Harcourt Social Studies Grade 5

Underline the sentences that Becoming Specialized
explain why specialization grew.
In the past, people had to grow or make almost
Use the parts of the term everything they needed. As trade grew, people
high-tech to write a definition of were able to specialize in certain jobs. For example,
the term in your own words. some people could become bakers. They did not
have to grow their own wheat and grind their own
flour. Instead, they could buy flour or trade for it
to bake bread to sell. Other people did not have to
bake at all.

New discoveries, inventions, and innovations
have led to even more specialization. Many of the
changes in the kinds of jobs that people do have
come about because of changes in technology.
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge or
tools to make or do something.

In recent years, high-technology, or high-tech,
industries have made fast advances. High-tech
industries are those that invent, build, or use com-
puters and other kinds of electronic tools. High-

tech industries have made interdependence
work better among the nations of the world.
The industries aid interdependence by
making it easier to communicate, travel,
trade goods and services, and organize
information.

SKILLED WORKERS help
increase the amount of goods
and services that a business
can make or offer.

288 ■ Unit 6

The Information Age

1991

The World Wide Web makes it
possible for people around the
world to access the Internet

1983 1999

The first cellular NASA launches the Terra
telephone system satellite to help scientists
in the United States study Earth‘s climate
is launched and weather

1970 1980 1990 2000 Present

The Information Age In what year was the World
Wide Web launched? Circle this
The early 1970s marked the beginning of the entry on the time line.
Information Age. Since then, people have been able
to receive a growing amount of information. Write two facts that support
the generalization below.
Today, storing information and getting the Generalization: Technology is
information to people when they need it are parts changing the way many people buy
of a major industry. Much of this type of work is and sell goods and services.
done through computer networks and websites. Fact:
Computer networks and websites let people and
businesses store and share information. Fact:

New technologies are also changing the way Unit 6 ■ 289
people buy and sell goods and services. Electronic
commerce, or e-commerce, lets people and busi-
nesses buy and sell goods and services all over the
world. E-commerce has increased interdependence.

New technologies have also let people share
ideas and knowledge. People around the world can
add to scientific discoveries. Today, for example,
the United States and other countries are working
together to explore space. They are also working
together to build the International Space Station.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How have new discoveries, Circle the letter of the correct answer.
inventions, and innovations led to more inter-
dependence between countries? 3. Which of the following is part of a high-tech
industry?
2. Explain the word specialization in your own A computers
words. B education
C service jobs
D agriculture

4. In which decade did the Information Age
begin?
A the 1960s
B the 1970s
C the 1980s
D the 1990s

FILL IN THE BLANK Use the terms in the box to complete the sentences.
specialization p. 287 Information Age p. 289 e-commerce p. 289

5. Because of , workers and businesses have become

even more dependent on one another.

6. Since the beginning of the , people have been able to

receive a growing amount of information.

7. lets people and businesses buy and sell goods all
over the world.

Write a Letter to the Editor Identify a worker in your com-
munity who specializes in a job. Write a letter to the editor of a
newspaper explaining what is good or bad about specialization.

290 ■ Unit 6

Lesson

Economic
Activities

The United States and other countries in North America
sometimes specialize in certain economic activities.
Economic activities often depend on a country’s economic
resources. Countries that have more of certain economic
resources often have an economy that is based on pro-
ducing goods and providing services that require these
resources. What will you read about economic activities of
the United States and its neighbors in this lesson?

A SUPERMARKET in Mexico

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
5.07 Describe the ways the United States and its neighbors
specialize in economic activities, and relate these to
increased production and consumption.

Unit 6 ■ 291

AEROSPACE INDUSTRY Seattle, Washington, Economies in the
is a center for the nation’s aerospace industry. United States and Canada
Workers there build airplanes in large
buildings.

What does the word diverse The United States has a lot of rich soil, mineral
mean? Use the meaning of this resources, and forests, as well as a large, skilled
word to define the term diverse workforce. As a result, the United States has a
economy in your own words. diverse economy, or an economy based on many
industries rather than just a few. Most Americans
List two kinds of products work in service industries, but the United States
that are made from trees in remains a leading agricultural and industrial
Canada. power in the world.

292 ■ Unit 6 Many cities in the United States are centers for
trade and business. New York City, for example, is
a leading center for banking and trade. The city of
Los Angeles, California, is the center of the enter-
tainment industry.

Much of Canada’s wealth comes from its natural
resources. Canada has two major kinds of manu-
facturing. One kind of manufacturing processes
natural resources—for example, turning trees into
lumber, pulp, and paper goods. The other makes
goods for use by Canadians and for selling to other
countries.

Economies in Mexico and How has Mexico’s economy
Central America changed over the years?

For much of its history, Mexico’s economy spe- Study the photo below. Of
cialized in farming and mining. It did not have which industry in the Caribbean
a lot of other businesses. Then, beginning in the and Central America are cruise
1940s, the Mexican government started to promote ships a part?
the growth of manufacturing. Factories began to
make goods. Mexico now makes many of the goods
its people buy and use.

The rich soil of Central America is farmed to
grow crops such as bananas, sugarcane, coffee,
corn, cotton, and beans. Other important indus-
tries are fishing and mining. Fishing is an impor-
tant industry in Belize. Some countries, such as
Guatemala and Panama, have mineral resources.

People who live in the Caribbean grow many
of the same crops as people in Central America.
They also make a living in many of the same ways.
Many people who live in the Caribbean are farmers
or work in service jobs related to tourism.

CRUISE SHIPS bring tourists to Central
America and the Caribbean.

Write a sentence using Production and Consumption
the words production and
consumption. In a market economy, businesses are free to
decide what goods to make and what to charge
Scan the text. How does for them. Often production—the making of goods
specialization help production? and services—is based on supply and demand.
Circle the sentence that gives When the demand for a good or service is high,
this information. usually more of it will be produced or offered. The
consumption, or use, of that good or service will
also increase because more of it is available. When
the demand for a good or service is low, produc-
tion and consumption will usually go down.

Specialization also affects production and con-
sumption. It allows businesses and nations to pro-
duce more goods and provide more services faster
and for less money. As a result, the consumption of
those goods or services usually rises.

Specialization allows for the division of labor, or
dividing work so that each worker does only one
part of a larger job. The division of labor lets com-
panies use assembly lines to produce goods. Goods
are assembled, or put together, as they move past a
line of workers.

Henry Ford

In 1903, Henry Ford started the Ford Motor Company.

Ford came up with a new way of making cars—the
assembly line. It let Ford produce more cars in less time.
In 1908, he introduced the Model T. It was less expensive
than other automobiles. Ford changed the industry by
making cars that many people could afford.

1863 1947

Born Died

294 ■ Unit 6 1903 Starts the
Ford Motor Company

LARGE FARMING BUSINESSES can afford to purchase or hire crop dusters to
spray pesticides on crops.

