social studies vedanta 5 corrected final 2078

Lesson Equal Treatment and
Mutual Co-operation
4.6
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• know the importance of equal treatment; and
• tell about the right ways to behave with the people

in our community.

Nepal is a multilingual, multireligious, multiethnic and multicultural
country. People of different backgrounds such as languages,
religions, ethnicities and culture live
in our society. Some of them are
familiar to us, while some of them
are strangers. However, we must
show the same kind of behaviours
to them. We should treat all
persons of our society equally, no
matter which caste and gender
they belong to, which religion they
follow and what lifestyles they have. Equal treatment

Equal treatment is necessary for our society for various reasons. It
avoids conflict and misunderstanding and helps to maintain social
peace and harmony. If people treat each other equally or fairly
in our society, there won’t be any conflict and misunderstanding
between them.

Equal treatment leads to social progress because social peace and
harmony is an important factor for development. Development of a
place or locality is possible if there is social peace and unity among
the people living there.

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We should treat all familiar people and strangers equally. Every
person deserves equal respect and treatment in our society. We
ought to behave in a polite manner
with all. We have to exchange help
and maintain a good relationship
with all. These behaviours prevent
conflict.

Conflict is a situation in which two
people or groups have a serious
disagreement or clash. Sometimes,
conflicts may occur between people
in our society when they have
different opinions and thoughts.
In such cases, we should try to
understand the cause of the conflict. Mutual co-operation

Then, we should try to settle it fairly without supporting any person
or party.

We should always speak softly and politely with others. We should
always be careful that our behaviours wouldn’t hurt others. We
should always develop the habit of asking for help from others and
helping them.

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) People of different ............................ live in our society.
(b) Equal treatment leads to social ........................ .
(c) We should treat familiar people and .................... equally.
(d) We need to behave in a ........................ manner with all.
(e) We should be ........................ that our behaviours don’t
hurt others.

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(2) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) We should show unfair behaviours towards
strangers.
(b) Equal treatment is necessary for social
peace and harmony.
(c) Every person deserves equal respect and
treatment in our society.
(d) We should try to find out the cause of
conflict to solve it.
(e) We should always speak rudely with others.

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) Why should we treat everyone equally? Write any three
reasons.
(b) What do you mean by conflict?
(c) How do conflicts occur?
(d) How should we settle a conflict?
(e) What would you do if two of your friends quarrelled?

(4) What will you do in the following situations? Think and
write.
(a) If there is a quarrel between your neighbours.
(b) When one of your neighbours discriminates against son
and daughter.

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Revisiting the Unit

(1) Supply one-word answers to the given definitions.

duty heritage Paincho Parma right

(a) Something that a person is or should be morally
or legally allowed to have, get, or do ...................

(b) Something that you must do because it is
morally right or because the law requires it ...................

(c) The practice of borrowing goods with neighbours
and return that after they bring the goods ...................

(d) The practice of giving and taking help in
labour turn by turn ...................

(e) The traditions, achievements and beliefs that
are part of the history of a group or nation ...................

(2) Write short paragraphs on the following topics.
(a) My Duties towards My Nation
(b) Importance of Our National Heritage
(c) Importance of Our Social Rules and Regulations
(d) Ways to Settle a Conflict

(3) Write creative answers to the following questions.
(a) Why are the courts called the guardian of our rights?
Explain.
(b) How can we promote and preserve our national
heritage? Write any five ways.

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Unit : Five

OUR EARTH

5.1 Physical Features of Nepal
5.2 Climate and Lifestyle of Nepal
5.3 Natural Vegetation of Nepal
5.4 Soil of Our Country
5.5 Let’s Draw a Map
5.6 Let’s Fill the Symbols on a Map
5.6 Use of Globes and Maps
5.7 Our Neighbouring Countries: Bangladesh,

Bhutan and Pakistan
5.9 Our Neighbouring Countries: Sri Lanka,

Maldives and Afghanistan

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Lesson Physical Features of Nepal

5.1

After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• identify the three physical regions on the physical
map of Nepal.

• tell about the geographical condition of the three
regions of Nepal.

Toronto, Canada
17th January 2020

Dear Johnson,
Sweet remembrance,
I was very glad to receive your letter yesterday. I was happy to
know that you and your family members are well there. My family
members and I are also fine here. You had asked me to describe
the physical features of my country, Nepal in that letter. I will try my
best to describe my motherland in this letter.
My country, Nepal, is in Asia. It is a landlocked country. It is entirely
surrounded by land. India lies to the south, east and west, and China
lies to the north. It has an area of 1,47, 516 sq. km. It is rectangular
in shape with an average length of 885 km from east to west and an
average width of 193 km from north to south. The land topography
is not the same throughout the country. We can divide Nepal into
three main geographical regions based on physical features.
The Himalayan Region lies to the northern part of Nepal. There
are several snow-covered mountain peaks such as Mt Everest,
Kanchanjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Lantang, and so on in this region.

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Therefore, this region is also known as Mountainous Region. This
region remains cold, dry and windy throughout the year. According
to the physical division, this region covers some 15 % of the total
area of Nepal.

