CONNECTION NEW SCIENCE Textbook Author: Khee Boone • Consultant: Udom Tipparach, PhD Based on the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2560) 2 PRIMARY 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 1 5/15/2020 12:04:28 AM
This series was first published in 2010 as Science Connection by Panpac Education Private Limited. © 2010 Panpac Education Private Limited © 2012 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited © 2014, 2020 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Published by Marshall Cavendish Education Times Centre, 1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196 Customer Service Hotline: (65) 6213 9688 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.mceducation.com Distributed in Thailand by: Plan Parithat Co., Ltd. 136, 138 Vibhavadi-Rangsit Road Ratchadapisek, Dindaeng, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 2277 2222 ext. 221-224 Fax: +66 2274 9977 E-mail: [email protected] First published 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission, of the copyright owner. Any requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher. Marshall Cavendish is a registered trademark of Times Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-981-4916-19-6 Printed in Singapore Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the contribution by Khet Kumar. 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 2 5/15/2020 12:04:29 AM
Preface The New Science Connection series is designed to meet the requirements of the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2560), issued by the Thai Ministry of Education. New Science Connection encourages pupils to engage in active learning and inquiry. It helps pupils to grasp scientific concepts, and acquire thinking skills and process skills through the use of: • Real-life examples and everyday experiences which pupils can relate to • Clear and informative text accompanied by annotated diagrams to facilitate understanding • Interesting facts and topic-related activities to stimulate interest in science • Thought-provoking questions to encourage critical thinking and analysis Cross references to other fields of study are made so that the learning of science is holistic and relevant. Key Ideas at the end of each section and Review Questions at the end of each chapter are provided to aid pupils in their revision and self-assessment. The last chapter of every level in this series, the Technology Strand, helps pupils to know about and deal with technology in real-world situations and everyday experiences. This updated series will help to inculcate scientific thinking and deep learning, thereby building scientific knowledge in pupils. Most importantly, this series will make the learning of science enjoyable and meaningful, as pupils prepare effectively for the National Test. 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 3 5/15/2020 12:04:36 AM
Chapter 1 Staying Alive! .....................................................................1 1.1 What we need ....................................................................................2 1.2 What animals need ..........................................................................8 1.3 What plants need ........................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Living Things Respond ...............................................18 2.1 Responding to light...... .................................................................. 19 2.2 Responding to temperature... .................................................... 23 2.3 Responding to touch... .................................................................. 27 Chapter 3 Uses of Plants and Animals... ................................32 3.1 Food... .................................................................................................. 33 3.2 Shelter... .............................................................................................. 40 3.3 Clothing... ............................................................................................ 42 3.4 Medicine... .......................................................................................... 45 Chapter 4 Using Materials... ...........................................................50 4.1 Types of materials... ...................................................................... 51 4.2 How are the materials different?... .......................................... 57 4.3 Which material to choose?... ....................................................... 61 4.4 Materials in water .. ....................................................................... 64 4.5 Conserving our treasures... ......................................................... 68 Contents ........................................................................... ............................................... .................................................................. .................................................... .................................................................. .................................................................................................. .............................................................................................. ............................................................................................ .......................................................................................... .......................................... ....................................................... ....................................................................... ......................................................... 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 4 5/15/2020 12:04:55 AM
