’æÿ∑Ë’æ∫
«“ßµ—«‡ªìπ·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ µ—Èß·µà®—ßÀ«—¥‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥åµàÕ‡πË◊Õ߉ª∂÷ß
 √–·°â«Õ—≈µ√“‡¡øî° (Sra Kaeo Ultramafic) æ∫ ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√𓬰 ¡—°‡°‘¥√à«¡°—∫À‘πµ–°ÕπÕ“¬ÿ‡æÕ√凡’¬π
∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥ √–·°â«§àÕπ‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ µàÕ‡πË◊Õß ·≈–À‘π„π°≈ÿà¡À‘π‚§√“™ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µ‘°·Õπ¥’‰´µå
‡ªìπ·π«¬“«  à«π„À≠‡à ªπì À‘π‡´Õ√å‡æπ∑‘‰πµå ŒÕ√πå ‡∫≈π‰¥µå (basaltic andesite) Àπ‘ ·Õ𥉒 ´µå À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µå À‘π∑—øøá ·≈–
(hornblendite) ·≈–‡æÕ√‘‚¥‰∑µå À‘π°√«¥¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø

π√“∏«‘ “ Õ≈— µ√“‡¡ø°î (Narathiwat Ultramafic) æ∫
Õ¬àŸ∫√‘‡«≥∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥π√“∏‘«“ §àÕπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°

526 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

∫√‘‡«≥Ωíòß∑–‡≈¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ‰¥â·°àÀ‘πÕ—§π’æÿ∑Ë’æ∫ ∫√‡‘ «≥∑’√Ë “∫ Ÿß‚§√“™ ‰¥â·°Àà ‘π∫–´Õ≈µå∑æË’ ∫∫√‘‡«≥
∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥ ®—π∑∫ÿ√’ ·≈–µàÕ‡πË◊ÕߢÈ÷π‰ª∂÷ß∫√‘‡«≥ Õ’ “π„µâ ‰¥·â °à®ß— À«—¥π§√√“™ ’¡“ ∫ÿ√’√¡— ¬å  √ÿ π‘ ∑√å »√’ –‡°…
®ß— À«—¥ √–·°â« Õ“¬°ÿ “√‡°¥‘ Õ¬àŸ„π™à«ß¬§ÿ ‡æÕ√凡¬’ πµÕπª≈“¬ ·≈–Õ∫ÿ ≈√“™∏“π’ ´ß÷Ë ‰¥·â ∫ßà ™Õ◊Ë Àπ«à ¬Àπ‘ µ“¡™ÕË◊ ¢Õ߮ߗ À«¥— ∑æ’Ë ∫
∂÷߉∑√·Õ ´‘°µÕπµâπ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå√ŸªÀ¡Õπ À‘π
‰¥Õ–‡∫  (diabase) À‘π·Õ𥉒 ´µå À‘π°√«¥¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø À‘π∑ø— øá À‘πÕ—§π’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑Ë’‰¥â°≈à“«¡“·≈â«∑È—ßÀ¡¥ ¡’
·≈–À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µå ‡ªπì  «à π„À≠à §«“¡ ”§—≠§◊Õ‡ªìπµ—«π”æ“·√àÀ√◊Õπ”È ·√à™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ¥’∫ÿ°
∑ß—  –‡µπ ‡ø≈¥ å ª“√å ø≈ŸÕÕ‰√µå æ≈Õ¬™π‘¥µ“à ßÊ ·≈–·√àÕËπ◊ Ê
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫ Ÿß‚§√“™ ‰¥â·°àÀ‘πÕ—§π’æÿ∑Ë’æ∫„πæÈ◊π∑’Ë Õ’°¡“°¡“¬ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ß “¡“√∂π”À‘πÕ—§π’∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑¡“
®ß— À«¥— ‡≈¬·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√  à«π„À≠«à “ßµ«— Õ¬àŸ„π·π«‡ÀπÕ◊ -„µâ ∑”‡ªìπÀπ‘ ª√–¥—∫‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬
¡’Õ“¬ÿ°“√‡°‘¥µ—Èß·µà¬ÿ§¥’‚«‡π’¬πñ§“√å∫Õπ‘‡øÕ√—  ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
À‘π‰√‚Õ‰≈µå·≈–∫–´Õ≈µå√ŸªÀ¡Õπ ·≈–∑’ˇ°‘¥„π¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬π 16.6.3 Àπ‘ ·ª√
µÕπ∫π∂ß÷ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπ≈“à ß∑ªË’ √–°Õ∫¥«â ¬Àπ‘ ·Õπ¥´‘ µ‘ °‘ ∑ø— øá
(andesitic tuffs) ·≈–Àπ‘ °√«¥¿Ÿ‰ø

16.6.2.2 Àπ‘ Õ—§π’æ¡ÿ À“¬ÿ§´’‚π‚´Õ°‘ À‘π·ª√„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ “¡“√∂®—¥°≈ÿࡵ“¡™π‘¥·≈–
°“√°√–®“¬µ—«¢ÕßÀ‘π·ª√ ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì 3 ‚´π §Õ◊
 à«π„À≠à∑Ë’æ∫‡ªìπÀ‘π∫–´Õ≈µå∑’ˇ°‘¥‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥æÈ◊π∑’Ë
‡≈Á°Ê ·∫ßà µ“¡∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ∫‰¥â·°à ‚´π A æ∫Õ¬Ÿà∑“ß´’°¥â“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»·≈–
∫“ß à«π¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑Ë’™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥®—¥‡ªìπ
∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‰¥â·°àÀπ૬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå‡™’¬ß√“¬ À‘π·ª√∑Ë¡’ À’ ‘πµπâ °”‡π¥‘ ‡ªìπÀπ‘ ™πÈ— ∂Ÿ°·ª√ ¿“æ‡æ¬’ ߧ√ßÈ— ‡¥¬’ «
æ∫∫√‡‘ «≥Õ”‡¿Õ‡∑ß‘ ®ß— À«¥— ‡™¬’ ß√“¬ Àπ«à ¬Àπ‘ ∫–´Õ≈µ≈å ”ª“ß ·∫∫Õ–∫§Ÿ ¡Ÿ “à ‡ø™ ’ ´å √’  ’ å  «à π„À≠æà ∫∑ßÈ— æ«° ·Õ¡ø‚î ∫‰≈µ‡å ø™ ’ å
æ∫„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß ·∫à߬àÕ¬‡ªìπ 2 Àπ૬¬àÕ¬‰¥â·°à ·≈–°√’π™’ µå‡ø™’ åÕ¬àŸ¥â«¬°—π ¡’°“√≈”¥—∫™È—πÀ‘πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß∂÷ß°—π
Àπ૬À‘π¬àÕ¬∫–´Õ≈µå·¡à∑– æ∫∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ·¡à∑– ·≈–Àπ૬À‘π ™—ÈπÀ‘π·ª√·Õ¡øî‚∫‰≈µå‡ø™’ å  È‘π ÿ¥∑Ë’µÕπ∫π ÿ¥¢ÕßÕ“¬ÿ
¬àÕ¬∫–´Õ≈µå ∫ª√“∫ æ∫„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ ∫ª√“∫ Àπ૬À‘π æ√’·§¡‡∫√¬’ π (ª√–¡“≥ 600 ≈â“πªï) ·≈–‡ª≈’¬Ë π‡ªìπ°√π’ ™’ µå
∫–´Õ≈µ‡å ¥à𙬗 æ∫∫√‘‡«≥æπÈ◊ ∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ‡¥à𙬗 Õ”‡¿Õ≈Õß ·≈– ‡ø™’ å æÕ¥’ ‡¡Ë◊ÕÕ“¬ÿÀ‘πÕ¬àŸ„π™à«ß¢Õßæ“≈‘‚Õ‚´Õ‘°µÕπ≈à“ß
Õ”‡¿Õ«—ß™È‘π ®—ßÀ«—¥·æ√à Àπ૬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå·¡à≈“¡“ æ∫∑Ë’ ™È—πÀ‘πª√–°Õ∫¢È÷π¥â«¬™π‘¥À‘πÀ≈—°Ê 3-4 ª√–‡¿∑¥â«¬°—π
∫√‘‡«≥∫â“π·¡à≈“¡“ ®ß— À«¥— ·¡Œà Õà ß Õπ µÕπ≈à“ß ¥ÿ ¢Õß≈”¥—∫™π—È Àπ‘ §Õ◊ À‘πæ“√“‰π å ´Ë÷ß¡ ’ «à πª√–°Õ∫
„°≈⇧’¬ßÀ‘π·°√𵑠∂÷ßÀ‘π·°√‚π‚Õ‰≈µå ¡°— ¡À’ ‘π·°√𑵇√’¬ßµ—«
∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§µ–«π— µ° ‰¥·â °Àà π«à ¬Àπ‘ ∫–´Õ≈µ∫å Õà æ≈Õ¬ ‡æ°¡“‰∑µå ·Õ‰æ≈µå ·≈–¡°‘ ¡“‰∑µªå –ªπ„π «à π≈“à ߢÕß≈”¥∫—
æ∫∑ËÕ’ ”‡¿Õ∫àÕæ≈Õ¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥°“≠®π∫ÿ√’ ™—Èπ Õ“®¡’À‘π·§≈°å´‘≈‘‡°µ ·≈–‰¡°“™’ µå ≈—∫Õ¬àŸ∫â“߇≈Á°πâÕ¬
µÕπ°≈“ߢÕß≈”¥—∫™—Èπ®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‰¡°“™’ µå‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à
∫√‘‡«≥‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥å ‰¥â·°àÀπ૬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå ∫“ß·Àßà ‡ªπì ‰¡°“™ ’ µ∑å ßÈ— À¡¥ ∫“ß·Àßà ¡·’ §≈°´å ≈‘ ‡‘ °µ §«Õ√µå ‰´µå
≈”π“√“¬≥å æ∫∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫∫â“π≈”π“√“¬≥å Õ”‡¿Õ ·≈– §«Õµ´å™’ µå‡¢â“¡“ ≈—∫ª–ªπ ™à«ß∫π ÿ¥®–‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫™È—π
™¬— ∫“¥“≈ ®ß— À«—¥≈æ∫√ÿ ’ ·≈–Àπ«à ¬Àπ‘ ∫–´Õ≈µå«‘‡™’¬√∫√ÿ ’ æ∫ ¢ÕßÀπ‘ ·§≈°´å ≈‘ ‡‘ °µ·≈–Àπ‘ ÕÕà π ∫“ß™«à ßÕ“®¡§’ «Õ√µå ‰´µå ·≈–
∑Ë’Õ”‡¿Õ«‘‡™¬’ √∫ÿ√’ ®ß— À«¥— ‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥å §«Õµ´å™’ µå ≈—∫Õ¬àŸ∫â“ß ¡’À‘π·°√π‘µ· ¥ß°“√‡√’¬ßµ—«¢Õß·√à
‡¢â“¡“·∑√°ª–ªπÕ¬àŸÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑ ´÷Ëß¡’¢π“¥‡¡Á¥·√à·≈–
∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ‰¥â·°àÀ‘π∫–´Õ≈µå∑Ë’æ∫„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë  à«πª√–°Õ∫µ“à ßÊ °—π æÕ‡ª≈’ˬπÕ“¬ÿ¢ÕߙȗπÀ‘π‡ªπì æ“≈‚‘ Õ‚´Õ‘§
®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥ ·≈– ®—π∑∫ÿ√’ ·∫à߬àÕ¬ÕÕ°‡ªìπÀπ૬À‘π µÕπ≈“à ß ‡°√¥¢Õß°“√·ª√ ¿“æ°≈Á ¥√–¥∫— ≈ß®“° ·Õ¡ø‚î ∫‰≈µ‡å ø™ ’ å
∫–´Õ≈µå®—π∑∫ÿ√’ ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Àπ૬À‘π¬àÕ¬ 2 Àπ૬ ‰¥â·°à ‡ªìπ°√π’ ™ ’ µ‡å ø™ ’ å ™π¥‘ ¢Õß™πÈ— Àπ‘ ‡ª≈Ë’¬π‡ªìπ§«Õ√µå ‰´µå ·≈–
À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå –æ“πÀ‘π ·≈–À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå§≈ÕßÕ’µ—° ∑’ËÕ¬àŸ„π ‡¡µ“‰≈¡å ‚µπ ≈—∫°—π‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à µàÕ®“°π—Èπ‡°√¥¢Õß°“√
∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑Ë’Õ”‡¿Õ∑à“„À¡à ®—ßÀ«—¥®—π∑∫ÿ√’ Àπ૬À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå ·ª√ ¿“æ§àÕ¬Ê ≈¥≈ß®π‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªπì À‘π™È—π∏√√¡¥“„π™à«ßÕ“
‚ªÉßπ”È √âÕπ æ∫∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ‚ªÉßπÈ”√âÕπ ®—ßÀ«—¥®—π∑∫ÿ√’ Àπ૬À‘𠬉ÿ ´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π - ¥’‚«‡π’¬π
∫–´Õ≈µåµ√“¥ æ∫∑’ËÕ”‡¿Õ∫àÕ‰√à ®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥ Àπ૬À‘π
∫–´Õ≈µå‡°“–°Ÿ¥ Õ¬Ÿà∑“ߥâ“π„µâ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥ ·≈–Àπ૬
À‘π∫–´Õ≈µå∫â“π·´ÕÕ æ∫∑Ë’∫â“π·´ÕÕ Õ”‡¿ÕÕ√—≠ª√–‡∑»
®—ßÀ«—¥ √–·°«â

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 527

‚´π B ‡ªìπ‚´π∑’Ë√«¡‡Õ“√Õ¬µ–‡¢Á∫∏√≥’ (suture µ–«—πÕÕ° §◊Õ·Õàߪµí µ“π’ ·≈–·Õßà ¡“‡≈¬å ´ß÷Ë ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªπì 2
zone) √–À«à“ß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“πñ‰∑¬ (Shan - Thai) ·≈– Ωíòß‚¥¬·π« —π‡°“–°√– (Ko Kra Ridge) ≈—°…≥–‚§√ß √â“ß
Õ‘π‚¥®’π (Indochina) ‡¢â“‰«â¥â«¬ À‘π·ª√∑’Ë®—¥‡¢â“‰«â„π‚´ππ’È √ªŸ ·∫∫µ“à ßÊ ∑æË’ ∫‚¥¬∑«—Ë ‰ª„πÕ“à «‰∑¬  “¡“√∂·∫ßà ‡ªπì 3 °≈¡àÿ
æ∫Õ¬àŸµÕπ°≈“ߢÕߪ√–‡∑» √«¡∑È—ß à«π∑“ß¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° „À≠àÊ §Õ◊ °≈à¡ÿ ¢Õß‚§√ß √“â ß√Ÿªª√–∑πÿ ‚§√ß √“â ß√Ÿª¥Õ°‰¡â
·≈–¿“§„µâ ª√–°Õ∫¢÷Èπ¥â«¬À‘π·ª√ ¿“æÕ¬à“߉滓≈À≈“¬ ·≈–‚§√ß √â“ß·∫∫ŒÕ ∑å
ª√–‡¿∑ À≈“¬Õ“¬ÿ µÈ—ß·µà À‘π·ª√°√’π™’ µåÕ“¬ÿ ‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π -
¥’‚«‡π’¬π - §“√å∫Õπ‘‡øÕ√—  À‘π·ª√∫≈Ÿ™’ µå ∂Ÿ°·ª√ ¿“æ °“√‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫™È—πÀ‘π„πÕà“«‰∑¬ “¡“√∂·∫àßÀ‘πÕÕ°
´âÕπ∑—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπÀ‘π·ª√·∫∫°√’π™’ µå¢Õß∫“‚√‡√’¬π Õ“¬ÿ ‰¥‡â ªìπ 2 ™¥ÿ „À≠àÊ ¥â«¬°π— §◊Õ ™πÈ— Àπ‘ æ◊Èπ∞“πÕ“¬ÿ°Õà π¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√å
§“√å∫Õπ‘‡øÕ√ — - ¥’‚«‡π’¬π ·≈–Àπ‘ ·ª√‰¥π“¡‘° Õ“¬‰ÿ ´≈‡Ÿ √’¬π ‡™¬’ √’‡ªπì ™π—È Àπ‘ ªπŸ ∑¡Ë’ Õ’ “¬‡ÿ æÕ√‡å ¡¬’ π Àπ‘ ·°√πµ‘ Õ“¬§ÿ √‡’ ∑‡™¬’  
- ¥’‚«‡π’¬π ·≈–‰∑√·Õ ´‘° „π‚´ππ’Ȫ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À‘π´Ë÷ß¡’µâπ ™—ÈπÀ‘π§“√å∫Õ‡πµÕ“¬ÿ¡’‚´‚´Õ‘° À‘π‡¡µ“§≈“ µ‘°Õ“¬ÿ
°”‡π‘¥®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à πÕ°®“°À‘π·ª√‰¥π“¡‘°´Ë÷ß¡’ æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ°‘ ´÷ßË ∂°Ÿ ª¥î ∑—∫‚¥¬ ™¥ÿ ¢ÕߙȗπÀπ‘ ¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√凙¬’ √’¥â«¬
°“√‡°¥‘ ¡“®“°°√–∫«π°“√∫¥·≈–‡ ¬’ ¥ °’ π— √–À«“à ß™πÈ— Àπ‘ ·≈«â √Õ¬µÕà ·∫∫‰¡µà Õà ‡πÕ◊Ë ß (unconformity) ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì 5 Àπ«à ¬
À‘π·ª√ÕË◊πÊ „π‚´ππÈ’°Á¡—°· ¥ß≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–§◊Õ°“√∂Ÿ°∫¥„Àâ À‘π ¡Õ’ “¬ÿµß—È ·µà ¡¬— ‚Õ≈‘‚°´π’ ·≈–¡’°“√ – ¡µ–°Õπ‡√ÕË◊ ¬¡“
‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√∫¥ (granulation, ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π  ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß°“√ – ¡µ–°Õπ¡’∑—Èß·∫∫
brecciation, cataclastic, mylonization) °Á‰¡à‰¥‡â °¥‘ ∑«—Ë ‰ªÀ¡¥ ∑–‡≈ “∫·≈–µ–°ÕππÈ”æ“ ·∫∫∑’Ë√“∫≈ÿà¡πÈ”∑à«¡∂÷ß√«¡∂÷ß∑’Ë
„πÀ‘π™¥ÿ ‡¥’¬«°—π∫“ß·Àßà Õ“®‰¡à∂Ÿ°∫¥‡≈¬°Á‰¥â √“∫≈¡ÿà ¥π‘ ¥Õπ “¡‡À≈ˬ’ ¡ ·∫∫∑–‡≈ “∫πÈ”‡§¡Á ∑Ë’√“∫πÈ”∑à«¡
∂÷ß ·≈– ·∫∫∑√’Ë “∫≈àÿ¡πÈ”∑«à ¡∂ß÷ ®π∂÷ß„π∑–‡≈≈ÿà¡·ÕàßÕ“à «‰∑¬
‚´π C À‘π·ª√‚´ππ’Èæ∫Õ¬Ÿà·Àà߇¥’¬«„π‡¢µ®—ßÀ«—¥ ‡√‘Ë¡¡’«‘«—≤π“°“√‡ªìπ≈ÿà¡·Õàß ‚¥¬‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°·√ߥ÷ß
‡≈¬ ‡ªìπÀ‘π·ª√ ¿“æÕ¬à“߉滓≈ ª√–‡¿∑°√’π™’ µå‡ø™’ å (extensional tectonic regime) ∑”„Àâ™—ÈπÀ‘π∞“π·¬°ÕÕ°
¡Õ’ “¬ÿ‰¡Õà Õà π°«“à ¬§ÿ ‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π ®“°°—π·≈â« «‘«—≤π“°“√‡ªìπ·Õàßµà“ßÊ „π√–¬–‡«≈“µàÕ¡“
´÷Ëß “¡“√∂·∫àß«‘«—≤π“°“√¥—ß°≈à“«ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 3 ¢—ÈπµÕπ
16.7 ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“„πÕ“à «‰∑¬·≈–∑–‡≈ ™«à ߇√Ë‘¡·√° (stage I) ·≈–™«à ß°≈“ß (stage II) ª√–¡“≥‚Õ≈‘‚°´π’
Õ—π¥“¡—π ∂÷߉¡‚Õ´’πµÕπ°≈“ß µ–°Õπ∑’Ë – ¡µ—«™à«ßπ’È®–µ° – ¡µ—«„π
¢≥–∑Ë™’ Èπ— À‘π∞“π¡’°“√ª√·‘ µ° (rift) ≈°— …≥–‡ªπì  —π·≈–≈¡ÿà ·Õßà
16.7.1. ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“¢ÕßÕà“«‰∑¬ ™«à ߥߗ °≈“à «Õ“à «‰∑¬¬ß— §ß‰¥√â ∫— Õ∑‘ ∏æ‘ ≈®“°·√ߥß÷ Õ¬“à ßµÕà ‡πÕË◊ ß
°“√·¬°®“°°π— ‰¥¥â ”‡ππ‘ ¡“®π∂ß÷ ª√–¡“≥ ¡¬— ‰¡‚Õ´π’ µÕπ°≈“ß
Õà“«‰∑¬¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ∑’Ë«“ßµ—«„π ·≈«â ®ß÷ À¬¥ÿ ≈ß ‚¥¬‰¡¡à °’ “√®¡µ«— ¢Õß≈¡àÿ ·Õßà Õ°’ µÕà ‰ª ™«à ߪ≈“¬
·π«‡°◊Õ∫ ‡ÀπÕ◊ - „µâ ∏√≥’‚§√ß √â“ß (tectonic framework) (Stage III) ‡°‘¥¢È÷πÀ≈—ß®“°°“√ rifting ‰¥âÀ¬¥ÿ ≈ß·≈â« ∫√‡‘ «≥
¢ÕßÕà“«‰∑¬· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“≈—°…≥–·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ¬àÕ¬·≈– Õà“«‰∑¬§Õà π¢â“߇ߒ¬∫ ß∫ æÈ◊π∑Ë∑’ ß—È À¡¥§àÕ¬Ê ‡ª≈ˬ’ π ¿“æ‰ª
‚§√ß √â“ßÀ≈°— „πÕà“«‰∑¬‡ªìπº≈¡“®“° √Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë π„À≠à ´÷Ë߇ªì𠇪πì ∑–‡≈‡ª¥î µπ◊È Ê¥ß— ‡™πà ª®í ®∫ÿ π— ·≈–‰¥µâ –°Õπ®”æ«°„°≈™â “¬Ωßòí
√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ∑Ë’‡§≈Ë◊Õπ∑Ë’„π·π«√–¥—∫ (strike-slip) 2 ·π« §◊Õ ´Ëß÷ ¡¥’ π‘ ‡§≈¬∑å –‡≈ ·≈–∑√“¬·∑√° ≈∫—
√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ‡®¥’¬å “¡Õߧå (Three Pagoda Fault) ´Ë÷ß¡’°“√
«“ßµ—«„π·π«∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ‡ªìπ 16.7.2 ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“„π∑–‡≈Õπ— ¥“¡π—
√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ∑ˇ’ §≈Ë◊Õπµ—«‰ª∑“ߢ«“ (dextral fault) „π¢≥–∑√’Ë Õ¬
‡≈◊ÕË π√–πÕß-§≈Õß¡–√à¬ÿ (Ranong-Klong Marui Fault) ´÷Ëß¡’ ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—𠇪ìπ∑–‡≈π”È ≈÷° „π∫“ß∫√‘‡«≥¡’
·π«°“√«“ßµ«— ∑»‘ µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ -µ–«π— µ°‡©¬’ ß„µâ ‡§≈ÕË◊ 𠧫“¡≈°÷ ¡“°«à“ 2 °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“‚§√ß √â“ߪ√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬
µ—«‰ª∑“ߴ⓬ (sinistral fault) °“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑Ë’¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊ÕππÈ’ ·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’„À≠àÊ Õ¬àŸ 2 ·Õàß «“ßµ—«·π«
∑”„À⇰‘¥°≈àÿ¡√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπª°µ‘ (normal fault) ∑’Ë«“ßµ—«„π·π« ‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ §◊Õ ·ÕàßÕ—π¥“¡—π (Andaman Basin) ´÷ËßÕ¬àŸ¥â“π
∑»‘ ‡ÀπÕ◊ -„µâ √Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë πª°µπ‘ ∑’È ”„À‡â °¥‘ ≈¡ÿà ·Õßà ª√–¡“≥ 10 ·Õßà µ–«π— µ° ¥ÿ ·≈–·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ÿ¬ (Mergui Basin) ‚¥¬¡’·π« —π
¬àÕ¬„πΩíòßÕà“«‰∑¬µ–«—πµ° ·≈– 2 ·Õàß¢π“¥„À≠à„πÕà“«‰∑¬ ‡¡Õ√å°¬ÿ (Mergui Ridge) §—πË Õ¬àŸ ·Õà߇¡Õ√°å ¬ÿ ¬—ß·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì
·Õßà ¬Õà ¬Õ°’ 2 ·Õßà §Õ◊ ·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ¬ÿ µ–«π— µ° (Western Mergui
Basin) ·≈–·Õà߇¡Õ√°å ¬ÿ µ–«—πÕÕ° (Eastern Mergui Basin)

528 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

‚¥¬¡·’ π« —π°≈“ß (Central High) §π—Ë Õ¬Ÿ√à –À«“à ß°≈“ß ≈‚‘ °´π’ µÕπª≈“¬ π”È ∑–‡≈‡æ‘Ë¡√–¥—∫¢Èπ÷ ®π∑«à ¡∑«Ë— ∑Èß— ·Õßà ∑”„Àâ
πÕ°®“°π¥È’ “â πµ–«π— ÕÕ°¢Õß·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ¬ÿ ¬ß— ¡·’ Õßà ‡≈°Á Ê ∑“ߥâ“π„µâ·≈– à«π∑’Ë≈÷°¢Õß·Õàß¡’ ¿“æ°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õß
µ–°Õπ·∫∫∑–‡≈πÈ”≈÷° (deep marine) À√◊Õ∑–‡≈π”È ≈°÷ √–¥∫—
∑∂Ë’ °Ÿ §πË— ÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬·π« —π√–πÕß (Ranong Ridge) Õ°’ 2 ·Õàß ≈“¥∑«’ª (bathyal environment) ∫“ß∫√‘‡«≥æ∫«à“¡’°“√
§Õ◊ ·Õßà √–πÕß (Ranong Trough) ·≈–·Õàß ¡‘ ‘≈—π (Similan Basin)  – ¡µ«— ¢Õßµ–°Õπ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ „π ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡¢Õß°“√∂≈¡à „µ∑â –‡≈
(turbidite sediment)  à«πµÕπ∫π·≈–¢Õ∫·Õàß¡’°“√ – ¡
·Õàßµà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“πÈ’§“¥«à“‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ µÈ—ß·µà™à«ßµâπ¬ÿ§ µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È µ◊Èπ ´Ë÷ß “¡“√∂æ∫°“√ – ¡
‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ ´Ë÷ßµ–°Õπ∑Ë’ – ¡µ—«„π·Õà߇¡Õ√å°ÿ¬∑Ë’Õ¬Ÿà„ππà“π µ—«·∫∫¥π‘ ¥Õπ “¡‡À≈ˬ’ ¡‰¥â
π”È ‰∑¬¡§’ «“¡Àπ“¡“°°«“à 8000 ‡¡µ√  ”À√—∫À‘πæ◊πÈ ∞“π¢Õß
∫√‘‡«≥π’È ‡ªìπÀ‘π·°√π‘µ À‘π¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ·≈–À‘π·ª√‡°√¥µ”Ë  ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’πµÕπµπâ
¬§ÿ §√‡’ ∑‡™’¬ µÕπª≈“¬ ∂ß÷  ¡¬— Õ’‚Õ´’πµÕπª≈“¬
°àÕπ È‘π ÿ¥™à«ßª≈“¬ ¡—¬‚Õ≈‘‚°´’π√–¥—∫π”È ∑–‡≈‰¥â
‚§√ß √â“ß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ„π·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ‡¡Õ√å°ÿ¬¡’ ¢÷Èπ∂÷ß®ÿ¥ Ÿß ÿ¥ ·µàÀ≈—ß®“° ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’πµÕπµâππÈ”∑–‡≈°≈—∫
2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ √Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπµ“¡·π«√–¥—∫ (strike-slip fault) ¡’ ≈¥√–¥∫— ≈ßÕ¬“à ß√«¥‡√«Á æ√Õâ ¡°∫— °“√¬°µ«— ¢Õß·Õßà ∑”„À‡â °¥‘
2 ·π« §◊Õ °“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–æ∫√Õ¬™Èπ— ‰¡µà Õà ‡π◊ÕË ß (unconformity) ∫√‘‡«≥
¥“â π„µâ·≈–™«à ß°≈“ß·Õßà ∑≈’Ë °÷ ‡°¥‘ °“√ – ¡µ«— „π ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡
1) ·π«∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ§àÕπ‰ª∑“߇Àπ◊Õ-∑‘» ·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È ≈÷°  à«π∫√‘‡«≥™à«ß‡Àπ◊Õ·≈–µ“¡¢Õ∫·Õàß¡’°“√
µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ß„µ§â àÕπ‰ª∑“ß„µâ (NNW-SSE)  – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈πÈ”µ◊Èπ à«π∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’À‘πæÈ◊π
∞“π∑’√Ë –¥∫—  Ÿß (basement high) ‚¥¬‡©æ“– π— °≈“ß·≈–·π«
2) ·π«∑»‘ µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ §Õà π¢“â ߉ª∑“߇ÀπÕ◊ -  —π√–πÕ߇°‘¥°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õßæ◊¥À‘πª–°“√—ß √à«¡°—∫µ–°Õπ∑’Ë
∑»‘ µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ§Õà π‰ª∑“ß„µâ (NNE-SSW)  – ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈µÈ◊π

√Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë πª°µ‘ „π·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ÿ¬ ”§—≠¡’ 2 ·π« §◊Õ  ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´π’ µÕπ°≈“ß
1) ·π«∑»‘ ‡ÀπÕ◊ -∑»‘ „µâ (N-S) : ‡ªìπ√Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë πª°µ‘
´÷Ë߇ªπì √Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë πÀ≈°— ∑∑Ë’ ”„À⇰‘¥·Õßà ·≈–‡ªπì µ—«°”Àπ¥„Àâ·Õàß À≈—ß®“°∑’ˇ°‘¥°“√·¬° ·≈–°“√°—¥‡´“–·Õàß – ¡
°÷Ëß°√“‡∫π∑’¡Ë ’∑‘»∑“ß°“√«“ßµ«— ·π«∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ-∑‘»„µâ µ–°Õπ °¡Á ’°“√∑√ÿ¥µ«— µÕà ‡πÕ◊Ë ß·≈–®¡Õ¬àŸ„µ∑â –‡≈ ∑”„Àµâ –°Õπ
2) ·π«µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ §àÕπ‰ª∑“߇Àπ◊Õ -  à«π„À≠à – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È ≈÷° ∫“ß
µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ§àÕπ‰ª∑“ß„µâ (NNE-SSW) : ‡ªìπ√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ ∫√‘‡«≥æ∫«à“ – ¡µ—«·∫∫µ–°Õπ√Ÿªæ—¥„µâ∑–‡≈ (submarine
ª°µ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥√à«¡°—∫√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‡¡Õ√å°ÿ¬ ·µà¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«©’° fan)  «à π∫√‡‘ «≥¢Õ∫·Õà߇°¥‘ °“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õßµ–°Õπ„π ¿“æ
¢“¥≈ßµ“¡·π«¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‰¡¡à “°π—° ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈πÈ”µ◊Èπ
·π«§¥‚§ßâ (Folds) ¡’ 2 ·π« §Õ◊
·π«∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ -µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ß„µâ (NW-  ¡¬— ‰¡‚Õ´π’ µÕπª≈“¬
SE) ¡’·π«°“√«“ßµ—«‡À≈Ë◊Õ¡≈È”°—π (En-echelon) µ“¡·π«
‡Õ’¬ß¢Õß√–∫∫√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ‡¡Õ√å°ÿ¬ ·≈–·π«∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ-∑‘»„µâ ∫√‡‘ «≥™«à ß°≈“ß·Õßà æ∫«à“µ–°Õπ – ¡µ«— „π ¿“æ
(N-S) ‡ªìπ·π«§¥‚§ßâ ¢Õß™Èπ— À‘π¢“â ß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ (rollovers) ·«¥≈Õâ ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È ≈÷° ∫√‘‡«≥µ“¡¢Õ∫·Õßà æ∫≈°— …≥– ‡ªìπ
√Õ¬µ—¥ (truncation) ¢Õßµ–°Õπ∑Ë’«“ßµ—«∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¥â“π≈à“ß ·≈–
°“√≈”¥∫— ™π—È Àπ‘ „π·Õà߇¡Õ√å°ÿ¬ ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥«â ¬ ≈°— …≥–°“√µ°∑—∫∂¡¢Õß™Èπ— Àπ‘ µÕà ‡π◊ËÕß„π·Õàß
1) ™—ÈπÀ‘π∞“π°àÕπ¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ (Pre-Tertiary
Basement) ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ À‘π·ª√·≈–Àπ‘ Õ—§π’ ´Ëß÷ ∂Ÿ°ª¥î ∑∫—  ¡¬— ‰æ≈‚Õ-‰æ≈ ‚µ´π’ ∂÷ߪ®í ®∫ÿ —π
‚¥¬™¥ÿ ¢ÕߙȗπÀπ‘ ¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√’
2) ™—ÈπÀ‘π¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’„π ¡—¬‚Õ≈‘‚°´’πµÕπª≈“¬  È‘π ÿ¥ª≈“¬ ¡—¬‰¡‚Õ´’π À≈—ß®“°∑Ë’‡°‘¥°“√¬°µ—«
‡√‘Ë¡·√°®– – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑’Ë√“∫µ–°Õππ”È æ“ ¢Õß·Õàß À√◊Õ°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ µàÕ¡“æÈ◊π∑Ë’„π·Õàß
(alluvial plain) °Õà π À≈ß— ®“°ππÈ— ‡¡Õ◊Ë √–¥∫— πÈ”∑–‡≈ ßŸ ¢π÷È æ√Õâ ¡ ®¡µ—«Õ¬àŸ„π∑–‡≈∑È—ßÀ¡¥ µ–°Õπ à«π„À≠à – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ
°—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑Ë’‰À≈‡¢â“¡“∑“ß∑‘»„µâ¢Õß·Õàß °Á‡°‘¥°“√ – ¡µ—« ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È ≈÷° ¬°‡«âπ∫“ß à«πµ“¡¢Õ∫·Õàß®–
·∫∫∑–‡≈π”È µ◊Èπ (shallow marine environment) ·µà∑“ß  – ¡µ–°Õπ·∫∫∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‰À≈∑à «’ª
‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õßµ–°Õπ – ¡µ—«„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·∫∫∑–‡≈ “∫·≈–
∑“ßπÈ” (fluvio-lacustrine) ‡ªìπÀ≈—° ™à«ß ÿ¥∑⓬¢Õß ¡—¬‚Õ