Economic Wealth Scan the text. Underline
the sentence that gives a
Natural resources, human resources, and capi- generalization about countries
tal resources are the factors of production. They that have all three factors of
are the resources necessary to produce a good or production.
provide a service. Countries with high levels of
all three factors of production often have strong Write a main idea based on
economies. These countries have more and higher- the following details.
paying jobs. People in these countries make more
money. In turn, they are able to buy and consume • Large farming businesses have a lot
more goods and services. of capital resources.

Workers with more skills and knowledge are • New farm machinery, fertilizers, and
often able to develop better ways of working. They pesticides help farmers grow a lot of
can also adapt more easily to new jobs. They are crops.
able to produce more goods and services than
workers with fewer skills. Main Idea:

Without the latest and best capital resources, Unit 6 ■ 295
companies usually produce fewer goods and pro-
vide fewer services. For example, large farming
businesses in the United States and Canada have
a lot of capital resources. New farm machinery,
fertilizers, and pesticides help farming businesses
grow a lot of crops.

Small farms across North America may not have
enough money to buy the best machinery, fertil-
izers, and pesticides. They cannot grow as many
crops as large farming businesses.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE Describe the specialized 3. What are Canada’s two major kinds of manu-
economic activities of the United States, facturing activities?
Canada, and Mexico.

2. Define the term division of labor in your 4. How are production and consumption related
own words. to economic activities?

FILL IN THE BLANK Use the terms in the box to complete the sentences.
diverse economy p. 292 production p. 294 consumption p. 294

5. The use of a good or service is called .

6. is making goods and offering services.
7. A has many industries rather than just a few.

Make a Diagram Make a diagram that shows how production
and consumption are related. Using arrows, show what happens
when production and consumption go up and down.

296 ■ Unit 6

Review and Test Prep

The Big Idea

People decide how to allocate and use economic resources based
on several things, including production, consumption, surplus, and
scarcity.

Summarize the Unit

Focus Generalize Complete the graphic organizer to show that you know
Skill

how to generalize information about economics in North America.

Countries do not have Countries exchange Countries exchange
every economic economic resources. goods and services.
resource.

Use Vocabulary

Fill in the missing term in each sentence, using the correct vocabulary term Word Bank
from the Word Bank.
interdependent
1. is the freedom of businesses to run as they choose. p. 275
import p. 279
2. The use of a good or service is called . free enterprise
p. 284
3. To is to bring goods in from another country. specialization
p. 287
4. is becoming good at one kind of job. consumption
p. 294
5. A country that gets natural resources from another country is
with that country. Unit 6 ■ 297

Think About It

6. How do surplus and scarcity affect the economy?

7. How has specialization led to more interdependence?

8. How does learning new skills in school make you more prepared for
work in the future?

Circle the letter of the correct answer. 10. For most of its history, what was Mexico’s
economy based on?
9. Where does much of Canada’s
wealth come from? A businesses
B manufacturing
A its human resources C farming and mining
B its capital resources D fishing
C Crown Corporations
D its natural resources

Writing Write a Speech To play a game that reviews
the unit, join Eco in the
Choose one kind of economic system. Write a North Carolina Adventures
speech that describes the economic system. online or on CD.

Activity Give an Economic Presentation

Create and give a presentation about the economy
of a country in North America. Include charts, graphs,
maps, or pictures to describe the country’s economic
system. You might also include information about the
country’s natural resources, industries, and workers.

298 ■ Unit 6

Technology
Leads the Way

A SPACEWALK FROM THE North Carolina Interactive Presentations
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
COMPETENCY GOAL 6 The learner will
recognize how technology has influenced
change within the United States and
other countries in North America.

299

The Big Idea

How has technology affected the United States and other countries?

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge or tools to make or do some-
thing. People invent new kinds of technology to meet certain needs. For example, peo-
ple began making cars to improve transportation. Many times, new kinds of technology
give rise to more new kinds of technology. For example, after companies began making
computers, other companies then began to write software programs.

Technology can improve people’s lives. It can make people healthier. It can
also make people’s lives more comfortable and more interesting through enter-
tainment, communication, and transportation. Technology can also cause new
challenges for people.

On the lines provided, compare the technology of long ago to
the technology of today.

Long Ago Today

Transportation

Wagon: Car:

Telegraph: Communication
Internet:

Theater: Entertainment
300 ■ Unit 7 Television:

Reading Social Studies

%MASQ Draw Conclusions
2IGJJ

A conclusion is a broad statement about an idea or event. You reach a
conclusion by using what you learn from reading, along with what you already
know. Being able to draw a conclusion can help you better understand what
you read. Keep in mind what you already know about the subject and the new
facts you learn. Look for hints, and try to figure out what they mean.

What you learn What you already know

A broad statement about an idea or event

Draw a conclusion from the following paragraphs. The first one has
been done for you.

On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made the world’s first Evidence

airplane flight. They flew their airplane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their

plane could fly only a short distance. (Later, people began making airplanes Knowledge

that could fly longer distances.)

Conclusion: The flight helped start the airplane industry. Conclusion

Today, millions of people fly on airplanes every day. People fly for business,

to visit family and friends, and to go on vacation. There are many different

airline companies around the world. Most big cities have an airport.

Conclusion:

Unit 7 ■ 301

Read the article. Then complete the activities below.

The Aerospace Industry

During World War II, many States space program, known as
scientists and engineers in different the National Aeronautics and
countries began drawing plans Space Administration (NASA).
for new airplanes, such as fighter NASA has offices and bases in
jets. Businesspeople in the United many parts of the United States.
States started factories to make the Thousands of Americans work for
new planes. The government set NASA and for companies whose
up military training bases so that work helps NASA. NASA research
they could test the new planes. has led to many inventions, such
as cell phones and certain kinds of
Some engineers also helped medicines.
build rockets. Wernher von
Braun worked for the Nazis Other countries are also involved
during World War II. He helped in space flight. The Russian Space
make the V-2, one of the most Agency has launched two space
powerful missiles at the time. stations and is now helping build
After the war, von Braun and the International Space Station.
other German scientists came to The European Space Agency has
the United States. Their work sent many satellites and research
helped the aerospace industry probes into space. Several NASA
grow in the United States. The astronauts have come from other
aerospace industry builds and tests countries, including Canada and
equipment for air and space travel. Mexico. The Canadian Space
Agency built the robot arm for
In the 1950s, the aerospace NASA’s space shuttle.
industry helped form the United

1. What conclusion can you draw about NASA from the third paragraph?

2. Underline the evidence from the article that supports the conclusion

that space flight is important to many countries.

302 ■ Unit 7

Lesson

Technology
Through the Ages

Throughout history, people have come up with
new kinds of technology to meet different needs.
New technology has had both positive and negative
effects.