Chapter 5 Light .......................................................................................78 5.1 Sunlight ............................................................................................... 79 5.2 How light helps us to see... ......................................................... 81 5.3 Sources of light ................................................................................ 82 Chapter 6 A Variety of Things ......................................................86 6.1 Living or A non living? ................................................................... 87 6.2 What living things can do ............................................................ 90 6.3 What living things need ................................................................ 96 Chapter 7 Different Types of Living Things ..................... 100 7.1 Plants or animals?... .....................................................................101 7.2 Plants... ..............................................................................................105 7.3 Life cycles of flowering plants... ..............................................111 7.4 Animals.............................................................................................112 Chapter 8 Soil ...................................................................................... 124 8.1 What is in soil?... ............................................................................125 8.2 Physical properties of soil... ......................................................127 8.3 Types of soil... .................................................................................130 8.4 Uses of soil... ..................................................................................134 Technology Strand ........................................................................... 143 Thinking Skills ...................................................................................... 152 Glossary ................................................................................................... 153 Index ......................................................................................................... 155 ................................................................................ ...................................................... ................................................................... ............................................................ .............................................. ...................................................................................... ............................................................................ ...................................................... ................................................................................. .................................................................................. ........................................................................... ...................................................................................... ................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 5 5/15/2020 12:05:11 AM
Features in the Book Put on Your Thinking Cap Questions to stimulate critical thinking Go to WB Activity 1.3 WOW! Let’s Look at... Try This! Going Further Review Questions Key Ideas Experiment Time! List of items pupils will learn in a chapter Activities or questions that encourage pupils to think further into the topic Interesting snippets of information Hands-on activities to engage pupils Graphic summary of concepts learnt in the section Experiments to develop science process skills Questions at the end of the chapter for pupils to recap what they have learnt Cross-curricular links between science and other fields of study Links to workbook activities 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Prelims.indd 6 5/15/2020 12:05:13 AM
1. Staying Alive! What keeps living things alive? What are their basic needs? Staying Alive! 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 1 5/14/2020 11:14:18 PM
We need food to have energy, to grow and to stay healthy. We need food to stay alive! 1.1 What we need I‛m strong enough to rock this! Wow! I‛m tall enough to reach these rings. Let’s Look at... • what human beings, animals and plants need to stay alive 2 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 2 5/14/2020 11:14:19 PM
It is important for us to eat a variety of food because... Rice, bread, cereal and chocolates give us energy. Chicken, fish, milk and cheese help us grow. Water, vegetables and fruits keep us healthy. to eat a variety of food because our body needs many different nutrients to stay alive. Different foods have nutrients that do different things. Staying Alive! 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 3 5/14/2020 11:14:23 PM
We love sweets, cakes and fizzy drinks! List the food you eat for lunch on a typical day. Find out if the food you eat gives you energy, helps you grow and keeps you healthy. Such sweet food can make you sick. They also cause teeth decay! We should not eat too much of them. Eat more cereal and drink plenty of water to stay healthy. Try This! Go to WB Activities 1.1 & 1.2 4 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 4 5/14/2020 11:14:25 PM
Besides food and water, we also need air to stay alive. Air contains oxygen (O2 ). We breathe in air because our body needs oxygen to stay alive. We breathe in air through our noses and mouths. The air then moves down our windpipes and into our lungs. Nose Mouth Windpipe Lungs Breathing out… Breathing in… Staying Alive! 5 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 5 5/14/2020 11:14:25 PM