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 529

®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡°“√ – ¡µ–°Õπ„π™à«ßÕ“¬ÿµà“ßÊ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡·π«™—ÈπÀ‘𧥂§â߇≈¬Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ° ‚¥¬¡’√Õ¬
 “¡“√∂‡√¬’ ß≈”¥∫— ™πÈ— À¡«¥Àπ‘ ‰¥∂â ß÷ 9 À¡«¥§Õ◊ À¡«¥Àπ‘ √–πÕß µ–‡¢∫Á π“à π‡ªπì µ«— ‡™ÕË◊ ¡√–À«“à ß°≈“ß  ”À√∫— ·π«§¥‘ ¢Õß Barr
(Ranong Formation) À¡«¥Àπ‘ ¬–≈“ (Yala Formation) À¡«¥ and Macdonald (1991) ‰¥·â ∫ßà ¢Õ∫‡¢µ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ≥— ∞“π·∫∫
Àπ‘ ªÉ“¬“ß (Payang Formation) À¡«¥À‘π„µâ (Tai Forma- Tectonostratigraphic Zone ÕÕ°‡ªπì 4 ·π«®“°µ–«π— µ°‰ª
tion) À¡«¥Àπ‘ °π— µß— (Kantang Formation) À¡«¥Àπ‘  ÿ√π‘ ∑√å ∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ° ‰¥â·°à 1) ·π«µ–«—πµ°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ 2) ·π«
(Surin Formation) À¡«¥À‘πµ√ß— (Trang Formation) À¡«¥ Õ‘π∑ππ∑å 3) ·π« ‚ÿ ¢∑—¬ 4) ·π«‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥å ´Ë÷ß·π«‡À≈à“πÈ’
Àπ‘ ∂≈“ß (Thalang Formation) ·≈–À¡«¥Àπ‘ µ–°«Ë— ª“É (Takua ®–‡∑¬’ ∫‡§’¬ß‰¥°â —∫¢Õ∫‡¢µµ“à ßÊ ¢Õß Bunopas (1981) ‚¥¬
Pa Formation) ·π«µ–«—πµ°ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–·π«Õ‘π∑ππ∑å„À⇪ìπ à«πÀπ÷Ëß
¢Õß·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈–·π«‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥°å ‡Á ªπì  «à πÀπß÷Ë
««‘ —≤π“°“√¢Õß·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ÿ¬ª√–¡«≈‰¥«â “à ·Õßà ‡¡Õ√å ¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õπ‘ ‚¥®’π ·µ·à π« ‚ÿ ¢∑—¬®–®¥— ·¬°ÕÕ°‡ªπì
°ÿ¬„π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π‡ªìπ·Õàß°÷Ëß°√“‡∫πÕ“¬ÿ‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ «“ßµ—« ·ºπà ∏√≥·’ ª√ ≥— ∞“π ‚ÿ ¢∑¬— ∑ßÈ— π‡È’ æ√“–¡’ Tectonostratigraphy
·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ ‡°‘¥®“°√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‡À≈◊ËÕ¡¥â“π¢â“ß·≈–√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ ·µ°µà“߉ª®“°·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®’π∑È—ß Õß µ“¡·π«§‘¥πÈ’
ª°µ‘«“ßµ—«Õ¬àŸ∫π‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° (continental crust) ¥â“πµ–«—π ·ºπà  ‚ÿ ¢∑¬— ®–‡™Õ◊Ë ¡°∫— ·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°Õπ‘ ‚¥®π’ µ“¡·π«√Õ¬µÕà
µ°¢Õß·ºàπ¥π‘ „À≠à ∏√≥π’ “à π - Õµÿ √¥µ‘ ∂å -  √–·°«â °Õà π„π¬§ÿ ‡æÕ√‡å ¡¬’ πµÕπ°≈“ß
·≈«â ®ß÷ ‡™ÕË◊ ¡°—∫·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ „π™«à ߬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘°
°“√‡°‘¥·Õà߇∑Õ√凙’¬√’„π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§π’ȇªìπº≈¡“®“°·ºàπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬µàÕ∏√≥’∑’ˇªìπ cryptic suture Õ¬àŸ√–À«à“ß
‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‡¥’¬‡§≈Ë◊Õπ∑Ë’‰ª∑“߇Àπ◊Õ™π°—∫·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°¬Ÿ ·π«Õπ‘ ∑ππ∑å °∫— ·π« ‚ÿ ¢∑¬—
‡√‡´’¬„πµÕπµâπ¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°„µâ
¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√Õ‘π‡¥’¬ (Indian oceanic crust) °Á¡ÿ¥‡¢â“„µâ·ºàπ «‘«—≤π“°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ —≥∞“π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»
‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°∫√‡‘ «≥Õπ‘ ‚¥π’‡´¬’ ·≈–æ¡à“ ®÷߇°¥‘ √Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ„À≠à¢÷Èπ ‰∑¬‡°‘¥¢÷Èπµ“¡¡À“¬§ÿ µà“ßÊ ·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªìπ 4 ™«à ß §◊Õ 1) ™à«ß
À≈“¬·π« ‡™àπ √Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ ÿ¡“µ√“ √Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ‡¡Õ√å°ÿ¬ √Õ¬ ∫√¡¬ÿ§Õ“√§å ’‚Õ‚´Õ‘° (Archaeotectonic) ‡ªπì ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥å∑’ˇ°¥‘
‡≈Ë◊ÕπÕ—π¥“¡—πµ–«—πÕÕ°·≈–µ–«—πµ° ¢≥–∑’Ë·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° ¢÷Èπ°—∫∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ —≥∞“π¡À“¬ÿ§æ√’·§¡‡‡∫√’¬π´÷Ë߇ªìπ·°π
Õ‘π‡¥’¬¬—߇§≈Ë◊Õπ¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ‰ª‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê °Á®–¬‘Ëߥ÷ß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‡À≈à“π’È °≈“ߢÕß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ´Ë÷ß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°®–
„À©â °’ ¢“¥¡“°¬ßË‘ ¢π÷È ®ß÷ ∑”„À≥·â Õßà Õπ— ¥“¡π— ·≈–·Õßà ‡¡Õ√°å ¬ÿ ¢π÷È ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬µ–°Õπ∑∂’Ë °Ÿ ·ª√ ¿“楫⠬¢∫«π°“√∑∫— ∂¡„π∑≈’Ë °÷
·ÕàßÕ—π¥“¡—ππ—Èπ¡’°“√·¬°µ—« (rift) ¡“°°«à“·Õà߇¡Õ√å°ÿ¬ ®÷ß À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ°Á‡°‘¥°“√¬°µ—«·≈–°“√°√àÕπ®π‡ªìπæÈ◊π∑Ë’‡°◊Õ∫√“∫
∑”„À⇪≈◊Õ°‚≈°„µâ·ÕàßÕ—π¥“¡—π°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°·∫∫ °Õà π®–¡°’ “√ – ¡µ—« µ–°Õπ¢ÕßÀ‘π¬ÿ§·§¡‡∫√’¬πµÕπ°≈“ß-
¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (oceanic crust) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√·¬°µ—«¢Õß∑—Èß µÕπª≈“¬ ·≈–¬ÿ§ÕÕ√å‚¥«’‡™’¬πÕ¬Ÿà¢â“ß∫π 2) ™à«ß¡À“¬ÿ§
 Õß·Õàß È‘π ÿ¥≈ß„π™à«ß¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’µÕπ°≈“ß ®“°πÈ—π°Á∑√ÿ¥ æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ‘° (Paleotectonic) ‡ªπì ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷Èπµ—ßÈ ·µ¬à §ÿ
µ«— ≈߇√◊ÕË ¬Ê ®πÕ¬àŸ„π ¿“æªí®®ÿ∫π— ‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π®π∂÷߬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘° ‚¥¬™à«ß¬ÿ§‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π®π∂÷߬ÿ§
§“√å∫Õπ‘‡øÕ√— µÕπµâπ®–‡°‘¥°“√¡ÿ¥µ—«√–À«à“߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°„µâ
16.8 ««‘ —≤π“°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“·ª√ æÈ◊π ¡ÿ∑√∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πÕÕ°¢ÕߢÕ∫·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬
 ≥— ∞“π·≈–¿Ÿ¡»‘ “ µ√∫å √√æ°“≈ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–√Ÿª‚§âß (island arc) ·ÕàߢÕßÀ¡àŸ‡°“–
√Ÿª‚§âß à«πÀ≈ß— (back arc basin) ·≈–√–À«“à ßÀ¡à‡Ÿ °“–√ªŸ ‚§âß
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°æ◊Èπ∑«’ª ·≈–√àÕß≈÷°°âπ ¡ÿ∑√ (arc trench gap) „π™à«ß¬ÿ§
®”π«π 2 ·ºàπ ‰¥â·°à ·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈– ·ºà𠧓√å∫Õπ‘‡øÕ√— µÕπµâπ °“√¡ÿ¥µ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°¡—°¡’°“√
‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®’π ‚¥¬¡’¢Õ∫‡¢µ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ —≥∞“π∑Ë’·∫àß √–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰øµ“¡¢Õ∫·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈–‡¡Ë◊Õ
ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 3 ‡¢µ µ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß Bunopas(1981) ‰¥â·°à °“√¡ÿ¥µ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈° ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß ™È—πÀ‘π°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√§¥‚§âß
1) ¢Õ∫‡¢µ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¥â“πµ–«—πµ° ´Ë÷ߪ√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·ºàπ ·µà‰¡√à πÿ ·√ßπ°— √«¡∑ßÈ— ¡À’ π‘ ·°√𵑠µ¥— º“à π¢πÈ÷ ¡“‡≈°Á πÕâ ¬ æ√Õâ ¡
‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ 2) ¢Õ∫‡¢µ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“¥“â πµ–«π— ÕÕ° ´ßË÷ °∫— ‡°¥‘ °“√¬∫ÿ µ«— ¢Õß·Õßà „π·Õßà ¢ÕßÀ¡‡àŸ °“–√ªŸ ‚§ßâ  «à πÀ≈ß— ·≈–
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®’π 3) ¢Õ∫‡¢µ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ ‡°¥‘ °“√™πª–∑–°π— √–À«“à ßÀ¡‡Ÿà °“–¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø√ªŸ ‚§ßâ °∫— ·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °
µÕπ°≈“ßÀ√◊Õ°≈ÿà¡·π«™È—πÀ‘𧥂§âß ´Ë÷ß·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ Õß·π« ‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á‡°‘¥√àÕß∑√ÿ¥∑“ߢÕ∫µ–«—πµ°
∑’Ë¢π“π°—𠉥·â °à °≈¡àÿ ·π«™πÈ— À‘𧥂§ßâ  ÿ‚¢∑—¬Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«π— µ° ¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈–„π¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπµâπ

530 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬‰¥â‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«·¬°ÕÕ°®“°·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ° ™—ÈπÀ‘𧥂§âßÕ¬Ÿà„π·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ·≈–µ–«—πµ°
‚≈°ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈¬’ ·≈–≈Õ¬µ«— Õ¬√àŸ –À«“à ß∏√≥·’ Õπà µ«— ‡∑∑ ’ ¡À“¬§ÿ ‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâµ—Èß·µà®—ßÀ«—¥µ“°≈߉ª∂÷ß®—ßÀ«—¥
æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ‘°·≈–¡À“¬ÿ§¡’‚´‚´Õ‘° °Á‡°‘¥°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õß ª√–®«∫§’√’¢—π∏å ·≈–®–‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ·π«µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ‰ª
À‘π‚§≈πªπ°√«¥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡À‘π·°àß°√–®“πµ“¡‰À≈à∑«’ª„°≈â ®π∂÷ß°≈àÿ¡√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ§≈Õß¡“√àÿ¬ ·≈–®–‡ªìπ·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ≈߉ª
·π«√àÕß∑√ÿ¥ „π™«à ߇æÕ√‡å ¡¬’ πµÕπ°≈“ß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π- ∂÷ߪ√–‡∑»¡“‡≈‡´’¬  à«π„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇªìπ∑Ë’√“∫ Ÿß‚§√“™®–¡’
‰∑¬‡§≈ËÕ◊ π∑Ë’‰ª∑“߇Àπ◊Õ®π°√–∑ß—Ë „π™«à ߇æÕ√凡¬’ πµÕπª≈“¬ ·π«·°π¢Õß™Èπ— À‘𧥂§âßÕ¬Ÿà 3 ·π« ‰¥·â °à ·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ ·π«
®–‡√‘Ë¡‡°‘¥ —𬓫„µâ∑âÕß ¡ÿ∑√ æ√âÕ¡°—∫‡°‘¥°“√¡ÿ¥µ—«¢Õß µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·≈–·π«µ–«—πÕÕ°
‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°„µâ ¡∑ÿ √∑—Èß Õߢ“â ß ‚¥¬®–¡ÿ¥‰ª∑“ßµ–«π— µ°‡¢â“‰ª ‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ -µ–«π— µ°‡©¬’ ß„µâ 2) °≈¡ÿà √Õ¬‡≈ÕË◊ π ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì
„µâ·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈–¡ÿ¥‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°‡¢â“‰ª„µâ 3 °≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ
·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õπ‘ ‚¥®’𠇪ìπº≈∑”„À·â ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ-µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ®–‡ªìπ√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ
·≈–Õπ‘ ‚¥®π’ ‡§≈Õ◊Ë πµ—«‡¢“â À“°π— Õ¬“à ß√«¥‡√«Á ·≈– —¡º— °π— µ“¡·π«√–¥—∫∑’Ë¡’∑‘»∑“߇§≈◊ËÕπ∑Ë’‰ª∑“ߴ⓬·≈–‰ª∑“ߢ«“
§√È—ß·√°„π¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπª≈“¬·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡°—πÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å µ“¡≈”¥—∫  à«π°≈ÿà¡√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ®–‡ªìπ√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπª°µ‘
„π¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπª≈“¬ ·≈–‡°¥‘ °“√·∑√°µ«— ¢ÕßÀπ‘ ·°√𵑠3) √Õ¬™πÈ— ‰¡µà Õà ‡πÕË◊ ß ∑ Ë’ ”§≠— „π·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ‡™πà
¬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘°-®Ÿ·√ ´‘° ‡°‘¥·À≈àß·√॒∫ÿ°∑Ë’ ¡∫Ÿ√≥嵓¡·π« ¬§ÿ §“√∫å Õπ‡‘ øÕ√ — µÕπª≈“¬¬§ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ µÕπµπâ ∂ß÷ µÕπ°≈“ß
¿“§µ–«—πµ°¢Õ߉∑¬·≈–·À≈¡‰∑¬-¡≈“¬Ÿ 3) ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ ¬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬ °—∫¬ÿ§æ“≈’‚Õ®’π ·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®’𠇙àπ
 ≥— ∞“π¡À“¬§ÿ ¡’‚´‚´Õ°‘ (Mesotectonic) ‡ªπì °“√·ª√ ≥— ∞“π ¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπª≈“¬∂÷߬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘°µÕπ°≈“ß  ”À√—∫
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπµÈ—ß·µà¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘°®π∂÷߬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬  ‚¥¬À≈—ß®“° ™à«ß‰æ≈‚Õ´π’ °∫— ‰æ≈ ‚µ´π’ æ∫Õ¬à“ß°«“â ߢ«“ß
°“√ª–∑–°π— ¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°Õπ‘ ‚¥®π’ °—∫™“π-‰∑¬ ®–∑”„Àâ
°“√∑∫— ∂¡µ–°Õπ¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ßÕ¬“à ß Èπ‘ ‡™‘ß ·µà°Á¬—ßæ∫ ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√∫å √√æ°“≈¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬„π¬§ÿ µà“ßÊ ·¬°
√àÕßπ”È ∑–‡≈‡≈Á°Ê ®π∂÷߬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘°∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È 1) ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å∫√√æ°“≈¡À“¬ÿ§æ√’·§¡‡∫√’¬π ¡’°“√
¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õß°≈ÿà¡À‘π‚§√“™·≈–°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õߙȗπ‡°≈◊Õ  – ¡µ–°Õπ®“°πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–∂Ÿ°·ª√ ¿“æ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°°“√∑∫— ∂¡
À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ°Á‡°‘¥°“√¡ÿ¥µ—«¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°„µâ ¡ÿ∑√ ∫√‘‡«≥ µ—«„π√–¥—∫≈÷° µàÕ¡“‡°‘¥°“√¬°µ—«¢÷Èπ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√°—¥°√àÕπ®π
µ–«—πÕÕ°¢ÕßÕà“«‡∫ß°Õ≈„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‡°‘¥°“√™π°—π¢ÕߢÕß ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ‡°◊Õ∫√“∫ °àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«Õ¬ŸàµÕπ∫π¢Õ߬ÿ§
·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°æ¡à“µ–«—πµ°°—∫·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬„π æ“≈‚‘ Õ‚´Õ°‘ 2) ¿¡Ÿ »‘ “ µ√∫å √√æ°“≈¬§ÿ ·§¡‡∫√¬’ π-ÕÕ√å‚¥«‡‘ ´¬’ π
™à«ß¬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬ µÕπª≈“¬∂÷߇∑Õ√凙’¬√’µÕπµâπ ´÷Ëߺ≈∑”„Àâ ¡°’ “√ – ¡µ«— ¢Õßµ–°Õπ„π ¿“«–·«¥≈Õâ ¡∑‡Ë’ ªπì ‰À≈∑à «ª’ µπÈ◊ Ê
‡°¥‘ Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠¬§ÿ §√‡’ ∑‡™¬’  ∑Ë’„À·â √¥à ∫’ °ÿ ∫√‡‘ «≥™“¬·¥π‰∑¬-æ¡“à ‚¥¬∫“ß™à«ß®–¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿ¥â«¬ „π∫√‘‡«≥
πÕ°®“°πÈ’¬—ß¡’ à«π —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°“√‡°‘¥√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ·¡àªîß·≈– µ–«—πµ°¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬‡∑à“πÈ—π 3) ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å
‡®¥’¬å “¡Õß§å ‚¥¬¡’∑‘»∑“ß°“√‡§≈Ë◊Õπ∑Ë’‰ª∑“ߴ⓬ ·≈–°“√ ∫√√æ°“≈¬ÿ§‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π-¥’‚«‡π’¬π ¡’À≈—°∞“π°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õß
‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«®–À¬ÿ¥≈ߪ√–¡“≥¬ÿ§§√’‡∑‡™’¬  µÕπª≈“¬∂÷ß ¢Õßµ–°Õπ„ππÈ”µÈ◊π„π™à«ß¬ÿ§‰´≈Ÿ‡√’¬π-¥’‚«‡π’¬πµÕπ°≈“ß∑’Ë
‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’µÕπµâπ 4) ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ —≥∞“π¬ÿ§„À¡à ∫√‘‡«≥Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘·¡àªîß ®—ßÀ«—¥≈”æŸπ „π¢≥–∑Ë’∫√‘‡«≥
(Neotectonic) ‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥∑å ‡Ë’ °¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ „π™à«ß¡À“¬ÿ§´’‚π‚´Õ‘° ∑“߇Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÕ”‡¿Õ·¡à –‡√’¬ß ®—ßÀ«—¥·¡àŒàÕß Õπ ·≈–
‡°‘¥·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ ·≈–°“√‡°‘¥Õà“«‰∑¬ °“√ ®—ßÀ«—¥‡≈¬¡’À≈—°∞“π°“√ – ¡µ—«µ–°Õπ„π∑–‡≈§àÕπ¢â“ß≈÷°
‡°¥‘ °“√·º°à √–®“¬¢ÕßÀπ‘ ¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰øÕ≈— §“‰≈π∫å –´Õ≈µå (Hot Spot) ·≈–§“¥«“à ®–Õ¬àŸ„π∏√≥·’ Õπà µ«— ‡∑∑ ’ ¡À“¬§ÿ æ“≈‚‘ Õ‚´Õ°‘ ‡¥¬’ «°π—
„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–Õ‘π‚¥®’π„π™à«ß¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’µÕπª≈“¬·≈–  à«π°≈àÿ¡·π«À‘𧥂§â߇≈¬ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬µ–°Õπ∑Ë’ – ¡µ—«¢Õß
¬ÿ§§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’ ‡√‘Ë¡‡°‘¥°“√‡§≈Ë◊Õπ∑Ë’¢Õß√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπµ“¡·π« µ–°Õπ„π∑–‡≈ ¡’≈—°…≥–‡¥’¬«°—∫°≈àÿ¡·π«À‘𧥂§âß ÿ‚¢∑—¬
√–¥∫— ‰ª„π∑»‘ ∑“ßµ√ß°π— ¢“â ¡®“°‡¥¡‘ °“√‡°¥‘ °≈¡ÿà √Õ¬‡≈Õ◊Ë πª°µ‘ 4) ¿¡Ÿ »‘ “ µ√∫å √√æ°“≈¬§ÿ §“√∫å Õπ‡‘ øÕ√ — „π¬§ÿ §“√∫å Õπ‡‘ øÕ√ —
∑’ˇ°◊Õ∫Õ¬àŸ„π·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ °“√¬°µ—«¢Õß™“¬ΩòíßÕà“«‰∑¬ µÕπµπâ „π∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ ¢Õ߮ߗ À«¥— ‡≈¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥
°“√¬°µ—«¢Õ߇∑◊Õ°‡¢“¿Ÿæ“π ‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“æπ¡√—° ·≈–‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“ ‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥å ®—ßÀ«¥— ª√“®π’ ∫ÿ√’ ®–¡’ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß°“√µ°
‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥ å Ÿß¢Èπ÷ ®“°‡¥‘¡ µ–°Õπ‡ªìπ∑–‡≈ÕàÿππÈ”µ◊Èπ  à«π„π™à«ß¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬πµÕπµâπ
∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’‡ªìπ·À≈¡‰∑¬µÕπ°≈“ß®–¡’ ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡°“√µ°
≈—°…≥–‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√–°Õ∫ µ–°Õπ∑—∫∂¡·∫∫∑–‡≈πÈ”‡¬Áπ „π¢≥–∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß
¥«â ¬ 1) √Õ¬§¥‚§ßâ ∫√‡‘ «≥·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ·°π¢Õß ‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ · ¥ß∂÷ß ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ∫Õÿàπ·≈–

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 531

∑–‡≈µÈ◊π 5) ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å∫√√æ°“≈¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡’¬π ·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ° ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ æ√âÕ¡®—¥∑”√“¬ß“π‡ πÕºŸâ∫√‘À“√√–¥—∫ Ÿß
‚≈°Õ‘π‚¥®’π®–¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õߪ–°“√—ßÀ≈“¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿå·≈– ®“°πÈ—ππ”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’ˉ¥â¡“®—¥∑”√–∫∫∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡æË◊Õßà“¬µàÕ
ø´Ÿ ≈Ÿ π‘ ‘¥¡“°°«à“∑’Ëæ∫„π·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ 6) ¿Ÿ¡»‘ “ µ√å °“√𔉪„™âµÕà ‰ª
∫√√æ°“≈¬ÿ§‰∑√·Õ ´‘° ®–¡’∏√≥’·Õàπµ—«‡∑∑‘ ¢Õß¡À“¬ÿ§
æ“≈’‚Õ‚´Õ°‘ (Paleotethys) Õ¬√àŸ –À«“à ß·ºπà ‡ª≈Õ◊ °‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ ¥‘π∂≈à¡ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’‰¥â®—¥∑”·ºπ∑Ë’· ¥ß
·≈–Õ‘π‚¥®’π·≈–¡’∏√≥’·Õàπµ—«‡∑∑‘ ¢Õß¡À“¬ÿ§¡’‚´‚´Õ‘° æπ◊È ∑∑’Ë ¡’Ë ’‚Õ°“ ‡°¥‘ ¥π‘ ∂≈¡à ∑ß—È ª√–‡∑»·≈–√“¬®ß— À«¥— ·≈–®¥— µß—È
(Mesotethys) ∑“ߢÕ∫µ–«—πµ°¢Õß·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°™“π-‰∑¬ 燧√◊Õ¢à“¬‡ΩÑ“√–«—ß·®â߇µ◊Õπ¿—¬≈à«ßÀπⓇ√Ë◊Õߥ‘π∂≈à¡é ·°à
´Ë÷ß∑–‡≈∑—Èß Õß·π«¡’´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå¢Õß Ë‘ß∑Ë’¡’™’«‘µ„π∑–‡≈µ◊Èπ √“…Æ√„πæπÈ◊ ∑ˇ’  ¬Ë’ ß¿¬— ¥‘π∂≈à¡ ´÷Ë߉¥¥â ”‡ππ‘ °“√®—¥µ—È߇§√◊Õ¢à“¬
·≈–∑–‡≈≈÷° 7) ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å∫√√æ°“≈¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘° ‡√Ë‘¡¡’°“√ ‡ √Á®‰ª·≈â« 19 ®—ßÀ«—¥ (®“°®—ßÀ«—¥∑’Ë¡’æ◊Èπ∑Ë’‡ ’ˬ߿—¬¥‘π∂≈à¡
 – ¡µ«— ¢Õßµ–°Õπ·ºπà ¥π‘ ·µ°à ¬Á ß— ¡·’ π«∑–‡≈¢Õ߬§ÿ ®·Ÿ √ ´°‘ 51 ®ß— À«—¥) ·∫à߇ªìπ¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ 11 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ‰¥·â °à ®ß— À«¥— ·æ√à
∑Ë’¡’≈—°…≥–·§∫Ê «“ßµ—«Õ¬Ÿà„π·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ ¬“«µ≈Õ¥ ‡™¬’ ß„À¡à ·¡Œà Õà ß Õπ π“à π æ–‡¬“ ‡™¬’ ß√“¬ µ“° Õÿµ√¥‘µ∂å
™“¬·¥π‰∑¬ - æ¡à“ ·≈–§“¥«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√‘Ë¡‡ªìπ·ºàπ¥‘π  ‚ÿ ¢∑¬— ≈”ª“ß ‡æ™√∫√Ÿ ≥å ¿“§„µâ 7 ®ß— À«¥— ‰¥·â °à ®ß— À«¥— æ∑— ≈ßÿ
¡—Ëπ§ßµ—Èß·µà¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘°µÕπ°≈“ß ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬  ß¢≈“  ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ æ—ßß“ °√–∫Ë’ µ√—ß ·≈–
·À≈àßµ–°Õππ”È ∑–‡≈¬ÿ§®Ÿ·√ ´‘° ‡™◊ËÕ«à“‡ªìπ°“√ – ¡µ—«„π ¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ° 1 ®ß— À«¥— ‰¥·â °à®ß— À«¥— ®π— ∑∫√ÿ ’ ·≈–¡’·ºπß“π
 ¿“«–·«¥≈Õâ ¡ ∑‡Ë’ ªπì ∑–‡≈µÈ◊ππ”È Õÿàπ 8) ¿¡Ÿ ‘»“ µ√å∫√√æ°“≈ ∑®Ë’ –¥”‡ππ‘ °“√„À·â ≈«â ‡ √®Á ∑ßÈ— ª√–‡∑»¿“¬„πªßï ∫ª√–¡“≥ 2553
¬§ÿ §√‡’ ∑‡™’¬  „π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°®–‡ªπì ∑√Ë’ “∫‚§√“™ ·≈–
¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«¢Õߙȗπ‡°≈◊Õ„π ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·Àâß·≈âß ¡’°“√ ¥‘π‰À≈ ‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢È÷π„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’‡©æ“–∫√‘‡«≥
¬°µ—«¢Õ߇∑◊Õ°‡¢“‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥凪ìπ§√È—ß·√° ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π„π ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à√ÿπ·√߇À¡◊Õπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥契π∂≈à¡  à«π„À≠à‡°‘¥¢È÷π„π
 à«π∑Ë’‡ªìπ∑Ë’√“∫≈ÿࡇ®â“æ√–¬“¡’¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑»§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß·≈–Õà“« ƒ¥ŸΩπ¢ÕßæÈ◊π∑’Ë¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ·≈–¿“§„µâ  “‡Àµ·ÿ ≈–ªí®®¬— ∑Ë∑’ ”„Àâ
‰∑¬¬—߉¡à‡ª¥î  «à π„π¿“§µ–«π— µ°°®Á –¡’Àπ‘ ·°√π‘µ¥π— ·∑√°¢÷πÈ ‡°¥‘ ¥π‘ ‰À≈ «à π„À≠‡à πÕË◊ ß®“°¡°’ “√µ¥— ‰À≈‡à ¢“‡æÕË◊  √“â ß∂ππ·≈–
¡“∑—Èß™π‘¥ I-Type ·≈– S-type 9) ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å∫√√æ°“≈  √â“ß∫“â π‡√◊Õπ∑Ë’Õ¬™àŸ ‘¥µ¥‘ ‰À≈‡à ¢“  ¿“æ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“„πæÈ◊π∑ˇ’ ªìπ
¡À“¬ÿ§´‘‚π‚´Õ‘° ¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏°å π— Õ¬“à ß„°≈™â ¥‘ °∫— °“√ª–∑– ™È—πÀ‘π∑Ë’ºÿ„Àâ™È—π¥‘πÀπ“·≈–¡’§«“¡≈“¥™—π Ÿß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥Ωπ
°—π√–À«à“ß·ºàπ∑«’ªÕ‘π‡¥’¬°—∫∑«’ª¬Ÿ‡√‡´’¬ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ªî¥ µ°Àπ—°≈ß¡“®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥¥‘π‰À≈≈ß¡“µ“¡≈“¥‰À≈à‡¢“ªî¥∑—∫
Õ“à «‰∑¬ ·≈–·Õà߇¡Õ√°å ÿ¬„π∑–‡≈Õπ— ¥“¡π— ‡°‘¥·Õßà ‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√’ ‡ âπ∑“ß°“√ —≠®√ ·≈–‰À≈‡¢“â ¡“„πÕ“§“√∫“â π‡√◊Õπ
‡≈°Á Ê ∫π∫°´Ë÷ß¡’·π«°“√«“ßµ«— ¢π“π°∫— √Õ¬‡≈ËÕ◊ πª°µ‘∑Õ’Ë ¬àŸ„π
·π«‡Àπ◊Õ-„µâ √Õ¬¥‘π·¬° ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫πæÈ◊π∑’Ë¿Ÿ‡¢“¢Õß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡ªìπ
 à«π„À≠à ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥å√Õ¬·¬°¥ß— °≈“à «‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–∫àß∫Õ°«“à ™—πÈ
16.9 ∏√≥æ’ ‘∫µ— ‘¿¬— ¥‘π∑«’Ë “ßµ«— Õ¬àŸ∫π≈“¥‡¢“¢“¥‡ ∂’¬√¿“浓¡≈“¥‰À≈‡à ¢“ ·≈–
‡°‘¥°“√‡§≈Ë◊Õπµ—«≈ß¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬·¬°  “‡Àµÿ‡°‘¥®“°
‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ‡ªìπ¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘∑Ë’ ‚§√ß √â“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∑Ë’∑”„À⇰‘¥√Õ¬¥‘π·¬° ‡™àπ √Õ¬·µ°„π
∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬·°à™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õߪ√–™“™π‡ªìπ À‘π¥“π ∑”„À⧫“¡≈“¥™—π‡ª≈’ˬπ √«¡∑—ÈߙȗπÀ‘π∑Ë’ºÿ∑”„Àâ™È—π
Õ¬à“ß¡“° ·≈–¡§’ «“¡√πÿ ·√ß‡æ¡‘Ë ¡“°¢È÷π„π·µà≈–ªï °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√ ¥π‘ Àπ“·≈–¡§’ «“¡≈“¥™—π ßŸ ‡¡ÕË◊ ‡°¥‘ Ωπµ°Àπ°— ≈ß¡“®÷ß∑”„Àâ
∏√≥’‰¥âªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π¥â“π∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬·≈–∫—π∑÷°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡Àµÿ°“√≥å ¥π‘ ‡°¥‘ °“√‡§≈ÕË◊ π¢¬∫— µ«— ·≈–∂“â À“°¡Ω’ πµ°≈ß¡“Õ¬“à ßµÕà ‡πÕË◊ ß
∑’ˇ°¥‘ ¢÷Èπ µ—ßÈ ·µªà ï æ.». 2547 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ æ∫«à“‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥∏å √≥’ ·≈–¥‘π¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«µàÕ®π‰À≈≈ß¡“°Á®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å
æ∫‘ —µ‘¿¬— ∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢÷πÈ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‰¥·â °à ¥‘π∂≈à¡ ¥π‘ ‰À≈ À≈¡ÿ ¬ÿ∫ ¥‘π‰À≈ ·≈–∂â“À“°‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥°«â“ߢ«“ß°Á®–
À‘π√à«ß √Õ¬¥‘π·¬°∫π¿Ÿ‡¢“ ·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ¿“¬À≈—߉¥â√—∫ °≈“¬‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥契π∂≈¡à
·®â߇Àµÿ°“√≥å∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬®“°Àπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ·≈–
 ◊ÕË ¡«≈™πµà“ßÊ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥‰’ ¥â®¥—  ßà π—°∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“‡¢“â Àπ‘ √à«ß ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥åÀπ‘ √à«ß‡°◊Õ∫∑—ßÈ À¡¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πæÈπ◊ ∑’Ë
æÈ◊π∑Ë’∑’ˇ°‘¥∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬‡æ◊ËÕµ√«® Õ∫À“ “‡Àµÿ º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë ¿‡Ÿ ¢“Àπ‘ ªŸπ ∑¡Ë’ ≈’ °— …≥–¿¡Ÿ ‘ª√–‡∑»‡ªìπÀπ⓺“À‘πªŸπ Ÿß™π— ‡π◊ÈÕ
‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–„À⧔·π–π”„π°“√·°â ‰¢ªÑÕß°—π·°àª√–™“™π·≈– À‘π¡’√Õ¬·µ°√Õ¬·¬°À≈“¬∑‘»∑“ßµ—¥°—π ‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀ‘π√à«ß∑Ë’
‡°‘¥¢È÷π‡°◊Õ∫§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ë߇°‘¥„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’¿“§„µâ ‚¥¬¡’ “‡Àµÿ®“°Ωπ
µ°Àπ—° ‚¥¬πÈ”Ωπ∑Ë’µ°≈ß¡“®–‰À≈ºà“π≈߉ª„π√Õ¬·µ°√Õ¬
·¬°¢ÕßÀ‘π ·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥·√ߥ—ππÈ”¥—π„ÀâÀ‘π√à«ß∂≈à¡≈ß¡“
®“°Àπ⓺“ µ“¡√–π“∫√Õ¬·µ°√Õ¬·¬°¢ÕßÀ‘π≈ß àŸæÈ◊π∑’Ë√“∫
‡™ß‘ ‡¢“ °Õà „À‡â °¥‘ §«“¡‡ ¬’ À“¬·°™à «’ µ‘ ·≈–∑√æ— ¬ å π‘ ¢Õß√“…Æ√