The Hilly region is situated in the central part of Nepal. There are
different landforms, such as high hills, valleys, bensi, and taars in
this region. Taars are flat dry area. Tumlingtaar (Sankhuwasabha),
Rumjhataar (Okhaldhunga), Salyantar (Dhading) and Palungtaar
(Gorkha) are some Taars in Nepal. Similarly, Kathmandu, Pokhara,
Surkhet, and Dang are major valleys of this region. Syabrubensi
(Rasuwa), Dhading Bensi (Dhading) are some Bensi (basin) areas of
this region.
There are two mountain ranges namely Mahabharat (high hill) range
and Churiya (low hill) range in this region. Doon valleys or inner
Terai is located between these two ranges. Makwanpur, Udaypur,
Chitwan, Sindhuli and Dang are some Doon valleys of Nepal. The
climate of this region is moderate, neither very hot nor too cold.
This region occupies some 68 % of the total land of our country.

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The Terai region lies in the southern part of our country. This region
covers some 17% of the total area and is also called Madhesh. This
area is also called the granary or breadbasket of Nepal as many
types of food, and cash crops grow well in this region. Paddy, wheat,
maize and mustard are major food crops grown in this region, and
the major cash crops of this region are jute, sugarcane and tobacco.
The land is plain, and the climate of this region is hot with plenty
of rain in summer. This region is made up of fertile soil. There is
alluvial soil carried down by the rivers from the Hilly region and
deposited there.

I hope this letter provides abundant information about the physical
features of my country, Nepal. Can you please write about your
country, Canada and its natural division in your next letter? Please
convey my warm regards to your family members. Expecting your
next letter soon.
Yours,
Abdul

GLOSSARY

topography : the physical appearance of the natural features of
an area of land, especially the shape of its surface

abundant : more than enough

EXERCISE

(1) Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.
(a) ........................... (India, China) lies to the northern side
of Nepal.

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(b) The land topography is ......................... (same, different)
throughout our country.

(c) The ........................... (Himalayan, Hilly) Region lies to
the northern part of Nepal.

(d) The Terai Region is located in the ....................... (central,
southern) part of our country.

(e) There are valleys, basins and taars in the ...........................
(Hilly, Terai) Region.

(2) Name any four of the following.
(a) Mountain peaks in Nepal
(b) Taars of our country
(c) Valleys of Nepal
(d) Doon valleys of our country
(e) Crops grown in the Terai Region of Nepal

(3) Give reasons for the following.
(a) Nepal is a landlocked country.
(b) Terai Region is called the granary of Nepal.

(4) Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the total area of Nepal? Write its average length
and width.
(b) How is the climate of the mountainous region?
(c) Name the different landforms found in the Hilly Region.

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(d) How are the climate and land structure of the Terai
region?

(e) Which region of Nepal do you like the most? Why? Write
any three reasons.

(5) Look at the given map of Nepal and locate the three
physical regions of Nepal.



Draw an outline map of Nepal on a photocopy paper, show three
physical regions in it and paste it on your classroom display board.

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Lesson Climate and
Lifestyle of Nepal
5.2
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• describe climate types found in different regions of
Nepal; and

• explain the Nepalese people’s lifestyle by
geographical region.

The general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
over a period of time is called climate. The way of life of people of a
particular area is called lifestyle. The climate and lifestyle of people
from different regions in our country are not the same throughout
the country.
The Himalayan region remains cold, dry and windy all over the year.
That’s why the people of this region wear heavy woollen clothes.
The males wear Bakkhu and
Docha, whereas the females
wear Pangden. The people of
mainly Sherpa, Thakali, Gurung,
Thakuri and Jirel communities
live in this region. Rocky soil is
found in this region, and the
climate is also too cold. Thus,
this region is not so favourable
for cultivation. However,
people grow potatoes, millet,
buckwheat, barley and apples in this region. Many people of this
region are engaged in animal husbandry and fruit farming. Some
people are also involved in the tourist industry and mountaineering.
Various types of medicinal herbs are found in this region. Most of
the people of this region are Buddhists, while some of them are
Hindus too.

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The people of mainly Brahmin,
Chhetri, Gurung, Rai, Limbu,
Newar, Kami, Tamang, Magar,
Sunuwar, Chepang, and Damain
communities live in The Hilly
region of Nepal. The climate of
this region is mild or temperate.
The males wear Daura Suruwal,
waist coat, Bhoto, and Ghalek,
and the females wear Kurta
salwar and Chaubandi in this
region. People of this region are involved in different occupations
such as farming, teaching, service, trade, and business. They follow
various religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Kirant Dharma,
Christianity, and so on. They celebrate different festivals according
to their religions.
The people belonging to Yadav, Tharu, Rajput, Teli, Satar, Rajbanshi,
and Dhimal communities live in the Terai region. They speak different
languages such as Nepali, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Urdu, Hindi, Dhimal
and so on. The climate in this region is very hot. The males wear
shirt, pants, dhoti and kurta,
and women wear saree, blouse,
lungi, petani, and bona. People
eat daal (lentil), roti (chapati)
and rice (bhaat) as their staple
food in this region. The soil of
this region is fertile, and there is
enough irrigation facility. Thus,
most of the people are engaged
in farming in this region. Besides
cultivation, people are also
engaged in business, service, trade, and so on in this region. They
follow Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Christianity.

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Although there are differences in climate and lifestyle in the three
regions of our country, there is unity and harmony among Nepali
citizens. They respect each other’s culture and lifestyle. They regard
our country as the common flower garden of all castes.

favourable GLOSSARY
trade
irrigation : showing that you like or approve of someone or
something

: the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging,
goods and/or services between people or countries

: the practice of supplying land with water so that
crops and plants will grow

EXERCISE

(1) Write one-word answers to the following questions.

(a) The general weather conditions found
in a place over a period of time ............................