Do you breathe faster when you exercise? When you exercise, you need more air. So, you breathe faster than when you are resting. Some people are asthmatic. Sometimes they need an inhaler to help them breathe properly. WOW! Go to WB Activity 1.3 6 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 6 5/14/2020 11:14:28 PM
• vegetables • fruits • rice • noodles • bread • cereal • chocolate • chicken • fish • milk • cheese Human beings water energy food growing air keeping healthy for examples examples examples need Key Ideas Staying Alive! 7 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 7 5/14/2020 11:14:37 PM
Different animals eat different foods. Some eat only plants. Some eat only meat. Others eat both plants and meat. These animals feed only on plants. Animals that eat only plants are called herbivores. Hummingbird Zebra Horse Giraffe What animals need Animals need food and water to stay alive. 1.2 8 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 8 5/14/2020 11:14:38 PM
These animals feed only on meat. Animals that eat only meat are called carnivores. These animals feed on both plants and meat. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores. Leopard Eagle Seal Chicken Chimpanzee Bear Staying Alive! 9 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 9 5/14/2020 11:14:51 PM
Air enters and leaves their bodies through their nostrils. Nostrils Lungs Animals that live on land breathe in air using their lungs. We breathe using our lungs! Can you name other animals that feed on: 1. plants only after 2. meat only, 3. both plants and meat? Some living things feed on dead plants and animals. Examples are mushrooms, ants, millipedes, and houseflies. We eat both Put on Your Thinking Cap plants and meat. WOW! Go to WB Activities 1.4 & 1.5 10 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 10 5/14/2020 11:14:58 PM
Most animals that live in water breathe using their gills. Fish breathe through gills. Mouth Gills Water enters the mouth and passes through the gills. The gills take in the air that is in the water. Some animals that live in water do not breathe using gills. They breathe using lungs! Every now and then, these animals need to come out of the water to breathe. Seal Dolphin Sea turtle Gills Fish What other animals breathe using lungs? Put on Your Thinking Cap Staying Alive! 11 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 11 5/14/2020 11:15:08 PM
need such as such as such as may feed on • rabbit • cow • bee • lion • eagle • fox • man • chicken • bear Animals plants and meat (omnivores) meat only (carnivores) plants only (herbivores) air water Key Ideas 12 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 12 5/14/2020 11:15:10 PM
This plant is growing in water. This plant is growing in soil. What do you observe about the two plants? Plants can make their own food when there is air, water and sunlight. However, nutrients in the soil help the plants grow faster and bigger! What plants need Look at these two plants. 1.3 Farmers often add fertilisers to the soil. Fertilisers contain nutrients that help the vegetables and fruits grow big and healthy. WOW! Staying Alive! 13 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 13 5/14/2020 11:15:15 PM
Plants take in air using tiny holes on their leaves. Stomata Air enters and leaves a plant through these tiny holes. These tiny holes are called stomata. Some farmers are able to grow vegetables without soil! They add nutrients into the water so that the plants grow big and healthy. Go to WB Activity 1.6 14 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 14 5/14/2020 11:15:22 PM
Staying Alive! may grow in using make Plants air water light food soil water added with nutrients Key Ideas Staying Alive! 15 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 15 5/14/2020 11:15:29 PM
Plant A Plant B 1. What do living things need to stay alive? 2. Name three uses of the food that we eat. 3. We can group animals according to the food they eat. How would you group them? 4. What do plants need to make their own food? WHAT PLANTS NEED Process skills observing, comparing, inferring, communicating What you need a plant growing in a pot of soil, a plant growing in a pot of water, colour pencils Review Questions Experiment Time! 16 Chapter 1 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 16 5/14/2020 11:15:30 PM
Staying Alive! Staying Alive! Procedure and observations 1. Your teacher will show you two plants: Plant A and Plant B. Observe and compare the plants. 2. Draw the two plants and colour your drawings. 3. Write down in words what you observe. Conclusion Do plants grow better in soil or water? Why? Go to WB Revision Worksheet 1 Staying Alive! 17 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp01.indd 17 5/14/2020 11:15:31 PM
Living things can respond. They behave differently towards changes around them to stay alive. Look at the picture below. How do the animals and plants respond to their surroundings? 2. Living Things Respond 18 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 18 5/14/2020 11:26:09 PM
Living things can respond to light. Why do we squint our eyes when we face the Sun? We squint our eyes in response to the light from the Sun. Light is a stimulus. Anything that causes a response is a stimulus. The tiny openings in our eyes are called pupils. They can change in size. They become smaller in bright light but become larger in dim light. In bright light In dim light Pupil Pupil 2.1 Responding to light Squinting is a natural response to stop too much light from entering our eyes. Too much light can damage our eyes! Let’s Look at... • how human beings, animals and plants respond to light, temperature and touch Living Things Respond 19 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 19 5/14/2020 11:26:11 PM