532 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

∑ËÕ’ “»¬— Õ¬Ÿà„πæ◊Èπ∑’√Ë “∫‡™‘߇¢“ æÈ◊π∑’Ë™“¬Ωòíß∑È—ßÀ¡¥ °“√°—¥‡´“–™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈∑ȗߥâ“πÕà“«‰∑¬
À≈¡ÿ ¬∫ÿ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥Àå ≈¡ÿ ¬∫ÿ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¡ªà √“°Ø«“à ·≈–Õπ— ¥“¡π—  «à π¡“°‡ªπì æπ◊È ∑∑Ë’ ∂Ë’ °Ÿ °¥— ‡´“–ª“π°≈“ß §Õ◊ Õµ— √“
°“√°¥— ‡´“– 1-5 ‡¡µ√µÕà ªï
¡’ºâŸ ‰¥â√—∫∫“¥‡®Á∫À√◊Õ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ¡’‡æ’¬ß∑√—æ¬å ‘π‡ ’¬À“¬‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
æπÈ◊ ∑Ë∑’ ’ˇ°¥‘ À≈¡ÿ ¬ÿ∫ à«π„À≠à‡°‘¥¢È÷πÕ¬Ÿà„πæÈ◊π∑Ë®’ —ßÀ«¥— ¿“§„µâ ∑’¡Ë ’ °“√®—¥°“√æ◊Èπ∑Ë’∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Ë◊π ÷π“¡‘
≈—°…≥–∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“‡ªìπæÈ◊π∑Ë’∑’Ë¡’‚æ√ßÀ‘πªŸπ√Õß√—∫Õ¬àŸ„µâ¥‘π ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 °√¡
‚¥¬‡©æ“–æπÈ◊ ∑Ë’À°®ß— À«¥— ¿“§„µâ™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡π— ∑‡’Ë §¬‰¥â ∑√—欓°√∏√≥’‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√»÷°…“  ”√«® √«∫√«¡ ·≈–
√∫— º≈°√–∑∫®“°‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥·å ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«·≈–§≈πË◊ ¬°— … å π÷ “¡‘ ‡¡ÕË◊ «‡‘ §√“–À¢å âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πµà“ßÊ ‡™πà ≈°— …≥–°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß™“¬Ωòíß
«—π∑Ë’ 26 ∏—𫓧¡ 2547 ‚æ√ß„µ¥â ‘π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬æ∫«à“¡’ 4 º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Ë◊π ÷π“¡‘ ·≈–°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°
 “‡Àµÿ ‰¥â·°à ‚æ√ßÀ‘πªŸπ ‚æ√ßÀ‘π‡°≈◊Õ ‚æ√ß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ∫√‘‡«≥æÈ◊π∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘
π”È „µâ¥‘π日擵–°ÕπÕÕ°‰ª ·≈–‚æ√ß∑’ˇ°‘¥∫√‘‡«≥√Õ¬µàÕ 6 ®—ßÀ«—¥¿“§„µâ ‰¥·â °à ®—ßÀ«¥— √–πÕß æß— ß“ ¿‡Ÿ °Áµ µ√—ß ·≈–
·√ପ‘ ´—¡°∫— Àπ‘ ¢“â ߇§’¬ß  µŸ≈ ¥”‡ππ‘ °“√µ√«® Õ∫æÈ◊π∑ˇ’ °¥‘ ¥π‘ ∂≈à¡„πæπ◊È ∑˪’ √– ∫æ∫‘ —µ‘
¿—¬§≈Ë◊π¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘ ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥‡°“–√– µ”∫≈‡°“–æ√–∑Õß
·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’°≈ÿà¡√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¡’æ≈—ß∑’Ë Õ”‡¿Õ §√ÿ –∫√ÿ ’ ®—ßÀ«¥— æ—ßß“ ∫√‘‡«≥∫â“π∫“ß„À≠à µ”∫≈∫“ß
 ”§≠— Õ¬Ÿà 13 ·π« ∑æË’ “¥º“à πæπÈ◊ ∑®’Ë ”π«π 22 ®ß— À«¥— §Õ◊ ‡™¬’ ß√“¬ æ√–‡Àπ◊Õ Õ”‡¿Õ≈–Õÿàπ ®ß— À«¥— √–πÕß πÕ°®“°π¬’È —߉¥â¥”‡ππ‘
‡™¬’ ß„À¡à ≈”æπŸ ·¡Œà àÕß Õ𠵓° °”·æ߇æ™√ ≈”ª“ß ·æ√à °“√ ”√«® »÷°…“ ·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°§≈◊Ëπ ÷π“¡‘
πà“π Õµÿ √¥µ‘ ∂å °“≠®π∫√ÿ ’  æÿ √√≥∫√ÿ ’ Õ∑ÿ ¬— ∏“π’ √–πÕß ™ÿ¡æ√ √à«¡°—∫ºâŸ‡™Ë’¬«™“≠®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ·≈–Àπ૬ߓπÕË◊πÊ ‚¥¬
ª√–®«∫§√’ ¢’ π— ∏å æß— ß“  √ÿ “…Æ√∏å “π’ °√–∫Ë’ æß— ß“ ÀπÕߧ“¬ ·≈– °“√√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ‡°Á∫µ–°Õπ  ÷π“¡‘
π§√æπ¡ ·π«√Õ¬‡≈ËÕ◊ π¡æ’ ≈—߇À≈à“π’È Õ“®°Õà „À‡â °¥‘ º≈°√–∑∫ °“√µ√«® Õ∫‚§√ß √â“ß¿“¬„π™È—πµ–°Õπ ·≈–·ºπ∑’Ë· ¥ß
∑Ë’‡°Ë¬’ «¢Õâ ß°—∫·ºπà ¥‘π‰À«‰¥â æ◊πÈ ∑’∑Ë ∂Ë’ °Ÿ πÈ”∑–‡≈∑à«¡∂ß÷ ‡ªìπµπâ

°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ߧ«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß∏√≥’ 16.10 ∑√æ— ¬“°√·√à„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬·ºàπ¥‘π‰À« ªï 2549-2550 ®÷߉¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√ ”√«®
√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¡’æ≈—ߢÕß√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ»√’ «— ¥Ï‘·≈–√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ‡®¥’¬å ∑√—欓°√·√à‡ªìπ Ë‘ß∑Ë’‡°‘¥¢È÷π‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬
 “¡Õß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’√Ë Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ¡’æ≈ß— ‚¥¬‡πâπ„πæ◊πÈ ∑Ë¢’ Õß °√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“´÷Ë߇°‘¥¿“¬„π‚≈°·≈–∫πº‘«‚≈°
®—ßÀ«—¥°“≠®π∫ÿ√’·≈– ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬À≈—°∞“π∏√≥’ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’∑√—欓°√·√à§àÕπ¢â“ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ·≈–¡’§«“¡
 —≥∞“π∑Ë’‰¥â®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√√—∫√Ÿâ√–¬–‰°≈ ·≈–°“√µ√«® Õ∫ Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¡“°°«à“À≈“¬ª√–‡∑»„π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§‡¥’¬«°—π ®“°
¿“§ π“¡√«¡∑ß—È ‰¥§â ¥— ‡≈Õ◊ °æπÈ◊ ∑∑Ë’ ‡Ë’ À¡“– ¡„π°“√¢¥ÿ √Õà ß ”√«® À≈—°∞“π∑“ß‚∫√“≥§¥’‰¥â∫àß™’È«à“ À¡àŸ™π´Ë÷ߵȗß∂Ë‘π∞“πÕ¬àŸ„π
(Trench) ‡æÕ◊Ë ª√–‡¡π‘ À“¢π“¥·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«∑‡Ë’ §¬‡°¥‘ „πÕ¥µ’ ·≈– ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â¡’°“√¢ÿ¥§âπÀ√◊Õ∑”‡À¡◊Õß·√à∑Õß·¥ß·≈–¥’∫ÿ°
™«à ߇«≈“∑‡’Ë §¬‡°¥‘ ·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«„πÕ¥µ’ ®”π«π 6 æπ◊È ∑’Ë °“√»°÷ …“ ‡æË◊Õπ”¡“„™â∑”∑Õß ¡— ƒ∑∏‘Ï ‡¡Ë◊Õª√–¡“≥ 3-4 æπ— ªï ¡“·≈â«
¢—Èπ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°≈àÿ¡√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ»√’ «— ¥Ï‘·≈–‡®¥’¬å “¡Õߧå
æ∫«“à ¢π“¥·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«„πÕ¥µ’  ßŸ  ÿ¥„πæÈ◊π∑’®Ë ß— À«¥— °“≠®π∫√ÿ ’ ™π‘¥¢Õß·À≈àß·√à À“°®”·π°‚¥¬Õ“»—¬≈—°…≥–°“√
·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥ æÿ √√≥∫√ÿ ’ ª√–¡“≥ 7.0 Mw ´Ëß÷ ·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«‡°‘¥ °”‡π‘¥∑’ˇ°Ë’¬«¢âÕß°—∫°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“‡ªìπÀ≈—°
¢È÷π„π™«à ߇«≈“ 1,000 ª∑ï ’Ëº“à π¡“  “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â 2 °≈¡ÿà §◊Õ 1) ·À≈ßà ·√à∑Ë’¡°’ ”‡π¥‘  ¡— æ—π∏å
°—∫°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¿“¬„µâº‘«‚≈° 2) ·À≈àß·√à∑’Ë¡’
°“√°—¥‡´“–™“¬Ωòíß  ∂“π¿“æ°“√°—¥‡´“–™“¬Ωíòß °”‡π¥‘ ‡°Ë’¬«¢âÕß°—∫°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“∫πº‘«‚≈°
∑–‡≈ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß µ≈Õ¥·π«™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈
¢Õ߉∑¬´Ë÷߬“« 2,647 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¡’°“√°—¥‡´“–‡ªìπ√–¬–∑“ß ·À≈àß·√à∑Ë’¡’°”‡π‘¥ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß
∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 568 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 21.47 ¢ÕßæÈ◊π∑’Ë ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“¿“¬„µâº«‘ ‚≈°  “¡“√∂·¬°¬àÕ¬‰¥Àâ ≈“¬™π‘¥ ™π¥‘ ∑’Ë
™“¬Ωòíß∑ßÈ— ª√–‡∑» ™“¬Ωßòí ¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬ ´÷ßË ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬æπ◊È ∑’Ë  ”§—≠·≈–æ∫¡“°„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‰¥â·°à ·À≈àß·√à·∫∫ “¬
™“¬Ωíòß 17 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ¡’§«“¡¬“«∑È—ß ‘Èπ 1,700 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¡’ ‡æ°¡“‰∑µå  “¬·√àπÈ”√âÕπ ( “¬§«Õµ´å) ·≈–·∫∫·ª√ —¡º— 
™“¬Ωòíß∑Ë’∂Ÿ°°—¥‡´“– 376 °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ §¥‘ ‡ªπì √Õâ ¬≈– 22.11 ¢Õß ‚¥¬°“√·∑π∑’Ë ‡™πà ·À≈àß·√¥à ’∫°ÿ -∑—ß ‡µπ·∫∫ª∞¡¿Ÿ¡‘ ·À≈àß
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß∑È—ßÀ¡¥  à«π™“¬Ωòíߥâ“πÕ—π¥“¡—π ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ·√à∑Õߧ”‚µä–‚¡–ä ®—ßÀ«—¥π√“∏‘«“  ·À≈àß·√‡à À≈°Á ‡¢“∑∫— §«“¬
æ◊πÈ ∑’™Ë “¬Ωßòí 6 ®—ßÀ«¥— ¡§’ «“¡¬“« 946 °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ ¡™’ “¬Ωòíß∑’Ë
∂Ÿ°°—¥‡´“–¬“« 111.4 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 11.77 ¢Õß

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 533

®—ßÀ«—¥≈æ∫ÿ√’ ·À≈àß·√à∑Õß·¥ß  —ß°– ’ ®—ßÀ«—¥‡≈¬  ”À√—∫  —¡ƒ∑∏Ï‘ (∑Õß·¥ßº ¡¥’∫ÿ°) „π¬§ÿ  ¡— ƒ∑∏‘Ï  ¡¬— °√ÿß»√Õ’ ¬ÿ∏¬“
·À≈àß·√à∑’Ë¡’°”‡π‘¥‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∫𠉥¡â °’ “√§“â ¢“¬·√॒∫°ÿ æ≈Õ¬·≈–À‘π ’ °∫— ™“«‚ª√µ‡ÿ °  ·≈–
º‘«‚≈°πÈ—π ‰¥â·°à ·À≈àß·√à·∫∫≈“π·√à ·À≈àß·√൰§â“ß – ¡ Ω√—Ë߇»   ”À√—∫¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—πµÈ—ß·µà√—™ ¡—¬æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®
·À≈ßà ·√™à –≈–≈“¬ – ¡ ·≈–·À≈ßà ·√·à ∫∫™πÈ— µ«— Õ¬“à ߇™πà ·À≈ßà æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—« ‰¥â‡√Ë‘¡¡’°“√π”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡—¬„À¡à
¥’∫ÿ°·≈–·√àÀπ—°·∫∫≈“π·√à „π¿“§„µâ∑—Èß∫π∫°·≈–πÕ° ¡“„™â„π°“√∑”‡À¡◊Õß·√à ‚¥¬¡’·√॒∫ÿ°‡ªìπ ‘π§â“ àßÕÕ°∑Ë’
™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ·À≈àßÀ‘πªŸπ™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ·À≈àßæ≈Õ¬·´ª‰ø√å·≈–  ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√Õ◊Ë ¬¡“ ®π°√–∑˗ߪï æ.». 2528 ‰¥‡â °‘¥
∑—∫∑‘¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥ ®—π∑∫ÿ√’ µ√“¥ ·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥°“≠®π∫ÿ√’ ·À≈àß «‘°ƒµ°“√≥å√“§“·√॒∫ÿ°µ°µ”Ë √—∞®÷ß π—∫ πÿπ·≈–æ—≤π“„Àâ¡’
‡°≈◊ÕÀ‘π·≈–‚æ·∑™„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ ·À≈àߥ‘π¢“« °“√„™âª√–‚¬™π宓°·√à™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬ˑ߷√à
®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß ·À≈àß·√଑ª´—¡®—ßÀ«—¥æ‘®‘µ√-π§√ «√√§å ·≈–Àπ‘ Õÿµ “À°√√¡
 ÿ√“…Ø√å∏“π’-π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ ·≈–·À≈àß·√à —ß°– ’º“·¥ß
®—ßÀ«¥— µ“° °“√æ—≤π“Õÿµ “À°√√¡·√à®÷߇√Ë‘¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“°°“√º≈‘µ
·√à‡æË◊Õ àßÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπº≈‘µ‡æË◊Õ√Õß√—∫Õÿµ “À°√√¡¿“¬„π
®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·À≈àß·√à ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“æÈ◊π∞“π ª√–‡∑»¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡ªìπ°“√∑¥·∑π°“√π”‡¢â“º≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“‚§√ß √â“ß ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ —≥∞“π ·≈–∏√≥’øî ‘° å µ“à ߪ√–‡∑»Õ°’ ¥«â ¬
∑“ßÕ“°“»  “¡“√∂·∫àß¡≥±≈·√à„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ
3  à«π (√Ÿª∑’Ë 12.10) §◊Õ ¡≥±≈·√ൖ«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇Àπ◊Õ : ¡’ 16.11 ∑√æ— ¬“°√ª‚î µ√‡≈¬’ ¡·≈–∂“à πÀπ‘ „π
 ¿“æ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·ª√ —≥∞“π·∫∫·Õàß – ¡µ–°Õπ∑’ˇ°‘¥„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
·ºπà ∑«’ª ·À≈ßà ·√∑à æ’Ë ∫‰¥·â °à ·√¬à Ÿ‡√‡π¬’ ¡ ∑Õß·¥ß ‡°≈Õ◊ Àπ‘
·≈–‚æ·∑™ ¡≥±≈·√àµÕπ°≈“ß: ¡—°„Àâ·À≈àß·√à∑’ˇ°‘¥∑’ˇ°‘¥„π 16.11.1 ∑√æ— ¬“°√ª‚î µ√‡≈¬’ ¡„π ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˇªìπ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ·≈–À‘πÕ—§π’·∑√°´Õπ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫
∫√‘‡«≥√Õ¬µ–‡¢Á∫√–À«“à ß∑«ª’ À¡‡àŸ °“–·≈–°≈à¡ÿ ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√ªŸ ‚§ßâ ∑√æ— ¬“°√ª‚î µ√‡≈¬’ ¡ ‰¥·â °à °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈–π”È ¡—π
°≈àÿ¡¢Õß·À≈àß·√à ‰¥â·°à ·√à∑Õß·¥ß-µ–°Ë—«- —ß°– ’ æ≈«ß ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ∑√—欓°√∑’Ë ”§—≠∑“ߥâ“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ¡’
‚¡≈∫‘ ¥π’ ¡— ‚≈À–¡§’ “à (∑Õߧ” ∑Õߧ”¢“« ‡ßπ‘ ) ø≈ÕŸ Õ‰√µå ‚§√‰¡µå ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™â§‘¥‡ªìπ 85% ¢Õßæ≈—ßß“π∑È—ßÀ¡¥∑Ë’„™â¿“¬„π
‡´Õ√å‡æπ∑’π-∑—≈°å ·≈– ¡≥±≈·√ൖ«—πµ–«—πµ°: ¡’≈—°…≥– ª√–‡∑» πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°∂à“πÀ‘π æ≈—ßß“ππÈ”·≈–ÕË◊πÊ ªí®®ÿ∫—π
·À≈àß·√à∑Ë’∫ßà ™∂È’ ß÷ °”‡π¥‘ „π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡¿“§æÈ◊π∑«’ª ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡’°“√„™â∑√—欓°√ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡‡¡Ë◊Õª√—∫‡∑’¬∫‡ªìπ
§Õ◊ ·À≈ßà ·√¥à ∫’ °ÿ ·≈–∑ß—  ‡µπ ·≈–·À≈ßà  “¬·√πà ”È √Õâ π·√æà ≈«ß πÈ”¡π— ¥‘∫·≈â« ‡©≈¬’Ë «π— ≈– 1 ≈â“π∫“√å‡√≈ ª√–¡“≥ 50% ‡ªìπ
·∫‰√µå µ–°Ë—« ·≈–ø≈ŸÕÕ‰√µå ´÷Ëß¡—°‡°‘¥„π™à«ß∑⓬¢Õß ª‚î µ√‡≈¬’ ¡∑ ’Ë “¡“√∂º≈µ‘ ·≈–®—¥À“‰¥¿â “¬„πª√–‡∑» Õ°’ 50%
°√–∫«π°“√·∑√°´Õπ¢ÕßÀπ‘ Õ—§π’ πÕ°®“°π’¡È ’ ·√à‚¡≈∫‘ ¥’π¡— ‡ªìπªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡ ∑Ë’µâÕßπ”‡¢â“¡“®“°µà“ߪ√–‡∑»  ”À√—∫
 —ß°– ’ ∑Õߧ” ·≈–‡À≈°Á ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡∑’˺≈‘µ‰¥â„πª√–‡∑»π—Èπ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ °ä“´
∏√√¡™“µ‘‡À≈« ·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥‘∫ ´Ë÷ߪ√‡≈’¬¡∑’Ëæ∫πÈ—π ®–æ∫
æπÈ◊ ∑»’Ë °— ¬¿“æ∑“ß·√¢à Õ߉∑¬ “¡“√∂®¥— ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì ∑—Èß∫π∫°·≈–„π∑–‡≈ ‚¥¬∑’Ë·À≈àß∫π∫° à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ·À≈àß
°≈ÿࡵà“ßÊ ¥—ßπÈ’ ¥’∫ÿ°·≈–∑—ß ‡µπ ∑Õߧ” µ–°—Ë«·≈– —ß°– ’ π”È ¡π— ¥∫‘ ‡™πà ·À≈ßà  √‘ °‘ µ‘ Ï‘ «‡‘ ™¬’ √∫√ÿ ’ π“ ππàÿ »√‡’ ∑æ °”·æß· π
∑Õß·¥ß·≈–‡À≈Á° ·√àÀπ—°·≈–·√àÀ“¬“° ·¡ß°“π’  æ≈«ß Õà∑Ÿ Õß  ß— ¶®“¬ ∫ß÷ À≠“â ∫÷ß¡à«ß ·≈– ·À≈ßà Ω“ß ‡ªπì µπâ
π°‘ ‡°≈‘ ·≈–‚§√‰¡µå ·√¥à π‘ ·∫‰√µ-å ø≈ÕŸ Õ‰√µå ¬ª‘ ´¡— ‡ø≈¥ å ª“√-å
§«Õµ´å ∑√“¬·°â« À‘π§“√å∫Õ‡πµÀ√◊ÕÀ‘πªŸπ·≈–‚¥‚≈‰¡µå „πæÈ◊π∑’Ë¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ æ∫·À≈àß°ä“´
À‘πª√–¥∫— ™π‘¥Àπ‘ ÕÕà π Àπ‘ ª√–¥—∫™π¥‘ Àπ‘ ·°√𵑠Àπ‘ ‡æÕ√å‰≈µå ∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë·À≈àß°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘π”È æÕß ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ
‡°≈Õ◊ ‚æ·∑™ ‚¥¡‡°≈Õ◊ Àπ‘ ·≈–·Õßà ‡∑Õ√‡å ™¬’ √∑’ ¡Ë’ ·’ À≈ßà ‡™ÕÈ◊ ‡æ≈ß‘ ·À≈àß°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ π‘ ¿ŒŸ Õà ¡ ®ß— À«¥— Õ¥ÿ √∏“π’
∏√√¡™“µ‘
„πæ◊Èπ∑Ë’Õà“«‰∑¬  à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ·À≈àß°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘
°“√π”·√à¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πåπÈ—π §“¥«à“¡’¡“™â“π“π·≈â« ·≈–°“ä ´∏√√¡™“µ‡‘ À≈« ‰¥·â °à ·À≈ßà ‡Õ√“«≥— ∫ß°™ ∫√√æµ  µ≈Ÿ
‡ √Ë‘ ¡ ® “ ° ° “ √ ¢ÿ ¥ §â π À “ · √à ‚ ¥ ¬ ¿Ÿ ¡‘ ªí ≠ ≠ “ ™ “ « ∫â “ π ‡ æ◊Ë Õ π” ¡ “ ª≈“∑Õß ª≈“·¥ß °–æß øπŸ “π ®°— √«“≈  √ÿ “…Æ√å ª≈“À¡°÷
„™â Õ¬„π§√—«‡√◊Õπ À√◊Õ·≈°‡ª≈Ë’¬π¿“¬„π™ÿ¡™π·≈–≈–·«° ‚°¡‘π∑√å ‰æ≈‘π ¬–≈“ œ≈œ ·≈–∫“ß·À≈àßæ∫πÈ”¡—π¥‘∫ ‡™àπ
„°≈⇧’¬ß µàÕ¡“®÷ß¡’°“√·≈°‡ª≈Ë’¬π-´È◊Õ-¢“¬ ·≈–¢¬“¬«ß
°«â“ßÕÕ°‰ª‡√Ë◊Õ¬Ê ¥—ßÀ≈—°∞“π®“°‡§√Ë◊Õß¡◊Õ ‡§√Ë◊Õß„™â‚≈À–

534 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

·À≈àßπ“ßπ«≈ ®— ¡‘π ∑“πµ–«—π ‡∫≠®¡“» ª≈“À¡°÷ πâÕ¬¢È÷πÕ¬Ÿà°—∫≈—°…≥–∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–‚§√ß √â“ߢÕߙȗπÀ‘π
ª®í ®∫ÿ π— ª‚î µ√‡≈¬’ ¡∑º’Ë ≈µ‘ ‰¥â„πª√–‡∑»ππÈ— ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì ∑’Ë°—°‡°Á∫ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬∑—ÈßÀ‘π·¢Áß·≈–À‘π√à«π
1) °“ä ´∏√√¡™“µ‘´ß÷Ë  “¡“√∂º≈µ‘ ‰¥ªâ √–¡“≥ 2,400 ‚¥¬¡’À‘π·¢Áß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ª√–¡“≥ 80 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå  à«π∑Ë’‡À≈◊ÕÕ’°
20 ‡ªÕ√‡å ´πÁ µ‡å ªπì Àπ‘ √«à π™πÈ— Àπ‘ ∑ßÈ— À¡¥ “¡“√∂‡ªπì ·À≈ßà °°— ‡°∫Á
≈â“π≈Ÿ°∫“»°å øµÿ µàÕ«—π πÈ”∫“¥“≈‰¥â∂â“™—ÈπÀ‘ππ—Èπ¡’™àÕß«à“ß·≈–¬Õ¡„Àâπ”È ‰À≈´÷¡ºà“π‰¥â
2) °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘‡À≈«ª√–¡“≥ 70,000 ∫“√å‡√≈ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ∑√—欓°√πÈ”∫“¥“≈„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‰ª„π
·µà≈–¿“§ ·µàª√‘¡“≥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπ”È ®–·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª¢÷Èπ
µàÕ«π— ·≈– Õ¬Ÿà°—∫≈—°…≥–∑“ßÕ∑ÿ °∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“¢Õß·µà≈–∫√‡‘ «≥
3) π”È ¡—π¥∫‘ ª√–¡“≥ 128,000 ∫“√å‡√≈µàÕ«—π
16.12.1 ·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈∑ ’Ë ”§—≠
16.11.2 ∑√æ— ¬“°√∂“à πÀπ‘ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
·À≈ßà π”È ∫“¥“≈∑ ’Ë ”§≠— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®–·∫ßà ÕÕ°‰¥‡â ªπì
·À≈ßà ∂à“πÀπ‘ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«„π™«à ßÕ“¬ÿ 2 ·À≈ßà §Õ◊
2 ™à«ß§Õ◊  – ¡µ—«„π¬§ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√’ ·≈–¬§ÿ §“√å∫Õπ‡‘ øÕ√—  ·µà
·À≈àß∑Ë’æ∫ à«π„À≠à¡—°‡ªìπ·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π∑Ë’¡’°“√ – ¡µ—«„π 1. ·À≈àßπ”È ∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π√à«π (unconsolidated
¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√’ ‚¥¬¡§’ ≥ÿ ¿“æÕ¬√àŸ –À«“à ß≈°‘ ‰πµå ∂÷ß ´—∫∫∑‘ ¡Ÿ π‘  — rocks)
À√◊Õ∫“ßæ◊Èπ∑Ë’Õ“®®–∂÷ß∫‘∑Ÿ¡‘π—  ·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’∑Ë’¡’
¢π“¥„À≠à∑Ë’ ÿ¥ §◊Õ ·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π·Õàß·¡à‡¡“– ®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß 2. ·À≈ßà πÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀπ‘ ·¢ßÁ (consolidated rocks)
´ßË÷ ¥”‡ππ‘ °“√‚¥¬°“√‰øø“Ñ Ω“É ¬º≈µ‘ ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡’ª√‘¡“≥
 ”√Õߧ߇À≈Õ◊ ª√–¡“≥ 1,240 ≈â“πµ—π ·À≈ßà ∂“à πÀ‘π∑¥’Ë ”‡ππ‘ ·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π√à«π À¡“¬∂÷ß ·À≈àßπÈ”∑’ˇ°‘¥
°“√‚¥¬¿“§‡Õ°™π∑¡Ë’ ª’ √¡‘ “≥ ”√Õߧ߇À≈Õ◊ ¡“°∑ Ë’ ¥ÿ §Õ◊ ·À≈ßà Õ¬Ÿà„πµ–°Õπ∑’ˬ—߉¡à®—∫µ—«°—π®π‡ªìπÀ‘π·¢Áß ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬
∂“à πÀπ‘ ·Õßà ·¡à∑“π ®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß ´Ë÷ß¡’ª√¡‘ “≥ ”√Õߧ߇À≈Õ◊ µ–°Õπ °√«¥ ∑√“¬ ¥‘π‡§¬å À√◊Õ¥‘π‡À𒬫ªπ∑√“¬ ™—ÈπÀ‘π
ª√–¡“≥ 22 ≈“â πµπ— √à«π∑’ˇªìπ·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈∑’Ë¡’»—°¬¿“æ¥â“πª√‘¡“≥πÈ” Ÿß §◊Õ
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫≈àÿ¡µ–°Õππ”È æ“ µ–æ—°≈àÿ¡πÈ” À√◊Õ∑’Ë√“∫≈àÿ¡∑“ß
·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π∑’ˬ—߉¡à¡’°“√æ—≤π“·≈–‡ªìπ·À≈àß πÈ”‡°à“ ´÷ßË ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥«â ¬ µ–°Õπ °√«¥ ∑√“¬ ∑ˇ’ ªπì ™—ÈπÀπ“
∂à“πÀ‘π∑Ë’¡’ª√‘¡“≥ ”√ÕߢÕß∑√—欓°√¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ·À≈àß ·≈–¡’°“√§—¥¢π“¥·≈–°“√‡√’¬ßµ—«¥’ ∑”„Àâ¡’™àÕß«à“ß„π°“√
∂à“πÀ‘π·Õàß –∫⓬âÕ¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥ ß¢≈“ ‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥ ”√Õß °—°‡°Á∫πÈ”‰«â‰¥â¡“° ≈—∫°—∫™È—π¥‘π‡§¬å ·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π
∑√—欓°√ª√–¡“≥ 350 ≈â“πµ—π ¡√’ –¥—∫™πÈ— §ÿ≥¿“懪πì ≈°‘ ‰πµå √«à π∑ Ë’ ”§≠— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ §Õ◊ ∫√‡‘ «≥∑√Ë’ “∫¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ„µâ
‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“®“°§ÿ≥¿“ææ∫«à“ ·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π·ÕàßπÈ’‡À¡“–∑’Ë®– ´ß÷Ë ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥«â ¬∑√Ë’ “∫≈¡ÿà ¢Õß·¡πà È”‡®“â æ√–¬“ ∑“à ®π’ ·¡°à ≈Õß
𔉪„™âª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“ ‡æ√“–¡’§à“§«“¡ ·≈–∫“ߪ–°ß §≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑Ë’µ—Èß·µà®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ∑—¬∏“π’ ≈ß¡“®π∂÷ß
√Õâ π§àÕπ¢â“ߵ˔ πÕ°®“°πÈ’·À≈àß∂“à πÀπ‘ ·Õà߇«¬’ ß·Àß ®ß— À«¥— ®—ßÀ«—¥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ·≈– ¡ÿ∑√ª√“°“√ π”È ∫“¥“≈®–‡°‘¥
‡™’¬ß„À¡à °Á®—¥«à“‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑Ë’πà“ π„®¡“°Õ’°æÈ◊π∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß ‡æ√“– Õ¬Ÿà„π™È—π °√«¥ ∑√“¬ ∑’Ë·∑√° ≈—∫°—∫™È—π¥‘π‡§¬å À√◊Õ¥‘π
«“à ¡ª’ √¡‘ “≥ ”√ÕߧÕà π¢“â ß¡“° (93 ≈“â πµπ— ) ‡À𒬫ªπ∑√“¬ ™È—ππ”È ∫“¥“≈®–¡’Õ¬ŸàÀ≈“¬™È—π ∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡
≈÷°µà“ßÊ §«“¡Àπ“¢Õßµ–°ÕπÀπ‘ √à«π¡“°°«“à 2,000 ‡¡µ√ „π
16.12 ∑√æ— ¬“°√πÈ”∫“¥“≈„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∫√‘‡«≥„®°≈“ß·Õàß∑“ߥâ“π„µâ·≈–§àÕ¬≈¥≈ß®ππâÕ¬°«à“
50 ‡¡µ√ „πµÕπ‡ÀπÕ◊ ·À≈ßà πÈ”∫“¥“≈∑¡Ë’ »’ —°¬¿“æ Ÿß ·≈–„Àâ
π”È ∫“¥“≈‡ªπì ∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ∑‘  Ë’ ”§≠— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» §≥ÿ ¿“楒®–Õ¬àŸ„π∫√‡‘ «≥≈¡ÿà π”È ‡®â“æ√–¬“ ∑à“®’π ·≈–·¡°à ≈Õß
 ”À√∫— °“√π”¡“„™∑â ßÈ— ‡æËÕ◊ °“√Õªÿ ‚¿§∫√‚‘ ¿§ °“√Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑Ë’ “¡“√∂ Ÿ∫¢È÷π¡“„™â‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å 50-300 ≈Ÿ°
√«¡∑ßÈ— ‡ªπì ·À≈ßà π”È ‡ √¡‘ ‡æÕË◊ °“√‡°…µ√Õ¬“à ߉√°µÁ “¡πÈ”∫“¥“≈ ∫“»°å‡¡µ√/™Ë—«‚¡ß „π∫√‘‡«≥µ–°ÕππȔ擷≈–ª√‘¡“≥π”È ≈¥
‡ªìππ”È ∑’ËÕ¬àŸ„µâ¥‘π·≈–‰¡à “¡“√∂¡Õ߇ÀÁπ‰¥â‡À¡◊Õππ”È º‘«¥‘π ≈ß„π∫√‡‘ «≥∑‡’Ë ªπì µ–æ°— ≈¡àÿ πÈ”®–‰¥ªâ √¡‘ “≥π”È „π‡°≥±å10-30≈°Ÿ
¥—ßπÈ—π°“√æ—≤π“·≈–®—¥°“√π”È ∫“¥“≈„À≥âº≈¥’¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ∫“»°å‡¡µ√/™—Ë«‚¡ß  à«π„π∫√‘‡«≥≈àÿ¡π”È ∫“ߪ–°ß π”È ∫“¥“≈
®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕß∑√“∫»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß·À≈àßπ”È ∫“¥“≈πÈ—πÊ  à«π„À≠à®–¡’»°— ¬¿“æµË”·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”°√àÕ¬ ·À≈àßπ”È ∫“¥“≈
‚¥¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∫“¥“≈„π·À≈àß°—°‡°Á∫®–¡’¡“°À√◊Õ „π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ≈à“ßπÈ’¡’°“√æ—≤π“π”È ∫“¥“≈¢÷Èπ¡“„™â