(b) The way of life of a particular area ............................

(c) The piece of clothing worn by females
in the Himalayan Region ............................

(d) The region of Nepal with hot climate ............................

(e) The region of Nepal in which we can
find many medicinal herbs ............................

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(2) Correct the given statements.
(a) The people of the Sherpa, Thakali, Gurung, Thakuri and
Jirel community live in the Hilly Region of Nepal.
(b) People are engaged in animal husbandry, fruit farming,
mountaineering and tourism in the Terai Region of our
country.
(c) The climate of the mountainous region is moderate.
(d) The people of Yadav, Tharu, Rajput, Dhimal and Teli
community live in the Himalayan Region of our country.
(e) The climate and lifestyle of people are the same in
different regions of our country.

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) Why do people of the Himalayan Region wear warm
woollen clothes?
(b) Name the crops grown in the Mountainous Region of
our country.
(c) What clothes do people of the Hilly Region wear? Name
them.
(d) Why are many people of the Terai Region involved in
farming?
(e) Why is our country regarded as the common flower
garden of all castes? Give reason.

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Lesson Natural Vegetation
of Nepal
5.3
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• identify the different types of vegetation found in
Nepal; and

• tell the effects of climate on vegetation.

The climate and altitude of our country are not the same throughout
the country. They affect the vegetation found here. Vegetation
refers to plants, trees and flowers that grow naturally in a particular
area. Different types of natural vegetation are found in three
geographical regions of our country. We cannot find the vegetation
found in cold regions in the hot climate.

Natural Vegetation in the Terai Region

The climate of the Terai region is hot. There is plenty of rainfall in
summer. The hot and wet climate of this region supports trees such

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as saal, sisau, simal, and khayer. Some of these trees remain green
throughout the year. Therefore, they are known as evergreen trees.
They have hard wood and thick bark.

Natural Vegetation in the Hilly Region

The climate of the Hilly region is moderate,
neither very hot nor very cold. It receives heavy
rainfall during the summer season. Summers
are warm and wet, but winters are cold and
dry. We can find trees such as hazelnut, walnut,
rhododendron (Gurans)and Alnus (Uttish) in this
region. These trees shed their leaves in the winter
season. Thus, they are known as deciduous trees.

Natural Vegetation in the Himalayan Region

It is cold throughout the year in the Himalayan
region. This region receives frequent snowfall.
The trees like fir, pine, juniper, spruce, and
deodar are found in this region. These trees
are cone-shaped and have short and needle-
like leaves. This helps them to slip snow. Such
trees are known as coniferous trees. They are
soft and remain green throughout the year.

We can find alpine vegetation in snowy regions
(above 3500 m) of the Himalayan region. They
include shrubs and grass. Likewise, we can
find tundra vegetation above 4400 m in this region. They include
ferns, mosses and lichens. They appear after the snow melts in the
summer season.

We can receive several benefits from different types of vegetation.
They provide timber, firewood and other products to us. Some
of the vegetation work as medicinal herbs. We can use them for

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the treatment of various diseases. People run paper and furniture
industries with such vegetation. The groups of vegetation in forests
protect them flood, landslide and soil erosion. They cause rainfall,
purify the air of the environment and play an important role in
environment conservation. Therefore, we should conserve forests
and natural vegetation.

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) ............................ affects the vegetation of a place.
(b) .......................... Region receives frequent snowfall.
(c) Coniferous trees have short and ..................... like leaves.
(d) We can find ........................... in snowy regions of the
Himalayan Region.
(e) .......................... cause rainfall and prevent landslide,
flood and soil erosion.

(2) Write True for right and False for wrong statements.

(a) Evergreen trees are found in the Terai
Region of our country.

(b) The trees found in the Hilly Region
never shed their leaves.

(c) The same type of vegetation are found in
different regions of our country.

(d) We can find coniferous trees in the Terai
Region of our country.

(e) Natural vegetation are beneficial to us
in many ways.

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(3) Classify the following natural vegetation according to
their regions.

alnus, fir, hazelnut, juniper, khayer, pine, rhododendron, saal,
simal, sisau, spruce, walnut

Natural vegetation Natural Natural vegetation
found in the vegetation found found in the Terai
Himalayan Region in the Hilly Region Region

(4) Answer the following questions.
(a) What is natural vegetation?
(b) Why are evergreen trees called so?
(c) Why are the trees in the Himalayan Region cone-shaped?
(d) What benefits do we get from natural vegetation? Make
a list of any three advantages.
(e) Which region of Nepal do you live in? How is the climate
of that region? Make a list of any six trees found in your
region.

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Lesson Soils of Our Country

5.4 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• explain various types of soils found in Nepal; and
• recognise the difference in soils found in different

regions of our country.

Teacher : We have already learnt that the natural vegetation
Dorje : is not the same throughout our country due to the
Jonathan : difference in the climate. Similarly, the soil also
differs from place to place in Nepal. Due to the
difference in soil, landforms and climate, people
grow various crops in different regions of our
country. Now, Dorje, Jonathan and Ruksana are
going to tell us about the different types of soil
found in our country.
The Himalayan Region lies in the northernmost
part of our country. We can find debris soil in this
region. This soil is made up of big rocks, stones
and sand. It is not so fertile for cultivation because
it contains less amount of humus. However, crops
like potato, buckwheat, barley and fruits grow well
in it.
The Hilly Region lies in the central part of Nepal.
We can find different types of soils such as red
soil, dry soil, and sandy soil in this region. Most of
the soil is formed by pieces of rocks, stones and
sand. This kind of soil is known as rocky-sandy soil.
This type of soil is not so favourable for farming.
However, people grow potatoes, barley, millet and

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wheat in this type of soil. People also grow tea,
coffee, cardamom, fruits and so on in some parts
of this region.