Early people made tools such as spears to hunt
animals. They also made tools to store food and to
farm. Over time, people invented new tools, such
as the automobile and the computer. How will this
lesson improve your knowledge of technology?

VERY LARGE ARRAY radio
telescopes in New Mexico

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
6.01 Explore the meaning of technology as it encompasses
discoveries from the first primitive tools to today’s
personal computer.
6.02 Relate how certain technological discoveries have changed
the course of history and reflect on the broader social and
environmental changes that can occur from the discovery
of such technologies.

Unit 7 ■ 303

EARLY PEOPLE used technology to Early Technology
improve agriculture.
Early people in North America developed tools
Why did farming lead to the to help make it easier to farm, hunt, and travel.
building of permanent villages? Over the years, several major advances have
helped change life in North America.
Scan the text about
agriculture. Underline the Agriculture
sentences that explain the Agriculture, or farming, was one of the earliest
factors that allowed people to
start doing arts and crafts. major advances. The earliest form of agriculture
was subsistence farming, or raising just enough
304 ■ Unit 7 food to meet a group’s needs. People had to stay in
one place to tend their crops. In time, farming led
to the building of permanent villages.

Some farmers raised more food than they needed
to live. They traded the surplus, or extra, food
for goods that they did not have. In time, people
learned how to store surplus food by drying or
smoking it. They stored surplus food in pottery
made from clay and in baskets made from grass
and straw.

People used the stored food when harvests were
bad. People did not have to spend as much time
looking for food. They could spend more time on
other things, such as arts and crafts.

Navigation How was technology used to
People in Europe had been building boats for bring new people, plants, and
animals to North America?
thousands of years. They used boats to travel on
rivers, lakes, and oceans. However, people did not List one way European
often sail far from the shore. They needed to stay exploration affected American
close to the land so that they would not get lost. Indians.

Then, in the 1400s, navigation began to improve.
Navigation is the use of technology to sail to dif-
ferent places. Sailors developed new tools, such as
the compass, the chronometer, and the astrolabe.
Sailors could use these new tools to explore the
oceans. They were able to travel far away from
the shore.

Soon Europeans began looking for sea routes to
Asia. After the voyages of Christopher Columbus,
other Europeans began exploring and settling in
North America. Europeans brought new foods,
plants, and animals to North America.

Europeans also unknowingly brought diseases to
the Americas. At the time, most American Indians
had never been exposed to these diseases. Many
American Indians died because their bodies were
not able to fight off the new diseases.

CARAVELS were a new kind of ship that could sail quickly
over long distances.

Where did more people work Technology Changes Rapidly
after the Industrial Revolution?
In the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution came
Skim the text. What is the to the United States. This period of time saw the
main title of this section? What invention of many new kinds of technology.
period of history does this title
refer to? New technology, such as machines that spun
thread and wove cloth, changed the way many
people lived. More people began to work outside
the home. They worked mostly in factories. Many
of these workers were women and children. More
people moved from rural areas to towns and cities.

After the Industrial Revolution began, new
inventions helped people make large amounts of
goods. Goods could also be made faster and at less
cost. Factories began to produce more goods.

Electricity Brings Change
In 1882, the first central electric power station

opened in New York City. People could now have
electricity in their homes and businesses. Electricity
provided people with light and power.

Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Edison produced 1,093 inventions

in his lifetime. He is credited with inventing the
incandescent lightbulb, the motion picture camera,
and the phonograph. Edison was also a wise
businessperson. He started several companies,
including the Edison Electric Light Company.

1847 1931

Born Died

1882 Builds the first permanent
electric power station at Pearl Street
in New York City

Electricity changed people’s lives in many ways. CONSUMER GOODS, such as electric
It was easier for people to use electricity than to vacuum cleaners, were popular after
burn oil lamps or use wood fires. Electricity also World War I.
provided more power. Factories could make more
goods with electricity than with steam power. Scan the text. How did
electricity change people’s lives?
To make electricity, most power plants have to Underline the sentences that
burn fossil fuels, such as coal. Fossil fuels are non- give this information.
renewable resources. Also, burning fossil fuels can
be harmful to the environment. Today, people are What consumer good is
inventing cleaner ways to make electricity, such shown in the photograph
as by using wind power and power from the sun. above? Use the term consumer
good to describe an item in
Consumer Goods your home.
After World War I, many people began buying
Unit 7 ■ 307
consumer goods, such as vacuum cleaners, toasters,
and washing machines. More people could use
these goods because more people had electricity in
their homes.

Of all the consumer goods people bought, the
one people wanted most was the automobile. The
automobile changed people’s lives in many ways.
People could live farther from their jobs. Many
people began moving to the suburbs. Businesses
also began to spread out from cities.

HAIR CUTTING is one example of a Service Industries
service job.
Factories in the United States still make many
products, such as cars and computers. However,
service industries now make up the largest part
of the United States economy. Service industries
are industries that provide services for people,
such as cooking food in restaurants or serving
customers in stores.

Today, more Americans work in service industry
jobs than in any other kinds of jobs. They may be
doctors, lawyers, or teachers. They may repair cars,
cut hair, or work in banks.

Today, some people in service industries work
in high-tech jobs. These are jobs that are related to
computers and other kinds of technology. People
in high-tech service jobs help repair computers, sell
communication tools, or work on the Internet.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How has technology affected 3. List three kinds of technology that you use
the history of North America? every day.

2. Define the term service industry in your 4. List one way in which technology has
own words. changed ways of life in North America.

Write a Diary Entry Imagine that you are living without
technology. Write a diary entry explaining how your life is
different from the way it would be with technology.

308 ■ Unit 7

Lesson

People and
Technology

New technology benefits people in many ways. Some kinds of technology
help people live longer. Others help people live more comfortable lives. Still
others help people work better or faster. To get the most out of technology,
people must know how to manage it. This makes sure that it is safe and that it
is used in ways that benefit the most people. What might you learn about tech-
nology as you read this lesson?

A CAR MECHANIC using technology

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
6.03 Forecast how technology can be managed to have the
greatest number of people enjoy the benefits.
6.06 Predict future trends in technology management that will
benefit the greatest number of people.

Unit 7 ■ 309

Managing Technology

Look at the two parts of the In the United States, the economy often deter-
term national security. Use the mines what kinds of technology are developed
meaning of each part to write a and how they are used. People and businesses
definition for the term in your make and improve technology based on demand.
own words. For example, as fuel prices rise, car companies are
building cars that use less fuel.
Who do you think manages
the technology shown in the Some kinds of technology are too large, cost too
photo below? Explain. much, or are too complex for people or businesses
to manage. In these cases, the government steps
THE MILITARY uses technology, such as in to manage the technology. For example, the
airplanes, for the purpose of national security. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) is part of the United States government.
NASA develops technology to explore space.