Most of us are active in the day when there is light. Light enables us to carry out our daily activities. Some animals such as earthworms move away from light. They like to be in the dark! Animals also need light to look for food and to escape from their enemies. Most animals sleep at night when it is dark. Why do the pupils of our eyes become smaller in bright light but become larger in dim light? We prefer the dark. We are going back into the soil. Put on Your Thinking Cap Go to WB Activity 2.1 20 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 20 5/14/2020 11:26:14 PM
How do plants respond to light? Why do they respond in that way? The leaves of a plant will become small and yellow when there is not enough light. Some flowers open in the day and close at night. Morning glory (opened flowers) Morning glory (closed flowers) Go to WB Activity 2.2 Living Things Respond 21 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 21 5/14/2020 11:26:29 PM
respond to examples Living things light humans animals plants • pupils of eyes become smaller in bright light • human beings are active in the day • most animals are active in the day • some animals move away from light • plants grow towards light • leaves become yellow without light • some flowers open in the day and close at night Key Ideas 22 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 22 5/14/2020 11:26:33 PM
How do we respond to heat? Responding to temperature Living things can respond to temperature. Temperature is usually higher in the bright light than in the dark. Do you remember the earthworms moving away from the light? They do so because they may dry up in the heat! 2.2 We perspire when we are hot. This helps to cool down our bodies. Is heat a stimulus or a response? What about perspiring? Is it a stimulus or a response? Do animals respond similarly? Yes! They sweat when their surrounding temperature is high. Birds cool down by holding their wings out to allow air to circulate. Cats cool down by ‘sweating’ through their paws. Living Things Respond 23 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 23 5/14/2020 11:26:36 PM
What do we do when we accidentally touch something hot? We move our hand away quickly to prevent getting burnt. Plants respond to heat too. Their leaves curl up to prevent losing too much water. Ouch! This pot is hot! Animals rest under trees. Most animals move away from heat too. They rest in shady areas to avoid the strong heat from the Sun. Snakes rest among rocks. 24 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 24 5/14/2020 11:26:43 PM
How do living things respond to the cold? We shiver when we are cold. Shivering helps to produce heat to keep us warm. Trees shed their leaves since they are unable to make food in the cold. They store enough food in their bark and roots before shedding their leaves. Some animals reduce heat loss by sleeping throughout the cold winter. To sleep a long time during winter is called hibernation. Some animals and plants become inactive in the cold winter! Dormouse hibernating Do animals such as cats shiver? Make observations to find out. Why are some plants unable to make food in winter? Try This! Put on Your Thinking Cap Living Things Respond 25 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 25 5/14/2020 11:26:46 PM
respond to examples Living things humans animals plants • human beings perspire in the heat and shiver in the cold • human beings move their hands away from hot objects quickly • animals sweat in the heat and shiver in the cold • animals rest in the shade when hot • some animals hibernate during winter • leaves curl up in the heat • some plants shed their leaves before winter temperature Key Ideas 26 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 26 5/14/2020 11:26:47 PM
What do our parents do when we are sad? Our parents hug us when we are sad. We feel comforted by their loving hug and we cheer up. Is touch a stimulus or a response? Is feeling comforted a stimulus or a response? Responding to touch Living things can respond to touch. Why does a mother pat her baby to sleep? Its baby feels safe and comfortable with the mother’s patting. Its baby sleeps soundly. 2.3 Go to WB Activity 2.3 Living Things Respond 27 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 27 5/14/2020 11:26:48 PM
We should love and care for animals. Stroking them gently makes them feel safe and loved. This cat is happy being held and stroked by its owner. How do you think a cat would respond if it is hit? Put on Your Thinking Cap It is a shame that some people abuse and hurt animals. We can help to save these animals. Report to the Society of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) or Thai Animal Guardians Association (Thai AGA) when we see anyone abusing animals. WOW! 28 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 28 5/14/2020 11:26:53 PM
touch respond to examples Plants respond to touch too. When we touch the leaves of a mimosa plant, they close. Living things humans and plants animals human beings and animals feel comforted, safe and loved when hugged and stroked the leaves of some plants close when touched Key Ideas Living Things Respond 29 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 29 5/14/2020 11:27:05 PM
LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE Process skills observing, investigating, using equipment, communicating What you need laboratory thermometer Procedure and observations 1. Form teams of five to carry out an investigation. 2. Measure and record the temperature in different conditions. Take two readings for each condition to get the average temperature. Conclusion 1. Living things respond to changes in their surroundings. What changes do they respond to? 2. Give examples to show how living things respond to: a) light, b) temperature, and c) touch. Review Questions Experiment Time! 30 Chapter 2 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 30 5/14/2020 11:27:06 PM