We can find lacustrine soil in some regions of the
Ruksana : Hilly region, mainly in the valleys. When lakes or
sources of water dry, lacustrine soil is formed. It is
black in colour because decayed plants mix with
it. It is a very good type of soil for farming. Rice,
wheat and vegetables grow well in this soil. People
can cultivate in little rainfall also in this type of soil.
However, insects mostly affect this soil. Kathmandu
Valley has this type of soil.
Terai region lies in the southern part of our country.
We can find alluvial soil in this region. This kind
of soil is made by the deposition of the river and
contains a lot of minerals. We can find it in the
river basin. This type of soil is fertile and suitable

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to grow paddy, wheat, jute, sugarcane, oilseeds,
tobacco and vegetables.

To the northern side of Terai region, there is a
Teacher : range of small hills extending from east to west.
This is called the Chure Hills. The land area around
the south of Chure hills is called “Bhabar Pradesh”.
This region is made up of stone, sand and soil. This
sandy-stony soil cannot hold water. Therefore, this
soil is not suitable for farming. However, forests
grow well in this region.

Soil is an important
natural resource.
People grow many
crops and plants
in the soil. Fertile
soil supports the
growth of plants.
It is the home of
many animals such
as snakes, ants,
and earthworms.
Some people even Tree plantation

make earthen
dishes with soil. When there is rain, the soil absorbs
water. This water goes into a deeper layer of soil
and is available for plants and forest to grow.
Soil contains different materials such as gravel,
clay, and sand. We use them for the construction
of homes, buildings, and roads. Therefore, we
should conserve the soil by planting more trees, by
doing farming by making terraces, by not leaving
them barren and by not using chemical fertilisers
randomly.

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landform GLOSSARY
humus
deposition : a natural shape on the earth’s surface, such as a
basin mountain or a valley
terrace
barren : dark earth made of organic material such as
decayed leaves and plants

: the formation of a layer of a substance such as soil
or rock, or the substance that forms the layer

: the area of land from which streams run into a river,
lake, or sea

: a flat raised area
: unable to produce plants or fruit

EXERCISE

(1) Identify the given type of soil.

(a) This type of soil is made up of big rocks,
sand and stones. ..............................

(b) Tea, coffee, cardamom, and fruits grow
well in this type of soil. ..............................

(c) This soil is formed when lakes or
sources of water dry. ..............................

(d) The deposition of the rivers forms
this type of soil. ..............................

(e) This type of soil cannot hold water. ..............................

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(2) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

(a) We can find..................... soil in the Himalayan Region.
(b) Potatoes, barley, millet and wheat grow well in

..................... soil.
(c) ..................... soil is black in colour.
(d) We can find..................... soil in the river basin.
(e) The land around the south of..................... Hills is called

Bhabar Pradesh.

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) Why is the soil found in the Himalayan Region not good
for cultivation?
(b) Where can we find lacustrine soil?
(c) In which region of Nepal do forests grow well?
(d) How can you say that soil is an important natural
resource?
(e) How can we conserve soil?

(4) Which region of Nepal do you live in? What kind of
soil is found there? What crops do people grow there?
Discuss among your friends or take the help of your
parents to fill up the given table.

The region I live in Types of soil found Crops grown
here here

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Lesson Let’s Draw Map of Nepal

5.5 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• identify various ways to draw the map of Nepal; and
• draw the map of Nepal using different ways.

Map

A map is a drawing or plan of the earth’s surface or part of it. It
shows countries, towns, rivers, mountains, cities, and streets. The
primary purpose of a map is to show where the places and things
are. In this way, maps give us a lot of information about the earth.
Maps may show visible features, such as rivers and lakes, forests,
buildings, and roads. They may also show things that cannot be
seen, like boundaries and temperatures. We draw most maps on a
flat surface.

Scale

A map is always smaller than the area it represents. Most maps
include something called a scale to show how much smaller the map
is. The scale is the relation between the actual size of something
and its size on a map, diagram, or model representing it. It shows
how distances on the map are related to the actual distances.

Methods of Drawing the Map of Nepal

We can learn about different things found in different places with
the help of maps. Therefore, we should learn how to draw a map.
Firstly, let’s learn how to draw a map of Nepal. There are three
methods to draw a map of our country.

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(1) Tracing Method

Things needed
Original map of Nepal, a finely

sharpened pencil, a sheet of
tracing paper

Steps:

Place the map on a flat surface
and over it place a tracing
paper. In doing so, you can
see the shape of the map
Tracing Method

through the tracing paper.
With a pencil gently draw the outline over the shape on the
tracing paper. Now your map of Nepal is ready.

(2) Freehand Method

Things needed
Original map of Nepal, a pencil, an eraser and a clean sheet

of blank paper

Steps
Draw the outline of the map on a sheet of paper by looking

at the original map with a pencil. Erase the part which doesn’t
seem to be correct. Keep on drawing until your map looks
right.

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(3) Graphic Method

Things needed
original map of Nepal, tracing paper, a clean sheet of blank

pencil, a pencil, an eraser

Steps:
Take an original map of Nepal and draw graphs on the map.