Governments in North America often manage
technology that is dangerous. Mexico, Canada, and
the United States all use nuclear power to produce
electricity. Each of these countries has government
agencies and officials to oversee nuclear power
production and the removal of nuclear waste.

Governments in North America also manage
technology that threatens national security.
National security refers to all of the actions
taken by the government to protect a country.
For example, each North American country,
except Costa Rica, has its own military to manage
weapons technology.

310 ■ Unit 7

New Trends in Technology SOME SCIENTISTS do research to help
people better understand the human body.
Governments often manage expensive kinds of
technology that may not show a benefit right away. Write a conclusion based
One example is the Human Genome Project. on the following evidence and
knowledge.
The goal of the Human Genome Project is to Evidence: Knowing information about
identify all of the different kinds of genes that genes will allow doctors to better
make up humans. A gene is a part of a cell that understand the human body.
has the code for certain human traits. All human Knowledge: Medicine helps people
traits—such as eye color—are controlled by genes. live healthier and longer lives.
Conclusion:
By knowing this information, doctors and other
medical workers can better understand the human Scan the text. Underline
body. In turn, these workers might be able to find the kinds of technology that
new cures for diseases or better ways to help peo- businesses develop.
ple who are ill.
Unit 7 ■ 311
Unlike governments, businesses often manage
technology that has a benefit for people right away.
These kinds of technology can usually be sold. For
example, drug companies make new medicines to
help people fight pain and illnesses. Car companies
research how to make cars safer with airbags and
better brakes.

WIND is a clean, renewable energy Managing Resources
source.
Governments and businesses also manage tech-
nology related to natural resources. These kinds
of technology often help save limited resources.

Many new kinds of technology help reduce
people’s dependence on nonrenewable fuels, such
as coal, oil, and natural gas. Governments and
businesses in North America have spent money
to develop and manage renewable sources of
energy, such as solar power, wind power, and
tidal, or wave, power.

Governments have also studied and developed
new fuels, such as hydrogen fuel and ethanol.
Hydrogen fuel is made from the hydrogen atom.
Ethanol is made from corn. People hope that one
day these new fuels can take the place of gasoline
in cars and trucks.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How do people manage 3. What changes could be made to technology
technology? management to benefit more people?

2. Use the term national security to explain 4. What might happen if people do not come up
why governments often control dangerous with new kinds of energy sources?
kinds of technology.

Write a Persuasive Letter Write a letter to a government
official to persuade him or her to develop new ways to manage
future technology. Explain why this is important.

312 ■ Unit 7

Lesson

Technology
and Culture

Technology has changed the world in many ways. It has helped people
share and spread new ideas. Technology has become a necessary part
of people’s everyday lives. However, technology can also pose a threat to
people’s privacy and rights. People of the United States and other countries
of North America are working to preserve their fundamental, or basic, values
and beliefs in an ever-changing world. How will this lesson add to what you
know about technology?

TECHNOLOGY is used at sporting events.

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
6.04 Determine how citizens in the United States and the other
countries of North America can preserve fundamental
values and beliefs in a world that is rapidly becoming more
technologically oriented.

Unit 7 ■ 313

What is meant by the term Technology Spreads Culture
cultural borrowing?
When groups of people interact, they sometimes
Study the photo below. How take cultural traits from one another to use as their
does it show cultural diffusion? own. This is called cultural borrowing. Cultural
borrowing can be seen in clothing, music, and
CULTURAL DIFFUSION With the help of sports. For example, many people in the Caribbean
technology, people all around the world can play baseball, which is a sport invented in the
read the news to learn about other countries. United States.

The spread of cultural traits from one society
to another society is called cultural diffusion. All
through history, many things have made cultural
diffusion possible. Today, one important factor is
communication technology. People with access to
newspapers, television, and the Internet, even in
remote areas, can learn about other cultures.

The movement of people also adds to cultural
diffusion. Transportation technology, such as
cars, trains, and airplanes, has made it easier for
people to travel to and move to new places. When
people move to another country, they may give
up their own traditional ways and take on the cul-
tural traits of their new homeland. They may also
spread cultural traits from their home country to
their new country.

Preserving Values and Beliefs TRADITIONS One way people keep
their traditions and cultures alive is by
Even in today’s modern world, people continue eating traditional foods.
to preserve their fundamental values and beliefs
in many ways. Some people eat traditional foods. Write a conclusion based
Others attend cultural festivals. on the following evidence and
knowledge.
Eating traditional foods helps people connect Evidence: People eat traditional
with their cultures. These foods might remind foods, attend cultural festivals, and
people of their homeland. They might also help practice traditional ways of life.
parents teach children about their family’s heritage Knowledge: People preserve their
and background. values and beliefs in many ways.
Conclusion:
Many people attend cultural festivals. Some
festivals celebrate many cultures. Others honor List one way that technology
only one culture. At the Grandfather Mountain can help preserve culture.
Highland Games and Gathering of Scottish Clans,
people take part in sports from Scotland, sample Unit 7 ■ 315
Scottish food, and learn about Scottish traditions.

Technology can also help people preserve their
cultures. People can use the Internet to learn about
traditions from their cultures. Many organizations
have websites that teach people about their values
and beliefs. People can also use the Internet to do
research on genealogy, or their family tree. They
can learn about their ancestors and where they
came from.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How does technology affect 3. List an example of cultural borrowing in your
culture? community.

2. Explain the term cultural diffusion in a Circle the letter of the correct answer.
sentence.
4. How can people preserve their culture?
A by visiting new places
B by eating traditional foods
C by watching TV
D by moving to a new country

MATCHING Draw a line connecting each activity on the
left with the correct example on the right.

5. cultural borrowing a school cafeteria menu listing
tacos, egg rolls, and pizza

6. cultural diffusion dressing in your culture’s traditional
clothing

7. preserving culture cooking food from another culture

Write a Letter Write a letter to a friend. In your letter, explain
some of the traditions and customs your family takes part in to
help preserve your culture.

316 ■ Unit 7

Lesson

Technology in
North America

Technology has brought many changes to the countries of North America.
Many of these changes have been for the good of the people. However, tech-
nology can also have harmful effects, especially on the environment.

In developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico,
many people use technology. In countries that are not very developed, such
as some areas in Central America, people do not use as much modern tech-
nology. The levels of technology are different in those places. How will this
lesson improve your understanding of technology?

A NASA ROVER is tested on Earth.

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
6.05 Compare and contrast the changes that technology has
brought to the United States to its impact in Canada,
Mexico, and Central America.