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 535

‡æË◊Õ°“√Õÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¡“°·≈– π”È ∫“¥“≈∑Ë’¥’‰¥â ®–µÕâ ß¡’‚§√ß √“â ß∑“ß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡
√–¬–‡«≈“π“𵑥µàÕ°—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π∫√‘‡«≥°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ‡™àπ ¡’√Õ¬‡≈Ë◊Õπ √Õ¬·µ° √Õ¬µàÕ√–À«à“ß™—ÈπÀ‘π·≈–Õ◊ËπÊ ∑’Ë
·≈–ª√‘¡≥±≈ ®π∑”„Àâ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π‡°‘¥ªí≠À“«‘°ƒµ°“√≥å ∑”„À¡â ™’ Õà ß«“à ߇°‘¥¢π÷È ‰¥¡â “°·≈–™àÕß«à“ßππ—È µ‘¥µàÕ∂÷ß°—π ®÷ß®–
π”È ∫“¥“≈·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π∑√ÿ¥¢÷Èπ ·≈–¢≥–πÈ’Õ¬Ÿà„π√–À«à“ß°“√ °°— ‡°∫Á π”È ‰«â‰¥¥â ’ À√Õ◊ Õ“®®–‡ªπì Àπ‘ ªπŸ ∑≈Ë’ °— …≥–懑 »… §Õ◊ Àπ‘ ªπŸ
¥”‡ππ‘ ß“πµ¥‘ µ“¡µ√«® Õ∫ ·≈–ªÕÑ ß°π— ·≈–·°â‰¢«°‘ ƒµ°“√≥å  “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬π”È ‰¥â·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ªìπ™àÕß«à“ß ‚æ√ßÀ√◊Õ∂È”
π”È ∫“¥“≈·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π∑√ÿ¥¥â«¬¡“µ√°“√∑—Èߥâ“π°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈– ¢π“¥„À≠à  “¡“√∂®–°—°‡°Á∫π”È ∫“¥“≈‰«â‰¥â¡“° ‚¥¬∑Ë—«‰ª
¡“µ√°“√¥â“π«™‘ “°“√ ·≈â«À‘π·¢Áß∑Ë’¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥âπ”È ∫“¥“≈¡“°§◊Õ À‘πªŸπ´÷Ëß®–æ∫Õ¬àŸ
∑«Ë— ‰ª∑ßÈ— „π¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ¿“§°≈“ß ¿“§„µâ ·≈–¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ° „π
·À≈àßπ”È ∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π√à«π∑Ë’ ”§—≠Õ’°∫√‘‡«≥Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ Àπ‘ ªπŸ ‡À≈“à πÈ’‚¥¬∑«—Ë ‰ª®–‰¥πâ È”Õ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å 5-30 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/
·ÕàßπÈ”∫“¥“≈„π∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’√“∫¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ ´÷Ëߧ≈ÿ¡ ™—«Ë ‚¡ß ∑§Ë’ «“¡≈÷°µ—ßÈ ·µà 30-100 ‡¡µ√ ·µà„π∫“ß∫√‡‘ «≥∂“â æ∫
æÈ◊π∑’Ë≈àÿ¡π”È ªîß ¬¡ ·≈–πà“πµÕπ≈à“ß §≈ÿ¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥ ‚æ√ß¢π“¥„À≠àÕ“®®–‰¥πâ ”È ¡“°∂ß÷ 100 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«Ë— ‚¡ß
Õµÿ √¥µ‘ ∂å æ…‘ ≥‚ÿ ≈°  ‚ÿ ¢∑¬— 殑 µ‘ √ °”·æ߇æ™√ ·≈–π§√ «√√§å πÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π·¢Áß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫ª√–™“™π„π°“√
µ–°ÕπÀ‘π√à«π„π∫√‘‡«≥π’ÈÀ𓇩≈Ë’¬ 300-500 ‡¡µ√ ·µà æ—≤π“¢È÷π¡“„™â‡æË◊ÕÕÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§ §◊Õ À‘π™ÿ¥‚§√“™ ´÷Ëß®–æ∫
∫√‘‡«≥„®°≈“ß·Õàß¡’§«“¡Àπ“¡“° 700 ‡¡µ√ ∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’‡ªìπ Õ¬Ÿà„π∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ ‡ªπì  «à π„À≠®à –ª√–°Õ∫‰ª
µ–°Õππ”È æ“¢Õß≈ÿà¡πÈ”µà“ßÊ ®–„Àâ»—°¬¿“æπ”È  ŸßÕ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å ¥â«¬À‘π∑√“¬ À‘π¥‘π¥“π ·≈–À‘π∑√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ πÈ”∫“¥“≈®–
50-100 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«—Ë ‚¡ß ∑√Ë’ –¥∫— §«“¡≈°÷ ‰¡‡à °π‘ 300 ‡¡µ√ ‡°¥‘ Õ¬àŸ„π™Õà ß«“à ß∑’ˇ°¥‘ ®“°√Õ¬·µ° √Õ¬·¬°À√◊Õ√Õ¬µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß
 «à π„π∫√‡‘ «≥¢Õß·Õàß ´ß÷Ë ‡ªìπµ–°Õπµ–æ—°≈”π”È ·≈–µ–°Õπ √–À«“à ß™πÈ— Àπ‘ ª√¡‘ “≥πȔլŸà„π‡°≥±å 3-6 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«Ë— ‚¡ß
√Ÿªæ¥— ®–„Àªâ √‘¡“≥π”È Õ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å 3-10 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«Ë— ‚¡ß §≥ÿ ¿“æπÈ”‚¥¬∑«Ë— ‰ª®–¡ª’ √¡‘ “≥‡À≈°Á  ßŸ ‡°π‘ ¡“µ√∞“ππ”È ¥¡◊Ë ·≈–
§≥ÿ ¿“æπ”È ∫“¥“≈‚¥¬∑«—Ë ‰ªÕ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±Õå ªÿ ‚¿§∫√‚‘ ¿§‰¥â ¬°‡«πâ „π∫“ß∫√‘‡«≥¢Õß™ÿ¥Àπ‘ ‚§√“™µÕπ∫π®–‰¥πâ È”‡§¡Á ‡πÕË◊ ß®“°¡’
ª√‘¡“≥‡À≈Á°∑Ë’ Ÿß‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“ππ”È ¥◊Ë¡·µà “¡“√∂ª√—∫ª√ÿß ™È—π‡°≈◊ÕÀ‘π·∑√° ≈—∫Õ¬Ÿà ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥ Õ”‡¿Õ∫”‡ÀπÁ®≥√ߧå
§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”‰¥â‚¥¬«∏‘ °’ √Õß ®—ßÀ«¥— ™—¬¿¡Ÿ ‘ Õ”‡¿Õ∫«— „À≠à ®—ßÀ«¥— π§√√“™ ’¡“ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥
∑àßÿ °≈ÿ “√Õâ ߉Àâ ‡ªπì µâπ
·ÕàßπÈ”∫“¥“≈∑ˇ’ ªìπÀ‘π√à«π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»·À≈ßà Õπ◊Ë Ê ∑’Ë
¡’¢π“¥‰¡à„À≠à¡“°π—° ·µà°Á “¡“√∂æ—≤π“¢÷Èπ¡“„™â‰¥â‡æË◊Õ°“√  «à π·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀπ‘ ·¢ßÁ ™¥ÿ ÕπË◊ Ê ‡™àπ „πÀπ‘ æ«°
Õªÿ ‚¿§∫√‚‘ ¿§ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬∑Ë«— ‰ª®–„Àπâ È”Õ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å À‘π™—Èπ°÷ËßÀ‘π·ª√ (metasediments) À‘π·ª√ (Metamorphic
5-50 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«—Ë ‚¡ß §Õ◊ „π∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ ·Õßà ‡™¬’ ß„À¡-à Rocks) ´ßË÷ æ∫Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‰ª„π∑°ÿ ¿“§ ®–‡ªπì ™πÈ— πÈ”∑Ë’‰¥πâ ”È ‡æ¬’ ßæÕ
≈”æŸπ ·Õàß≈”ª“ß ·≈–„π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§„µâª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ ‡©æ“–‡æË◊Õ°“√Õÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§‡∑à“πÈ—π ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”
·ÕàßÀ“¥„À≠à ∑’Ë√“∫™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° µ—Èß·µà®—ßÀ«—¥ ®–Õ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å 1-5 ≈°Ÿ ∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«Ë— ‚¡ß ∑√Ë’ –¥∫— §«“¡≈°÷ ‰¡‡à °π‘
 ÿ√“…Ø√å∏“π’-π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™- ß¢≈“ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫ 50 ‡¡µ√  à«πÀπ‘ Õ—§π’ ‡™πà ·°√π‘µ ·≈–À‘π¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø «à π„À≠à
™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ªíµµ“π’  à«π·Õàß∑’Ë¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°·≈–πÈ”∫“¥“≈¡’ ·≈«â ®–‰¥πâ È”®“°∫√‡‘ «≥∑‡Ë’ ªπì Àπ‘ º‡ÿ ∑“à ππ—È ª√¡‘ “≥π”È ∑’ˉ¥â‰¡‡à °π‘
»—°¬¿“ææÕ∑’Ë®–π”¡“„™â ”À√—∫°“√Õÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπÀ≈—°§◊Õ 3 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√/™Ë—«‚¡ß ¬°‡«âπÀ‘π∫–´Õ≈µå∑’Ë®–Õ“®®–„Àâπ”È
·Õàßæ–‡¬“ ·Õàß·æ√à ·Õßà π“à π ·ÕàßÕß‘ ·Õßà ‡∑ß‘ ·Õßà ·¡àæ√°‘ ¡“°‡πË◊Õß®“°≈—°…≥–∑“ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë “¡“√∂°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”‰«â ‰¥â¥’
·≈–·ÕàßΩ“ß „π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ  à«π„π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß °«“à ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–Õ¬àŸ„π‡°≥±å 3-10 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°‡å ¡µ√/™«Ë— ‚¡ß
‡ÀπÕ◊ §Õ◊ ·Õßà ™’-¡≈Ÿ -·¡à‚¢ß ·≈–„π∫√‘‡«≥¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°®–¡’
·À≈àßπ”È „πµ–°Õπµ–æ—°≈àÿ¡π”È „π∫√‘‡«≥ Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß™≈∫ÿ√’ 16.13 °“√„™ªâ √–‚¬™π¢å âÕ¡≈Ÿ ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
Õ”‡¿Õ µ— À∫’ ®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß ·≈–„π∫√‡‘ «≥·ÕàßÕ”‡¿Õ∫â“π§“à ¬ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
·µà·À≈àßπÈ”∫“¥“≈„π∫√‘‡«≥∑Ë’√“∫™“¬Ωòíß®–¡’π”È ‡§Á¡·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà
¥â«¬ ¥ß— πÈ—π°“√‡®“–·≈–æ—≤π“πÈ”∫“¥“≈®–µÕâ ß¡’°“√«“ß·ºπ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¡’ª√–‚¬™πå¡“°¡“¬À≈“¬ª√–°“√
‡ªìπÕ¬“à ߥ’ ∑È—ß à«π∑Ë’π”‰ª„™âª√–‚¬™πå‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‡™‘ߪ√–¬ÿ°µå °≈à“«§◊Õ
πÕ°®“°°“√„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æÈ◊π∞“π‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪 àŸ°“√‡ “–· «ßÀ“
·À≈ßà πÈ”∫“¥“≈„πÀ‘π·¢ßÁ : À‘π·¢ßÁ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥·’ ≈«â ¬ß—  “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬°ÿ µå„™â„À‡â °¥‘ ª√–‚¬™πå
¡’‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°ª√–‡¿∑ µÈ—ß·µàÕ“¬ÿ¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’ (Tertiary) ∂÷߬ÿ§
°àÕπ·§¡‡∫√’¬π (Precambrian) À‘π·¢Áß®–‡ªìπ·À≈àß°—°‡°Á∫

536 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

·°ßà “π¥“â πµ“à ßÊ ‡™πà ¥“â π°“√æ≤— 𓂧√ß √“â ßæπÈ◊ ∞“𠥓â π°“√ ¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∏√≥’ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æË◊Õ°“√«“ß·ºπ
∫√√‡∑“∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ °“√‡≈◊Õ° √√æÈ◊π∑Ë’‡À¡“– ¡ ”À√—∫ ‡æË◊Õ°“√«“ß·ºπ∫√‘‡«≥πÈ’
°“√°”®—¥¢¬– °“√«“ß·ºπ„™âª√–‚¬™πåæÈ◊π∑’Ë µ≈Õ¥®π¥â“π
°“√æ—≤π“·À≈àß∏√≥’Õ—π§«√Õπÿ√—°…å∑’Ë ”§—≠µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬‡©æ“– ªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√«“ß·ºπ®—¥°“√¥â“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘
„π à«π∑Ë’‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— ·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«¥«â ¬ „À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥·≈–¬Ë—߬Ë◊π¡’§«“¡¬ÿà߬“°·≈–´—∫´âÕπ°«à“
·µà°àÕπ¡“° ‡æ√“–µâÕߧ”π÷ß∂÷ß°“√π”∑√—欓°√¡“„™âÕ¬à“ß¡’
°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¥â“π°“√æ—≤π“ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈– Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫À≈—°°“√Õπÿ√—°…å ‚¥¬„Àâ¡’º≈
‚§√ß √â“ßæÈ◊π∞“π ª√–‡¿∑‚§√ß¢à“¬°“√¢π àß ¡’°√≥’»÷°…“ °√–∑∫µÕà  ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡πÕâ ¬∑ Ë’ ¥ÿ °“√„™ªâ √–‚¬™π¢å Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
™È’„À‡â ÀÁπ‡ªì𵫗 Õ¬à“߉¥â 4 °√≥’ ‰¥â·°à ß“π √“â ß∂π𠇙àπß“π  ”À√—∫°“√«“ß·ºπ„™âª√–‚¬™πåæ◊Èπ∑Ë’ ®÷ß “¡“√∂™à«¬„Àâ¡’°“√
 √â“ß –æ“π‡»√…∞°‘® (land bridge) µ“¡‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“ ®—¥‡µ√’¬¡·≈–‡ πÕ·π–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∞“π∑Ë’‡°Ë’¬«¢âÕß „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª
™“¬Ωßíò ∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ ´ß÷Ë √∞— ∫“≈¡¥’ ”√„‘ À¥â ”‡ππ‘ °“√¡“À≈“¬ª·ï ≈«â ·∫∫∑’ˇ¢â“„®‰¥âßà“¬·≈– –¥«°„π°“√𔉪„™âß“π Õ—π®–‡ªìπ
ß“π°àÕ √“â ߇ πâ ∑“߇¥‘π‡√◊Õ °“√殑 “√≥“‡≈◊Õ°‡ πâ ∑“߇æÕ◊Ë ¢¥ÿ ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕπ°— «“ß·ºπÀ√◊պⰟ ”Àπ¥π‚¬∫“¬‡ªπì Õ¬“à ß¡“° ¡’
·π«§≈Õß°√– ß“π°àÕ √“â ß∑“à ‡√Õ◊ π”È ≈÷° ‡™àπ°√≥’°“√«“ß·ºπ °√≥’»÷°…“´Ë÷ß®—¥∑”‡ªìπµ“√“ß√«¡ ‚¥¬π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–º≈®“°
°àÕ √â“ß∑à“‡√◊Õπ”È ≈÷°∑È—ß 2 ø“°¢Õß –æ“π‡»√…∞°‘®√–À«à“ß °“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬¢ÕßÀ≈“¬§π„πÀ≈“¬∫√‘‡«≥ ‡æË◊ՙȒ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß
¥â“πΩíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π·≈–ΩòíßÕà“«‰∑¬ ‚¥¬∑Ë’¥â“π∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π «— µ ∂ÿ ª √ –   ß §å ¢ Õ ß ° “ √ „ ™â ¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ∑ √— æ ¬ “ ° √ ° “ ¬ ¿ “ æ · ≈ –
Õ¬∑àŸ ∑’Ë “߇≈Õ◊ °√–À«“à ß∫√‡‘ «≥∫“â π∑∫— ≈–¡·ÿ ≈–∞“π∑æ— ‡√Õ◊ Õ”‡¿Õ  ¿“æ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‡ªìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë®–™à«¬„π°“√«“ß·ºπ„™â
∑“â ¬‡À¡Õ◊ ß ®ß— À«¥— æß— ß“ °∫— ∫√‡‘ «≥‡¢“À≈°— ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õµ–°«—Ë ª“É ª√–‚¬™πåæÈ◊π∑Ë’ ·≈–°“√‡≈◊Õ°æ◊Èπ∑Ë’∑Ë’‡À¡“– ¡ ”À√—∫
®—ßÀ«—¥æ—ßß“ ·≈–¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬Õ¬àŸ∑’Ë∑“߇≈◊Õ°√–À«à“ß∫√‘‡«≥ °“√æ—≤𓥓â πµà“ßÊ µ“¡µâÕß°“√
∫â“π∫“ßªÕ Õ”‡¿Õ ‘™≈ °—∫∑à“‡√◊Õ¢π∂à“¬¬‘ª´—¡ ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õ
¢πÕ¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™  ”À√∫— ß“π°àÕ √â“ß π“¡∫π‘ ÕπËß÷ °“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ ‡æÕË◊ °“√æ≤— π“
πÈ—π ¡’°√≥’»÷°…“ ‡™àπ °“√¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√°àÕ √â“ß π“¡∫‘π ·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑Ë’¬«∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’ˇ°Ë’¬«¢âÕß‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫
π“π“™“µ‘°√ÿ߇∑朷Ààß∑’Ë Õß ( π“¡∫‘πÀπÕßߟ‡Àà“À√◊Õ π“¡ ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ ´ß÷Ë ‰¥·â °·à À≈ßà ∑Õà ߇∑¬’Ë «∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂øôπó øŸ
∫π‘  «ÿ √√≥¿¡Ÿ )‘ ´ßË÷ ¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“°∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“¡ ’ «à π‡ √¡‘ ¥“â π«»‘ «°√√¡ „À°â ≈∫— §π◊   Ÿà ¿“懥¡‘ ‰¥â ‡™πà ‡°“–·°ßà ∑–‡≈ “∫ ÀπÕß∫ß÷ ¿‡Ÿ ¢“
‰¥âæÕ ¡§«√ ∂È” π”È µ° À“¥∑√“¬ À“¥Àπ‘ ·À≈àß´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æå ·≈–∏√≥’
 ≥— ∞“π∑’‡Ë ªìπ‡Õ°≈—°…≥ªå √–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ °√≥’»°÷ …“µà“ßÊ ®–‡πâπ
 «à π‚§√ß √“â ßæπ◊È ∞“πª√–‡¿∑‰¡à„™à‚§√ߢ“à ¬°“√¢π ßà °“√„À⧫“¡√⟠„π à«π∑’Ë°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’¡’∫∑∫“∑·≈–
¡°’ √≥ª’ √–‚¬™π¢å Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“™’È„À‡â ÀπÁ ‡ªπì °√≥»’ °÷ …“ ‰¥·â °à ß“π Àπâ“∑Ë’‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡°’ˬ«°—∫·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√·À≈àß
°àÕ √â“߇¢◊ËÕ𠇙àπß“π°àÕ √â“߇¢Ë◊Õπ«™‘√“≈ß°√≥ (‡¢◊ËÕπ‡¢“ ´“°¥°÷ ¥”∫√√æ剥‚π‡ “√å
·À≈¡) ∫√‘‡«≥Õ”‡¿Õ∑Õߺ“¿Ÿ¡‘ ®—ßÀ«—¥°“≠®π∫ÿ√’ ´÷Ë߇√Ë‘¡
°Õà  √â“߇¡◊ÕË ªï æ.». 2525 ®π·≈⫇ √Á®‡¡ËÕ◊ ªï æ.». 2527

 ”À√—∫‚§√ß √â“ßæÈ◊π∞“πª√–‡¿∑µ“¡«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å
¡°’ √≥’»÷°…“∑’Ë™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂ß÷ ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‡æÕË◊  “¡“√∂
𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â„πß“π°àÕ √â“ßπ‘§¡Õÿµ “À°√√¡‰¥â ‡™àπ
‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“™“¬Ωíßò ∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ

„π°“√‡≈◊Õ° √√æÈ◊π∑Ë’°”®—¥¢¬– ªí®®ÿ∫—πª√–™“™π
·≈–Àπ૬ߓπ∑Ë’‡°Ë’¬«¢âÕß ‰¥â√—∫√⟷≈–‡¢â“„®∫∑∫“∑¢Õß°“√„™â
¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“¡“°¢È÷π ∑ßÈ— π°È’ “√„™ªâ √–‚¬™π¢å âÕ¡≈Ÿ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß®–™à«¬ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“∑Ë’®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵‰¥â
¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√«“ß·ºπ°“√°àÕ √â“ßÀ√◊Õ°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°æ◊Èπ∑Ë’ ∑‘Èߢ¬–
®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“ß¬Ë‘ß ¡’°√≥’»÷°…“‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ߙȒ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ
‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥≈àÿ¡·Õà߇™’¬ß„À¡à-≈”æŸπ ®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’·≈–
π§√√“™ ’¡“ ´Ë÷ß°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’  ∂“∫—π∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–
∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ·‘ Àßà  Àæ—π∏ å “∏“√≥√∞— ‡¬Õ√¡π’ ‰¥â√à«¡°π—

‡Õ° “√Õ“â ßÕ‘ß

°√¡§«∫§¡ÿ ¡≈æ…‘ , 2541, ‡°≥±¡å “µ√∞“π·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√®¥— °“√ π∏‘ æ‘ ≤— πå ™“≈®’ —π∑√,å «‘≈‡≈¬’ ¡ ¥.’ ®Õπ µπÈ— ®Ÿ‡π¬’ √å, «™‘ “
¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬™ÿ¡™π:°√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ‡»√…∞∫ÿµ√ ·≈– ®Õ√å™ ´’. ‡∑‡≈Õ√å ®Ÿ‡π’¬√å, 2496,
·≈– Ëß‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡, Àπ“â 32 ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·À≈àß·√àª√–‡∑»‰∑¬: ‡Õ° “√
∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“, °√¡‚≈À°‘®, ‡≈¡à ∑Ë’ 1, 281 Àπâ“
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 2537,  ÿ “πÀÕ¬·À≈¡‚æ∏Ï‘ ®—ßÀ«—¥°√–∫Ë’: §≥– ”√«®æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àµÿ¥‘π∂≈à¡¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕµÕπ≈à“ß, 2550,
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 86 Àπ“â ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∏√≥’¿—¬¥‘π∂≈à¡ ∫√‘‡«≥¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕµÕπ≈à“ß:
°Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡, °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, √“¬ß“π
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 2540, ß“π ”√«®·≈–ª√–‡¡π‘ »°— ¬¿“æ∂“à πÀπ‘ «‘™“°“√©∫—∫∑’Ë °∏  2/2550, 63 Àπâ“.
·Õßà Ω“ß ®ß— À«¥— ‡™¬’ ß„À¡:à °Õ߇™Õ◊È ‡æ≈ß‘ ∏√√¡™“µ,‘ 78 Àπ“â §ÿ√®ÿ ‘µ π“§√∑√√æ, ™™— «“≈¬å °≈¥— 𓧖, «‘™¬— ∏“√≥‡®…Æ“ ·≈–
¬ß¬ÿ∑∏ µ√—ߧ™ “√, 2536, °ä“´®“°Õà“« π”È ¡—π®“°
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 2541, °“√»÷°…“™—Èπ‡°≈◊ÕÀ‘π ∫√‘‡«≥ ∑Ë√’ “∫, ªî‚µ√‡≈¬’ ¡‡¡Õ◊ ß ¬“¡: Àπâ“ 75-109
‚§√ß°“√™≈ª√–∑“π≈àÿ¡πÈ”°Ë”µÕπ≈à“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√æπ¡: ‚§√ß°“√§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡—π, 2542, ·ºπ∑’Ë
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 158 Àπ“â ª√–¡«≈º≈∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√‰∑¬-
‡¬Õ√¡—π: ·ºπ∑’Ë®—¥∑”‚¥¬‚§√ß°“√∏√≥’ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æ◊ËÕ
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 2548, °“√≈¥§«“¡‡ Ë’¬ß®“°∏√≥’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ °“√«“ß·ºπ≈¡ÿà ·Õßà ‡™¬’ ß„À¡-à ≈”æπŸ ,‚§√ß°“√§«“¡√«à ¡¡Õ◊
§≈Ë◊π¬—°…å ÷π“¡‘, °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬-‡¬Õ√¡—π
 Ëß‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡, 32 Àπâ“ ‚§√ß°“√√«à ¡¡Õ◊ ∑“ß«™‘ “°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡π— , 2545, ·ºπ∑ª’Ë √–¡«≈º≈
∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√ ‰∑¬-‡¬Õ√¡—π:
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 2550,  ∂“π¿“æ°“√°—¥‡´“–™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ‚§√ß°“√∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æË◊Õ°“√«“ß·ºπ™ÿ¡™π
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ªï æ.». 2549: °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡, 30 Àπ“â . ‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’, ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ
∑“ß«™‘ “°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡—π.
°√¡·ºπ∑∑’Ë À“√, 2512, ·ºπ∑‡’Ë ≈¡à · ¥ß∑√æ— ¬“°√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡—π, 2546,  √ÿªº≈°“√
: °√¡·ºπ∑’Ë∑À“√ °Õß∫≠— ™“°“√∑À“√ ßŸ  ¥ÿ  ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“  ”À√—∫∑Ë’Ωíß°≈∫¢¬–·Ààß„À¡à¢Õß
‡∑»∫“≈¥à“π¢ÿπ∑¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√√“™ ’¡“ ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“
°≈ÿà¡«‘®—¬·√àÕÿµ “À°√√¡, 2536, √“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“  ¿“æ°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕππ”È ∫“¥“≈®“°À≈ÿ¡Ωíß°≈∫¢¬–:
‡√Ë◊Õߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õß China Stone ®“°®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß : ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡—π, 29 Àπâ“.
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 145 Àπ“â ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡¡Õ◊ ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡—π, 2547, ·ºπ∑˪’ √–¡«≈
º≈∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√‰∑¬-‡¬Õ√¡—π:
°Õ߇™Õ◊È ‡æ≈ß‘ ∏√√¡™“µ,‘ 2526, °“√ ”√«®·≈–æ—≤π“ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡ ‚§√ß°“√∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æ◊ËÕ°“√«“ß·ºπ™ÿ¡™π
„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬: °Õ߇™ÕÈ◊ ‡æ≈ß‘ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ ‡¢µæÈ◊π∑’ˇ¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√√“™ ’¡“, ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ
Àπâ“ 1-21 ∑“ß«‘™“°“√‰∑¬‡¬Õ√¡π— .
®ßæπ— ∏å ®ß≈°— …¡≥’ ·≈– π‡√»  µ— ¬“√°— …,å 2527, ·ºπ∑∏’Ë √≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
°Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß∏√√¡™“µ‘, 2525, °“√ ”√«®ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡„π √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥‡æ™√∫Ÿ√≥å (NE 47-16) ¡“µ√“ à«π
¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ , „π‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√∫√√¬“¬ 1:250,000 : °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
¢Õß œæ≥œ √—∞¡πµ√’«à“°“√°√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡: ®ßæπ— ∏å ®ß≈°— …¡≥’ ·≈– ‡ √‘¡»—°¥‘Ï µ¬‘ æπ— ∏å, 2528, √“¬ß“π°“√
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡, Àπ“â 1-8  ”√«®∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“√–«“ß∫“â πªÉ“·¥ß (5046 III) ¡“µ√“ «à π
1:50,000: °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 40 Àπâ“
°”æ≈ ¡≥ª’ √–æπ— ∏å ·≈– 𧑠¡  ¢ÿ ¢«≠— , 2540, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“À≈¡ÿ ¬∫ÿ (Sink hole) ∑∫Ë’ “â πÀπ“â ‡¢“ µ”∫≈ª“°·®¡à
Õ”‡¿ÕÀ⫬¬Õ¥ ®—ßÀ«—¥µ√—ß :  ”π—°ß“π∑√—欓°√∏√≥’
‡¢µ 1  ß¢≈“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡,
21 Àπâ“

°”æ≈ ¡≥ª’ √–æπ— ∏å ·≈– 𧑠¡  ¢ÿ ¢«≠— , 2541, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫ ∑Ë’∫â“π∫àÕ ’‡ ’¬¥ µ”∫≈π“∑à“¡‡Àπ◊Õ
Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡Õ◊ ß ®—ßÀ«—¥µ√ß— :  ”π°— ß“π∑√—欓°√∏√≥‡’ ¢µ 1
 ß¢≈“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡, 18 Àπ“â

‡°≈π ‡Õø. ∫√“«πå,  ¡“π ∫ÿ√“«“», ™ÿ¡‡®…Øå ®√—≈™«π–‡æ∑,

538 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

®ßæ—π∏å ®ß≈°— …¡≥,’ π‡√»  µ— ¬“√°— …å ·≈–  —≠≠“  √“¿√‘ ¡¬,å °“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥™≈∫ÿ√’·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥
2522, ·ºπ∑’Ë∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 √–«“ß √–¬Õß : °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 39 Àπâ“
®—ßÀ«—¥π§√æπ¡ ·≈–ª“°´—π (NE48-10,6): ™“≠ ®√√¬“«≥‘™¬å, 2529,  ∂“π°“√≥å·√à∑Ë’„™â„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡
°Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ ‡´√“¡°‘ : °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 40 Àπ“â
‡™‘¥»—°¥‘Ï Õ√√∂Õ“√ÿ≥ ·≈– µ«ß»—°¥‘Ï √—° ”À√«®, 2540,
®ßæ—π∏å ®ß≈—°…¡≥’, π‡√»  —µ¬“√—°…å, ª“πæß…å °“≠®πæ—π∏å ‚«≈≈“ ‚∑‰πµå„π®—ßÀ«—¥≈æ∫ÿ√’ : ¢à“« “√°“√∏√≥’,
·≈–  —≠≠“  √“¿‘√¡¬å, 2528, ·ºπ∑Ë’∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ ª∑ï ’Ë 42, ©∫∫— ∑’Ë 4, Àπâ“ 33-42
¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ·≈– ‡™‘¥»°— ¥‘Ï Õ√√∂Õ“√ÿ≥, 2538, Õµÿ  “À°√√¡‡´√“¡‘°:  ∂“π°“√≥å
«ß— ‡«’¬ß (NE48-9,5) : °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ ·≈–·π«‚πâ¡, „π‡Õ° “√°“√ª√–™ÿ¡«‘™“°“√°√¡
∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ ‡√◊ËÕß §«“¡°â“«Àπâ“·≈–«‘ —¬∑—»πå
®“√ÿÕÿ¥¡ ‡√◊Õß ÿ«√√≥, 2534, °ÆÀ¡“¬·√à°—∫°“√æ—≤π“ ¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ : °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’,
∑√—欓°√∏√≥’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬: ¢à“« “√°“√∏√≥’, Àπ“â 21-46
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ ©∫∫— 摇»… 100 ª,ï Àπâ“ 257-278 ‡¥™π“ ™µÿ π‘ “√“, 2536, ‚≈À–°∫— °“√„™ªâ √–‚¬™πå : °Õß‚≈À–°√√¡
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, æ‘¡æ出¬·æ√àΩÉ“¬‡º¬·æ√à
®ÿ¡æ≈ §◊πµ—° ·≈– ∏ß™—¬ æß÷Ë √—»¡,’ 2530, ∑—≈°å·≈–‰æ‚√ø≈î ‰≈µå : ª√–™“ ¡— æπ— ∏,å  ”π°— ß“π‡≈¢“π°ÿ “√°√¡ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’
√“¬ß“πΩÉ“¬·√à·≈–À‘πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, °Õ߇»√…∞ 118 Àπ“â
∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 14 Àπ“â ∏π«—≤πå ®“√ÿæß…å °ÿ≈, 2543, °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·≈–®—¥∑”·ºπ∑Ë’
‡ ’ˬ߿—¬π”È ∑à«¡„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë√“∫¿“§°≈“ßµÕπ≈à“ߢÕß
®ÿ¡æ≈ §◊πµ—°, 2529, ¥‘π (clay) ®—ßÀ«—¥≈”ª“ß: √“¬ß“π°“√ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬: ‡Õ° “√®—¥∑”‚¥¬Àπ૬»÷°…“¿—¬
 ”√«®¥‘π, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–¢âÕ π‡∑»‡™‘ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë, ¿“§«‘™“∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
‡≈à¡∑Ë’ 8, 204 Àπ“â §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®Ãÿ “≈ß°√≥¡å À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— , 142 Àπâ“
∏«—™™—¬ ‡™◊ÈÕ‡À≈à“«“π‘™, ®—°√æ—π∏å  ÿ∑∏‘√—µπå ·≈–«‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï æ‘ ÿ∑∏
®¡ÿ æ≈ §π◊ µ°— , 2530, ·Õ ‡∫ ∑Õ  (·√à„¬Àπ‘ ): √“¬ß“πΩ“É ¬·√·à ≈– Õ“ππ∑,å 2548, Àπ‘ ·ª≈°ª≈Õ¡Õ¡ÿâ Àπ‘ ∑∫— ∑¡‘ : À≈°— ∞“π„À¡
Àπ‘ Õµÿ  “À°√√¡, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ à°—∫Õ’°Àπ÷Ëߧ«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¢Õß°“√°”‡π‘¥æ≈Õ¬§Õ√—π¥—¡
10 Àπ“â ¢Õ߉∑¬ „π ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ —¡¡π“‡√◊ËÕß °â“«π”
‚≈°Õ—≠¡≥’¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§°“√‡º“æ≈Õ¬∑—∫∑‘¡·≈–·´ª‰ø√å:
®ÿ¡æ≈ §π◊ µ°— , 2531, ·À≈àß·√¥à π‘ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, „π°“√ª√–™¡ÿ °√ÿ߇∑æœ, 2548, Àπâ“ 107-115.
‡À¡Õ◊ ß·√ªà √–®”ªï 2531, ‚√ß·√¡Õπ‘ ∑√“√‡’ ®π∑,å °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√ π¿¥≈ ¡—≥±–®‘µ√, 2541, »—°¬¿“æ∑“ß·√à·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ ”√Õß
∏√≥,’ Àπâ“ 63-69 ¢Õß·√à„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬: ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√∫√√¬“¬æ‡‘ »…
¢ÕßÕ∏‘∫¥’∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ „π«—π∑’Ë 9 ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π 2541
‡©≈‘¡™—¬ Õÿ¥¡√—µπå ·≈– «‘∑¬“ ∏√√¡¥ÿ…Æ’, 2523, ·ºπ∑Ë’ ≥ æ√–√“™«—߉°≈°—ß«≈, 49 Àπâ“
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ß¢≈“ π‡√»  —µ¬“√°— …å ·≈– ª“πæß…å °“≠®æ—π∏å,ÿ 2521 √“¬ß“π°“√
(NB 47-3): ·ºπ∑Ë’°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’  ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√∏“π’·≈–«—߇«’¬ß
°√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡ (NE 48-9) ·≈– (NE 48-5) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000:
°√¡∑√—欰“√∏√≥’, 37 Àπ“â ·≈–·ºπ∑’∏Ë √≥«’ ‘∑¬“ 1 ©∫—∫
™–π– π‘≈§ŸÀ“, 2520, °“√º≈‘µ °“√®”Àπà“¬ ·≈–°“√„™â·√à π‘§¡ ®÷ßÕ¬Ÿà ÿ¢ ·≈– ∏π«ÿ≤‘ »‘√‘π“«‘π, 2525, »‘≈“«√√≥“·≈–
¢Õ߉∑¬ : °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 61 Àπâ“ ∏√≥’‡§¡’¢ÕßÀ‘π∫–´Õ≈∑å„π∑Ë’√“∫ Ÿß‚§√“™ ∫√‘‡«≥
¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬: °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
™—¬¬—πµå À‘π∑Õß, 2524, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–·À≈àß·√à√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 88 Àπ“â
æ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ (ND47-8) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250:000: π‘√—π¥√å ™—¬¡≥’, 2536, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ¢πÕ¡ ·≈–
√“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ∫“ß «à π¢Õß√–«“߇°“– ¡¬ÿ : √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, ©∫∫— ∑Ë’ 4, 105 Àπ“â

™—¬¬—πµå Àπ‘ ∑Õß, 2528, ·ºπ∑’Ë∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡“µ√“ à«π
1:250,000 √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥æ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“: °Õß
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡

™—¬¬—πµå À‘π∑Õß, 2534, ¢∫«π°“√·ºàπ‡ª≈◊Õ°‚≈°‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë·≈–
°“√‡°¥‘ ·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À« (Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes):
√“¬ß“π°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ß
Õÿµ “À°√√¡, 49 Àπ“â

™—¬«≤— πå º≈ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï ·≈– µÕà »—°¥Ï‘ ª√– ¡∑√æ— ¬,å 2527, √“¬ß“π