Draw another graph of the same, reduced or enlarged size.
Now, look at the original map and draw another map on the
graph of similar measurements.

There are various methods of drawing the map of Nepal.
Among them, we can choose the most convenient method for
us. However, we should always try to adopt easy and accurate
methods while drawing the maps.

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GLOSSARY

visible : easily seen or understood
boundary : something (such as a river, a fence, or an imaginary

diagram line) that shows where an area ends and another
area begins
reduced : a drawing that explains or shows the parts of
enlarged something
convenient : made smaller in size
: made bigger or larger in size
accurate : allowing you to do something easily or without
trouble
: free from mistakes or errors

ACTIVITIES

(1) Trace the outline of Nepal's map on a tracing
paper and then copy it on a clean sheet of blank
paper.

(2) Draw vertical and horizontal lines on Nepal's
trace map and then use the graphic method to
draw a similar outline of the map on a clean sheet
of paper.

(3) Draw a map of your district using the freehand
method.

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EXERCISE

(1) Write true for right and false for wrong statements.
(a) A map shows where the places and
things are.
(b) Maps show only the things that can be seen.
(c) A map is always smaller than the area
it represents.
(d) In the freehand method of drawing map,
we do not need the original map of Nepal.
(e) We should always try to adopt easy and
accurate methods while drawing the maps.

(2) Answer these questions.
(a) What is a map?
(b) What is the scale?
(c) Why is map important for us?
(d) What are various methods to draw a map of Nepal?
Which method do you feel the easiest? Why?

Draw the maps of Nepal on sheets of photocopy paper using the
freehand method, graphic method and tracing method. Paste them
on your classroom display board.

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Lesson Symbols Used on the Map

5.6

After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• recognise different symbols and index used in a map, tell
what they represent, and draw them; and

• insert rivers, mountains, religious places, and so on into an
outline map of Nepal using various signs and symbols.

A map has symbols. A symbol is a drawing that stands for something
real. A symbol can also be a drawing or a pattern. We use symbols
on the map because it is not possible to write the names of
places and things of everything on a small map. It makes the map
shabby. Therefore, we use symbols or indices to represent facts
and information on the map. We use various symbols to represent
capital cities, hills, lakes, natural vegetation, highways, mountain
peaks, bridges, industries, and grasslands on a map. These symbols
are the same all over the world.

Most maps use a variety of symbols to show the different features
on it, such as major cities, airports, mountains, and so on. Maps
also have a key, or “legend,” which explains the meaning of each
symbol clearly.

Study the following chart that shows various signs and symbols
used on the map with their meanings

S.N. Facts Symbols S.N. Facts Symbols
1. River 2. Road

3. Mountain peak 4. Lake

5. Bridge 6. Industry

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7. Railway Line 8. Ropeway
9. Forest 10. Grassland

11. Temple 12. Stupa

EXERCISE

(1) What meanings do the following symbols give on a
map? Write.

(2) Draw symbols to show the following places or things.
(a) mountain peak (b) industry
(c) railway (d) ropeway
(e) forest (f) stupa

(3) Answer these questions.
(a) What is a symbol?
(b) Why do we use symbols on the map?
(c) What do you mean by legend or key?

Draw all the symbols used on a map given in your textbook on a
sheet of chart paper and write their meanings too. Show it to your
teacher.

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Lesson Uses of Globe and Maps

5.7 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• show continents and oceans in the map and on the
globe; and

• find out various ways to study a map and the globe.

We have already learnt that a map is a flat Globe
picture of the earth represented on paper, flex
or canvas. It is flat in shape. On the other hand,
a globe is a small model or replica of the earth.
The earth is very large. People can only see part
of it at a time. A globe is a small model used
to show the whole earth. Like earth, a globe
is shaped like a ball. The globe shows earth’s
largest land areas, called continents. The largest
water areas are called oceans.

Physical map of the world

There are seven continents and five oceans in the earth. The
continents are the land part of the earth. The continents include

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Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and
Australia. The oceans are the water part of the earth. The Pacific
Ocean lies to the east of Asia. This is the largest ocean. The Atlantic
Ocean lies to the west of Europe and Africa. The Indian Ocean lies
to the south of Asia whereas the Arctic Ocean lies to the north and
the Antarctic Ocean lies to the southernmost part of the earth.

The art and science of making maps is called cartography.

The globe also shows an imaginary line called the equator. It runs
around the centre of the earth.
We can learn about the motion of the earth from the globe.
Therefore, it is called the model of the earth. If we want to learn
about anything from the globe, we need to rotate it slowly and look
for the thing we want to know. The earth rotates in the same way.

Differences between Map and Globe

Map Globe
A map is a flat picture of A globe is a small model

the earth. of the earth.
It shows only a certain It shows the entire part of

part of the earth at once. the earth at once.
It doesn’t spin at all. It spins around an axis.
It is easier to carry from It is made of hard

one place to another. We materials. We cannot fold
can easily fold it and carry it. It is difficult to carry
along with us. around.
We can use it to get more We can use it to study the
specific information about rotation of the earth.
different places.

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The land part of the earth is generally shown in green, yellow and
grey colour. The green colour shows the low lying area; the yellow
shows the highland and the grey shows the mountainous part. The
water part of the earth is shown in sky blue colour.

Both the globe and map are very useful for us. The uses of using
map and globe are as follows.

They show physical divisions of the earth.
They are helpful for planning and administration.
They help us know about different time zones.
They help in making security plans of the nation.

canvas GLOSSARY

imaginary : a piece of cloth on which an artist can draw a
spin picture

: not real
: to turn or cause someone or something to turn

around repeatedly

EXERCISE

(1) Write one-word answer to the following questions.