Unit 7 ■ 317

Write evidence and Technology in North America
knowledge for the conclusion
below. In the United States, Canada, and Mexico, most
Conclusion: In some undeveloped people use technology. People depend on technol-
areas, people use less technology. ogy, such as different kinds of transportation and
Evidence: communication, every day. In some undeveloped
areas, people use less technology. This is especially
Knowledge: true in parts of Mexico, where some people still
earn a living as subsistence farmers.
Underline the sentence that
describes how the development Most people in Central American countries use
of technology in other countries modern technology less than people in Canada,
has affected Central America. Mexico, and the United States do. Many of the
countries in Central America do not have a lot of
DONKEYS are used in some places to money to spend on new kinds of technology. Some
carry crops to markets. of their people do not have money to buy goods
such as electronics, cars, or communication tools.

In Central America, many people live as subsis-
tence farmers. In recent years, more people have
started to work in factories and in the tourist indus-
try. New types of transportation in other countries
have brought tourists to some Central American
countries. Many people travel there on cruise ships
and in airplanes to see the natural beauty of the
land.

The Effects of Technology MOBILE TELEPHONES can be used to help
hikers keep in touch with the outside world.
The use of technology changes people and the
world in many ways. The effects of technology Circle the communication
can be intended or unintended. Intended effects technology being used in the
are known before the new technology is used. photograph above. What are
Unintended effects are unknown before the new the two kinds of effects that
technology is used. technology can have?

An intended effect of the development of a new Circle the sentence that
medicine would be to cure an illness. An intended describes an unintended effect
effect of mobile telephone technology would be to of mobile telephones.
allow people to communicate more easily.
Unit 7 ■ 319
Unintended effects may be social changes, such
as how individuals, groups, institutions, and even
entire societies act. For example, mobile telephones
let people talk to one another from almost any-
where. However, they can be dangerous when
used by someone while driving a car.

Sharing the benefits of technology is a major
challenge. Today, in developed nations such as
the United States, most people benefit from new
kinds of technology. Even in those nations, how-
ever, some families benefit little. They still have
problems meeting their basic needs for food, water,
clothing, and shelter.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY has allowed some Improving Lives
people with physical disabilities to use
prosthetic limbs to have active lives. Technology improves people’s lives in many
ways. Computers have changed the way people
Scan the text. Underline buy goods and services, store information, and
the sentences that describe talk with others. Thanks to the Internet, people
how technology has changed can search for and receive news and entertainment
transportation. from all over the world.

List two ways in which At one time, most people did not travel more
technology has improved than a few miles from where they were born. Now,
your life. trains, cars, and airplanes let people travel great
distances. They can visit friends and family mem-
320 ■ Unit 7 bers in other states or in other countries. Because
of transportation technology, people can also live
farther away from where they work.

Technology has helped improve medicine as
well. New medicines help people live longer and
better lives. Scientific research has led to new ways
to fight cancer and other diseases. It has also led to
the use of X rays, MRIs, and other tools to improve
medical care for people.

Technology and the Scan the text. Underline two
Environment negative effects of technology.

Technology can sometimes have negative effects Use the word habitat in a
on the environment. The building of businesses, sentence about an unintended
homes, roads, and other structures can hurt natu- effect of technology.
ral habitats. A habitat is a place in nature where
a plant or an animal grows or lives. Batteries and RECYCLING Some playground equip-
other electronic parts can also harm natural habi- ment is built using all recycled materials.
tats if they are disposed of improperly.

However, technology can also help protect the
environment. Many towns and cities have recycling
programs. Recycling turns old materials, such as
plastics and paper, into new products.

Businesses can help control pollution by invent-
ing new kinds of technology that do not have
harmful effects. Many power companies are now
using more renewable energy sources.

People can also correct bad effects of technology.
For example, strip mining damages the environ-
ment by removing layers of land to find minerals.
People can restore the land by covering the mines
with soil and planting trees or other plants. This
land can then be used for parks or playgrounds.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How is technology used in the Circle the letter of the correct answer.
different countries of North America?
4. In which part of North America do most
2. Use the word habitat in a sentence about people use the least amount of technology?
technology and the environment. A Canada
B the United States
3. List two kinds of technology that make your C Mexico
life easier. D Central America

5. Which of the following is an unintended effect
of technology?
A curing diseases and illnesses
B harming the environment
C entertaining people
D transporting people and goods

6. Which of the following is a negative effect of
technology?
A improved communication
B improved medicines
C deforestation
D new kinds of transportation

Make a Chart Make a chart that lists intended and unintended
effects of technology. Give some examples of technology that you use
every day. Then list their intended and unintended effects in your chart.

322 ■ Unit 7

Review and Test Prep

The Big Idea

Technology has helped people live more comfortable, longer, and
safer lives. Some technology has had a negative effect on the
environment.

Summarize the Unit

Focus Draw Conclusions Complete the graphic organizer to show
Skill

that you know how to draw conclusions about technology in

North America.

Technology helps connect People have many
people around the world. different cultures.

Use Vocabulary

Fill in the missing term in each sentence, using the vocabulary term from Word Bank
the word bank.
service industry
1. Taking a cultural trait from one group and using it as your own is called p. 308
. national security
p. 310
2. Technology can help protect a for plants or animals. cultural
3. “Teacher” is an example of a job in the . borrowing p. 314
cultural diffusion
4. A government takes actions to protect a country’s . p. 314
habitat p. 321
5. Technology helps spread cultural traits through .
Unit 7 ■ 323

Think About It

6. How did improved navigation affect North America and the
American Indians living there?

7. How do businesses decide which technologies to develop and
manage? How does this benefit people?

8. How can technology affect culture?

Circle the letter of the correct answer. 10. Which of these kinds of technology helps
spread culture?
9. Who often manages technology that is large,
expensive, or complex? A agriculture
B electricity
A the government C television
B small businesses D NASA
C individuals
D large businesses

Writing Write a Report To play a game that reviews
the unit, join Eco in the
Imagine that you are living in a time before modern North Carolina Adventures
technology. Describe how your life is different from your online or on CD.
real life today.

Activity Design a Website

Make a list of the kinds of technology that you
use daily. Choose one kind of technology. On a poster,
design a Web page to highlight this technology and
tell how you use it.