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 539

°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 63 Àπâ“ °“√ ”√«®Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡À¡◊Õß·√à (ø≈ŸÕÕ‰√µå ·¡ß°“π’ 
π‘√—π¥√å ™—¬¡≥’, 2538, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ ·∫‰√µ)å : ∏𓧓√·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬, 69 Àπâ“
ª√–‡ √∞‘ °¡ÿ “√®—π∑√å ·≈–  ¡¿æ «ß»å ¡»°— ¥‘,Ï 2539, Àπß—  ◊Õ
∫“ß≈–¡ÿß ·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ —µÀ∫’ , „π‡Õ° “√°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ §àŸ¡◊Õ·ºπ∑Ë’·À≈àß·√à·≈–·À≈à߇™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘ß∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß
º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√ °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡≈à¡∑Ë’ 1: Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ë·≈–æ◊Èπ∑Ë’
Àπ“â 35-42 »°— ¬¿“æ·√µà “à ßÊ, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’
π‘√—π¥√å ™¬— ¡≥,’ 2540, ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“æ◊πÈ √“∫ √–«“ß®—ßÀ«¥— ‡æ™√∫√ÿ ’ 114 Àπ“â
·≈– √–«“ß∫“â π∫“ߢπÿ ‰∑√: √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ª√–‡ √‘∞ °ÿ¡“√®—π∑√å ·≈–  ÿ∏√√¡ ·¬â¡π‘¬¡, 2527, ‡Õ‡¡Õ√’:
°Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 70 Àπâ“ ‡Õ° “√‡»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
π‘√—π¥√å ™¬— ¡≥,’ ‡¬“«≈—°…≥å ®ß°“≠®π“ ÿπ∑√,  «“∑ ‡§π«‘‡»… °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ ‡≈¡à ∑’Ë 20, 43 Àπ“â
·≈–π√“‡¡»«√å ∏√’ –√ß—  °‘ ≈ÿ , 2528, ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’ ª√‘≠≠“ πÿµ“≈—¬ ·≈– «—π™—¬ ‚ ¿≥ °ÿ≈√—µπå, 2532, π”È ∑à«¡
√–«“ß∫â“π π“¡™—¬ ·≈– √–«“ß ®.æ—∑≈ÿß: √“¬ß“π°“√ ¿“§„µâ : ‡Õ° “√‡≈¡à 1 ª√–°Õ∫°“√ —¡¡π“‡√◊ËÕß Õ∑ÿ °¿¬—
 ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 61 Àπ“â ¿“§„µâ‚»°π“Æ°√√¡∑’Ëπà“®–À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¥â,  ¡“§¡Õπÿ√—°…å
π‘√—π¥√å ™—¬¡≥’,  ÿ«—≤πå µ‘¬–‰æ√—™ ·≈– ‡¬“«≈—°…≥å »‘≈ª°√√¡·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡, 18-19 ¡°√“§¡ 2532,
®ß°“≠®π“ ÿπ∑√, 2527, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√, Àπ“â 1-24
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ –∑‘ßæ√– ·≈– √–«“ß ª√‘≠≠“ æÿ∑∏“¿‘∫“≈, π‘§¡ ®÷ßÕ¬àŸ ÿ¢, Õ¿‘™“µ‘ ≈”®«π ·≈–
Õ” ‡¿Õ‡¢“™—¬ π: √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‡¥™“ ¡≥’π—¬, 2530, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
°Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ °√ßÿ ‡∑æ, 59 Àπâ“ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ®Õ¡∑Õß-Õ”‡¿ÕŒÕ¥ ¢π“¥¡“µ√“ à«π
π‘√—π¥√å ™—¬¡≥’ ·≈–  ÿ«—≤πå µ‘¬–‰æ√—™, 2526, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ 1:50,000: °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’·≈–·À≈àß∑√“¬·°â«∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥ ß¢≈“: ª≠í ≠“ ®“√ÿ»‘√,‘ 2527, Carboniferous ∑’™Ë ≈∫√ÿ :’ ¢à“« “√  .∏.∑.
√“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡ ª∑ï ’Ë 16 ©∫—∫∑Ë’ 8, Àπ“â 15-21
∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 68 Àπâ“ æ߻廗°¥‘Ï «‘™‘µ, 2525, °“√°”‡π‘¥·√à, „π ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫
π‘√π— ¥√å ™¬— ¡≥,’ ‡ √‘¡»°— ¥‘Ï µ¬’ æ—π∏å ·≈– π√“‡¡»«√å ∏√’ –√—ß ‘°≈ÿ , À≈—° Ÿµ√°“√¥Ÿ·√à À‘π Õ¬à“ßßà“¬ √ÿàπ∑Ë’ 1: ¢Õß
2529, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ√–‚π¥ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ Ω“É ¬Õ∫√¡·≈–ææ‘ ∏‘ ¿≥— ±å °Õ߇»√…∞°®‘
·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ™–Õ«¥: °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ ·≈–‡º¬·æ√à °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 47 Àπ“â
46 Àπ“â æ߻廗°¥‘Ï «‘™‘µ, 2529, ∑Õߧ”: ‡Õ° “√®—¥æ‘¡æå‡æË◊Õ‡ªìπ∑Ë’√–≈÷°
π‘√—π¥√å ™¬— ¡≥’ ·≈– π√“‡¡»«√å ∏’√–√ß—  ‘°≈ÿ , 2530, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ·≈–Õ¿‘π—π∑π“°“√„πß“π∂«“¬ºâ“æ√–°∞‘πæ√–√“™∑“π
√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ‡™¬’ √„À≠à ·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿ÕÀ«— ‰∑√: √“¬ß“π ª√–®”ªï æ.». 2539 ≥ «—¥‡¢“«—ß µ”∫≈ÀπⓇ¡◊Õß
°“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß ®—ßÀ«¥— √“™∫ÿ√’, °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 56 Àπ“â
45 Àπ“â æß»»å °— ¥‘Ï «™‘ µ‘ , 2531, ·À≈ßà æ≈Õ¬∑∫— ∑¡‘ -·´ª‰ø√å„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬:
π√‘ —π¥√å ™¬— ¡≥’ ·≈– π√“‡¡»«√å ∏’√–√—ß ‘°≈ÿ , 2530°, ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ ®—¥æ‘¡æå‚¥¬ΩÉ“¬‡º¬·æ√à·≈–ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å, °Õß
√–«“ß ∂“π’À⫬¬“ß: √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈–‡º¬·æ√à °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 78 Àπ“â
°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, °√ßÿ ‡∑æ, 36 Àπâ“ æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧå, 2535, ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„À¡à ”À√—∫°“√‡√’¬ß≈”¥—∫™È—πÀ‘π
∫ÿ≠ àß ‡≈¢–°ÿ≈, 2492, °“√¢ÿ¥æ∫øÕ ´‘≈ Hippopotamus, ¢Õß°≈àÿ¡Àπ‘ ≈”ª“ß: ¢“à « “√°“√∏√≥,’ ªï∑’Ë 37, ©∫∫— ∑’Ë 8,
Stegodon insignis ∑πË’ §√ «√√§:å ª√–¡«≈§”∫√√¬“¬‡ πÕ Àπâ“ 20-24
„π°“√ª√–™¡ÿ ∑“ß«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√·å Àßà ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, Àπ“â 40-44 æ≈ ‡™“«¥å ”√ߧ,å 2535°, √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®À“§«“¡µàÕ‡πÕ◊Ë ß
ª√–§Õß æ≈À“≠, 2533, »—°¬¿“æªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ∑“ß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ æπ◊È ∑¿Ë’ “§µ–«π— ÕÕ°¡“µ√“ «à π 1:250,000:
‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ, „π ‡Õ° “√°“√ —¡¡π“∑“ß«‘™“°“√·≈– √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“©∫∫— ∑Ë’ 0187 °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“
π‘∑√√»°“√ ‡√ËÕ◊ ß ≈Ÿ∑à “ß»—°¬¿“æ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√æ≤— π“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 39 Àπâ“
ªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡„π¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ ·≈–·À≈àß°ä“´ æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧå, 2537, À‘π Submarine fan ¢ÕßÀ¡«¥À‘π
∏√√¡™“µπ‘ ”È æÕß, Àπâ“ 1-10 ‚ªßÉ πÈ”√Õâ 𠬧ÿ ‰∑√·Õ ´°‘ ∫√‡‘ «≥¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°: ‡Õ° “√
ª√–¥…‘ ∞å √—ß ƒ…Æå°≈ÿ ·≈– ¡“πæ °—ß ¥“≈Õ”æπ, 2521, √“¬ß“π

540 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

°“√ª√–™¡ÿ ‡ πÕº≈ß“π∑“ß «™‘ “°“√ª√–®”ªï °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π√à«¡°—∫ ¡“§¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–
Àπâ“ 11-18 ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬·’ Àßà ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, 28 Àπ“â
æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧå, 2539, ™È—πÀ‘π¬ÿ§‡∑Õ√凙’¬√’, „πÀπ—ß ◊Õ æ‘ ‘∑∏‘Ï ∏’√¥‘≈°, æ‘»‘…Øå  ÿ¢«—≤π“π—π∑å,  ¡™“µ‘ ∫√‘æ—µ√‚°»≈,
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß„À¡à·≈–æ◊Èπ∑Ë’ „°≈⇧’¬ß: «’√–æß…å µ—π ÿ«√√≥, ·≈– Õ¿‘™“µ‘ ≈”®«π, 2519,
°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, Àπ“â 65-83 √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ßÕ”‡¿ÕÀ—«À‘π (ND
æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧ,å ‰™¬°“≈ ‰™¬√—ß…’ ·≈–‡ ∂¬’ √  πËπ— ‡ ’¬ß, 2526, 47-15) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,00: °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’,
√“¬ß“π∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¢Õß·À≈àß∂à“πÀ‘π °Ë‘ßÕ”‡¿Õπ“¥â«ß 48 Àπâ“ ·≈–·ºπ∑∏’Ë √≥’«∑‘ ¬“ 1 ©∫∫—
®—ßÀ«—¥‡≈¬ Õ”‡¿Õπ“°≈“ß ®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√∏“π’: √“¬ß“π æ‘ ‘∑∏‘Ï ∏’√¥‘≈°, æ‘»‘…Øå  ÿ¢«—≤π“π—π∑å,  ¡™“µ‘ ∫√‘æ—µ√‚°»≈,
°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, «√’ –æß…å µ—π ÿ«√√≥ ·≈– Õ¿‘™“µ‘ ≈”®«π, 2528, ·ºπ∑Ë’
60 Àπ“â ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ßÕ”‡¿ÕÀ—«À‘π ¡“µ√“ à«π 1: 250,000:
æ≈ ‡™“«¥å ”√ߧ,å 𧑠¡ ®ß÷ Õ¬ àŸ ¢ÿ ·≈– ‡™¥‘ »°— ¥Ï‘ Õ√√∂Õ“√≥ÿ , 2541, °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’
«µ— ∂¥ÿ ∫‘ À≈°— ∑Ë’„™â„π°“√º≈µ‘ ªπŸ ´’‡¡πµå: ¢“à « “√°“√∏√≥,’ æ‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï «‘®“√ √≥å,  ÿ√‘π∑√å ‰«¬‡®√‘≠,  ∂‘√– Õÿ¥¡»√’, Õπÿ«—µ‘
ª∑ï ’4Ë 3, ©∫—∫∑Ë’ 2, Àπ“â 3-18 ‚æ∏π‘ “¡ ·≈–  ÿæ√ ∫ÿ≠ª√–¥∫— , 2533, √“¬ß“π°“√»°÷ …“
æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧ,å  π— µå Õ—»«æ—™√– ·≈–  ∏ÿ ’ ®ßÕ—®©√‘¬°ÿ≈, 2547,  “‡Àµÿ·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈‡ ’¬À“¬∫√‘‡«≥æÈ◊π∑’Ë∑’ËÕÿ∑°¿—¬
°“√«‘®—¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫≈”¥—∫™—ÈπÀ‘π·≈–´“°¥÷°¥”∫√√æå ¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ ·≈– ÿ√“…Ø√å∏“π’ „π à«π
„π¬ÿ§‡æÕ√凡˒¬π¢Õß∫√‘‡«≥¥â“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õ߬Ÿππ“π ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫≈—°…≥–¥‘π ·≈–≈—°…≥–∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“,
°—∫¥â“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬: √“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬ √“¬ß“π‡ πÕµàÕ§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√«“ß·ºπ°“√„™â∑Ë’¥‘π
©∫—∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‡ πÕµàÕ ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬ ‡æË◊ÕªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â‰¢Õÿ∑°¿—¬, °Õß ”√«®·≈–®”·π°
·Ààß™“µ‘, 235 Àπ“â ∑’Ë¥‘π °√¡æ—≤π“∑Ë’¥‘π °√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å,
æ≈ ‡™“«å¥”√ߧ,å ‡ ∂¬’ √  π—πË ‡ ’¬ß,  ¡™“µ‘ ∫√‘æµ— √‚°»≈ ·≈– °√ÿ߇∑æœ, 34 Àπ“â
« —πµå ¢”∑ÿ‡√’¬π, 2525, √“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‚次 Õ√—≥¬°“ππ∑å, 2498, ‡æ™√∑æ’Ë ∫∑’¿Ë Ÿ‡°µÁ ·≈–æ—ßß“, √“¬ß“π
¢Õß·Õàß≈’È: °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 36 Àπ“â °“√«®‘ ¬— , °√¡‚≈À°‘®, ©∫—∫∑1’Ë , Àπ“â 1-2
æ‘»‘…Øå  ¢ÿ «—≤π“π—π∑å ·≈– §≥µ‘ ª√– ∑‘ ∏°‘ “√°ÿ≈, 2527, √“¬ß“π ‚次 Õ√—≥¬°“ππ∑å, 2528, ‡æ™√„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬, ‡Õ° “√ ”À√—∫
 ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ √–«“ß∫“â πÀ“¥ß‘È« Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡Õ◊ ß ®—ßÀ«—¥ ª√–™“™π, ®—¥æ‘¡æå‚¥¬ΩÉ“¬ π‡∑»·≈–«‘‡∑» —¡æ—π∏å,
Õÿµ√¥µ‘ ∂å, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °Õ߇»√…∞°‘®·≈–‡º¬·æ√à °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, ©∫—∫∑’Ë
æ ‘ ∑‘ ∏‘Ï ∏√’ ¥≈‘ °, ™—¬¬π— µå Àπ‘ ∑Õß ·≈– «√«ÿ≤‘ µ—𵫑 π‘™, 2532, 32, 49 Àπ“â
 ¿“æ∑“ß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑Ë’Õÿ∑°¿—¬¿“§„µâ, ‡Õ° “√ ¿Ÿ∏√  ¢ÿ ‚µ ·≈– §≥–, 2519, ·ºπ∑’Ë∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ √–«“߇¡“–≈”‡≈‘ß
ª√–°Õ∫„π°“√ —¡¡π“∑“ß«‘™“°“√ ‡≈à¡∑Ë’ 1 ‡√◊ËÕß (NE 47-14) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
°“√ªÑÕß°—πÕÿ∑°¿—¬¿“§„µâ,  ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬®ÿÓ¿√≥å√à«¡°—∫ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
¡À“«‘∑¬“ ß¢≈“π§√π‘ ∑√å, 17-18  ß‘ À“§¡ 2532, 28 Àπ“â ¡πµ√’ ∫ÿ≠‡ πÕ, 2527, «‘»«°√√¡∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ 1 (Engineering
æ‘ ‘∑∏Ï‘ ∏’√¥‘≈°, ∑«’ ‘π Õÿ¥¡»√’ ÿ¢, «’√–æß…å µ—π ÿ«√√≥, π‘§¡ Geology 1), ‡Õ° “√§” Õπ, ¿“§«‘™“∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
®÷ßÕ¬Ÿ à ÿ¢ ·≈– Õ“√¬– π“§π“∑, 2528, ·ºπ∑∏’Ë √≥«’ ‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ¢Õπ·°πà , 220 Àπâ“
√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥π§√ª∞¡ ¡“µ√“ à«π 1: 1250,000: °Õß ¬ß¬∑ÿ ∏ µ√ß— §™ “√, 2525, ·√‡à »√…∞°®‘ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬,  ”π°— ß“π
∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ ∑√—欓°√∏√≥’‡¢µ 1 ( ß¢≈“) °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 141 Àπ“â
æ‘ ∑‘ ∏‘Ï ∏√’ ¥‘≈°, ∏π»‘ √å «ß»å«“π™‘ ,  ¡‡°’¬√µ‘ ¡“√–‡πµ√,å ‡≈»‘  π‘ ¬ß¬ÿ∑∏ µ√—ߧ™ “√, 2542, °“√ ”√«®·≈–º≈‘µªî‚µ√‡≈’¬¡„π
√—°…“ °ÿ≈«ß»å, «—≤π“ µ—π‡ ∂’¬√, ‡¥™“ ¡≥’π—¬, ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, °Õ߇™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’
π√“‡¡»«√å ∏’√–√ß—  °‘ ≈ÿ ,  ÿ√’¬å πÿ™Õ¬Ÿà, ‡≈‘»™“¬ ¢“à ¬∑Õß, Àπâ“ 1-40
«√«ÿ≤‘ µ—𵑫𑙠·≈– ª√’™“ ‡≈à“™Ÿ, 2543, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ‡¬“«≈°— …≥å ™—¬¡≥’, ‚™µ‘¡“ ¬“¡,’ æ√√≥¿‘ “ ·´?‡∑¬’ π ·≈–°µ‘ µ‘
§≈Õß°√–„π¿“§„µâ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫ ¢“««‘‡»…, 2546, §«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ¢Õß
°“√ —¡¡π“∑“ß«‘™“°“√ ‡√◊ËÕߧ≈Õß°√– º≈ª√–‚¬™πå ™“â ß‚∫√“≥„π®ß— À«¥— π§√√“™ ¡’ “:  “Ì π°— ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡
¬Ë‘ß„À≠à¢Õ߉∑¬·≈–‚≈°, ®—¥‚¥¬ ”π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ √“¬ß“π«™‘ “°“√ ©∫∫— ∑’Ë  ∏« 21/2546,

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 541

66 Àπ“â ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√∫√√¬“¬„π°“√æ—≤π“‡√Ë◊Õß·π«∑“ß
‚√®π®— ©√¬‘ å ¥à“π «— ¥,Ï‘ 2529, ·√«à ∑‘ ¬“ ”À√—∫«‘»«°√‡À¡Õ◊ ß·√,à °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘π”È ∫“¥“≈ æ.». 2520
 ”À√—∫‡¢µπÈ”∫“¥“≈„π à«π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§ ≥ ‚√ß·√¡ ∫’.æ’.
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 328 Àπ“â ·°√π¥å∑“«‡«Õ√å Õ”‡¿ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ®—ßÀ«—¥ ß¢≈“
‡≈Á° ®‘π¥“ ß«π, 2538, «‘°°ƒµ°“√≥åπÈ”∑à«¡ ·≈–¿—¬·≈âß„π «‘«—≤πå ‚µ∏‘√°ÿ≈, 2535, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·À≈àß·√à‡ø≈¥å ª“√å‡À¡◊Õß
©≈Õ¡∫° µ”∫≈∑âÕßøÑ“ Õ”‡¿Õ∫â“𵓰 ®—ßÀ«—¥µ“°,
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, °“√ —¡¡π“√–¥—∫™“µ‘ ‡√Ë◊Õß §«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈  ”π°— ß“π∑√—欓°√∏√≥‡’ ¢µ 3 ‡™’¬ß„À¡à, 47 Àπâ“
¢Õß∑√—欓°√π”È ·≈–«‘°ƒµ‘°“√≥姫“¡·Àâß·≈âß «’√»—°¥‘Ï π§π‘ ∑√å∫¥’, ∏π‘»√å «ß»«å “π‘™ ·≈– Õ¿‘™“µ‘ ≈”®«π, 2528,
≥ ‚√ß·√¡‡™¬’ ß„À¡æà ≈“´à“ ®ß— À«—¥‡™’¬ß„À¡à ·ºπ∑Ë’∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ ¡“µ√“ à«π
‡≈‘» ‘π √—°…“ °ÿ≈«ß»å ·≈– ∏“√“¥≈ ª√–°Õ∫™“µ‘, 2537, 1: 250,000, °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥®—π∑∫ÿ√’ √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ·À≈¡ ‘ßÀå «√’ »°— ¥‘Ï π§π‘ ∑√∫å ¥,’  ¡‡°¬’ √µ‘ ¡“√–‡πµ√å ·≈–  ¡“π ®“µ√ÿ ߧ«π™‘ ¬,å
·≈– √–«“ß∫â“π‚¢¥ÀÕ¬, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ 2519, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥
°Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 37 Àπâ“ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ ·≈–®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß (ND 47-12) ·≈–
‡≈‘» π‘ √—°…“ °ÿ≈«ß»,å π√“‡¡»«√å ∏√’ –√ß—  ‘°ÿ≈, ·≈– §¡ π— ∑—πæ‘ ‘∑∏‘Ï, (ND 47-16) ¡“µ√“ «à π 1:250,000 °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’
2532, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ∑ÿàß„À≠à √–«“ß∫â“π∑“ß 41 Àπâ“ ·≈–·ºπ∑∏Ë’ √≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ 2 ©∫∫—
À≈«ß ·≈–√–«“ß∫â“π‡Àπ◊Õ§≈Õß, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«® «’√–æß…å µπ—  ÿ«√√≥ ·≈– π√√µ— πå ∫ÿ≠°π— ¿—¬, 2541, ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 57 Àπâ“ ≈¡ÿà πÈ”°”Ë µÕπ≈“à ß ®ß— À«¥— π§√æπ¡, °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 56 Àπ“â
«®’ √“¡≥√ß§å ·≈–  ¡™¬— «ß»å « — ¥‘Ï, 2541, »°— ¬¿“æπ”È ∫“¥“≈ «√’ –æß…å µπ—  «ÿ √√≥, æ≈ ‡™“«¥å ”√ß§å ·≈– ª√–«µ— ‘ ‡∑¬’ π»√‘ ,‘ 2523,
„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, ‡Õ° “√™¡√¡π—°Õ∑ÿ °«∑‘ ¬“ √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ µŸ≈ (NB 47-7)
«®’ √“¡≥√ߧå,  ¡§‘¥ ∫«— ‡æßÁ ,  ¡— ƒ∑∏‘Ï ™…ÿ ≥–∑»— πå ·≈– Õ√π™ÿ ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 60 Àπâ“
À≈àÕ‡æÁ≠»√’, 2541, «‘°ƒµ°“√≥åπÈ”∫“¥“≈·≈–·ºàπ¥‘π ·≈–·ºπ∑’Ë∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ 1 ©∫—∫
∑√¥ÿ „π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√·≈–ª√‘¡≥±≈, °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ »°— ¥“ ¢ÿπ¥,’ ‡¥àπ‚™§ ¡Ëπ— „®, ‰æ√µ— πå »°— ¥‘æÏ  ‘ ÿ∑∏æ‘ ß»å ·≈–«π¥‘ “
«√°ÿ≈ ·°â«¬“π– ·≈– ®”‡π’¬√ ‡º◊ËÕπµ“, 2527, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ √à¡√◊Ëπ, 2548, °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â√’‚¡µ‡´π´Ë‘ß·≈–√–∫∫
§«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√∫’ √‡‘ «≥·À≈¡∑ÕßÀ≈“ß ®ß— À«¥— √–¬Õß, √“¬ß“π  “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å°”Àπ¥æ◊Èπ∑Ë’À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫„π¿“§„µâ:
°“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, √“¬ß“π«™‘ “°“√©∫—∫∑’Ë  ∏« 24/2548, 110 Àπâ“.
48 Àπâ“ »‘√ª√–¿“ ™“µ‘ª√–‡ √‘∞, 2539, °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß°“√ – ¡
«√«≤ÿ ‘ µ—𵫑 π™‘ , 2535, ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“¿¬— æ‘∫—µ‡‘ πÕ◊Ë ß®“°·ºπà ¥‘π∂≈à¡ ∂“à πÀπ‘ „π·Õßà ∫“â ππ“ŒÕà ß Õ”‡¿Õ·¡·à ®¡à ®ß— À«¥— ‡™¬’ ß„À¡à
∑Ë’∫â“π°–∑Ÿπ‡Àπ◊Õ ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™, √“¬ß“π¢Õß ‚¥¬„™â»‘≈“«√√≥“∂à“πÀ‘π, √“¬ß“π à«πÀπ÷ËߢÕß°√–∫«π
Ω“É ¬∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡, °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ «‘™“ 205499 ¿“§«‘™“∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å
°√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡, 31 Àπ“â ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡,à µ≈ÿ “§¡
«√“°√ ‰¡â‡√’¬ß, 2540, ·π«∑“ß°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫·≈–°àÕ √â“ßæÈ◊π∑’Ë »πŸ ¬‡å ©æ“–°®‘ ∏√≥æ’ ∫‘ µ— ¿‘ ¬— Õπ—  ∫◊ ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°·ºπà ¥π‘ ‰À«·≈–§≈π◊Ë ¬°— …,å
∂¡∑–‡≈, ‡Õ° “√°“√ —¡¡π“‡√Ë◊Õß«‘»«°√√¡ª∞æ’‡æ◊ËÕ 2548, §Ÿà¡◊ժؑ∫—µ‘ ·π«∑“ߪƑ∫—µ‘„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’‚Õ°“ ‡°‘¥
 Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡, «π— ∑’Ë 4 ∏—𫓧¡ 2540, ÀÕâ ß°…µ— √‘¬å»°÷ 3 À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫·≈–∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ®—ßÀ«—¥∑Ë’¡’‚Õ°“ ‡°‘¥À≈ÿ¡¬ÿ∫:
‚√ß·√¡‚´≈∑«‘π∑“«‡«Õ√,å Àπ“â 113-128 °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 124 Àπ“â .
«‘™—¬ »‘«–∫«√ ·≈–  ¡™“µ‘ ∫√‘æ—µ√‚°»≈, 2522, √“¬ß“π°“√ »Ÿπ¬å ∂‘µ‘°“√æ“≥‘™¬å, 2542, µ“√“ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈π”‡¢â“·≈– àßÕÕ°
»÷°…“Àπ‘ ™¥ÿ §«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’ ·≈–‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√’ „π·Õßà »√’≈ß— °“ Õ—≠¡≥’·≈–‡§√Ë◊Õߪ√–¥—∫ (ª√–¡«≈·≈–√«∫√«¡®“°
·Õàß≈”ª“ß ·≈–·Õàß·¡à‡¡“–, ¡“µ√“ à«π 1: 250,000, ¢âÕ¡≈Ÿ °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√), °√¡‡»√…∞°®‘ °“√æ“≥‘™¬å, 17 Àπâ“
√–«“߮ߗ À«¥— ≈”ª“ß, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’  ß—¥ ª¬î –»‘≈ªá, 2515, ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“¢Õß·ºπ∑’√Ë –«“ß®—ßÀ«¥— ≈”ª“ß
«™‘ ¬— »«‘ –∫«√, «‘«≤— πå ‰æ®µ‘ √ª√–¿“¿√≥å ·≈– «—≤π“ µπ— ‡ ∂¬’ √, (NE 47-7) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’
2519, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ √“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 14, 98 Àπâ“ ·≈–·ºπ∑Ë’
®—π∑∫√ÿ ’ (ND 48-13) °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ 1 ©∫∫—
41 Àπ“â
«‘∑‘µ »‘√‘‚¿§“°‘®, 2540, πÈ”∫“¥“≈„π¿“§„µâ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬,

542 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

 ß¥— ª¬î –»≈‘ ª,á 2518, ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“¢Õß·ºπ∑√Ë’ –«“߮ߗ À«¥— Õµÿ √¥µ‘ ∂å  ¡¿æ «ß»å ¡»—°¥‘,Ï 2535, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“√–«“ß
(NE 47-11) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, ∫â“π§—∫æ«ß √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ∏“µÿæπ¡ √–«“ß∫â“π™–‚ß¡
√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 15, 62 Àπâ“ ·≈–·ºπ∑’Ë ·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õª≈“ª“°, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ 1 ©∫∫— ∏√≥’, 30 Àπ“â

 ß—¥ æ—π∏ÿå‚Õ¿“ , 2519, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–·À≈àß·√à√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥  ¡»°— ¥‘Ï ‚æ∏‘ µ— ¬å (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√), 2542, °“√„™âª√–‚¬™π®å “°·√à
æ‘…≥ÿ‚≈° (NE 47-15) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °√¡ ¬Ÿ‡√‡π’¬¡·≈–·À≈àß·√ଟ‡√‡π’¬¡„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, «“√ “√
∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, √“¬ß“π°“√«®‘ ¬— ©∫—∫∑Ë’ 16, 217 Àπâ“ ‡»√…∞∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“, °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, ©∫∫— ∑Ë’ 2, 8 Àπâ“

 ∂“∫π— «®‘ ¬— ·≈–„À§â ”ª√°÷ …“·Àßà ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ∏√√¡»“ µ√,å 2549,  ¡»—°¥Ï‘ ‚æ∏‘ µ— ¬,å 2515, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®·√√à —µπ™“µ‘ ∫√‡‘ «≥
‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“°“√°—¥‡´“–™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬ ®—ßÀ«—¥µ√“¥, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’
·≈–∑–‡≈Õπ— ¥“¡π— (®ß— À«¥—  √ÿ “…Æ√å∏“π’ π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™ °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡
·≈– ß¢≈“): √“¬ß“π©∫∫—  ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å ‡ πÕµÕà °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
°√–∑√«ß∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡.  ¡»—°¥Ï‘ ‚æ∏‘ —µ¬å,  ÿ¿—∑√æß…å °√√≥‡≈¢“ ·≈– ‰«¬æ®πå «√°π°,
2531, ·√ଟ‡√‡π’¬¡: ™π‘¥·≈–§≥ÿ  ¡∫—µ¢‘ Õß·√à °“√°”‡π‘¥
 ¡™—¬ «ß»å«— ¥Ï‘ ·≈– ‡®µµå ®ÿ≈«ß»å, 2531, Õÿ∑°∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ·≈–™π‘¥¢Õß·À≈àß·√à ·À≈àß·√à·≈–»—°¬å∑“ß·√à„π
¿“§Õ’ “π ‡Õ° “√§Ÿà¡◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß√—∞‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, √“¬ß“π‡»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õ߇»√…∞
æπ◊È ∑¥Ë’ π‘ ‡§¡Á 秫“¡√‡âŸ √ÕË◊ ß¥π‘ ‡§¡Á ¿“§µ–«π— ÕÕ°‡©¬’ ߇ÀπÕ◊ é, ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 32/2531, 59 Àπ“â
ΩÉ“¬‡º¬·æ√·à ≈–ª√–™“ ¡— æ—π∏å  ”π—°ß“π‡≈¢“π°ÿ “√°√¡
°√¡æ≤— π“∑¥’Ë π‘ °√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥,å Àπ“â 21-38  ¡»°— ¥Ï‘ «—≤𪃥“ ·≈–«√“¿√≥å ®‘µ ÿ«√√≥, 2549, °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π
·ª≈ß™“¬Ωßíò ∑–‡≈ ®ß— À«¥— æß— ß“: °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡,
 ¡™—¬ «ß»å «— ¥‘Ï ·≈–  ¡§¥‘ ∫«— ‡æÁß, 2535, ·À≈ßà π”È ∫“¥“≈„π °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, √“¬ß“π«‘™“°“√©∫—∫∑’Ë °∏  3/2549,
¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ —¡¡π“ 86 Àπ“â .
‡√◊ËÕß¡‘µ‘„À¡à„π°“√æ—≤π“ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡: ¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°,
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬∫Ÿ√æ“, ¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘™’«®‘µ,  ∂“∫—π™ÿ¡™π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ  À—  À¡Ë◊π‡À≈Á°, Õ—»π’ ¡ ’ ÿ¢, ¿“πÿ ∑Õß™‘µ√,å ™”π“≠ ∑‘æ¬∏å π∑√æ— ¬å
æ—≤π“, ·≈– ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√ ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡·Àßà ™“µ‘ ·≈– æ‘∑—°…å  °ÿ≈·°â«, 2523, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®
≥ ‚√ß·√¡·Õ¡∫“ ‡¥Õ√´å µ‘ ’È ®ß— À«—¥™≈∫ÿ√’ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«¥— π√“∏‘«“  ·≈–Õ”‡¿Õµ“°„∫ (NB
47-6) ·≈– (NB 48-5) ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000 °√¡
 ¡™¬— «ß» å « — ¥Ï‘ ·≈– Õ√Õ«≈ ∏‡π»«“≥™‘ ¬,å 2526, Hydrogeological ∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, 59 Àπ“â ·≈–·ºπ∑Ë’
map of Thailand, °Õßπ”È ∫“¥“≈ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ 2 ©∫—∫

 ¡™—¬ «ß»å «— ¥Ï‘, 2533, Õÿ∑°∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å  “∏‘µ ‡µà“∑Õß, 2528, °“√»÷°…“ °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“楑π∑Ë’
°“√æ≤— π“π”È ∫“¥“≈ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ ∫√‘‡«≥°àÕ √â“ß∑à“Õ“°“»¬“π°√ÿ߇∑æ·Ààß∑Ë’ Õß (ÀπÕß
ߟ‡Àà“), «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å¡À“∫—≥±‘µ, ∫—≥±‘µ
 ¡™“µ‘ ∫√æ‘ µ— √‚°»≈, π«‘ µ— ‘ ¡≥¢’ µ— ¬‘ å ·≈– ‡ ∂¬’ √  ππË— ‡ ¬’ ß, 2528, «‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®Ãÿ “≈ß°√≥¡å À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬, 245 Àπâ“
√“¬ß“π∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ·≈–·ºπ∑Ë’∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ √–«“ß∫â“π
ªßÀ≈«ß ¡“µ√“ à«π 1: 50,000, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“æÈ◊π∑Ë’™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ, 2541,
∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 81 Àπâ“  √ÿª§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“·≈–§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õß
·ºπß“πæ—≤π“æÈ◊π∑’Ë™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ, √“¬ß“π¢Õß
 ¡™“¬ 𓧖º¥ÿß√—µπå, π√√µ— πå ∫ÿ≠°π— ¿¬— , Õ¿™‘ “µ ®π’ °ÿ≈,  ÿ«≤— πå  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“æÈ◊π∑Ë’™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ,
µ¬‘ –‰æ√—™, ·≈– ‡¥™“ ¡≥π’ —¬, 2531, ∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“√–«“ß  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡
Õ”‡¿Õ –∫⓬âÕ¬, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °Õß ·Àßà ™“µ,‘ 40 Àπâ“
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 47 Àπâ“
 ”π—°ß“π ∂‘µ‘·Ààß™“µ‘, 2549,  ¡ÿ¥ ∂‘µ‘√“¬ªï¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬:
 ¡™“¬  æÿ ƒ≤‘æ“𑙬å, 2542, ªî‚µ√‡≈¬’ ¡««‘ ≤— πå„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, °√ÿ߇∑æœ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, Àπâ“ 29
¢“à « “√°“√∏√≥,’ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ ªï∑Ë’ 44, ©∫∫— ∑Ë’ 1,
Àπ“â 33-61  ‘π  ‘π °ÿ≈ ·≈– π‘√—π¥√å ™—¬¡≥,’ 2525, ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’
∫√‘‡«≥®—ßÀ«—¥√–¬Õß, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“,
 ¡æß…å ®π— ∑√¡å ’ ·≈– §≥–π°— »÷°…“¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡,à 2524, °Õß∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ °√ÿ߇∑æ, 32 Àπâ“
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“∫√‘‡«≥≈ÿà¡πÈ”·§«„À≠àµÕπ≈à“ß „°≈⇧’¬ß‡¢◊ËÕπ
∑à“∑àÿßπ“·≈–‡¢Ë◊Õπ»√’π§√π‘ ∑√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈¬— ‡™’¬ß„À¡à  π‘  ‘π °≈ÿ ·≈–  ‚‘ √µ¡å »—≈¬æß…å, 2539, √“¬ß“π √ÿª∏√≥’«‘∑¬“