3. Record your findings in a table like the one shown below. Condition Temperature 1 T1 / ˚C Temperature 2 T2 / ˚C Average temperature (T1 + T2) ÷ 2 / ˚C In the class Under the electric lamp In the Sun 4. What were the stimuli in this experiment? 5. How did you feel and respond when you were in the Sun? Conclusion What can you infer from this investigation? Go to WB Revision Worksheet 2 Living Things Respond 31 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp02.indd 31 5/14/2020 11:27:07 PM
Can you name some of the food you see in the picture? Which do you use as food and which do you use as medicine? Wow! What a variety of food in the market! 3. Uses of Plants and Animals Some of the food found in the market can be used as medicine. Can you name them? I want to cook spicy shrimp soup. What do I need to buy? 32 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 32 5/14/2020 7:31:53 PM
What ingredients were used? Can you group the ingredients into those that came from plants and those that came from animals? Plants and animals are widely used as food. Eddy and Pailin ate rice, spicy shrimp soup, grilled chicken and long beans for dinner. Think of some other plants and animals that are eaten as food. 3.1 Food Put on Your Thinking Cap Let’s Look at... • how plants and animals are used for food shelter clothing medicine Uses of Plants and Animals 33 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 33 5/14/2020 7:31:57 PM
Here are some examples of vegetables. Have you eaten them before? Winged beans Pumpkin Baby corn Carrots Morning glory Edible ferns Water mimosa Longbeans Angle gourds Chives Spinach Nitta tree pods Lotus roots Okras Eggplants Bamboo shoots 34 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 34 5/14/2020 7:32:20 PM
Ginger Spices and herbs are also used in cooking. They help to enhance the flavour of the food. Chilli padi Cilantro Turmeric GalangalSweet basil peppercorns Lemongrass Tamarind Lead Tree (Krathin) is a type of mimosa tree. In Thailand, the young shoots and leaves are eaten raw with chilli paste. Its young pods can be cooked and eaten as vegetables. When cooked, the seeds can be eaten like popcorn. The seeds can also be used as a substitute for coffee! Cinnamon star anise cloves Garlic Kaffir lime and leaves onions and shallots Since I like my shrimp soup spicy, yet fragrant I will use spices such as chillies and lemongrass. WOW! Uses of Plants and Animals 35 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 35 5/14/2020 7:32:49 PM
Dragon fruits Jackfruits Rose apples Here are some examples of fruits. Some of them are seasonal. They are only available during certain months of the year. Bananas Mangoes Papayas PineapplesDurians Coconuts Rambutans Guavas I enjoy eating fruits! Fruits are delicious and good for us! Go to WB Activity 3.1 36 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 36 5/14/2020 7:33:09 PM
Besides vegetables and fruits, people enjoy eating meat such as chicken and duck, and seafood such as fish, shrimps, crabs, cockles and mussels. Indo-pacific mackerel Snakehead Mussels Cockles Squid Clams Osphronemus goramy Trichogaster pectoralis Chicken Duck Catfish Crab Shrimp Pomfret Uses of Plants and Animals 37 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 37 5/14/2020 7:33:39 PM
Shrimp and fish can be cooked or fermented to make pastes. Pailin had an egg sandwich and a glass of milk for breakfast. Are the bread, egg and milk from plants or from animals? Anchovy is used to make fish sauce. Fish sauce is commonly used as a seasoning. Put on Your Thinking Cap 38 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 38 5/14/2020 7:33:47 PM
Food plants animals • vegetables • fruits • spices and herbs • chicken • crab • duck • clams • fish • shrimp such as such as comes from Key Ideas Go to WB Activity 3.2 Uses of Plants and Animals 39 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 39 5/14/2020 7:33:53 PM
Living Things and Living Processes Other plant materials such as bamboo and straw are also used to build houses. Some trees have strong trunks. They provide wood that can be used to build shelters and houses. Look! This is a house built out of wood. Teak trees provide wood for building houses. This house has bamboo walls and a straw-thatched roof. 3.2 Shelter Do you know that straw comes from the dried stalks of plants? 40 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 40 5/14/2020 7:34:05 PM
This is Vimanmek Mansion in Bangkok, Thailand. It is the largest golden teak building in the world. Shelters wood bamboo plants straw built with comes from WOW! Why do you think wood is used to build houses? Put on Your Thinking Cap Key Ideas Uses of Plants and Animals 41 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 41 5/14/2020 7:34:14 PM
Some plants can be used as fibre for cloth. One such example is cotton. Have you seen these animals? They are silkworms. Silkworms produce a fine but strong fibre called silk. Different types of clothing can be made with cotton. 3.3 Clothing Cotton cloth being made in a factory Cotton plant 42 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 42 5/14/2020 7:34:30 PM
The wool of sheep is very useful. It can also be made into clothes. These clothes are made of Thai silk. Wool can be made into clothings that keep us warm. Uses of Plants and Animals 43 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 43 5/14/2020 7:34:47 PM
Look at the labels of clothes in a shop. They usually state the type of fibre the clothes are made of. made out of comes fromcomes from comes from cotton plants silk silkworms wool sheep Clothing Try This! Key Ideas 44 Chapter 3 0005_Sci_TB_G2_Chp03.indd 44 5/14/2020 7:34:51 PM