324 ■ Unit 7

For Your Reference

GLOSSARY
R2

INDEX
R8

Glossary

The Glossary contains important history and social science words and their definitions, listed in
alphabetical order. Each word is respelled as it would be in a dictionary. When you see this mark ´
after a syllable, pronounce that syllable with more force. The page number at the end of each defi-
nition tells where the word is first used in this book. Guide words at the top of the pages help you
quickly locate the word you need to find.

add, āce, câre, pälm; end, ēqual; it, īce; odd, ōpen, ôrder; t k, p l; up, bûrn; y
as u in fuse; oil; pout; ə as a in above, e in sicken, i in possible, o in melon, u in circus;
check; ring; thin; this; zh as in vision

A borderlands (bôr´dər•landz) Areas of land on or
near the borders between countries, colonies, or
absolute location (ab´sə•l t lō•kā´shən) The exact regions. p. 66
location of a place. p. 5
boycott (boi´kät) To refuse to buy or use goods or
adapt (ə•dapt’) To adjust a way of living to land services. p. 83
and resources. p. 28
C
alliance (ə•lī´ənts) A formal agreement among
groups or individuals. p. 136 Cabinet (kab´ə•nit) A group of the President’s
most important advisers. p. 204
almanac (ôl’mə•nak) A book that is published
every year and contains facts relating to capital resource (ka´pə•təl rē´sôrs) A building,
countries of the world, sports, entertainment, machine, technology, or tool needed to produce
and other areas. p. 240 goods and services. p. 270

amendment (ə•mend´mənt) A change. p. 191 cardinal direction (kärd´nəl də•rek´shən) One of
the main directions: north, south, east, or west.
ancestor (an´ses•tər) An early family member. p. I9
p. 48
cash crop (kash krop) A crop that people grow to
armistice (är´mə•stəs) An agreement to stop sell. p. 68
fighting. p. 135
cause (kôz) An action or event that makes
arms race (ärmz rās) A competition between something happen. p. 45
countries to add new weapons. p. 156
cease-fire (sēs fīr) A temporary end to a conflict.
assassinate (ə•sa´sən•āt) To murder in a sudden or p. 157
secret attack. p. 122
charter (chär’tər) An official paper in which certain
B rights are given by a government to a person,
group, or business. p. 76
backcountry (bak’kun•trē) The land beyond, or
“in back of,” the area settled by Europeans. p. 82 civil rights (si´vəl rīts) The rights guaranteed to all
citizens by the Constitution. p. 163
barter (bär´tər) To exchange goods. p. 56
civil war (si´vəl wôr) A war between people in the
bilingual (bī•ling’gwəl) Able to speak two same country. p. 118
languages. p. 256
civilization (si•və•lə•zā´shən) A group of people
blended family (blen’did fa’mə•lē) A family that is with ways of life, religion, and learning. p. 48
formed when single parents from two different
families marry. p. 222 climate (klī´mət) The kind of weather a place has
over a long time. p. 13
blockade (blä•kād´) To use warships to prevent
other ships from entering or leaving a harbor. coalition (kō•ə•li’shən) An alliance or group
p. 134 united around a common goal. p. 169

R2 ■ Reference

cold war equator

cold war (kōld wôr) A war fought mostly with D
words and money rather than soldiers and
weapons. p. 154 deforestation (dē•fôr•ə•stā’shən) The clearing of
forests and trees from an area. p. 276
colony (kä´lə•nē) A land ruled by another country.
p. 65 delegate (de’li•gət) A representative. p. 96

command economy (kə•mand´ i•kä nə•mē) An depression (di•pre´shən) A time when the
economic system in which the government owns economy does not grow and people lose jobs
all resources and controls business. p. 283 and have little money. p. 185

communication (kə•my •nə•kā’shən) The detail (dē’täl) More information about the main
exchanging of information or news. p. 240 idea. p. 185

communism (kä´myə•ni•zəm) A political and developed country (di•ve´ləpt kun´trē) A country
economic system in which the government owns whose economy has been built. p. 25
all industries and property. p. 154
developing country (di•ve´lə•ping kun´trē) A
compare (kəm’pâr) To tell how two or more things country whose economy is still being built. p. 25
are alike. p. 3
dissent (di•sent´) Disagreement. p. 74
compass rose (kum’pəs rōz) A circular direction
marker on a map. p. I9 diverse economy (də•vûrs’ i•kä´nə•mē) An
economy that is based on many industries rather
compromise (käm’prə•mīz) To give up some of than just a few. p. 292
what you want in order to reach an agreement.
p. 96 division of labor (də•vi´zhen uv lā´bər) Work that
is divided so that it is possible to produce more
concentration camp (kon•sən•trā´shən kamp) A goods. p. 294
prison camp. p. 151
due process of law (d prä´ses uv lô) The
conclusion (kən•kl ’zhən) A broad statement principle that guarantees that people have the
about an idea or event. p. 301 right to a fair trial. p. 191

confederation (kən•fe•də•rā´shən) A loosely dugout (dug’out) A type of boat made by
united group of governments working together. hollowing out a log and used by American
p. 52 Indians. p. 238

constitution (kän•stə•t ´shən) A written plan of E
government. p. 96
e-commerce (ē•kä’mərs) Business done
consumption (kən•sump´shən) The using of a electronically. p. 289
resource. p. 294
economic resource (e•kə•nä´•mik rē´sôrs) The
continent (kän´tə•nənt) One of Earth’s seven people, materials, and natural resources used to
largest land masses. p. I4 make goods and provide services. p. 266

contrast (kən•trast´) To tell how two or more economic system (e•kə•nä´•mik sis´təm) The way
things are different. p. 3 people decide how to use resources to produce
goods and services. p. 281
cotton gin (kä´tən jin) A machine that could
quickly remove the seeds from cotton. p. 105 economy (i•kä´nə•mē) The way people of a state,
region, or country use resources to meet their
craft (kraft) Something that is both useful and needs. p. 25
beautiful. p. 257
effect (ə•fekt’) What happens as a result of a cause.
cultural borrowing (kul´chə•rəl bär’ə•wing) p. 45
Taking culture traits from another culture and
using them as one’s own. p. 314 elementary education (el•ə•men’tə•rē
e•jə•kā’shən) The first level of schooling. p. 216
cultural diffusion (kul´chə•rəl di•fy ’zhən) The
spread of cultural traits from one society to emancipate (i•man´sə•pāt) To free. p. 120
another. p. 314
equator (ē•kwā´tər) The imaginary line that
cultural diversity (kul´chə•rəl də•vûr’sə•tē) A divides Earth into the Northern and Southern
large number of cultures in one area. p. 247 Hemispheres. p. I4

cultural region (kul´chə•rəl rē´jən) An area in
which people share some ways of life. p. 243