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 543

‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈¿“§„µâ, ΩÉ“¬∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ∑√—欓°√∏√≥’¢Õß¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ, 26-29
 Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ , 18 Àπⓠ惻®‘°“¬π, ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ¢Õπ·°πà , Àπ“â 149-163
 π‘  ‘π °≈ÿ , 2539, ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ Ëß‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡®—ßÀ«—¥π§√𓬰·≈–  ÿ«∑‘ ¬å ‚§ ÿ«√√≥, ª√’™“  “¬∑Õß «’√–™“µ‘ «‡‘ «°«‘π·≈–‡Õ°™—¬
æπÈ◊ ∑’Ë„°≈‡â §¬’ ß, ‡Õ° “√‡ πÕ‚§√ß°“√»°÷ …“«®‘ ¬— ‚∫√“≥§¥’ ·°â«¡“µ¬å, 2550, ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«‚∫√“≥¢Õß°≈ÿà¡√Õ¬‡≈◊ËÕπ
·≈–ª√–«µ— »‘ “ µ√‡å ¡Õ◊ ßπ§√𓬰, °√¡»≈‘ ª“°√, 104 Àπ“â »√’ «— ¥Ï‘·≈–‡®¥’¬å “¡Õß§å ®—ßÀ«—¥°“≠®π∫ÿ√’: °Õß∏√≥’
 ‚‘ √µ¡å »—≈¬æß…å ·≈– 𧑠¡ ®÷ßÕ¬Ÿà ÿ¢, 2529, ·ºπ∑Ë’∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ «‘∑¬“ Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡, °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, √“¬ß“π«‘™“°“√
¿“§µ–«—πÕÕ° ¡“µ√“ à«π 1:50,000, °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ©∫—∫∑Ë’ °∏  /2550.
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡  ÿ«‘∑¬å ‚§ ÿ«√√≥ ·≈– ªî¬«√√≥ ™—¬‡©≈‘¡»—°¥‘Ï, 2533, ·ºπ∑Ë’
 ‚‘ √µ¡å »≈— ¬æß…,å 2535, Àπ‘ ‡°√·«§§¿’Ë “§µ–«π— ÕÕ°, °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“¡“µ√“ à«π 1:50,000 √–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õπ§√‰∑¬
°√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡, 31 Àπ“â ·≈–√–«“ß∫â“ππÈ”°ÿà¡: ΩÉ“¬ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °Õß
 ‘‚√µ¡å »—≈¬æß…å, 2539, À‘π·ª√æ√’·§¡‡∫√’¬π„π¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欰√∏√≥.’
µÕπ∫π, °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 35 Àπâ“  «ÿ ∑‘ ¬å ‚§ «ÿ √√≥ ·≈– Õ¿™‘ “µ‘ ≈”®«π, 2541, ∏√≥·’ ª√ —≥∞“π
 æÿ —µ√“ «ÿ≤™‘ “µ‘«“≥‘™, æ߻廗°¥Ï‘ «™‘ µ‘ ·≈– ∫≠ÿ »‘√‘  «ÿ √√≥‡« , ¬§ÿ „À¡¢à Õß√Õ¬‡≈ÕË◊ π·¡®à π— ®ß— À«¥— ‡™’¬ß√“¬ (Neotectonics
2523, ∑Õߧ”, ‡Õ° “√‡»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õ߇»√…∞ of Mae Chan Fault in Mae Chan District, Chiang
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, ‡≈¡à ∑’Ë 25, 99 Àπâ“ Rai Province): √“¬ß“π«‘™“°“√¢Õß°Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
 ÿ«¿“§¬å ÕË‘¡ ¡ÿ∑√, 2540, ≈”¥—∫™—ÈπÀ‘π·≈–≈—°…≥–‡πÈ◊ÕÀ‘π¢Õß °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ 58 Àπâ“
À¡«¥À‘π¿Ÿ∑Õ° ∫√‘‡«≥‡¢“¿Ÿ∑Õ° ·≈–¿Ÿ«—«À≈—ß∂”È æ≈“¬ ‡ ∂’¬√  ππË— ‡ ¬’ ß ·≈– æ≈ ‡™“«¥å ”√ߧå, 2524, °“√»÷°…“·≈–
®—ßÀ«—¥ÀπÕߧ“¬: ΩÉ“¬«‘®—¬∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °Õß∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ «®‘ ¬— À‘π™¥ÿ ‡∑Õ√‡å ™’¬√Ë’¿“§‡ÀπÕ◊ : ‡Õ° “√∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ 2 °Õß
°√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ 42 Àπ“â ∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
 ÿ«—≤πå µ‘¬–‰æ√™— ·≈– ‡¥™“ ¡≥’π—¬, 2533, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«® ‡ ∂’¬√  π—Ëπ‡ ’¬ß, 𑵑 °µ‘  ‘ “√ ·≈– æß…»å —°¥Ï‘ »√’æß…åæπ— ∏,å 2528,
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ ·≈–∏√≥’«‘∑¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√åπ“√’ √–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ·ºπ∑∏’Ë √≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™ ¡“µ√“ à«π
¬–≈“ ·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ√“¡—π, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®°Õß 1: 250,000: °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 80 Àπ“â ‡ √¡‘ »—°¥‘Ï µ¬’ æπ— ∏å ·≈– π√“‡¡»«√å ∏√’ –√—ß °‘ ≈ÿ , 2531, ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“
 «ÿ —≤πå µ‘¬–‰æ√—™ ·≈– ∑π‘ °√ ¡À“¿¡Ÿ ,‘ 2537, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«® √–«“߮ߗ À«¥— ªíµµ“π’ ·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿ÕÀπÕß®‘°: √“¬ß“π
∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ ·≈– ∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“§«Õ‡∑Õ√πå “√’ √–«“߮ߗ À«¥— µ√“¥ °“√ ”√«®∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °Õß∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’,
·≈–√–«“ßÕ”‡¿Õ·À≈¡ßÕ∫, ‡Õ° “√°“√ª√–™ÿ¡º≈ß“π 70 Àπ“â
∑“ß«™‘ “°“√ °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, Àπâ“ 1-4 · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‡™◊ÈÕ«‘‚√®πå, 2530, æ—≤π“°“√‡∑§‚∑π‘°·≈–ª√–«—µ‘
 ÿ«—≤πå µ‘¬–‰æ√—™,  —𵑠»√’«√°ÿ≈ ·≈– ∑‘π°√ ¡À“¿Ÿ¡‘, 2532, ¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å‚∫√“≥¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬: √à“ß∫∑§«“¡‡ πÕ
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ ·≈–√–«“ß „πÀπ—ß ◊Õ∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–·À≈àß·√à¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬,
Õ”‡¿ÕæŸπæ‘π, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °Õß °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 5 Àπâ“ (‡µ√’¬¡æ‘¡æå)
∏√≥«’ ‘∑¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥,’ 51 Àπ“â Õ°π‘…∞å  ÿ«√√≥ ‘ßÀå, 2516, √“¬ß“π¢È—πµâπ°“√ ”√«®‡æ◊ËÕÀ“
 ÿ«™‘ ™å  ¡— ªµí µ–«π™‘ ·≈– ß“¡æ»‘ Õß— §∑–«“π‘™, 2518, ∑Õß·¥ß, ·À≈àß𑇰‘≈ ∫â“π∑à“°√–¥“ππÕ° °‘ËßÕ”‡¿Õ π“¡™—¬
‡Õ° “√‡»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“ °√¡ ®ß— À«¥— ©–‡™ß‘ ‡∑√“: °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’
∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’, ‡≈¡à ∑’Ë 11, 51 Àπ“â °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡
 ÿ«‘™™å  —¡ªíµµ–«π‘™, 2540, ∑√—欓°√·√à·≈–∑√—欓°√∏√≥’ Õߧ°å “√«»‘ «°√√¡‡æÕ◊Ë °“√∑”∫≠— ™∑’ √æ— ¬“°√°Õß∑æ— ∫° À√∞— Õ‡¡√°‘ “
«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑Ë’‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“æÈ◊π∑Ë’™“¬Ωòíß∑–‡≈ ·≈–  ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–¬ÿ°µå·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬,
¿“§„µâ, √“¬ß“π°“√ ”√«®·≈–«‘®—¬ ©∫—∫∑Ë’ 8/2540, 2512, ®—ßÀ«—¥π§√æπ¡, ‚§√ß°“√®—¥∑” ¡ÿ¥·ºπ∑Ë’
°Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥’«∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, 82 Àπ“â ∑√—欓°√ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬:  ¡¥ÿ ·ºπ∑Ë’ ‡≈à¡ 1, 74 Àπ“â
 ÿ«™‘ ™å  ¡— ªíµµ–«π™‘ , ‡™‘¥»—°¥Ï‘ Õ√√∂Õ“√ÿ≥, «ÿ≤‘°“πµå  ÿ¢‡ √‘¡ Õ¥‘»—¬ ®“√ÿ√—µπå, 2540,  ¿“æπ”È ∫“¥“≈„π‡¢µπ”È ∫“¥“≈¿“§
·≈– Õ¥ÿ≈¬å „®µ“∫µÿ √, 2528, ·√àÕ‚≈À–¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬, µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß‡Àπ◊Õ, „π ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ —¡¡π“
„π ‡Õ° “√°“√ª√–™ÿ¡∏√≥’«‘∑¬“·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ ‡√◊ËÕß·π«∑“ß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘πÈ”∫“¥“≈

544 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

æ.».2520  ”À√—∫‡¢µπÈ”∫“¥“≈„π à«π¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§ of Tsukuba, unpublished M.Sc. thesis, 74 p., 20pls.
≥ ‚√ß·√¡‚¶…– ®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ Ampornmaha, A., 1995, Triassic carbonate rocks in the
Õ¥ÿ≈¬å ‡®√‘≠ª√–«—µ‘ ·≈– ∏π‘»√å «ß»å«“π‘™, 2519, √“¬ß“π
∏√≥’«‘∑¬“‡∫È◊Õßµâπ√–«“ß®—ßÀ«—¥‡≈¬ (ND 47-12) Phatthalung area, Peninsular Thasiland: Journal
¡“µ√“ à«π 1:250,000: °√¡∑√—欰“√∏√≥’, 61 Àπâ“ of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 11, p. 225-236.
·≈–·ºπ∑Ë∏’ √≥’«‘∑¬“ 1 ©∫∫— Ampornmaha, A., 1996, Triassic carbonate rock in
Õ¿‘™“µ‘ ≈”®«π, 2520, ·ºπ∑’Ë∏√≥’«‘∑¬“√–«“ßÕ”‡¿ÕÀ—«À‘π Peninsular Thailand, unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
¡“µ√“ «à π 1:250,000: °Õß∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“ °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥’ University of Tsukuba, 173 p., 23 pl.
Õ¡√ ‡¡∏°’ ≈ÿ ·≈– Õ°π…‘ ∞å  «ÿ √√≥ ß‘ À,å 2524, ∑Õߧ”¢“«: ‡Õ° “√ Areesiri, S., 1982, Amphibolite and related rocks of Bo
‡»√…∞∏√≥’«‘∑¬“, °Õ߇»√…∞∏√≥«’ ∑‘ ¬“, °√¡∑√—欓°√∏√≥’, Kwang Thong, Amphoe Phanat Nikhom, Changwat
‡≈à¡∑Ë’ 26, 76 Àπâ“ Cnonburi: Chiang Mai Un iversity, unpublished
Õ√°≈ÿ ÕàÕπ ÿ«√√≥, 2526, ·√:à æ‘¡æ§å √ß—È ∑Ë’ 3, °Õ߇»√…∞°‘®·≈– M.Sc. thesis.
‡º¬·æ√à (°Õß«™‘ “°“√·≈–«“ß·ºπ) °√¡∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√≥,’ Arnold, E.P., 1986, Earthquake hazard mitigation projramme
278 Àπ“â in Southeast Asia: Technical evaluation, excutive
Abbott, P. L., 2004, Natural Disasters (4 th ed.): summaru, and final report: Southeast Asia
New York, The McGraw-Hall, 460 p. Association of Seismology and Earthquake
Adachi, S., Igo, H., Ampornmaha, A, Sashida, K., and Engineering-series on Seismology (SEASEE), v.1,
Nakornsri, N., 1993, Triassic coral buildups 83p. Appendix A-1 to B-5.
observed in the Chaibury Formation, near Asama, K., 1976, Gigantopteris in Southeast Asia and its
Phatthalung, Peninsular Thailand: Institute of physio-paleo-geographic Significace: Geology and
Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, annual Paleontology of S.E. Asia, v. 7, p. 191-207, pl. 28-30
report no. 19, p. 27-31. Asama, K., Iwai, J., Veeraburus, M., and Hongnusonthi,
Akermann, T.E.,1986, The geology of the Lower Paleozoic A., 1968, Permian plants from Loei, Thailand:
Tarutao Formation: Universityof Tasmania, Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia,
unpublished B.Sc. Hon. Thesis. v. 4, p. 92-89.
Alekseev, M.N., and Takaya, Y., 1967, An Outline of the Asama, K., Nakornsri, N., Hinthong, C., and Sinsakul,
Upper Cenozoic deposits in the Chao Phraya S., 1981, Some younger Mesozoic plants from
Basin, Central Thailand: The Southeast Asian Trang: Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast
Studies, no. 2, p. 106-124. Asia, v. 22, p. 35-48.
Altermann, W., 1986, The Upper Paleozoic pebby Asnachinda, P., 1978, Tin mineralization in the Burmese-
mudstone facies of peninsular Thailand and Malayan Peninsular-a plate tectonic, in
Western Malaysia-continental margin deposits of P. Nutalaya, ed.-in-chief, Proceedings of the Third
Palaeoeurasia: Geologische Rundschau, v. 75, Regional Conference on Geology and Mineral
no. 2, p. 79-89. Resources of Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand:
Altermann, W., 1991, New Permo-Carboniferous geochemical 1978, p. 193-199.
data from central Thailand: implication for Audley-Chales, M.G., 1988, Evolution of the southern
volcanic arc model, Verlag fur Wissenschaft und margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from
Bildung. Early Permian to Late Cretaceous, in M.G.
Ampornmaha, A., 1993, Lithostratighaphy and Audley-Charles amd M.G. Hallam, ed., Gondwana
biostratigraphy of carbonate rocks in the and Tethys, Special Publications, Geological
Phatthalung area, peninsular Thailand: University Society, v. 37, p. 79-100.
Bal, A.A., Burgisser, H.M. Harris, D.K., Herber, M.A., Rigby,

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 545

S.M., Thumprasertwong, S., and Winkler, F.J., Neogene Mammal Chronology, Plenum Press,
1992, The Tertiary Phitsanulok lacustrine basin, New York, U.S.A.: 1990, p. 557-571.
on shore Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, ed.-in-chief, Bastin, H., et al., 1970, Silurian and Early Devonian
Proceedings of the National Conference on biostratigraphy in Northern Thailand: Newsletter
Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for of Stratigraphy, v. 1, no. 2.
Future Development, Department of Mineral Bateman, A.M., 1967, Economic mineral deposit, 7th
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p. 247-258. printing, Modern Asia Edition, New York, John
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., 1978, Geochemistry and Wiley & Son, Tokyo, Charles R. Tuttle Company, 916 p.
petrogenesis of late Cenozoic alkaline basalts of Baum, F., Braun, E.v., Hahn, L., Hess, A., Koch, K.E., Kruse,
Thailand: Geological Society of Malaysia G., Quarch, H., and Siebenhuner, M., 1970, On
Bulletin, v.10, p.25-52. the geology of Northern Thailand: Beihefte
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., 1979, Paleomagnetism Geologische Jahrbunch, v. 102, 23 p.
age and geochemistry of the Denchai basalts, Baum, F., Braun, E.v., Hess, A., and Koch, K.E., 1982,
Northern Thailand: Earth Planet Science Letters, Geological map of Northern Thailand (1:250,000):
v.46, p.113-124. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., 1981, Geochemistry and Resources, Stuttgart, 80 p.
geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Bayard, D., Charoenwongsa, P., and Rutnin, S., 1983,
Southeast Asia: Geological Society of America Excavation at Ban Non Chai, Northeastern
Bulletin, Part II, v. 92, p. 1069-1142. Thailand, 1977-1978: Asia Perspective, v. 25,
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., 1987, Nan River suture no. 1, p. 12-67.
zone, Northern Thailand: Geology, v. 15, p. 907-910. Beauvais, L., and Fontaine, H., 1993, Montlivaltia
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., 1991, Toward a Late numismalis (DûOrbigny), a middle Jurassic coral
Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic tectonic model for newly found in west Thailand, in T. Thanasuthipitak,
Thailand: Thai Geosciences Journal, v. 1, p. 11-12. ed., Proceedings of the International Symposium
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., Haile, N.S. and Reynolds, on Biostratigraphy of Mainland Southeast Asia
P.H., 1976, Paleomagnetisim and age of the (BIOSEA), Department of Geological Sciences,
Lampang basalts (Northern Thailand) and age of Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand:
the underlyign prbble tools: Journal of Geological 1993, v. 1, p. 63-70.
Society of Thailand, v. 2, no. 1-2, p. 1-10. Beckinsale, R.D., and Nakapadungrat, S., 1981, A summaryh
Barr, S.M., and Macdonald, A.S., Yaowanoiyothin, W. and of geochronological studies of Thai granites:
Panjasawatwong, Y., 1985, Occurrence of blueschist Department of Mineral Resources (unpublished).
in the Nan River mafic-ultramafic belt, Northern Beckinsale, R.D., Suensilpong, S., Nakapadungrat, S., and
Thailand: Warta Geologi, v. 11, no. 2, p. 47-50. Walsh, J.N., 1979, Geochronology of granite
Barr, S.M., Tantisukrit, C., Yaowanoiyothin, W., and magmatism in Thailand in relation to a plate
Macnonald, A.S., 1990, Petrology and tectonic tectonic model: Journal of Geological Society of
implications of Upper Paleozoic volcanic rocks of London, v. 136, p. 529-540.
the Chiang Mai Belt, northern Thailand: Journal Bernammi, M., Chaimanee, Y., Jaeger, J.J., Suteethorn, V.,
of Southeast Asian Earth Science, v. 4, p. 37-47. and Ducrocq, S., 1997, Eocene Krabi basin
Barry, J.C., and Flynn, L.J., 1990, Key biostratigraphic events (southern Thailand): Paleontology and
in the Siwaliks sequences, in E.H. Lindsay, magnetostratigraphy, Geological Society of
V. Fahlbusch, and P. Mein, eds., European America Bullentin, February 2001, v.113, no. 2,

546 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

p.265-273. Hanover, B 21, p. 171-204.
Bernammi, M., Chaimanee, Y., Jaeger, J.J., Suteethorn, V., Bristow, C.S., 1991, Sedimentology of the Tertiary Krabi

and Ducrocq, S., 1998, Paleontology and Basin, Thailand, in Seventh Regional Congress
magnetostratigraphy of the Eocene Krabi Basin on Geology, Mineral and Energey Resources of
(South Thailand), GEOSEA IX, Malaysia, Southeast Asia (GEOSEA VII), Bangkok,
Geological Society of Malaysia, p. 184-185. Thailand: 1991, Abstract volume, p. 22-23.
Bidston, B.J., and Daniels, J.S., 1992, Oil from the ancient Brown, G.F., Buravas, S., Charaljavanaphet, J. Jalichandra,
lakes of Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, ed.-in-chief, N., Johnson, W.D., Sresthaputra, V., and Taylor,
Proceedings of the National Conference on G.C., 1951, Geologic reconnaissance of the
Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for mineral deposits of Thailand: USGS Bulletin 984,
Future Development, Department of Mineral 183 p., also as Royal Department of Mines
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p. 584-599. Geological Survey, Memoir 1 (1953).
Blieck, A., and Goujet, D., 1978, A propos de nouveau Brown, G.F., Buravas, S., Charaljavanaphet, N., Johnston,
materl de Thelodontes (Vertebres Agnathes) dûIran W.D., Sresthaputra, V., and Taylor, G., 1951,
et de Thailande, Apercusur la repartition Geologic Reconnaissance of the Mineral
geographique et stratigraphique des Agnathes Deposits of Thailand: U.S Geological Survey
des (regions gondwanienens) au Paleozoique Bulletin, no. 984, 183 p.
moyan: Annals de Societe Geologique du Nord, Buffetaut, E., 1981, Mesozoic vertebrates from Thailand
v. 97, p. 363-372. and their paleobiological sigmificance: Terra
Blieck, A., Janvier, P., and Lelievre, H., 1984, Microrestes Cognita, v. 2, p. 27-34.
de vertebres du Siluro-Devonine dûAlgerie, De Buffetaut, E., 1983, Mesozoic vertebrates from Thailand:
Turquie et de Thailande: Geobios, v. 17, p. 851-856. a review: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 28,
Boonsener, M., 1997, Engineering geology of the Town of no. 1-2, p. 43-53.
Khon Kaen, Northeastern Thailand: Asian Buffetaut, E., 1991, On the age of dinosaur-bearing beds
Institute of Technology, unpublished M.Sc. of southern Laos: Newsletter of Stratigraphy,
thesis no.1023. v. 24, p. 59-83.
Boucot, A.J., Cocks, L.R.M., and Rachborf, P.R., 1999, Early Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1980, A new crocodilian
Devonian brachiopods from Satun Southern from the Jurassic of Thailand, Sunosuchus
Thailand: Journal of Paleontology, v. 75, no. 3, thailandicus n. sp. (Mesosuchia, Goniophididae),
p. 850-859. and the palaeogeographical history of South-East
Braun, E. von, 1969, On the age of the granites in Asia in the Mesozoic: Geobios, v. 13, p. 879-889.
northern Thailand, in Second Technical Conference Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1982, Phytosaur remains
on Tin of the ITC, Bangkok, Thailand: 1969, p. 151-157. (Reptilia, Thecodontia) from the Upper Triassic of
Braun, E. von, and Jordan, R., 1976, The stratigraphy and Northeastern Thailand: Geobios, v. 15, no. 1, p. 7-17.
palaeontology of the Mesozoic sequence in the Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1984, A very small theropod
Mae Sot area in western Thailand: Geologisches dinosasur from the Upper Jurassic of Northeastern
Jahrbuch, Reihe B, Heft 21, p. 5-51. Thailand: Comptes Rendus de lûAcademie des
Braun, E. von, Besang, C., Eberle, W., Harre, W., Kreuzer, Sciences de Paris, v. 298, p. 915-918.
H., Lenz, H., Muller, P., and Wendt, I., 1976, Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1985, The Mesozoic
Radiometric age determinations of granites in vertebrates of Thailand: Scientific American,
Northern Thailand: Geologisches Jahrbuch, v. 256, p. 80-87.

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 547

Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, R., 1986, The succession of earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower
vertebrate faunas in the continental Mesozoic of Cretaceous of Thailand: Nature, v. 381, p. 689-691.
Thailand: Geological Society of Malaysia, Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Cuny, G., Tong, H., Loeuff,
Bulletin 19, p. 167-172. J., Khansubha, S., and Jongautchariyariyakul,
S., 2000, The earliest known souropod dinosaur:
Buffetaut, E., and Suteethorn, V., 1992, A new species of Nature, v. 407, p. 72-74.
the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaursus from Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Martin, V., Chaimanee,
the Early Cretaceous of Thailand: Palaeontology, Y., and Tong, H., 1993, Biodtratigraphyof the
v. 35, p. 801-812. Mesozoic Khorat Group of Northeastern
Thailand: the contribution of vertebrate
Buffetaut, E., and Suteethorn, V., 1993, The dinosaurs of palaeontology, in T. Thanasuthipitak, ed.,
Thailand: Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Proceedings of International Symposium on
Sciences, v. 8, no. 1-4, p. 77-82. Biostratigraphy of Mainland Southeast Asia
(BIOSEA), Department of Geological Sciences,
Buffetaut, E., and Suteethorn, V., 1998, The biogeographical Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand:
significance of the Mesozoic vertebrates from 1993, v. 1, p. 51-62.
Thailand: in R. Hall and J.D. Holloway, eds., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., Tong, H., Chaimanee, Y., and
Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, Khunsubha, S., 1997, New dinosaur discoveries
p. 83-90. in the Jurassic and Cretaceous opf Northeastern
Thailand, in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong,
Buffetaut, E., Ingavat, R., Sattayarak, N., and Suteethorn, P. Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien,
V., 1985a, First dinosaur footprints from C. Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong, and
Southeast Asia: carnosaur tracks from the Lower S. Techawan, eds., Proceeding of the International
Cretaceous from Thailand: Comptes Rendus de Conference on Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution
lûAcademie des Sciences de Paris, v. 301, no. 2, of Southeast Asia and The South Pacific (Geothai
p. 643-648. 97), Bangkok, Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 177-187.
Bunopas, S., 1969, Report on the geology of Amphoe Tha
Buffetaut, E., Ingavat, R., Sattayarak, N., and Suteethorn, Pla-Nam Plat and Pha SomDam, 47Q/EB19, 47Q/
V., 1985b, Early Cretaceous dinosaur footprints EB23: Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok,
from Phu Luang (Loei Province, Northeastern Thailand.
Thailand) and their Significance, in P. Bunopas, S., 1971, On the geology and stratigraphy of the
Thanvarachorn, S. Hokjaroen and W. Youngme, Nam Phrom Dam and its vicinity: Geological
eds., Proceedings of the Conference on Geology Society of Thailand, Newsletters, v. 4, p. 17-44.
and Mineral Resources Development of Northeast Bunopas, S., 1976, On the stratigraphic successions in
Thailand, Khon Kaen University, Thailand: 1985, Thailand-A preliminary summary: Journal of
November, p. 71-76. Geological Society of Thailand, v. 2, no. 1-2, p. 31-58.
Bunopas, S., 1976a, Geology of Amphoe Bo Phloi, North
Buffetaut, E., Martin, V., Sattayarak, N., and Suteethorn, Kanchanaburi with speciual notes on the
V., 1995, The oldest known dinosaur from çKanchanaburi Seriesé: Journal of Geological
Southeast Asia: a prosauropod from the Nam Society of Thailand, v. 1, no. 1-2, p. 51-67.
Phong Formation (late Triassic) of Northeastern Bunopas, S., 1980, Geological Survey Report no. 2, Sheet
Thailand: Geol. Maq., v. 132, no. 6, p. 739-742.

Buffetaut, E., Sattayarak, N., and Suteethorn, V., 1989, A
psittacosaurid dinosaur from the Cretaceous of
Thailand and implications for the palaeobiogeographical
history od Asia: Terra Nova, v. 1, p. 370-373.

Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Tong, H., 1996, The

548 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Suphan Buri (ND 47-7),scale 1:250,000: Department of the Third Regional Conference on Geology and
of Mineral Resources., Thaland, 73 p. Mineralogy Resources of Southeast Asia, Bangkok
Bunopas, S., 1980a, Geology and mineral resources of the Thailand: 1978, p. 133-140.
Changwat Nakhon Sawan Quadrangle: Bunopas, S., and Villa, P., 1983, Tectonic and geologic
Department of Mineral Resources, Geological evolution of Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed.,
Survey Report 1. Proceedings of the Workshop on Stratigraphic
Bunopas, S., 1981, Paleogeographic history of western Correlation of Thailand and Malaysia, Haad Yai,
Thailand and adjacent parts of Southeast Asia- Thailand: 1983, p. 307-323.
A plate tectonics interpretation: Victoria University Bunopas, S., and Villa, P., 1992, Geotectonics and
of Willington, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 810 p.; geologic evolution of Thailand, in C. Piancharoen,
reprinted 1982 as Geological Survey Paper no.5, ed.-in-chief, Proceedings of the National
Geological Survey Division, Department of Conference on Geologic Resources of Thailand:
Mineral Resources, Thailand. Potential for Future Development, Department of
Bunopas, S., 1983, Palaeozoic succession in Thailand, in Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992,
P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings of the Workshop Supplementary volume, p. 209-228.
on Stratigraphic Correlation of Thailand and Bunopas, S., Fontaine, H., Salyapongse, S. and Vachard,
Malaysia, Haad Yai, Thailand: 1983, v. 1, p. 39-76. D., 1983, Permian paleogeography in Southeast
Bunopas, S., 1989, Fragmented Precambrian complexes Thailand evidenced by new discoveries: Journal
of Shan-Thai and Indochina and their Pre- of Geological Society of Thailand, v. 6, no. 1, p. 17-21.
Jurassic tectonics built-up: IGCP Project 224, Bunopas, S., Maranate, S., and Villa, P.,1989, Mesozoic
Pre-Jurassic Evolution of Eastern Asia, Report paleopoles and paleolatitudes for Thailand, their
no. 4, Osaka, p. 47-49. significant bearing on the Khorat (Indosinian and
Bunopas, S., 1992, Regional stratigraphic correlation in Cimerian) Orogeny [abs.]: Project IGCP 224, Hat
Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, ed.-in-chief, Yai and Klangawi Island, Thailand and Malaysia,
Proceedings of the National Conference on April 25-May 2.
Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for Bunopas, S., Wasson, J.T., Vella, P., Fontaine, H., Hada,
Future Development, Department of Mineral S., Burrett, C., Suphajanya, Th. And Kosithanon,
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, Supplementary S., 1999, Catastrophic loess, mass mortality and
volume, p. 189-208. forest fires suggest that a Pleistocene cometary
Bunopas, S., 1994, The reional stratigraphy, paleogrographic impact in Thailand, caused the Australasian
and tectonic events of Thailand and continental tektite field: Journal of Geological Society of
Southeast Asia, in Proceedings of the International Thailand, v. 1, p. 1-17.
Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Buravas, S., 1957, Stratiography of Thailand: Mimeogr
Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: 1994, p. 2-24. distributed at IX Pacific Sci. Congr., Bangkok.
Bunopas, S., and Bunjitradulya, S., 1975, Geology of Amphoe Buravas, S., 1975, Age of the Mae Soon Oil Field of Fang
Bo Phloi, North Kanchanaburi, with special note Basin, Chiang Mai Province: Department of
on the çKanchanaburi Seriesé: Journal of Geological Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University,
Society of Thailand, v.1, p.51-67. Special Publication, v. 2, p. 61-65.
Bunopas, S., and Villa, P., 1978, Late Palaeozoic and Burrett, C., and Stait, B., 1985, Southeast Asia as part of an
Mesozoic structural evolution of Northern Thailand, Ordovician Gondwanaland - a palaeogeogeographic
a plate tectonics model, in P. Nutalaya. ed., Proceedings test of the tectonic hypothesis: Earth Planet

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 549

Science Letters 75, p. 67-77. Department of Geological Science, Chiang Mai
Burrett, C., Carey, S.P. and Wongwanich, T., 1986, A Siluro- University, Thailand: 1973.
Cameron, N.R., Clarke, M.C.G., Aldiss, D.T., Aspdem, J.A.,
Devonian carbonate sequence in Northern and Djuddin, A., 1980, The geological evolution
Thailand: Journal of Southeast Asia Earth of Northern Sumatra, in Proceedings of the 9th
Sciences, v. 1, p. 215-220. Annual Convention of Indonesia Petroleum
Burrett, C., Long, J., and Stait, B., 1990, Early-Middle Association, Indonesia: 1980, p. 149-187.
Paleozoic biogeography of Asia terranes derived Capetta, H., Buffetaut, E., and Suteethorn, V., 1990,
from Gondwana, in W.S. McKerro and C.R. A new hypodont shark from the Lower Cretaceous
Scottese, eds., Palaeogeography and Biogeography: of Thailand: Neues Jahrbuch for Geologie
Geological Society Memoir no. 12, p. 163-174. undPaleontologie, Monatshefte, v. 11, p. 659-666.
Burtoin, C.K., 1967, Graptolite and tentaculite correlation Carey, S.P., Burrett, C., Chaodumrong, P., Wongwanich,
and palaeogeography of the Silurian and T., and Chonglakmani, C., 1995, Triassic and
Devonian in the Yunnan-Malaya geosyncline: Permian conodonts from the Lampang and Ngo
Palaeontology Society of Japan, Transactions and Groups, Northern Thailand: Sonderdruck aus CFS-
Proceedings, new series, v. 65, p. 27-46. Courier 142, Frankurt am Main, v. 142, p. 497-513.
Burtoin, C.K., 1974, The Satun Group (Noi Tak Formation Caridroit, M., Bohlke, D., Lamchuan, A., Helmcke, D., and
and Thung Song Limestone) of Peninsular De Wever, P., 1993, A mixed radiolarian fauna
Thailand: Sains Malaysiana, v. 3, no. 1, p. 15-34. (Permian/Traissic) from clastics of the Mae Sariang
Burtoin, C.K., 1978, The Masi Formation (Permian) of area, Northwestern Thailand, in T. Thanasuthipitak,
peninsular Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings ed., Proceedings of th International Symposium on
of the 3rd Regional Conference on Geology and Biostratigraphy of Mainland Southeast Asia: Facies
Mineral Resources on Geology and Mineral and Paleontology (BIOSEA), Chiang Mai University,
Resources of Southeast Asia (GEOSEA III), Asian Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1993, v. 2, p. 401-413.
Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand: 1978, Carmichael, J.S.E., Turner, F.J., and Verhoogen, J., 1974,
p. 33-41. Igneous Petrology: Mc Graw-Hill, N.Y., 739 p.
Burtoin, C.K., 1986, The Kanchanabuir supergroup of Chaimanee, N., 1987, The transgression-regression event
Peninsular & Western Thailand, in Proceedings in Songkhla Lake Basin, Southern Thailand, in
of GEOSEA V, v.II, Geological Society of Malaysia, F.W. Wezel and J.L. Rau, eds., Progress in
Bulletin no.20, Malaysia: 1986, p. 311-361. Quaternary Geology of East and Southeast Asia,
Burtoin, C.K., and Bignell, J.D., 1969, Cretaceous-Tertiary CCOP, Bangkok, Thailand: 1987, p. 141-167.
events in Southeast Asia: Bulletin of Geological Chaimanee, N., 1990, Geological map of Amphoe Khlong
Society of America, p. 681-688. Thom Quadrangle, scale 1:50,000: Geological Survey
Burtoin, R.E., 1974, Peninsular Thailand: in A.M. Spencer, Division, Department of Mineral Resources (in Thai).
ed., Mesozoic-Cenozoic orogenic belts, Geological Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., Jaeger, J.-J., and Ducrocq,
Society, London, Special Publication, v. 4, p. 301-315. S., 1997, A new Late Eocene anthopoid primate
Cambell, K.V., 1975, Basement complex: Department of from Thailand: Nature, v. 385, p. 429-431.
Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chairangsee, C., Hinze, C., Macharoensap, S., Nakornsri,
Special publication no. 1, v. 1, p. 3-12. N., Silparit, M., and Sinpoolanant, S., 1990,
Cambell, K.V., and Nutalaya, P., 1973, Structural elements Geological Map of Thailand, 1:50,000, Explanationfor
and deformation events, in Proceedings of the the sheets Amphoe Pak Chom 5435 II, Bna Na Kho
Conference on the Geology of Thailand,

550 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

5344 I , Ban Huai Khop 5445 III, King Amphoe Chaodumrong, P., and Rao, P., 1992, Depositional
Nam Som 5444 IV: Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe environments of Triassic carbonates, Lampang
B, Heft 73, 109 p. Group, Central North Thailand, in C. Piancharoen,
Chantaramee, S., 1981, Tectonic deformation of the Lansang ed., Proceedings of the National Conference on
Area, Tak, Thailand: University of Malaya, Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potemtial for
unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation. Future Development, Department of Mineral
Chaodumrong, P., 1985, Sedimentological Studies of some Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p. 355-367.
Tertiary deposits of Mae Moh Basin, Changwat
Lampang: Chulalongkorn University, unpublished Chaodumrong, P., Bamrungsong, P., and Jungyusuk, N.,
M.Sc. thesis, 285 p. 1998, Limestone and dolomite resources map of
Chaodumrong, P., 1992, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Ban Pak Nam Tha Thong Sheet 4927 III, scale
Tectonic Settingof the Lampang Group, Central 1:50,000: Department of Mineral Resources,
North Thailand: University of Tasmania, Bangkok, Thail;and.
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 230 p.
Chaodumrong, P., 1994, Sedimentology and Tectonic Chaodumrong, P., Ukakimapan, Y., Snansieng, S., Janmaha,
implication of Triassic submarine fans, Lampang S., Pradidtan, S., and Sae Leow, N., 1985, A
Group, Central North Thailand, in P. Angsuwathana, review of the Tertiary sedimentary rocks of
T. Wongwanich, W. Tansatien, S. Wongsomsak, and Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings of the
J. Tulyatid, eds., Proceedings of the International Workshop on Stratigraphic Correlation of Thailand
Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast and Malaysia, Haad Yai, Thaiuland: 1985, p. 159-187.
Asia, Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok,
Thailand: 1994, p. 208-225. Chappell, B.W., and White, A.J.R., 1974, Two contrasting
Chaodumrong, P., 1994a, Triassic submarine fan sediments granite types: Pacific Geology, v.8, p. 173-174.
of Pong Nam Ron Formation, Eastern Thailand,
in 1994 Annual Technical Meeting, Geological Charoenprawat, A., 1968, Geology of Amphoe Wang Chin
Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources, (4944 IV), scale 1:50,000: Geological Survey
Bangkok, Thailand: 1994, p. 11-18. Division, Department of Mineral Resources (in Thai).
Chaodumrong, P., and Burrett, C., 1997, Stratigraphy of
the Lampang Group in Central North Thailand: New Charoenprawat, A., Chuavirot, S, Hingthong, C., and
version, CCOP Technical Bulletin, v. 26, p. 65-80. Chonglakmani, C., 1994, Geological map of sheet
Chaodumrong, P., and Burrett, C., 1997a, Early Late Changwat Lampang, scale 1:250,000: Geological
Triassic continental colliding between Shan-Thai Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources.
and Indochina terranes as indicated by occurrence
of fan delta red beds of Pha Daeng Formation, Charoenprawat, A., Dhamdusdi, V., Sripongpan, P., and
Central North Thailand, in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, Paksamut, N., 1985, Geology of Changwat Mae
P. Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansatien, Hong Son (4547 I) and Ban Huai Pong (4547 II),
C. Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and scale 1:50,000: Geological Survey Division,
S. Techawan, eds., Proceedings of the International Department of Mineral Resources, 24 p. (in Thai,
Conference on Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution unpublished).
of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific (Geothai
97), Bangkok, Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 143-157. Charoenprawat, A., Wongwanich, T., Tantivanit, W., and
Theetiparivatra, V., 1984, Geological map of sheet
Changwat Loei (NE 47-12), scale 1:250,000:
Geological Survey Division, Department of
Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.