(a) Which of the following is shaped like
a ball? A map or a globe? ..............................

(b) Which is the largest continent in ..............................
the world?

(c) Which is the largest ocean? ..............................

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(d) What runs around the centre ..............................
of the earth?

(e) What helps us to learn about the motion
of the earth? A map or a globe? ..............................

(f) Which one is useful to get more specific

information about different places?

A map or a globe? ..............................

(g) Which colour do we use to show

the water part of the earth? ..............................

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the globe?
(b) What are continents and oceans?
(c) Name seven continents and five oceans.
(d) What is the equator?
(e) Write any three differences between the map and the
globe.
(f) Write any three uses of the map and globe.

(3) Draw the picture of the globe in your exercise book.

Take an outline map of the world and indicate the oceans and
continents using different colours.

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Lesson Our Neighbouring Countries:
Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan
5.8
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• give a brief introduction to Bangladesh, Bhutan and
Pakistan; and

• explain the geographical and socio-economic
condition of those countries.

(1) Bangladesh

Bangladesh lies in the south-eastern part of Nepal. Its official
name is the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. India borders it from
east, west and north, and Myanmar (Burma) and the Bay of Bengal
lie to the south.

Bangladesh was once a part of Pakistan. It
was called East Pakistan before it became
independent in 1971 AD. It has an area
of 1,43,998 sq km. The capital city of
Bangladesh is Dhaka, and its currency is
known as Taka.

Physical Features Flag and map of Bangladesh

Bangladesh doesn’t have high hills and mountains. Most parts of
Bangladesh have plain and lowland. Some low hills are situated in
the eastern and north-western region. The climate of Bangladesh
is a tropical monsoon climate similar to that of the Terai Region of
Nepal. Therefore, summer is hot with heavy rainfall, and winter is
cold and dry. No rainfall takes place in winter. The major rivers of this
country are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Padma, the Meghna
and the Gomati. Floods and hurricanes often occur in this country.
They cause the destruction of a lot of lives, crops and properties.

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Socio-economic Life

Most people of Bangladesh are Muslims. In fact, more than 80% of
people follow Islam in Bangladesh.
The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali. However, some
people speak Urdu as well. The major festivals of this country are
Eid, Bakra Eid, Ramzan, and so on. Rice and fish are the staple food
of the people of Bangladesh. The males wear Kurta, Lungi, shirt
and pants and the females wear Salwar and Sari.
Soil is fertile in Bangladesh. Thus, most of the people of Bangladesh
are involved in agriculture. The people grow paddy, wheat, tea,
sugarcane, tobacco, jute, mango, banana, and lychee. Fishing is
another major occupation of the people of Bangladesh. This country
produces a large amount of jute and exports a significant amount
of garment and leather.

(2) Bhutan

Bhutan is a mountainous
landlocked country in Southern Asia. It
is located on the south-eastern slopes
of the Himalayas. Its official name is the
Kingdom of Bhutan. Like Nepal, China
lies to the north of Bhutan, and India
lies to the east, west and south. It has
an area of 38, 394 sq km. The capital Flag and map of Bhutan

city of Bhutan is Thimphu, and its currency is known as Ngultrum.
Since this country receives a lot of rain and thunderbolt, it is also
called the country of the thunderbolt.

Physical Features

The landforms and climate of Nepal and Bhutan are similar. It is
also divided into three regions, like Nepal. There are mountains

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in the northern part, hills and valleys in the central part and plains
in the southern part. The climate of the northern region is cold,
the southern region is hot, and hills and valleys have a moderate
climate. It receives monsoon rain in summer. The major rivers are
Amonchhau, Mochhu and Nangchhau.

Socio-economic Life

Most of the Bhutanese are Buddhists. Mahayana Buddhist is the
official religion of this country. They follow Tibetan culture and
traditions. Males wear Bakkhu and Docha, whereas the females wear
a dress called Kira. The official language of Bhutan is Dzongkha.
However, many people speak Nepali in this kingdom. A large
number of Nepalese origins live in southern Bhutan. They practise
Nepalese culture and follow Hinduism.

Farming and animal husbandry are the major occupations of the
Bhutanese people. In fact, more than 80% of the total population
of Bhutan is engaged in agriculture for their livelihood. However,
they also apply the traditional method of farming like in Nepal.
They produce rice, maize, buckwheat, wheat, barley and potatoes.
They also produce apples and cardamom for export.

(3) Pakistan Map and flag of Pakistan

Pakistan is a Muslim country
in South Asia. Its official name is the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan. India
surrounds it to the east, Afghanistan
and China to the north, Iran to the west
and the Arabian Sea to the south. It has
an area of 8,01,508 sq km. Its capital
city is Islamabad, and its currency is
known as rupee.

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Physical Features

Pakistan is divided into four regions. They are:

(a) The Frontier Province of Mountain Ranges:

The northwestern region of Pakistan has many hills and
mountains. They include the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, the
Karakoram and the Sulaiman Mountains. The famous Khyber
Pass lies in this region. The second highest mountain in the
world is Mt K2 (8611 m). It is located in this region. It is also
known as Mount Godwin Austen.

(b) The South-western Plateaus:

Plateaus are large pieces of land with flat tops. The barren
and dry plateau of Baluchistan lies in the southwestern region
of Pakistan.