culture (kul´chər) A way of life. p. 21

Glossary ■ R3

ethnic group internment camp

ethnic group (eth’nik gr p) A group of people hijack (hī´jak) To illegally take control of a vehicle.
from the same country, of the same race, or with p. 174
shared customs. pp. 228, 234
historian (hi•stôr´ē•ən) A person who studies
executive branch (ig•ze´kyə•tiv branch) The history. p. 47
branch of government that has the power to
enforce the laws. p. 195 historical map (hi•stôr´i•kəl map) A map that
provides information about a place at a certain
expedition (ek•spə•di´shən) A trip taken with the time in history. p. I8
goal of exploring. p. 60
Holocaust (hō´lə•kôst) The mass murder of Jews
export (ek´spôrt) To send a product to another during World War II. p. 151
country to be sold. p. 279
human resource (hy ´mən rē´sôrs) A worker who
extended family (ik•sten’did fa’mə•lē) A family brings his or her own ideas and skills to a job.
that includes grandparents, aunts, or uncles. p. 270
p. 222
I
F
immigration (i•mi•grā´shən) The action of
federal system (fe´də•rəl sis´təm) A system of coming from elsewhere to live permanently
government in which the power to govern in a country. p. 37
is shared by the national and the state
governments. p. 190 import (im´pôrt) To bring a product into a country
to be sold. p. 279
free enterprise (frē en´tər•prīz) An economic
system in which people are able to start and run indentured servant (in•den´chərd sûr´vənt) A
their own businesses with little control by the person who agreed to work for another without
government. p. 284 pay for a certain length of time in exchange for
passage to North America. p. 76
free state (frē stāt) A state that did not allow
slavery before the Civil War. p. 114 Industrial Revolution (in•dus´trē•əl
re•və•l ´shən) The period of time during the
free world (frē wûrld) The United States and its 1800s when machines took the place of hand
allies. p. 154 tools to manufacture goods. p. 105

freedmen (frēd´mən) Men, women, and children industry (in´dəs•trē) All the businesses that make
who had been enslaved. p. 124 one kind of product or offer one kind of service.
p. 10
fugitive (fy ’jə•tiv) Someone who escapes from
the law. p. 115 Information Age (in•fər•mā’shən āj) The period
in history that began in the second half of the
G twentieth century and is marked by the growing
amount of information people can get. p. 289
generalize (jen´ə•rəl•īz) To state how different
facts in a piece of writing are related. p. 267 inlet (in´let) Any area of water extending into the
land from a larger body of water. p. 8
geography (jē•ä´•grə•fē) The study of Earth’s
surface and how it is used. p. 2 inset map (in´set map) A smaller map within a
larger one. p. I8
globalization (glō•bə•lə•zā´shən) The growth of a
global economy. p. 177 integration (in•tə•grā´shən) The bringing together
of people of all races. p. 162
grid system (grid sis´təm) An arrangement of lines
that divide a map into squares. p. I10 interdependence (in•tər•di•pen´dəns) The
relationship between countries whose economies
H depend on one another for trade. p. 176

habitat (ha´bə•tat) A place in nature where a plant interdependent (in•tər•di•pen´dənt) Depending
or animal grows or lives. p. 321 on one another, as many countries do, for
natural resources, goods, and services. p. 275
hemisphere (he´mə•sfir) One half of Earth. p. I5
intermediate direction (in•tər•mē´dē•it
high-tech (hī•tek´) Based on computers and other də•rek´shən) One of the in-between directions:
kinds of electronic equipment. p. 288 northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest. p. I9

internment camp (in•tûrn mənt kamp) Enclosed
camps used in the United States during World
War II to hold Japanese Americans. p. 148

R4 ■ Reference

judicial branch parliamentary democracy

J Middle Passage (mi´dəl pa´sij) The journey
millions of enslaved Africans were forced to
judicial branch (j •di’shəl branch) The court make across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to
system, which is the branch of government that the West Indies. p. 75
decides whether laws are working fairly. p. 195
migration (mī•grā´shən) The movement of people.
L p. 36

legislative branch (le’jəs•lā•tiv branch) The branch military draft (mil´ə•ter•ē draft) A way to bring
of government that makes the laws. p. 194 people into the military. p. 137

lines of latitude (līnz uv la´tə•t d) Lines on a Minuteman (mi’nət•man) A member of the
map or globe that run east and west; also called Massachusetts militia who could quickly be
parallels. p. I10 ready to fight the British. p. 84

lines of longitude (līnz uv län´ja•t d) Lines on mission (mi’shən) A small religious settlement.
a map or globe that run north and south; also p. 67
called meridians. p. I10
missionary (mi´shə•ner•ē) A religious teacher sent
locator (lō´kā•tər) A small map or picture of a out by a church to spread its beliefs. p. 62
globe that shows where an area on the main
map is found in a state, on a continent, or in the modify (mä´də•fī) To change. p. 30
world. p. I9
mural (my ’rəl) A painting or other work of art
locomotive (lō•kə•mō’tiv) A railroad engine. done on a wall. p. 258
p. 104
N
Loyalist (loi´ə•list) A person who remained loyal
to the British king. p. 90 national security (na´shə•nəl si•ky r’ə•tē)
Actions taken by the government to protect a
M country. p. 310

main idea (mān ī•dē´ə) The most important idea of natural resource (na´chə•rəl rē´sôrs) Something
what you read. p. 185 found in nature, such as soil, plants, water,
or minerals, that people can use to meet their
majority rule (mə•jôr´ə•tē r l) The political idea needs. p. 10
that the majority of an organized group should
have the power to make decisions for the whole naturalized citizen (na’chər•əl•īzd si’tə•zən)
group. p. 188 Someone who was not born in the United States
but has followed the legal steps needed to
Manifest Destiny (ma´nə•fest des´tə•nē) The idea become a citizen. p. 202
that the United States was meant to stretch from
the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. p. 103 naval stores (nā´vəl stôrz) Products used to build
ships. p. 79
map key (map kee) A part of a map that explains
what the symbols on the map stand for. p. I8 navigation (na•və•gā´shən) The science of
planning and following a route. p. 60
map scale (map skāl) A part of a map that
compares a distance on the map to a distance in nomad (nō’mad) A person who travels from place
the real world. p. I9 to place and has no permanent home. p. 238

map title (map tī´təl) Words on a map that tell the nonviolence (nän•vī´ə•ləns) The use of peaceful
subject of the map. p. I8 ways to bring about change. p. 164

market economy (mär•kət i•kä´nə•mē) An nuclear family (n ’klē•ər fa’mə•lē) A family that
economic system in which businesses are owned is made up of a mother, father, and children.
and run by individuals who are free to decide p. 222
what to produce. p. 284
P
mercenary (mûr´sə•ner•ē) A soldier who serves
for pay in the military of a foreign nation. p. 92 parliamentary democracy (pär•lə•men’tər•ē
di•mä’krə•sē) A government in which voters
select members of the legislature, called a
parliament, and parliament chooses the chief
executive of the government. p. 208