Charusiri, P., 1989, Lithosphile metallogenitic epochs of
Thailand: a geological and geochronological
investigation: Queenûs University, unpublished

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 551

Ph.D. thesis, 891 p. Auckland University, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 504 p.
Charusiri, P., and Kosuwan, S., 2000, Seismic source Chonglakmani, C., 1982, The Mesozoic marine faunas of

zoning map for Thailand and adjacent regionm, Thailand and their paleogeographic implications:
a map under compilation process (in press). Bollettino delta Societo Paleontologica Italiana,
Charusiri, P., Kosuwan, S., and Imsamut, S., 1997, v.21, no.2-3, p.255-266.
Tectonic evolution of Thailand: From Bunopas Chonglakmani, C., 1983, The Marine Mesozoic stratigraphy
(19891)ûs to a new scenario, in P. Dheeradilok, of Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings of
C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, the Workshop on stratigraphic Correlation of
W. Tansatien, C. Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, Thailand and Malaysia, Haad Yai, Thailand: 1983,
T. Nuchanong and S. Techawan, eds., Proceedings p. 105-126.
of the International Conference on Stratigraphy Chonglakmani, C., 1990, Note on the continental deposits
and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia and of Peninsular Thailand with a description of some
the South Pacific (Geothai 97), Bangkok, conchostrachans: Oil and Gas Geology, v. 2, p. 31-37.
Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 414-420. Chonglakmani, C., 1998, The Triassic system of Thailand:
Cheneval, J., Ginsburg, L., and Mourer-Chauvire, C., 1984, implication on geotectonic evolution of Southeast
Discovery of an avifauna from the Miocene of Asia, in 9th Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral
Northern Thailand: Comptes Rendus de and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia
lûAcademie des Sciences de Paris, v.299, Serie II, (GEOSEAû98), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: 1998, p. 48.
no. 19, p. 1369-1372. Chonglakmani, C., 1999, The Triassic systems of Thailand:
Cheneval, J., Ginsburg, L., Mourer-Chauvire, C., and implications for the paleogeography of Southeast
Ratanasthien, B., 1991, The Miocene avifauna of Asia, in International Symposium on Shallow Tethys
trhe Li Mae Log locality, Thailand: systematics (ST) 5, Bangkok, Thailand: 1999, p. 486-495.
and paleoecology: Journal of Southeast Asian Chonglakmani, C., and Helmcke, D., 1989, The Triassic
Earth Sciences, v. 6, no. 2, p. 117-126. Lampang Group of Northern Thailand-fore-arc
Chinbunchorn, N., Pradidtan, S., and Sattayarak, N., 1989, basin deposits on sediment of intermontane
Petroleum potential of Tertiary intermontane basin, in T. Thanasuthipitak and P. Ounchanum,
basins in Thailand, in T. Thanasuthipitak and eds., Proceedings of Intermontane Basin: Geology
P. Ounchanum, eds., Proceedings of the and Resources, Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1989, p. 265-275.
International Symposium on Intermontane Chonglakmani, C., and Sattayarak, N., 1978, Stratigraphy
Basins, Geology and Resources, Department of of the Huai Hin Lat Formation (Upper Triassic)
Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, in NE Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings
Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1989, p. 29-42. of the Third Regional Conference on Geology
Chonglakmani, C., 1972, Stratigraphy of the Triassic and Mineralogy Resources of Southeast Asia,
Lampang Group in Northern Thailand: Geological Bangkok, Thailand: 1978, p. 739-762.
Society of Thailand Newsletter, v. 5, no. 5 and 6, Chonglakmani, C., and Sattayarak, N., 1984, Geological
p. 33-36. map of sheet Changwat Phetchabun (NE 47-16),
Chonglakmani, C., 1973, Notes on the Trassic scale 1:250,000: Department of Mineral Resources,
paleogeography of Northern Thailand: Geological Bangkok, Thailand.
Society of Thailand Newsletter, v. 6, no. 1, p. 7-14. Chonglakmani, C., Ingavat, R., Piccoli, G., and Robba,
Chonglakmani, C., 1981, The systematics and biostratigraphy E., 1983, The last marine submarine of the Bangkok
of Triassic bivalves and ammonoids of Thailand, Area in Thailand: Memorie Di Scienze Geologiche,

552 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Padova, Italy, v. 36, p. 345-352, 3 fig., 2 pl. Survey Malaysia, p. 78-94.
Chonglakmani, C., Meesook, A., and Suteethorn, V., 1985, Cobbing, E.J., Mallick, D.I.J., Pitfield, P.E.J., and Teoh, L.H.,

Jurassic stratigraphy of Thailand, in P. Thanvorachorn, 1986, The granites of the S.E. Asia Tin Belt: Journal
S. Hokjaroen and W. Yongme, eds., Proceedings of Geological Society of London, v. 143, p. 537-550.
of the Conference on Geology and Mineral Resources Cobbing, E.J., Pitfield, P.E.J., Darbyshire, D.P.F., and Mallick,
Development of the Northeast Thailand, Khon D.I.J., 1992, The granites of the Southeast Asian
Kaen University, Thailand: 1985, p. 77-83. tin belt: Overseas memoir of the British Geological
Chuaviroj, S., 1990, Outline of the tectonic evolution of Survey no. 10, 369 p.
Thailand, in P. Charusiri, V. Pisutha-Arnond and Cooper, M.A., Herbert, R., and Hill, G.S., 1989, The structural
S. Jarupongsakul, eds., Proceedings of the evolution of Triassic intermontane basins in
Technical Conferences on Development Geology northern Thailand, in T. Thanasuthipitak and
for Thailand into the Year 2000, Department of P. Ounchanum, eds., Proceedings of the International
Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Symposium on Intermontane Basins: Geology and
Thailand: 1990, p. 19-28. Resources, Department of Geological Sciences,
Chuaviroj, S., 1997, Deformation in Khorat plateau, in P. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thaialnd:
Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong, P. 1989, p. 231-242.
putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C. Utha-aroon, N. Cotter, G. de P., 1924, The oil shales of eastern Amherst,
Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and S. Techawan, eds., Burma, with a sketch of the geology of the
Proceedings of the International Conference on neighborhood: Geological Survey of India, Records,
Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast v. 55 no. 4, p. 273-313.
Asia and the South Pacific (Geothai 97), Bangkok, Dana, E.S., and Ford, W.E., 1969, A textbook of
Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 321-325. mineralogy: 4th revised and enlarged by W.E.
Chuaviroj, S., Chaturongkavanich S., and Sukawattananan, Ford, Tokyo, Japan, Charles E Tuttle company,
P., 1980, Geology of geothermal resources of 8th printing, Modern Asia Edition, 815 p
northern Thailand (Part I, San Kamphaeng): Dawson, O., and Raccy, A., 1993, Fusuline-calcareous
unpublished report of Geological Survey Division, algal biofacies of the Permian carbonate platforms
Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, 45 p. of Thailand: Journal of Southeast Asian Science,
Chuaviroj, S., Chaturongkavanich, S., Soponpongpipat, P., v. 8, p. 49-65.
and Paopongsawan, P., 1984, Geology of Nam Department of Mineral Resources, 1987, Geological Map
Mae Hu geothermal area, Mae La Noi, Mae Hong of Thailand, 1:250,000: Geological Survey Division,
Son: Report of Gelogical Survey Division, Department Rama VI, Bangkok, Thailand.
of Mineral Resources, Thailand. Department of Mineral Resources, 1992, Commentary on
Chuaviroj, S., Chaturongkavanich, S., Udomratn, C., the geological map of Thailand (1:250,000):
Wongwanich, T., Sukawattananan, P., and Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok,
Dhammadusdee, V., 1980, Geology of geothermal Thailand, 19 p.
resources of Northern Thailand, Sankamphaeng, Department of Mineral Resources, 1992a, Lexicon of
Fang and Mae Chan areas, Final report: Geological stratigraphic names of Thailand: Department of
Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources, Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand, 129 p.
Thailand. Department of Mineral Resources, STS Engineering
Chung, S.K., and Yin, E.H., 1978, Regional Geology, consultants Co., Ltd. and Beicip Franlab
Peninsular Malaysia: Annual Report of Geological Petroleum Consultants, 1996, Andaman Sea Basin

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 553

study, Petroleum Assessment Final Report, 317 p. Thailand: 1993, v. 2, p. 299-318.
Dheeradilok, P., 1975, On the structural features and Ducrocq, S., 1994, An Eocene peccary from Thailand and

metamorphism of the inferred Precambrian rocks, the biogeographical origins of the Artodactyl
southeast Amphoe Tha Maka, Kanchanaburi family Tayassuidae: Palaeontology, v. 37, pl. 4,
province: Journal of Geological Society of p. 7665-779.
Thailand, v. 1, p. 21-29. Ducrocq, S., 1999, The Late Eocene Anthracotheriidae
Dheeradilok, P., 1982, Geology of Amphoe Thonburi Sheet (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Thailand:
(now Nakhon Pathom Sheet), scale 1:250,000: Palaeontographica, v. 252, p. 93-140.
Geological Survey Division, Department of Ducrocq, S., Buffetaut, E., Buffetaut-Tong, H., Helmcke-
Mineral Resources, Thailand (in Thai). Ingavat, R., Jaeger, J.-J., Jongkanchanasoontorn
Dheeradilok, P., and Kaewyana, W., 1986, On the Quaternary Y., and Suteethorn, V., 1992, A lower Tertiary
deposits of Thailand; in GEOSEA V, Proceedings vertebrate fauna from Krabi (South Thailand):
v.I, Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, v. 19, Neues Jahrbuch for Geologie und Paleontologie,
p. 515-532. Abhandlungen, v. 184, no. 1, p. 101-122.
Dheeradilok, P., and Lumjaun, A., 1978, Metamorphic Ducrocq, S., Buffetaut, E., Buffetaut-Tong, H., Jaeger,
facies map of Southeast Asia, scale 1:5,000,000: J.-J., Jongkanchanasoontorn Y., and Suteethorn,
Geological Survey Division, Department of V., 1992a, First fossil flying lemur: a dermapteran
Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand. from the Late Eocene of Thailand: Palaeontology,
Dheeradilok, P., Chaimanee, N., Piccoli, G., and Robba, v. 35, pl. 2, p. 373-380.
E., 1984, On the Quaternary stratigraphy and fossils Ducrocq, S., Buffetaut, E., Buffetaut-Tong, H., Jaeger,
of Senanivate Housing Project Area, Bangkok: J.-J., Jongkanchanasoontorn Y., and Suteethorn,
Memorie Di Scienze Geologiche, Padova, Italy, V., 1992b, First fossil marsupial from South Asia:
v. 36, p. 413-426. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 12, no. 3,
Dickinson, W.R., 1974, Palte tectonics and sedimentation, p. 395-399.
in W.R. Dickinson, ed., Tectonics and Sedimentation, Ducrocq, S., Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., and Jaeger,
Special Publication, SEPM, v. 22, p. 1-27. J.-J., 1995, Dental anomalies in Upper Eocene
Dorn, M., and Tantiwanit, W., 1998, The site searching Anthracotheriidae: a possible case of inbreeding:
process for waste disposal aites in the Chiang Lethaia, v. 28, p. 355-360.
Mai-Lamphun basin delineation and presentation Ducrocq, S., Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., and Jaeger,
of the geological barrier: Technical report no.21 J.-J., 1997, First discovery of Helohyidae
of Thai-German Technical Cooperation Project: (artiodactyla, Mammalia) in the Late Eocene of
Environmental Geology for Regional Planning, Thailand: a possible transitional form for
April/October, 59 p. Anthracotheriidae: Comptes Rendus de lûAcademie
Drumm, A., Heggemann, H., and Helmcke, D., 1993, des Sciences de Paris, v. 325, p. 367-372.
Contribution to the sedimentology and sedimentary Ducrocq, S., Chaimanee, Y., Suteethorn, V., and Jaeger,
petrology of the non-marine Mesozoic sediments J.-J., 1998, The earliest known pig from the
in Northern Thailand (Phrae-Nan Province), in upper Eocene of Thailand: Palaeontology, v. 41,
T. Thanasuthipitak, ed., Proceedings of the pl. 1m p. 147-156.
International Symposium on Biostratigraphy of Ducrocq, S., Jaeger, J.-J., and Sige, S., 1993, Un
Mainland Soutrheast Asia: Facies and Paleontology megachiroptere dans lûEocene sup ieur de
(BIOSEA), Chiang Mai university, Chiang Mai, Thailande: Neues Jahrbuch for Geologie und

554 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Paleontologie, Monatshefte, v. 9, p. 561-576. Fenton, C., Charusiri, P., Honthong, C., Lumjuan, A., and
Dunham, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks Mangkonkarn, B., 1997, Late Quaternary faulting
in northern Thailand, in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong,
according to depositional texture, in W.E. Ham, P. Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien,
ed., Classification of carbonate rocks, Mem. AAPG C, Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and
1, p. 108-121. S. Techawan, eds., Proceedings of the Intrernational
Dunning, G.R., Macdonald, A.S., and Barr, S.M., 1995, Conference on stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution
Zircon and monzonite U/Pb dating of the Doi of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, Bangkok,
Inthanon core complex, Northern Thailand: Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 436-452.
implication for extension within the Indosinian
Orogen: Tectonophysics, v. 251, p. 197-213. Fontaine, H., 1990, Some Devonian corals and
Edward, R., and Atkinson, K., 1986, Ore deposit geology: stromatoporoids from northeast Thailand:
Great Britain, Chapman and Hall Ltd., 446 p. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe B, v. 73, p. 57-79.
EGAT Report, 1980, Seismic activities and major faults in
norhtern Thailand for geothermal energy research Fontaine, H., and Salyapongse, S., 1997, Unexpected
project, no. 842-2301, Thailand. discovery of Early Carboniferous (Late Visean-
Endo, S., 1964, Some older Tertiary plants from Northern Serpukhovian) corals in East Thailand, in
Thailand: Japanese Journal of Geology and P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong,
Geography, v. 34, p.177-179. P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C, Utha-aroon,
Endo, S., 1966, A supplementary note on the Palaeogene N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and S. Techawan,
Li flora in North Thailand: Geology and eds., Proceedings of the Intrernational Conference
Paleontology of Southeast Asia, v. 2, p. 165-169. on stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
Evans, A.M., 1993, The global distribution of ore deposits: Asia and the South Pacific (GEOTHAIû97),
Metallogenic provinces and epochs, plate Bangkok, Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 48-52.
tectonic controls, in Ore geology and industrial
minerals, an introduction (3rd ed.), Great Britain, Fontaine, H., and Salyapongse, S., 1997a, Biostratigraphy
Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 313-338. of East Thailand, in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong,
Evans, P.R., and Jitapunkul, S., 1990, Geology of the Mae P. Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien,
Moh basin, northern Thailand, in P. Charusiri, V. C, Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and
Pisutha-Arnond and S. Jarupongsakul, eds., S. Techawan, eds., Proceedings of the
Proceedings of the Technical Conferences on Intrernational Conference on stratigraphy and
Development Geology for Thailand into the Year Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia and the
2000, Department of Geology, Chaloalongkorn South Pacific (GEOTHAIû97), Bangkok, Thailand:
University, Bangkok, Thailand: 1990, p. 353-376. 1997, v. 1, p. 73-82.
Faure, G., 1977, The principle of isotope geology:
New York, John Wiley, 464 p. Fontaine, H., and Suteethorn, V., 1988, Late Paleozoic and
Feng, Q., Chonglakmani, C., Helmcke, D., and Ingavat, Mesozoic fossils of West Thailand and Their
R., 2002, Middle Triassic Radiolarian fauna from environments: CCOP Technical Bulletin 20, 217
Lamphun, northern Thailand, in Mantajit, N., ed. in p. with 46 pl.
chief, Proceedings of the symposium on geology of
Thailand: Bangkok Thailand, 2002, Department Fontaine, H., and Workman, D.R., 1978, Review of the
of Mineral Resources, p. 108-116. geology and mineral resources of Kapucha, Laos
and Viet Nam, in P. Nutalaya, ed.-in-chief,
Proceedings of the Third Regional Conference
on Geology and Mineral Resources of SE Asia,
Bangkok, Thailand: 1978, p. 539-605.

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 555

Fontaine, H., Chonglakmani, C., Piyasin, S., Ibrahim, B.A., faulting in Thai peninsular: Nature, v.288, no.
and Khoo, H.P., 1993, Triassic limestone within and 5266, p. 45-47.
around the Gulf of Thailand: Journal of Southeast Garson, M.S., Young, B., Mitchell, A.H.G., and Tait, B.A.R.,
Asian Earth Sciences, v.8, no. 1-4, p. 83-95. 1975, The geology of the tin belt in Peninsular
Thailand around Phuket, Phangnga and Takua
Fontaine, H., Poumot, C., and Songsirikul, B., 1981, New Pa: Institute of Geological Sciences, Overseas
Upper Palaeozoic formations of Northeast Memoir no. 1, 112 p.
Thailand in Devonian and Lower Carboniferous: Gatinsky, Y.G., 1986, Geodynamics of Southeast Asia in
CCOP Newsletter, Bangkok, v. 8, no. 4, p.1-7. relation to the evolution of ocean basins:
Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, 55, Elsevier
Fontaine, H., Salyapongse, S., and Vachard, D., 1999, New Science Publisher B.V., p. 127-144.
carboniferous fossils found in Ban Bo Nam Area, Gatinsky, Y.G., Mishima, A.V., Vinogradov, I.V., and
Central Thailand; in C. Khantaprab, ed.-in-chief, Kovalev, A.A., 1978, The main metallogenic belts
Proceedings of the Symposium on Mineral, of Southeast Asia as a result of different
Energy and Water Resources of Thailand: geodynamic conditions interference, in P.
Toward the Year 2000, Bangkok, Thailand: 1999, Nutalaya, ed.-in-chief, Proceedings of the Third
p. 201-211. Regional onference on Geology and Mineral
Resources of Southeast Asia, AIT, Bangkok,
Fontaine, H., Suteethorn, V., and Jongkanjanasoontorn, Thailand: 1978, p. 313-318.
Y., 1991, Carboniferous corals of Thailand: CCOP Geological Survey of the Federal Republic of Germany,
Technical Bulletin, v. 22. 1972, Final Report of the German Geological
Mission in Thailand, 1965-1971, Hannover.
Fontaine, H., Suteethorn, V., and Vachard, D., 1993, German Geological Mission, 1972, Final Report of the
Carboniferous and Permian limestone in Sop Pong German GeologicalMission to Thailand 1965-1971:
area: unexpected lithology and fossil, in T. Bundesanstalt fur Bodenforschung, unpublished
Thanasuthipitak, ed., Proceedings of the report, Hannover, 94 p.
International Symposium on Biostratigraphy of Gibling, M.R., and Ratanasthien, B., 1980, Cenozoic Basin
Mainland Southeast Asia: Facies and Paleontology of Thailand and their Coal Deposits, A Preliminary
(BIOSEA), Thailand: 1993, v. 2, p. 319-336. Report: Department of Geological Sciences,
Chiang Mai University.
Fookes, P.G., and Hawkins, A.B., 1988, Limestone Ginsburg, L., 1983, The land vertebrates and plants of the
weathering, its engineering significance and Tertiary of northern Thailand: stratigraphic and
a proposed classification scheme: Quaterly Journal tectonics implication, in Symposium on
of Engineering Geology, London, v. 21, p. 7-31. Stratigraphy of Thailand, Department of Mineral
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1983.
Fortey, R.A., 1989, An Early Devonian trilobite fauna from Ginsburg, L., 1987, The primitive Primate (Mamalia) of
Thailand: Alcheringa 13, p. 257-267. the Miocene of Li, Lamphun, in Annual Technical
Meeting, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Fursich, F.T., and Werner, W., 1986. Benthic associations Thailand: 1987.
and their environmental significance in the Ginsburg, L., and Mein, P., 1987, Tarsius thailandica
Lasitanian Basin (Upper Jurassic, Portugal): Neues nov. sp., first fossil Tarsiidae (Primate, Mammalia)
Jahrbuch for Geologie und Paleontologie,
Abhandlungen, 172, p. 271-329.

Gardner, L.S., Howarth, H.F., and Na Chiangmai, P., 1967,
Salt resources of Thailand: Department of
Mineral Resources, Report of Investigation no.11,
100 p.

Garson, M.S., and Mitchell, A.H.G., 1970, Transform

556 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

of Asia: Comptes Rendus de lûAcademie de Prince of Songkla University, Geological Research
Sciences de Paris, v. 304, Serie II, no. 19, p. 1213- Project publication 5, record no. 9, 85 p.
1215. Gray, C.M., 1971, Strontium isotopic studies on granulities:
Ginsburg, L., and Tassy, P., 1985, The fossil mammals Australian National University, unpublished Ph.
and the age of the lignite beds in the intermontane D. thesis.
basins of Northern Thailand: Journal of Geological Hada, S., 1990, Geology of the Nan-Chantaburi suture
Society of Thailand, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 13-27. zone: (I) Stratigraphy and geologic structure
Ginsburg, L., and Ukkakimaphan, Y., 1983, A new cevid [abs.]; in the Technical Conferences on
from the South Asia Miocene and the age of the Development Geology for Thailand into the Year
intermontane basins of North Thailand: Comptes 2000, Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn
Rendus de lûAcademie de Sciences de Paris, v.297, University, Bangkok, Thaialand: 1990.
Serie II, p. 297-300. Hada, S., and Bunopas, S., 1997, Terrane analysis and
Ginsburg, L., Mein, P., and Tassy, P., 1991, The Miocene tectonics of the Nan-Chantaburi suture zone [abs.],
of Li Basin, Changwat Lumphun, Thailand, in in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong,
Annual Technical Meeting, Chiang Mai University, P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C. Utha-aroon,
Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1991, p.101-109. N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and S. Techawan,
Gladnaka, C., and Trangcotchasan, Y., 1992, Petroleum eds., Proceeding of the International Conference
exploration history in Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, on Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of
ed., Proceedings of National Conference on Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, Bangkok,
Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for Thailand: 1997, p. 303.
Future Development, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, Hada, S., Bunopas, S., Ishii, K., and Yoshikura, S., 1997,
p. 653-667. Rift-drift history and the amalgamation of
Gleadow, A.J.W., and Brooks, C.K., 1979, Fission track Shan-Thai and Indochina/East Malay Blocks, in
dating, thermal histories and tectonics of P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong, P.
igneous intrusions in East Greenland: Contrib. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C. Utha-aroon, N.
Mineral. Petrol., v. 71, p. 45-60. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and S. Techawan, eds.,
Gleadow, A.J.W., and Lovering, J.F., 1978a, Thermal Proceeding of the International Conference on
history of granitic rocks from western Victoria- Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
A fission track dating study: Journal of Geology Asia and the South Pacific (Geothaiû97), Bangkok,
Society of Austria, v. 25, p. 323-340. Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 273-286.
Gleadow, A.J.W., and Lovering, J.F., 1978b, An isotopic Hagen, D., and Kemper, D., 1976, Geology of the Thong
and variable track etching characteristics in Pha Phum area (Kanchanaburi Province, Western
natural sphenes: Nucl. Track Det., v. 2, p. 105-117. Thailand): Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe B,
Grant, E.R., 1976, Permian brachiopods from Southern Hannover, v. 21, p. 52-91.
Thailand, Journal of Paleontology, v.50 (Supplement Hahn, L., 1976, The stratigraphy and palaeogeography of
to no.3): Paleontological Society Memoir 9, the nonmarine Mesozoic deposit in northern
269 p., 71 pl. Thailand: Geologische Jahrbuch, B21, p. 155-169.
Grant-Mackie, J.A., Sawata, H., Arpornsuwan, S., Arrykul, Hahn, L, 1982, Stratigraphy and marine ingressions of the
S., Chutatis, V., and Pungrassami, T., 1980, Some Mesozoic Khorat Group in Northeastern Thailand:
Triassic and associated strata of southern Geologische Jahrbuch, Reihe B, v. 43, p. 7-35.
Thailand, Report of Triassic Study Team no.1: Hahn, L., and Siebenhunner, M., 1982, Explanatory notes

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 557

(paleontology) on the geological map of Heggemann, H., Kohring, R., and Schluter, T., 1991, Fossil
Northern and Western Thailand, 1:250,000: plants and arthopods from the Phra Wihan
Bundessanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Formation, presumably Middle Jurassic of
Rohstoffe, Hannover, West Germany. Northern Thailand: Alcheringa, v. 14, p. 311-316.
Hahn, L., Koch, K.E., and Witte Kindt, H., 1986, Outline of
the geology and mineral potential of Thailand: Heim, A., and Herschi, H., 1930, A section of the
Geologische Jahrbuch, Reihe, B. 59, p. 3-49. mountain ranges of Northwestern Siam: Eclogae
Haile, N.S., 1973, Note on Triassic fossil pollen from the Geological, Helvetiae, v. 32, p. 1-161.
Nam Pha Formation, Chulabhorn (Nam Phrom)
Dam, Thailand: Geological Society of Thailand, Helmcke, D., 1986, Die Alpiden und die Kimmeriden:
Newsletter, v. 6, no. 1, p. 15-16. Die verdoppelte Geschichte der Tethys: Discussion
Hamada, T., 1960, Some Permo-Carboniferous fossils Geologische Rundschau, v. 75, no. 2, p. 495-499.
from Thailand: College of General Education,
University of Tokyo, Scientific Papers, v. 10, p. 337- Helmcke, D., and Kraikhong, G., 1982, On the geosynclinal
361, pl. 1-2. and orogenic evolution of Central and NE
Hamblin, K.W., 1976, The earthís dynamic systems: Thailand: Journal of Geological Society of
Burgess publishing company, Minneapolis, Thailand, v. 5, p. 52-74.
Minnesota, USA, 578 p.
Hanny, R., Graunt, B., and Saptrajanova, G., 1975, Helmcke, D., and Lindenberg, H.G., 1983, New data on :
Paleozoic migmatites affected by high-grade Indisinian orogeny from central Thailand:
Tertiary metamorphism in the Central Alps: Contr. Geologische Rundschau, Beihefte, v. 72, no. 1,
Min. Petr., v. 51, p. 173-196. p. 317-328.
Hart, S.R., Davis, G.C., Steiger, R.H., and Tilton, G.R., 1968,
A comparison of the isotopic mineral age Hess, A., and Koch, K.E., compliers, 1975, Geologic map
variations and petrologic changes induced by of Northern Thailand, scale 1:250,000, sheet 1
contact metamorphism: in E.I. Hamilton and R.M. (Nan): Federal Institure for Geosciences and
Farguher, eds., Radiometric Dating for Geologist, Natural Resources, Germany.
Interscience Publishers, p. 73-110.
Hattori, T., 1969, Mineral Composition of clay fractions in Hinthong, C., 1992, Environmental geology, a thematic
sme Quaternary deposits in the Chao Phraya map foe land-use planning in the Lampang area,
Basin, Central Thailand: The Southeast Asian Northern Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, ed.,
Studies, Vol. VI, no. 4, p. 241-246. Proceedings of National Conference on Geologic
Hayami, I., 1960, Two Jurassic Pelecypods from West Resources of Thailand: Potential for Future
Thailand; in Trans. Proc. Palaeontological Society Development, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p. 368-382.
of Japan, n.s., no. 38, 284 p.
Hayami, I., 1972, Lower Jurassic Bivalvia from the Hinthong, C., 1999, Geologic implications to the Thailand
environs of Saigon: Geology and Paleontology of Southern Seaboard Development Project:
SE Asia, v. 10, p. 179-230. Department of Mineral Resources, Technical
Hayashi, M., 1989, The hydrocarbon potential and report no. 3/1999, 81 p., 6 pl.
tectonics of Indochina: Geological Society of
Malaysia Bulletin, v. 25, p. 65-78. Hinthong, C., 1999a, Implied Geology consideration on
the Thailand Southern Seaboard Development,
in Ch. Khantaprab, ed.-in-chief, Proceedings of
the symposium on Mineral, Energy and Water
Resources of Thailand: Toward the year 2000,
Bangkok, Thailand: 1999, p. 366-385.

Hinthong, C., and Sarapirome, S., 1983, Geologic and
engineering geologic features of Khao Laem
Dam site, Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, in

558 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Proceedings of Conference on Geology and Ltd., 365 p.
Mineral Resources of Thailand, Bangkok, Hutchison, C.S., 1989, Geological evolution of Southeast
Thailand: 1983, 6 p.
Hinthong, C., Chuaviroj, S., Kaewyana, V., Srisukh, S., and Asia: Oxford University Press, Oxford Monographs
Pholprasit, C., 1981, Geology and Mineral on Geology and Geophysics, no. 13, 368 p.
Resources of the Map Sheet Changwat Igo, H., 1973, Lower Carboniferous conodonts from Ko Yo,
Phranakhon Sri Ayutthaya (ND 47-8): Department Songkhla, Peninsular Thailand: Geology and
of the Mineral Resources, Geological Survey Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 12, p. 29-42.
Report no.4 (in Thailand). Igo, H., and Koike, T, 1973, Upper Silurian and Lower
Hite, R.J., 1974, Evaporite deposit of the Khorat Plateau, Devonian conodonts from Langawi Island,
Northeastern Thailand and Central Laos, in the Malaysia, with note on conodont fauna of the
4th Symposium on Salt, North Ohio Geological ThungSong Limestone, Southern Thailand, the
Society, Cleaveland, U.S.A: 1974, p. 135-146. Setual Limestone, Perlis, Malaysia: Geology and
Hite, R.J., and Japakasetr, T., 1979, Potash deposits of the Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 13, p. 1-22.
Khorat Plateau, Thailand and Laos: Economic Igo, H., and Koike, T., 1968, Ordovician and Silurian
Geology, v. 74, p. 448-458. conodonts from the Langawi Islands, Malaysia,
Hoffet, J.H., 1944, Description des ossements les plus Part II: Geology and Palaeotology of Southeast
caracteristiques appartenant a des Avipelviens Asia, v. 4, p. 1-21, pl. 1-3.
du Senonien du Bas-Loas: Bulletin du Conseil Igo, H., Nagano, N., and Nakinbodee, V., 1988, Middle
des Recherches Scientifiques de lûIndochine, Triassic conodonts from Southern Thailand
p. 179-186. (preliminary report): Annual Report of the Institute
Hoffet, J.H., and Le Maitre, D., 1939, Sur la stratigraphie of Geoscience, the University of Tsukuba, no. 14, p. 46-50.
et la paleontologie du Lias des environs de Ingavat, R., and Donglass, R.C., 1981, Fusuline fossils from
Tchephone (Bas Laos): C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, T.209, Thailand, Part xiv: The fusulinid genus
no. 2, p. 114-116. Monodiexodina from northwest Thailand: Geology
Hogbom, B., 1914, Contribution to the geology and and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 22, p. 23-34.
morphology of Siam: University of Uppsala, Ingavat, R., and Taguet, P., 1978, First discovery of
Geological Institution Bulletin, 1, p. 65-128. dinosaur remain in Thailand: Journal of Geological
Hunsavek, R., 1983, Petrochemical features of granites Society of Thailand, v. 3, no. 1, p. 1-6.
associated with tin-tungsten mineralization at Intasopa, S.B., 1993, Petrology and geochronology of the
Mae Chedi, Wiang Pa Pao, Chiangrai: Chulalongkorn volcanic rocks of the Central Thailand volcanic
University, unpublished M.Sc. thesis. belt: University of New Brunswick, unpublished
Hutchison, C.S., 10977, Granite emplacement and Ph.D.thesis, 242 p.
tectonic subdivision of Peninsular Malaysia: Ishida, K., Namba, A., Hirsch, F., Kozai, T., and Meesook,
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 9, A., 2006, New micropaeleontological evidence
Special Circum Pacific volume, p. 187-207. for a Late Shan-Thai orogeny: Geosciences
Hutchison, C.S., 1975, Ophiolite in Southeast Asia: Journal, v. 10, no. 3, p. 181-194.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Ishihara, S., 1977, The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series
v. 86, p. 797-806. granitic rocks: Mining Geology, v. 27, p. 293-305.
Hutchison, C.S., 1985, Economic deposits and their Ishihara, S., Sawata, H., Shibata, K., Terashima, S., Arykul,
tectonic setting, England: Macmillan Publishers S., and Sata, K., 1980, Granites and South-West
deposits of Peninsular Thailand: Mining Geology,

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 559

Special issue, no. 8, p. 223-241. on the coperative mineral exploration of the Yang
Iwai, J., 1973, Dolomitic limestone of the Phu Kradung Kiang area: the columite-tantalite exploration
project, phase III, 83 p.
formation, Mesozoic Khorat Group, Thailand: Jarupongsakul, T., 1995, Environmental geoscientific
Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, assessment of two potential sites for proposed
v. 12, p. 173-178. satellite cities of the Bangkok Metropolis,
Iwai, J., and Asama, K., 1964, Geology and palaeontology Thailand: A report for the Toray Science Foundation
of the Khorat Plateau and the plant-bearing and Research Affairs Division of Chulalongkorn
Permian Formations, Report on the Stratigraphical University, 150 p.
and Palaeontological Reconnaissanic in Thailand Jaturongkavanich, S., Leewongcharoen, S., and
and Malaysia, 1963-64: Overseas technical Ruengchatchai, S., 1989, Geology of Wiang Pa Pao
Cooperation Agency, Tokyo. and Wang Nua Sheets: Geological Survey Division,
Iwai, J., Asama, K., Veeraburus, M., and Hongnusonthi, Department of Mineral Resources, 41 p.
A., 1966, Stratigraphy of the so-called Khorat Javanaphet, J.C., 1969, Geological map of Thailand, scale
Series and a note on the fossil plant-bearing 1:1,000,000: Department of Mineral Resources,
Paleozoic strata in Thailand: Geology and Bangkok, Thailand.
Palaeontology of SE Asia, Tokyo University Press, Jearpataranon, N., 1996, Environmentally geological
v. 2, p. 179-196. appraisal using GIS for land-use palnning in
Jacobson, H.S., Pierson, C.T., Danusawad, T., Japakasetre, Changwat Saraburi, Thailand: Chulalongkorn
T., Inthuputi, B., Siriratanamongkol, C., Propassornkul, University, unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Inter-
S., and Pholphan, N., 1969, Mineral investigation Department of Environmental Science, 168 p (in Thai).
in Northern Thailand: USGS Professional paper 618. Jell, P.A., Burrett, C.F., Stait, B., and Yochelson, E., 1984,
Jaeger, H., Nakinbodee, V., Mahakapong, V., Braun, E.v., The Early Ordovician bellerophontid Peelerophon
Hess, A., Koch, K.E., and Stein, V., 1968, Graptolites oehlerti (Bergeron) from Argentina, Australia and
of the Lower Devonian from Thailand (preliminary Thailand: Alcheringa, v.8, p. 169-176.
results): Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Jitapankul, S., 1992, Geology of Ban Pa Kha coal deposit,
Palaeontologie, Monatshefte, p. 728-730. Li basin, Lamphum, in C. Piancharoen, ed.-
Jaeger, H., Stein, V., and Wolfart, R., 1969, Fauna in-chief, Proceedings of the National Conference
(Graptolithen, Brachiopoden) der unterdevonischen on Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for
Schwarzchiefer Nord-Thailand: Neues Jahrbuch Future Development, Department of Mineral
fue Geologie und Oaleontologie, Abhandlungen, Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p. 259-272.
v. 133, p. 171-190. Jones, C.R., 1973, Lower Palaeozoic: in D.J. Gobbet and
Jaeger, J.-J., Buffetaut-Tong, H., Buffetaut, E., and Ingavat, C.S.Hutchison, eds., Geology of Malaysia
R., 1985, The first fossil rodents from the Peninsula, Newyork, Wiley, p. 25-50.
Miocene of Northern Thailand and the bearing Jones, C.R., 1981, The geology and mineral resources of
on the problem of the origin of the Muridae: Perlis, North Kedah and the Langawi Island:
Revue de Paleobiologie, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-7. Geological Survey of Malaysian Distric Men.,
Japakasetr, T., 1977, Potash investigations in Northeast v. 17, p. 1-256.
Thailand: Economic Geology Division, Department Jones, C.R., Gobbet, D.J., and Kobayashi, T., 1966,
of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, 26 p. Summary of fossil record in Malaysia and
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Metal Singapore, 1900-1965: in T. Kobayashi and
Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ), 1989, Report