(c) The Indus Plain:

It extends from the plateau of Baluchistan in the west to the
Thar Desert in the east. It consists of fertile soil drained by the
Indus river system.

(d) The Plains of Punjab:

It extends from the Himalayas in the north to the Thar Desert
in the south. This region also has fertile soil deposited by the
Indus River and its tributaries.

Socio-economic Life

Pakistan is an Islamic country. Most people follow Islam. Their major
festivals are Eid-Ul-Fitr and Bakar Eid. Pakistanis eat bread, dal,
meat and vegetables. Males wear shirt and trousers whereas the
females wear Kurta and Suruwal. Most of them wear a long piece
of clothing, which covers their head, face and body. It is known as

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burqa (burka). The national language of Pakistan is Urdu, but they
also speak Punjabi, English, Sindhi and Pashto.

Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of the people are engaged
in farming. They grow paddy, wheat, maize, sugarcane, tobacco,
cotton, and pulses. The major industries of Pakistan are steel,
iron, cement, fertilizer, paper, and textile. Karachi is a trade and
commercial hub. It is the largest city in the country. Lahore, Peshawar,
Islamabad, and Faisalabad are the major commercial centres of the
country.

GLOSSARY

hurricane : a violent wind that has a circular movement

staple : basic or main; standard or regular

thunderbolt : a flash of lightning and the sound of thunder
together

textile : a cloth made by hand or machine

hub : the central or main part of something where there
is most activity

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with Bangladesh, Bhutan or Pakistan.
(a) This country was once a part of Pakistan. ...................
(b) This country produces a large amount of
jute, garment and leather products. ...................
(c) The climate and landform of this country
are similar to that of Nepal. ...................
(d) The females wear a dress called ‘Kira’
in this nation. ...................

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(e) The second highest mountain in the ...................
world (K2) lies in this country.

(f) The national language of this country
is Urdu. ...................

(2) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) Bangladesh lies to the ........................ part of Nepal.
(b) The capital city of Bangladesh is ................................
and its currency is called ........................ .
(c) The area of Bhutan is ........................ sq km.
(d) The capital city of Bhutan is ........................ and its
currency is called ................................
(e) ........................ Sea lies in the southern part of Pakistan.
(f) ........................ is a trade and commercial hub of Pakistan.

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) How is the physical feature of Bangladesh? Write in any
five sentences.
(b) Why is Bhutan called the country of thunderbolts?
(c) What are the similarities between Nepal and Bhutan?
(d) How is the socio-economic life of Bhutanese people?
Explain in five sentences.
(e) Describe the physical features of Pakistan.
(f) Write any five sentences about the socio-economic life
of Pakistani people.

(4) Consult the map of South Asia and find out where
Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan are.

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Lesson Our Neighbouring Countries:
Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan
5.9

After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• give a brief introduction to Sri Lanka, Maldives and
Afghanistan; and

• explain the geographical and socio-economic
condition of those countries.

(1) Sri Lanka

Area : 65,610 sq km

Border : Indian Ocean on all sides

Capital : Colombo

Climate : Hot and rainy throughout the year

Currency : Sri Lanka Rupee

Dress : Males wear shirts and lungi, and females
wear sari and blouse

Language : Sinhala (national language), Tamil and
English

Main Religion : Buddhism

Major Occupations : Agriculture, industry, tourism, trade and
service

Major Productions : Coconut, rubber, clothes, fish and tea.

Official Name : The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka

Old Name : Ceylon

Physical Features : Sri Lanka has coastal areas around the
country. The northern part has rocky
land, the central part has low hills, and
Jaffna has plain land.

Staple food : Rice and fish

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(2) Maldives

Area : 298 sq km
Border : Indian Ocean in the north, south
and east, and Arabin Sea in the
Capital : west
Climate : Male
Currency : Hot and rainy throughout the year
Dress : Rufiyaa
Males wear shirts and lungi, and
Language : females wear sari and blouses
Main Religion : Divehi
Major Occupations : Sunni Islam
Major Productions : Fishing and tourism
Official Name : Coconut, rubber
Physical Features : The Republic of Maldives
The Maldives consists of 1087
Staple food : coral islands in the Indian Ocean.
Among them, people inhabit only
in 200 islands. There are no hills
and mountains in the country. The
biggest island is about 6 km long.
There are beautiful beaches in this
country.
Rice and fish

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(3) Afghanistan : 657 500 sq km
: China and Pakistan in the east,
Area Iran in the west, Turkmenistan
and Tazeksthan in the north and
Border Pakistan in the south
Kabul
Capital : Summers are extremely hot, and
Climate : winters are very cold. Desert
regions receive little rainfall.
Currency : Afghani
Dress : Males wear kurta and paijama and
females wear burka
Language : Pashto and Dari (Persian), Uzbek
and Turkmen also widely spoken
Main Religion : Muslim
Major Occupations : Farming, trade and service
Major Productions : wheat, silk
Official Name : Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Physical Features : Afghanistan is a landlocked
country. It has a lot of rugged
Staple food : mountains known as the Hindu
Kush as well as areas of desert.
The mountains stretch from north-
west to south-east and deserts
cover the southern and eastern
part.
Kabuli palaw

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coastal GLOSSARY

inhabit : positioned on or relating to the land next to or
rugged close to the sea

: to live in a place
: wild and not even; not easy to travel over

EXERCISE

(1) Match the following.
(a) Capital of Sri Lanka Afghanis

(b) Capital of Maldives Colombo

(c) Capital of Afghanistan Kabul

(d) Currency of Sri Lanka Male

(e) Currency of Maldives Rufiyaa

(f) Currency of Afghanistan Sri Lankan Rupee

(2) Choose the correct answer.
(a) The national language of Maldives is ..............................
(Sinhala, Divehi)
(b) The old name of .............................. is Ceylon.
(Sri Lanka, Afghanistan)

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(c) .............................. is a landlocked country.
(Afghanistan, Maldives)

(d) .............................. is an island. (Maldives, Sri Lanka)
(e) There are no hills and mountains in ................................