560 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

R.Toriyama, eds., Geology and Palaeontology of 1962: Ibid., p. 17-29.
Southeast Asia, v. 2, p. 301-359. Kobayashi, T., 1966, Fusulinacean fossils from Thailand,
Jungyusuk, N., and Sirinawin, T., 1983, Cenozoic basalts
of Thailand, preprint in the Conference on Part I: Fusulines of the Ratburi limestone of
Geology and Mineral Resources of Thailand, Thailand: Faculty of Sciences, Kyushi University,
Bangkok, Thailand: 1983, 9 p. Memoir, Series D, Geology, v. 17, p. 1-69.
Junhavat, S., and Piyasin, S., 1978, Triassic rocks of Kobayashi, T., 1968, The Cretaceous non-marine
Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings of the pelecypods from the Nam Phung dam site in the
third Regional Conference on Geology and northeastern part of the Khorat Plateau,
Mineral Resources, SE Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: Thailand, with a note on the Trigonoididae:
1978, p. 735-737. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia,
Kemper, E., 1976, The foraminifera in the Jurassic Tokyo University Press, v. 4, p. 109-138.
Limestone of West Thailand: Geologisches Kobayashi, T., 1975, Upper Triassic estheriids in Thailand
Jahrbuch, B.21, Hannover, p. 129-153, 1 tab., 4 pl. and the conchostracan development in Asia in
Kemper, E., Moronde, H.D., and Stoppel, D., 1976, Triassic the Mesozoic era: Geology and Palaeontology of
and Jurassic limestone in the region northwest Southeast Asia, v. 16, p. 57-90.
and west of Si Sawat (Kanchanaburi Province, Kobayashi, T., 1980, Notes on the Mesozoic history of
Western Thailand): Geologisches Jahrbuch, B. 21, Thailand and adjacent territories: Geology and
p. 93-127, 6 pl. Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 21, p. 27-36.
Kittisarn, N., and Assavapachara, S., 1987, Geological map Kobayashi, T., and Hamada, T., 1968, A Devonian phacopid
of Ban Pak Mun (5235 I) and Ban Tha Kloy (5335 recently discovered by Mr. Charan Poothai in
IV), scale 1:50,000: Department of Mineral peninsular Thailand: Geology and Palaeontology
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand. of Southeast Asia, v. 4, p. 22-28.
Klapper, G., and Johnson, J.G., 1980, Endemism and Kobayashi, T., and Igo, H., 1968, On the occurrence of
dispersal of Devonian Conodonts: Journal of graptolite shales in North Thailand: Geology and
Paleontology, v. 54, p. 400-455. Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 2, p. 1-8.
Klompe, Th.H.F., 1962, Igneous and structure features of Kobayashi, T., and Tokuyama, A., 1959, The Halobiidae
Thailand: Monograph of American Geophysics from Thailand: Journal of Faculty of Science,
Union, no. 6, p. 122-134. University of Tokyo, Sec.2, v. 12, pl. 1, p. 27-30, pl. 4.
Kobayashi, K., 1963, On the Triassic Daonella beds in Kobayashi, T., Burton, C.K., Tokuyama, A., and Yin, E.H.,
central Pahang, Malaya: Japanese Journal of Geolgy 1966, The daonella and halobia facies of the Thai-
and Geography, v. 34, no. 3-4, p. 101-102, 5 pls. Malay peninsular compared with those of Japan:
Kobayashi, T., 1957, Upper Cambrian fossils from Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia,
peninsular Thailand: Jour.Fac.Sci.Univ., Tokyo 2(10) v. 3, p. 98-122.
3, p. 367-382. Kobayashi, T., Tokai, F., and Hayami, I., 1964, On some
Kobayashi, T., 1961, On the occurrence of Ordovician Mesozoic fossils from the Khorat Series: Geology
nautiloids in North Thailand: Japanese Journal and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, v. 1, p. 119-133.
of Geology and Geography, v. 32, p. 79-84. Koch, K.E., 1973, Geology of the Region Si Sawat-Thong
Kobayashi, T., 1964a, Geology of Thailand: Geology and Pha Phum-Sangkhlaburi (Kanchanaburi Province/
Palaeontology of Sourheast Asia, v. 1, p. 1-15. Thailand): Bulletin of Geological Society of
Kobayashi, T., 1964b, Palaeontology of Thailand, 1916- Malaysia, no. 6, p. 177-185.
Koenigswald, von G.H.R., 1959, A mastodon and other

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 561

fossil mammals from Thailand: Report of Survey of Japan and the Government Industrial
investigation, No. 2, Royal Department of Mines, Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan: 1992, 17 p.
Thailand, p. 25-28. Langer, M., 1995, Engineering geology and waste
Konûno, E., and Asama, K., 1973, Mesozoic plants from disposal: Scientific Report and Recommendations
Khorat, Thailand: Geology and Palaeontology of of the IAEG Commission no. 14, p. 29.
Southeast Asia, Tokyo University Press, v. 12, p. 149-172. Laurie, J.R., and Burrett, C., 1992, Biogeographic
Kosuwan, S., Saithong, P., Lumjuan, A., Takashima, I., significance of Ordovician brachiopods from
and Charusiri, P., 1999, Preliminary Results of Thailand and Malaysia: Journal of Palaeontology,
Studies on the Mae Ai Segment of the Mae Chan v. 66, p. 16-23.
Fault Zone, Chiang Mai Northern Thailand, in Laveine, J.P., Ratanastien, B., and Sithirach, S., 1994, The
The CCOP Meeting on Exodynamic Geohazards Carbonaceous flora of Na Duang coal mine,
in East and Southeast Asia. July 14-16, Pattaya, Northeastern Thailand: Its paleographic interest, in
CCOP: 1-8. P. Angsuwathana, T. Wongwanich, W. Tansathien,
Kosuwan, S., 1996, Geology of the Khanom gneissic S. Wongsomsak and J. Tulyatid, eds., Proceedings
complexes, Amphoe Khanom, Changwat Nakhon of the Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Asia,
Si Thammarat: Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand: 1994, p. 83-90.
unpublished M.Sc. thesis, 153 p. Lehmann, B., 1988, Tin-bearing and tin-barren granites in
Kosuwan, S., Charusiri, P., Takashima, I., and Lumjuan, Thailand, Subproject Central Thailand: Bundesanstalt
A., 1998, Active tectonics of the Mae Chan Fault, fur Geowaissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover,
Northern Thailand [abs.]; in Proceedings of the Internal Report, p. 1-29.
Ninth Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral Leow, N., 1985, Sedimentological analysis of Tertiary
and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia, Shangri- coal-bearing Krabi basin, Southern Thailand:
La Hotel, Kuala Lumper, Malaysia: 1998, p. 234-235. Chulalongkorn University, unpublished M.Sc.
Kosuwan, S., Saithong, P., and Lumjuan, A., 1999, thesis, 158 p.
Preliminary result of paleoseismic studies of the Li Xiaochi, 1990, Marine Jurassic in Southern Xizang
Chiang Rai [abs.]; in Annual Technical Meeting (Tibet): Bivalve assemblages, stratigraphic
of the Geological Survey Division, Department of divisions and correlations, paleoenvironments and
Mineral Resources, Sukhothai, Thailand: 1999, paleogeography: University of Auckland, unpublished
p. 179-180. Ph.D. thesis, 280 p.
Kozai, T., Hirsch, F., Ishida, K., and Meesook, A., 2006, Lian, H.M., and Bradley, K., 1986, Exploration and
Faunal affinity of Toarcian-Aalenian (Early development of natural gas, Pattani Basin, Gulf
Jurassic) bivalves from Mae Sot and Umphang of Thailand: in the Forth Circum-Pacific Energy
(Tak Province), Northwestern Thailand: and Mineral Resources Conferences, Singapore: 1986.
Geosciences Journal, v. 10, no. 3, p. 205-215. Liu Benpei, Feng Qinglai, and Fang Nianqiao, 1991,
Kruse, G.A.M., 1983, Carbon 14 data from tin mines on Tectonic evolution of the Paleotethys in Changning-
Phuket island, Thailand: CCOP newsletter, v. 10, Menglian belt and adjacent regions,Western Yunnan:
no. 1-2, p. 19-20. Journal of China University Geoscience, v. 2, p. 18-28.
Kuentag, C., 1992, Geology of ceramics raw materials in Loffler, E., Thomson, W.P., and Liengsakul, M., 1983,
Thailand, in Workshop-cum-Study-Tour on Geomorphological development of Thung Kula
Industrial Mineral Development in Nagoya/Hyogo, Ronghai, in N. Theramongkol and V. Pisutha-
Japan, ESCAP Natural Resources, Geological Arnond, eds., Proceedings of the first Symposium

562 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

on Geomorphology and Quaternary of Thailand, south of Amphoe Mae Chaem, Chiang Mai,
Bangkok, Thailand: 1983, p. 123-130. Thailand: Manchester University, unpublished
Logan, B.W., Hoffman, P., and Gebelein, C.D., 1974, Algal M.Sc. thesis, 88 p.
mats, cryptagal fabics, and structures, Hamelin Mantajit, N., 1978, A note on the Permo-Carboniferous
Pool, Western Australia; in B.W. Logan, J.W. Read, succession in Thailand, in P. Nutalaya, ed.,
G.M., Hagan, P. Hoffman, R.G. Brown, P.J. Woods Proceedings of the Third Regional Conference
and C.D.Gebelein, eds., Evolution and diagenesis on Geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast
of Quaternary carbonate sequences, Shark Bay, Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: 1978, p. 851.
Western Australia:AAPG Memoir, v. 22, p. 141-193. Mantajit, N., 1979, Report on Geology of Phuket and
Long, J.A., and Burrett, C., 1989, Early Devonian Phangnga Area: unpublished report, Geological
conodonts from the Kuan Tung Formation, Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources,
Thailand: Systematic and biogeographic Bangkok, Thailand.
consideration: Records of Australian Museum, Mantajit, N., and Suensilpong, S., 1981, Tungsten resources
v. 41, no. 2, p. 124-130. of Thailand, in the Third Meeting of Tungsten
Long, J.A., and Burrett, C., 1989, Fish from the Upper Producing Countries, Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1981, 16 p.
Devonian of Shan-Thai Terrane indicate Maranate, S., 1982, Paleomagnetism of the Khorat Group
proximity to East Gongwana and South China in Northeast Thailand: Victoria University of
terranes: Geology, v. 17, no. 9, p. 811-813. Willington, unpublished M.Sc. thesis, 398 p.
Long, J.A., and Ingavat, R., 1989, Discovery of late Devonian Maranate, S., and Villa, P., 1986, Paleomagnetism of the
vetebrate micofauna from near Mae Sariang: Khorat Group, Mesozoic, Northeast Thailand:
Mineral Resources Gazette, v. 37, no. 4, p. 25-28. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, v. 1,
Macdonald, A.S., and Barr, S.M., Dunning, G.R. and p. 23-31.
Yaowanoiyothin, W., 1991, The Doi Inthanon Markirt, T., Laoprapaipan, P., Jariyabhumi, O., and
metamorphic core complex in NW Thailand, age Anupandhanant, P., 1984, Lignite exploration
and tectonic significance, in the Seventh Regional at Krabi Basin, in N. Theramongkol, S.
Conference of Geological Mineral Energy Nakapadungrat and V. Pisutha-Arnond, eds.,
Resources Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: Proceedings of the Conference on Application of
1991, 24 p. Geology and the National Development,
Macdonald, A.S., Barr, S.M., Dunning, G.R., and Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand:
Yaowanoiyothin, W., 1992, The Doi Inthanon 1984, p. 9-39.
metamorphic core complex in NW Thailand: Age Martin, M., and Ingavat, R., 1982, First record of an Upper
and tectonic significance: Journal of Southeast Triassic ceratodontid (Dipnoi, Ceratodon-tiformes)
Asian Earth Science, v. 9. in Thailand and its paleogeographical significance:
Mahawat, J., 1982. The petrology and geochemistry of Gûeobios, v. 15, no. 1, p. 111-114.
the granitic rocks of the Tak batholith, Thailand: Martin, V., Buffetaut, E., and Suteethorn, V., 1994, A new
Liverpool University. unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 210 p. genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Sao Khua
Manning, D.A.C., 1992, Introduction to industrial Formation (Late Jurassic or Early Creataceous)
minerals Chapter 7 (Cement and Plaster): of Northeastern Thailand: Comptes Rendus de
Chapman and Hall, London, p.141-158. lûAcademie des Sciences de Paris, v.319, series
Mantajit, N., 1975, Some aspects of the petrology and II, p. 1085-1092.
chemistry of the granite rocks in Ban Mong area, Matsukura, Y., and Yanaka, Y., 1983, Stability analysis of

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 563

soil slip of two grass-slopes in Southern Abukuma Conference on Stratigraphy and Tectoni
Mountains, Japan: Translation Japanese Evolution of Southeast Asia and the South
Geomorphological Union, 4/2, p. 229-239. Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand: 1997, p. 164-176.
Matthes, S.D. 1990, Mineralogie: 3rd ed, Berlin Heidelberg, Meesook, A., Chitmanee, S., and Sareerat, S., 1985a,
Springer-Lehrbuch, Springer-Verlag, 448 p. Geology of the Ban Chi Cho Chi Quadrangle (4740
Mawson, R., 1987, Early Devonian conodont fauna from IV), scale 1:50,000: Geological Survey Division,
Buchan and Bindi, Victoria, Australia: Palaeontology, Department of Mineral Resources, 40 p. (in Thai,
v. 3, p. 251-297. unpublished).
Mazin, J.M., Suteethorn, V., Buffetaut, E., Jaeger, J.J., and Meesook, A., Saengsrichan, W., and Teerarungsigul,
Helmcke-Ingavat, R., 1991, Preliminary N., 2005, Stratigraphy and faunal aspects of the
description of Thaisaurus chonglakmani n.g. n.sp., marine Jurassic rocks in southern peninsular
a new ichthyopterygian (Reptilia) from Early Thailand, in Proceedings of the International
Triassic of Thailand: Comptes Rendus Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and
de lûAcademie des Sciences de Paris, v.313, Mineral Resources of INDOCHINA, November,
series II, p. 1207-1212. 28-30, Khon Kaen, Thailand, p. 558-569.
Mckie, G.I.A., Sawata, H., Arpornsuwan, S., Arykul, S., Meesook, A., Sareerat, S., and Chitmanee, S., 1985b,
Chutatis, V., and Pungrassami, T., 1980, Some Geological map of Ban Palata (4740 I), scale
Triassic and associated strata of Southern 1:50,000: Department of Mineral Resources,
Thailand: PSU., Geological Research Project, Bangkok, Thailand.
Publication no. 5. Meesook, A., Sareerat, S., Suteethorn, V., and Chitmanee,
Meesook, A., 1994, Marine Jurassic stratigraphy and S., 1985c, Geology of the Ban Klo Tho
bivalve palaeontology of Thailand: University of Quadrangle (4741 III), scale 1:50,000, Amphoe
Auckland, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 244 p. Umphang, Changwat Tak, Western Thailand,
Meesook, A., 2000, Cretaceous environment of northeastern Geological Survey Division, Department of
Thailand, in H.Okada and N.J. Mateer, eds., Mineral Resources, 35 p. (in Thai, unpublished)
Cretaceous environment of Asia, Elesevier Meesook, A., Sha Jingeng, Saengsrichan, W., and
Science B.V., p. 207-223. Teerarungsigul, N., 2006, Lithostratigraphy and
Meesook, A., and Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1994, Biostratigraphic faunal aspects of marine Jurassic rocks in
correlation of marine Jurassic rocks within Thailand: Progress in Natural Science, v. 16
Thailand and Southeast Asia: Bangkok, Thailand, (Special Issue), p. 119-152.
p. 160-169. Meesook, A., Sha Jingeng, Teerarungsigul, N., and Poonpun,
Meesook, A., and Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1996, Marine Jurassic S., 2006, Non-marine Jurassic rocks of Thailand:
lithostratigraphy of Thailand: Journal of Southeast Progress in Natural Science, v. 16 (Special Issue),
Asian Earth Science, v. 14, no. 5, p. 377-391. p. 153-162.
Meesook, A., and Grant-Mackie, J.A., 1997, Funal Meesook, A., Suteethorn, V., and Sattayarak, N., 1995,
associations, paleoecology and paleoenvironments Cretaceous System of the Khorat Plateau,
of the Thai Marine Jurassic: a preliminary Northeastern Thailand: IGCP 350 Newsletter,
investigation, in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Special Issue, p.25-34.
Chaodumrong, P. Putthaphiban, W.Tansatien, C. Meesook, A., Suteethorn, V., and Wongprayoon, T., 1994,
Utha-aroon, N. Sattayarak, T. Nuchanong and S. A preliminary report on Jurassic Cretaceous
Techawan, eds., Proceedings of International non-marine bivalves of Northeastern Thailand:

564 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Geological Survey Division, Department of Mineral International Symposium on Intermontane Basins:
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand, 11 p. (in Thai). Geology and Resouces, Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1989,
Meesook, A., Suteethorn, V., and Wongprayoon, T., 1995, p. 173-186.
Early Cretaceous non-marine bivalves of the Sao Metcalfe, I., 1990, Allochthonous terrane processes in
Khua Formation, Khorat Group, Northeastern Southeast Asia: Philosophical Transactions of
Thailand, in the 3rd Symp., IGCP 350, Manila, Royal Society, London, A331, p. 625-640.
Philippines: 1995, Program and Abstract Volume, Metcalfe, I., 1990a, Stratigraphic and tectonic implications
p.10-11. of Triassic conodonts from northwest Peninsular
Meesook, A., Suteethorn, V., Chaodumrong, P., Malaysia, Geology Magazine, v.127, p. 567-578.
Teerarungsigul, N., Sarsud, A., and Woongprayoon, Metcalfe, I., 1991, Late Palaeozoic and Mesozic
T., 2002, Mesozoic rocks of Thailand: A summary, fpalaeogeography of Southeast Asia: Palaeogeography
in Mantajit, N., ed., Proceedings of the Symposium Palaeoecology, v.87, p.211-221.
on Geology of Thailand, Bangkok, August 26-31 Metcalfe, I., 1997, The Palaeo-Tethys and Palaeozoic
(2002), p. 82-94. Mesozic tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia, in
Meesook, A., Suteethorn, V., S. and Chitmanee, S., 1985d, P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong, P.
Geology of the Amphoe Umphang Quadrangle Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C. Utha-aroon, N.
(4741-II), scale 1:50,000, Amphoe Umphang, Sattarak, T. Nuchanong, and S. Techawan, eds.,
Changwat Tak, Western Thailand: Geological Proceedings of the International Conference on
Survey Division, Department of Mineral resources, Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
36 p.(in Thai, unpublished) Asia and the South Pacific, Department of
Mein, P., and Ginsburg, L., 1997, Les maniferes du gisement Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1997,
miocene inferieur de lLi Mae Long, Thailand: p. 260-272.
systematique, biostratigraphie et paleonenvironment: Michael, P., 1981, Landsforms, surface sediments and
Geodiversitas, v. 19, no. 4, p. 783-844. associated soil units in Nakhon Ratchasima
Mein, P., Ginsburg, L., and Rattanasthien, B., 1990, Noveaux Province, Thailand: A land-surface survey and
rongeurs du Miocene de Li (Thailande): Comptes an interpretation on the geologic genesis of the
Rendus de lûAcademie de Sciences de Paris, Khorat Plateauûs Upland soils: Soil Survey
v. 310, p. 861-865. Division, Tech. Bull. 31, p. 1-106, map.
Mekongís Secretariat, 1978, Notes on geological, Mickein, A., 1997, U/Pb-, Rb/Sr-und K/Ar-Untersuchungenzur
geomorphological and structural features of the metamorphen Entwicklung und Altersstellung des
Khorat plateau including particularly the Nam çPrakambriumsé in NW-Thailand: Gottinger Arb.
Mun and Nam Chi Basins: Interim Committee Geol. Palaont. 73, 83 p. (Summray in English).
for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mikuni, 1981, Study on samples taken fom Fault Zone at
Mekong Basin, Bangkok, p. 1-65, map. Khao Laem Project: EPDC, International Limited,
Metcalfe, I., 1988, Origin and assembly of Southeast Asian Japan.
Continental terranes: in M.G. Audley-Charles and Mitchell, A.H. G., Yung, B., and Jautaranipa, W., 1970,
A. Hallam, eds., Gondwana and Tethys, Geological The Phuket Grooup, peninsular Thailand:
Society of London, Special Publication, v. 37, p. 101-118. a palaeozoic geosynchinal deposit: Geological
Metcalfe, I., 1989, Triassic sedimentation in the central Magazine, v. 107, p. 411-428.
basin of peninsular Malaysia, in T. Thanasuthpital Miyashiro, A., 1961, Evolution of metamorphic belts: Journal
and P Ounchanum, eds., Proceedings of the of Petrology, v.2, no.3, p. 277-311, reprinted in

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 565

W.S. Ernst, ed., 1975, Metamorphism and Plate Nakapadungrat, S., 1982, Geochronology and geochemistry
Tectonic Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Pa., of the Thong Lang granite complex, Central
Geology, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Thailand: University of London, unpublished Ph.
Pa., p. 154-161. D. thesis, 336 p.
Moormann, F.R., and Rojanasoonthon, S., 1972, The soil
of the Kingdom of Thailand, Explanation text of Nakapadungrat, S., Beckinsale, R.D., and Suensilpong, S.,
the general soil map, report SSR-72 A: Soil 1984, Geochronology and geology of Thai granites,
Survey Division, Department of land Development, in Confernce on Application of Geology and the
Bangkok, 57 p. National Development. Chulalongkom University.
Moornman F.R., and Rojanasoonthon, S., 1968, Soil of Bangkok, Thailand: 1984, p. 75-93.
Thailand: a reconnaissance survey with map
showing the Great Soil condition: SSR-72, 43 p. Nakinbodee, V., Maranate, S., and Chaturongkavanich,
Mouret, C., Heggemann, H., Gouadain, J., and Krisdasima, S., 1976, Geological map, scale 1:250,000, sheet
S., 1993, Geological history of the siliciclastic Bangkok (ND47-12): Geological Survey Division,
Mesozoic strata of the Khorat Group in the Phu Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.
Phan Range area, Northeastern Thailand, in T.
Thanasuthipitak, ed., Proceedings of the Norconsult International A.S., 1994, A. Spatial Development
International Symposium on Biostratigraphy of Framework For Thailand: NESDB, p.321 (in Thai).
mainland Southeast Asia (BIOSEA), Department
of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Nutalaya, P., 1975, Cenozoic rocks: Department of
Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1993, v.1, p.23-50. Geological Sciences, Chaing Mai University,
Muenlek, S., 1992, Coal geology of Mae Than basin Special publication v.1, p.129-142.
Amphoe Mae Tha, Lampang, in C. Piancharoen,
ed-in-chief, Proceedings of the National Conferenc Nutalaya, P., 1975, Geology of the Bhumipol dam area,
on Geologic Resouces of Thailand: Potential for Tak Province, Thailand [abs.], in Conference on
Future Development, Depatment of Mineral the geology of Thailand, Department of Geological
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, p.112-121. Sciences, Chiangmai University, Thailand: 1975.
Muenlek, S., Meesook, A., Tongchit, P., Tipdhonsap, C.,
and Skullkaew, P., 1985, Geological map of Nutalaya, P., and Sodsri, S., 1985, Seismotectonic map of
Chagwat Narathiwat and Amphoe Takbai (NB47- Thailand and adjacent areas: AIT, Bangkok, Thailand.
8,5), scale 1:250,000: Department of Mineral
Resources, Bangkok, Thailand. Nutalaya, P., Darasudhi, P., Thanasuthipitak, T.,
Murray, J.W., 1981. A guide to classification in geology: Kheoruenromne, I., and Sudhiprakarn, A., eds.,
Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, 112 p. 1982, in Proceedings of the first International
Nakanart, A., 1992, Coal potential for future investment Symposium on Soil, Gelogy and Landform.
in Thailand, in C. Piancharoen, ed-in-chief, Impact on Land-use Planning in Developing
Proceedings of the National Conference on Countries, Bangkok, Thailand: 1982, April 1-3.
Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for
Future Develop Department, Department of Nutalaya, P., Sodsri, S., and Arnold, E.P., 1985, Southeast
Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand: 1992, Asia Association of Seismology and Earthquake
p.122-123. Engineering: Series on Seismology, v.II, Bangkok,
Thailand, 403 p.

Nutalaya, P., Sophonsakulrat, W., Sonsuk, M., and
Wattanachi, N., 1989, Catastrophic flooding are
agent for landform development of the Khorat
Plateau: a working hypothesis, in Proceedings
of the Workshop on Correlation of Quaternary
Suceession in S,E and SE Asia, Bangkok,
Thailand: 1989, p.95-116.

566 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

Nutalaya. P., 1974, Geology of the Bhumipol dam area, chronology has implications for crustal shortening
Tak province, Thailand [abs.]: in Conference on and driving mechanism of plates: Nature, v. 311,
the geology of Thailand, Deparment of Geological p. 615-621.
Sciences, Chiangmai University, Thailand: 1974. Paul, D.D., and Lian, H.M., 1975, Offshore Tertiary basins
of Southeast, Bay of Bengal to South China Sea, in
Nwajide, C.S., Okagbue, C.O., and Umeji, A.C., 1988, the 9th World Petroleum congress, Japan: 1975, 15 p.
Slump-debris flows in the Akovolwo mountains Petrasheck, W.E., 1965, Typical features of metallogenic
area of Benue State, Nigeria: Natural Hazards 1, provinces: Economic Geology, v.60, p. 1620-1634.
p.145-154. Pettifohn, F.J., 1956, Sedimentary rocks: 2nd ed., Calcutta,
Oxford Book&Stationary Company, S. Antool&Co.
Odomchoke, V.,1989, Quatemary stratigraphy of the Khorat Prt. Ltd., 718 p.
Plateau area, Northeastern Thailand, in N. Phiacharoen, C., 1982, Hydrogeology and groundwater
Thiramongkol. ed., Proceedings of the Workshop resources of Thailand: Department of Mineral
on Correlation of Quaternary Succession in S, E Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.
and SE Asia, Bangkok, Thailand: 1989, p.69-94. Phiancharoen, C., 1973, Hydrogeological map of
Northeastem Thailand, scale 1:500,000: Department
Oeltzschner, H., and Mutz, D., 1994, Guideline for an of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.
appropriate management of domestic sanitary Pisutha-arnond, S., Sumanee, S., and Yaemniyom, S., 1993,
landfill site: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Copper-iron-gold-silver skarn prospect at Phu Lon,
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Federal Republic of Changwat Nont Khai, northeastern Thailand,
Germany, p. 79. a porphyry-style mineraliztion, in S. Ishihara,
T Urabe, and H. Ohmoto, eds., Proceedings
Okagbue, C.O., 1989, Predicting of the landslips caused of the 29th International Geological Congress
by Rainstorms in residual/colluvial soils of 1992: Resource Geology, special issue, no.15,
Nigerian hillside slops: Natural Hazards 3, p. 133-141. Tokyo, Japan: 1993.
Pisutha-Arnond, S., Ukkakimapan., Klan-Ngem, S., Pisutha-
Paejui, B., and Panjasawatwong, Y., 1994, Provencances Arnond, V., and Taiyaqupt, M., 1997, Predicting
and tectonic setting of deposition of Upper oil and water interval in U-Thong field using
Devonian-Lower Carboniferous sandstone in the thermal extraction pyrolysis gas chromatograph,
Pak Chom area, Loei, in Proceedings of the in P. Dheeradilok, C. Hinthong, P. Chaodumrong,
International Symposium on Stratigraphic P. Putthaphiban, W. Tansathien, C. Utha-aroon,
Correlation of Southeast Asia and IGCP 306, N. Sattarak, T. Nuchnong, and S. Techawan, eds.,
Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand: 1994, Proceedings of the Internatinal Conference on
p. 91-95. Statigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast
Asia and the South Pacific (Geothai 97), Bangkok,
Paniasawatwong, Y., 1983, Chemical variation within Thailand: 1997, v. 1, p. 543-559.
a single basalt flow at Denchai, Phrae, in Pitakpaivan, K., 1965, Fusulinacean fossils from Thailand,
Proceedings on Annaul Technical Meeting, Part 1: Fusulines of the Ratburi limestone of
Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai Thailand: Faculty of Sciences, Kyushi University,
University, Thailand: 1983. Menoir, Series D, Geology, v. 17,p. 1-69.
Pitakpaivan, K., 1969, Tin bearing and tin barren granite
Panjasawatwong Y., 1991, Petrology, geochemistry and
tectonic implications of igneous rocks in the Nan
Suture: Thailand and an empirical study of the
effects of Ca/Na, A1/Si and H,O on plagioclase-
melt equilibria at 5-10 kb pressure: University of
Tasmania, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 239 p.

Patriat, and Achache, 1984, India-Eurasia collision

∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬ 567

in Thailand, in Proceedings of the second Polachan, S., and Racey, A., 1994, Stratigraphy of the
Technical Conferece on Tin, Inst. Tin Council, Mergui Basin, Andaman Sea: Implications for
Bangkok, Thailand: 1969, v. 1, p. 283-298. petroleum exploration: Journal of Petroleum
Pitakpaivan, K., 1995, Occurrenes of Triassic formation at Geology, v.17, no.4, October, p.373-406.
Mae Moh: Department of Mieneral Resources,
Report of in vestigation no.1, p. 47-57. Polachan, S., and Sattayarak, N., 1989, Strike-slip tectonics
Pitakpaivan, K., and Mantajit, N., 1981, Stratigraphy: in and the development of Tertiary basins in
J.B. Waterhouse, K. Pitakpaivan, and N. Mantajit, Thailand, in T. Thanasuthipitak and P. Ounchanum,
eds., The Permian stratigraphy and palaeontology eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium
of southern Thailand, Department of Mineral on Intermontane Basins: Geology and Resources,
Resources, Geological Survey Memoir no. 4, p. 51-55. Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai
Pitakpaivan, K., Ingavat, R., and Pariwatvorn, P., 1969, University, Chiang Mai, Thailand: 1989, p. 243-253.
Fossils of Thailand: in Sethaput, V., ed., Memoir
of Geological Survey Division, Department of Polachan, S., Pradidtan, S., Tongtaow, C., Janmaha, S.
Mineral Resources, Bangkok, v. 3, no. 2, p. 1-65, 27 pl. Intarawijitr, K., and Sangsuwan, C., 1991,
Piyasin, S, 1972, Geology of Lampang sheet (NE 47-11), Development of Cenozoic basins in Thailand:
scale 1:250,000, Report of investigation no.14: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 8, p. 84-97.
Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok,
Thailand, 98 p. (in Thai with English abstract). Polprasit, C., and Prasomsap, T., 1984, Geological map of
Piyasin, S., 1974, Geology of Uttaradit Sheet (NE 47-11), Amphoe Phanom Sarakarm (5236 II), scale
scale 1:250,000, Report of investigation no.16: 1:50,000: Department of Mineral Resources,
Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.
Thailand, 68 p. (in Thai).
Piyasin, S., 1975, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Pongsapich, W., Charusiri, P., and Vedchakanchana,
Kaeng Krachan Group (Carboniferous), in R.B. Stoke S., 1983, Reviews of metamorphic rocks of
and C. Tantisukrit, eds., Proceedings of the Thaiand, in P. Nutalaya, ed., Proceedings of
Conference on Geology of Thailand, Department of Workshop on Stratigraphic Correlation of
Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand and Malaysia, Haad Yai, Thailand: 1983,
Thailand: 1975, Special publication no.1, v. 2 p. 25-36. v. 1, p. 224.252
Piyasin, S., 1975a, Geology of Changwat Uttaradit Sheet
(NE47-11), Report of investigation no.15: Department Pongsapich, W., Vedchakanchana, S., and Pongprayoon,
of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand, 68 p. P., 1980, Petrology of the Praburi-Hin metamorphic
(in Thai) compkex and geochemistry of gneisses in it,
Piyasin, S., 1991, Tectonic events and radiometric dating Geological Sompkex and geochemistry of
of the basement rocks of Phitsanulok Basin: gnesses in it: Geological Society of Malaysia,
Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Science, v. 1, Bulletin 12, p. 55-74.
no. 1, p. 41-48.
Polachan, S., 1988, The geological evolution of the Mergui Potisat, S., 1996a, Geology and mineral resources in
Basin, SE Andaman Sea, Thailand: Royal Holloway Thailand: Minnig Asia Congessû96, Sinapore,
and Bedford New College, University of London, March 20-22, 18.
unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 218 p.
Potisat, S., 1996b, Gold exploration and mining
opportunities in Thailand, in Asia Gold Congress,
Kowloon, Hong Kong: 1996, 17 p.

Potter, M.J., 1981, Feldspar, nepheline syenite and aplite:
Mineral Yearbook, U.S. Deparment of Interior,
v. 1, p. 313-321.

Pradidtan, S., and Dook, R., 1992, Petroleum geology of

568 ∏ √ ≥’ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ª √ – ‡ ∑ » ‰ ∑ ¬

the northen part of the gulf of Thailand, in C. of th International Symposium on Stratigraphic
Piancharoen, ed-in-chief, Proceedings of the Correlation of Southeast Asia, Department of
National Conference on Geologic Resourced of Mineral Resources, Bangkok. Thailand: 1994,
Thailand: Potenial for Future Development. p. 245-252.
Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Racey, A., Love, M.A., Canham, A.C., Goodall, J.G.S.,
Thailand: 1992, p. 235-246. Polachan, S., and Jones, P.D., 1996 Stratigraphy
Pramojanee, P., and Hastings, P., 1983, Geomophological and reservoir potential of the Mesozoic Khorat
and palynological inbest6igation of sea level Group, NE Thailand, Part I: Stratigraphy and
changes in Chantaburi, SE Thailand, in N. sedimentary evolution: Journal of Petroleum
Thiramongkol and V. Pisutha-Arnod, eds., Geology, p. 5-40.
Proceedings on Geomorphology and Quaternary Rage, J.C., Buffetautm E., Buffetaut-Tong, H., Chaimanee,
Geology of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Y., Ducrocq, S., Jaeger, J.-J., and Suteethorn, V.,
Bangkok, Thailand: 1983, p. 35-51. 1992, A Colubrid snake in the late Eocene of
Pramojanee, P., and Panichapong, S., 1984, The Thailand: The oldest known Colubradae
geomorphological map of the northeastern part (Reptilia, Serpentes): Comptes Rendus de
of Thailand: Soil Survey and Classification lûAcademie des Sciences de Paris, v. 314, p. 1085-
Division, Tech. Bull. 57, p. 1-14, map. 1089.
Prasomsap, T. et al., 1989, Geologic map of Amphoe Khao Raksakulwong, L., and Wongwanich, T. 1994, Stratigraphy
Pra Nom and Bang Pa, scale 1:50,000: Geological of Kaeng Krachan Group in Peninsular and
Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources. Western Thailand: Annual Technical Meeting of
Punyaprasiddhi, P., 1980, Investgation of the geology and Geological Survey Division, Sepenber 19-20, p.
mineralization of tin and tungsten at Samoeng 106-115 (in Thai).
mine area, Northen Thailand: University of Raksaskulwong, L., 1994, Trang Group: Geological Survey
Sheffield, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 136p. Division, Department of Mineral Resources (in Thai).
Putthapiban, P., 1984, Geochemistry, Geochronologyt and Raksaskulwong, L., Teerarungsingul, N., and Thanphisit
tin mineralization of Phuket granites, Phuket, T K., 1989, Geology of Amphoe Thung Yai, Ban
hailand: La Trobe University Victoria, unpublished Nua Khlong and Ban Thang Laung Map Sheet:
Ph.D tgesus, 421 p. Geological Survey Division, Department of
Putthapiban, P., and Gray, C.M., 1983, Age and tin- Mieneral Resources, 57 p. (in Thai).
tungsten mineralization of the Phuket granites, Rao, C.P., 1988, Paleoclimate of some Permo-Triassic
in the Conference on Geology and Mineral carbonates of Malaysia: Sedimentary Geology,
Resouces of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand: 1983. v. 60, p. 163-171.
Putthapiban, P., and Suensilpong, S., 1978, The igneous Ratanasthien, B., 1988, Palynological evedences of Fang
geology of the granitic rocks of the Hub Kapong- oil-bearing Formation: Annual Technical
Hua Hin area: Jorrnal of Geological Society of Meeting 1987, Chiang Mai University, p. 83-98.
Thailand, v. 3, p. 1-22. Rau, J.L., and Nutalaya, P., 1983, Geology of the Bangkok
Racey, A., Goodall, J.G.S., Love, M.A., Polachan, S., and Clay: Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 16,
Jones, P.D., 1994, New age data for the Meszoic p. 99-116.
Khorat Group of Northeastern Thailand, in P. Rees, R., 1992, Encyclopedia of nature: Mitchell Bfreazley
Angsuwathana, T. Wongwanich W, Tansathien, Internationakl Ltd, London, 360 p.
S. Wongsomsak, and J, Tulyatid, eds., Proceedings Remusm D., Webster, M., and Keawkan, K., 1993, Rift