(Afghanistan, Sri Lanka)

(3) Write True for right and False for wrong statements.
(a) The climate of Sri Lanka and the Maldives
is hot and rainy all over the year.
(b) Most of the people in Sri Lanka are
Muslims.
(c) Afghanistan is larger than Sri Lanka in area.
(d) Hindu Kush Mountains lie in Afghanistan.
(e) Rice and fish are the staple food in the
Maldives and Sri Lanka.

(4) Complete the given table.

Name of Dress Official Major Major
countries Names occupations productions
Afghanistan

Maldives

Sri Lanka

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Revisiting the Unit

(1) Give any four examples of the following.

(a) Ethnic groups that live in the Himalayan Region of Nepal
(b) Crops grown in the Himalayan Region of Nepal
(c) Ethnic groups that live in the Hilly Region of Nepal
(d) Clothes that people wear in the Hilly Region of Nepal
(e) Ethnic groups that live in the Terai Region of Nepal
(f) Clothes that people wear in the Terai Region of Nepal
(g) Types of soil found in Nepal
(h) Our neighbouring countries

(2) Write short paragraphs on the following topics.

(a) Plants and Soils of Our Country
(b) Lifestyle in Different Regions of Nepal

(3) Write creative answers to the following questions.

(a) Although many types of crops grow in the Terai Region
of our country, we still have to import grains, fruits, and
vegetables from India and other neighbouring countries.
What should we do to maximise our production and
reduce the import? Write any five possible ways.

(b) Many countries in the world have the same type of
climate. Some countries are cold and some nations are
hot throughout the year. What are the advantages of
having different types of climates in Nepal? Make a list
of any three of them.

(c) Among the neighbouring countries mentioned in this
unit, which one would you like to visit if you get a chance?
Why? Write some reasons.

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Unit : Six

OUR PAST

6.1 Historical Objects of Our Community
6.2 Historical Personalities of Our Locality
6.3 Ancient Nepal
6.4 Our National Luminaries - I
6.5 Our National Luminaries- II
6.6 Our National Luminaries - III
6.7 Our Head of State and Head of

Government

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Lesson Historical Objects of
Our Community
6.1
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• recognise the historical things in our locality; and
• tell the use and importance of such things.

History is the study of past events of a particular place, country
or period. Old coins, chronicles, old documents, old paintings,
old inscriptions, ancient utensils, and old scriptures are historical
objects. They tell us more about our history. They also inform us
about the living style, costumes and occupations of ancient people.
We can find such ancient historical objects in our community too.
Some of them can be at our homes too.

Sources of History

We can get information about past events through different sources.
Some of them are as follows.

(1) Stone Inscription (Shilalekh)

A stone inscription is writing carved into stone. We can find
stone inscriptions in ancient temples and
palaces. The inscription written in praise of
Balabhadra Kunwar in Napapani is a stone
inscription. The British wrote it to pay respect
to him and Nepali warriors. There is a stone
inscription at Changunarayan Temple in
Bhaktapur too.

(2) Copper Inscription (Tamrapatra)

Writing carved into a sheet of copper is a copper inscription.

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(3) Ancient Documents

The ancient documents kept in our house and preserved at
different offices also give us some information about ancient
events. Sugauli Treaty is an example of an ancient document.
The British and Nepali representatives signed this agreement
(treaty) to end the Anglo Nepal war.

(4) Stories

Ancient stories can also provide information about olden
events and incidents to us.

(5) Coins/Currency

Old coins and notes contain the names
of rulers and the date of issue. Therefore,
they are reliable sources of ancient Kings
and their dynasties.

(6) Statues

The statues and sculptures found in the temples
and other public places provide useful information
about the costumes, lifestyles and traditions of
people in ancient time.

(7) Utensils

People have dug out and discovered many utensils of olden
times. They give us information about the ancient lifestyle and
the utensils they used to use.

(8) Pictures and Paintings

Ancient pictures and paintings give us information about past
events and incidents. They also tell us about houses, lifestyle,
costumes and buildings of people in the past.

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Importance of Historical Objects

Historical objects are important. They help us know more about
historical events, which we didn’t see, or experience. They are also
useful to people who study past events or are interested in them.
They depict our ancient art, skill and lifestyle. They are the proofs
of our glorious past. They attract tourists and promote tourism.
Therefore, we have to identify important historical objects of our
community and preserve them.

There should be active participation of local people and the
government to preserve them. The local people should be made
aware of the significance of such historical objects. The government
should make and implement effective and visionary plans and
policies to preserve them. The government should take strict
actions against those who damage or steal such historical objects.

carved GLOSSARY

reliable : made something by cutting into especially wood or
stone
depict
glorious : someone or something that is reliable can be
trusted or believed

: to represent or show something in a picture or story
: deserving great admiration, praise, and honour

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer.
(a) We can find some historical objects, even in our
.......................... too.
(b) A stone ........................ is writing carved into stone.

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