Glossary ■ R5

Patriot sequence

Patriot (pā´trē•ət) A colonist who was against public agenda (pub´lik ə•jen’də) What the people
British rule and supported the rebel cause in the want from the government. p. 205
American colonies. p. 90
R
petroglyph (pe´trə•glif) A picture cut or carved
into rock. p. 258 ratify (ra´tə•fī) To approve. p. 97
rationing (rash´ən•ing) Limiting what people can
physical environment (fi´zi•kəl en•vī´rən•mənt)
The surroundings in which people, plants, and buy. p. 148
animals live. p. 27 raw material (rô mə•tir´ē•əl) A resource that can

physical map (fi´zi•kəl map) A map that shows be used to make a product. p. 271
kinds of land and bodies of water. p. I8 Reconstruction (rē•kən•struk´shən) Rebuilding of

pioneer (pī•ə•nir’) An early settler of an area. the South after the Civil War. p. 123
p. 100 region (rē´jən) An area in which many features are

plantation (plan•tā´shən) A large farm. p. 78 similar. p. 21
relative location (re´lə•tiv lō•kā´shən) The position
pluralistic (pl r•ə•lis’tik) Sharing parts of a
culture while keeping many traditional ways of of one place compared to other places. p. 5
one’s ancestors. p. 244 representation (re•pri•zen•tā´shən) The act of

political map (pə•li´ti•kəl map) A map that shows speaking or acting for someone else. p. 82
cities, states, and countries. p. I8 republic (ri•pub´lik) A form of government in

political party (pə•li´ti•kəl pär´tē) A group that which people elect representatives to run the
tries to elect officials who will support its government. p. 187
policies. p. 204 reservation (re•zər•vā´shən) Land set aside by
the government for use by Native Americans.
population density (pä•´pyə•lā´shən den´sə•tē) p. 127
The average number of people living in a certain revolution (re•və•l ´shən) A sudden, complete
area, usually one square mile or one square change, such as the overthrow of an established
kilometer. p. 18 government. p. 85
rural (rur´əl) Relating to the country. p. 18
preamble (prē´am•bəl) An introduction; first part.
p. 188 S

presidential democracy (prez•ə•den´chəl scarcity (skâr´sə•tē) The condition that exists when
di•mä’krə•sē) A government in which an people want more than resources or businesses
elected president heads the government. p. 210 can provide. p. 273

presidio (prā•sē´dē•ō) A Spanish fort. p. 66 secede (si•sēd´) To leave. p. 117
secondary education (se´kən•der•ē e•jə•kā´shən)
primary election (prī’mer•ē i•lek’shən) An election
in which voters choose the candidates who will The second level of schooling, after elementary.
represent their political party in a later election. p. 216
p. 205 segregation (se•gri•gā´shən) The practice of
keeping people in separate groups based on
prime meridian (prīm mə•ri´dē•ən) The meridian their race or culture. p. 162
marked 0 degrees and that runs north and south self-government (self•gu´vərn•mənt) A system
through Greenwich, England. p. I5 of government in which people make their own
laws. p. 188
prime minister (prīm min’ə•stər) The chief separation of powers (se•pə•rā’shən əv pou’ərz)
executive in countries with a parliamentary The division of powers among the three
democracy. p. 208 branches of government. p. 194
sequence (sē’kwens) The order in which events
privatize (prī’və•tīz) To move ownership of a happen. p. 111
business or industry from the government to a
private business. p. 286

production (prə•duk’shən) Making a good from
raw materials. p. 294

proportional representation (prə•pôr’shən•əl
re•pri•zen•tā´shən) Representation that is based
on the number of votes a political party gets.
p. 211

protest (prō´test) To work against or object to a
certain policy. p. 83

R6 ■ Reference

service industry veto

service industry (sûr’vəs in´dəs•trē) An industry terrorism (ter´ər•i•zəm) The use of violence to
that provides services to other people. p. 308 promote a cause. p. 167

single-parent family (sing’gəl pâr’ənt fa’mə•lē) tradition (trə•dish´ən) A way of life or an idea
Families with a mother or a father but not both. handed down from the past. p. 24
p. 222
traditional economy (trə•dish´ən•əl i•kä´nə•mē)
slave state (slāv stāt) A state that allowed slavery An economy in which people do the same kinds
before the Civil War. p. 114 of work as they always have done. p. 282

slavery (slā´və•rē) The practice of holding people Transcontinental Railroad (trans•kän•tə•nen´təl
against their will and making them work rāl´rōd) The first railroad that crossed North
without pay. p. 66 America. p. 128

society (sə•sī´ə•tē) A group of people living trench warfare (trench wôr’fâr) A type of fighting
together in a community and who have shared that takes place in deep trenches, dug in the
customs, laws, and institutions. pp. 184, 206 ground. p. 137

specialization (spe•shə•lə•zā´shən) Becoming triangular trade route (trī•ang´gyə•lər trād r t)
skilled at one kind of job. p. 287 Shipping routes that connected England, the
English colonies, and Africa. p. 75
stock market (stäk mär´kət) A place where people
can buy or sell stocks or shares in companies. turning point (tûr´ning point) An event that causes
p. 141 an important change. p. 92

subsistence farming (səb•sis’təns fär’ming) U
Raising only enough food for one person or
family and little more. p. 282 Underground Railroad (un’dər•ground rāl’rōd) A
system of secret escape routes that led enslaved
suffrage (su´frij) The right to vote. p. 140 people to free land. p. 116

summarize (sum’ər•īz) To state in your own words urban (ûr’bən) Relating to a city or a town. p. 18
a short version of what you read. p. 229 urban sprawl (ûr’bən sprôl) The uncontrolled

surplus (sûr´pləs) An extra amount. p. 273 expansion of urban areas. p. 178

T V

technology (tek•nä´lə•jē) The use of scientific veto (vē´tō) To reject. p. 195
knowledge and tools to make or do something.
pp. 288, 300

tenement (te´nə•mənt) A poorly built apartment
building. p. 131

Glossary ■ R7

Index

The Index lets you know where information about important people, places, and events appear in
the book. All key words, or entries, are listed in alphabetical order. For each entry, the page reference
indicates where information about that entry can be found in the text. Page references for illustrations
are set in italic type. An italic m indicates a map. Page references set in boldface type indicate the
pages on which vocabulary terms are defined. Related entries are cross-referenced with See or See
also. Guide words at the top of the pages help you identify which words appear on which page.

A Fourteenth Amendment, Appalachian Mountains, 6, Robert Fulton, 38
123, 202 10, 22, 100, 233, 259 Lucy Tapahonso, 248
Abolitionists, 116–117, 116 Tisquantum, 69
Absolute location, 5 Fourth Amendment, 191 Appomattox Court House, Harriet Tubman, 117
Acelhuate River, 18 Nineteenth Amendment, 122 Blended family, 222
Activities, 26, 40, 72, 86, 132, Blitzkrieg, 147
140, 202 Apprentices, 77 Blockade, 134
152, 166, 180, 236, 256, 274, Ninth Amendment, 191 Arab Americans, 23, 235, 247 Blown glass, 259, 259, 260
296, 322 Second Amendment, 191 Arctic, 57 Bluegrass music, 246
Adams, Ansel, 258 Seventeenth Amendment, Armistice, 135 Blues music, 247, 261
Adapt, 28 Arms race, 156–157 Boats. See Ships and boats
Addams, Jane, 131 203 Art, 228, 257, 258 Booth, John Wilkes, 122
Aerospace industry, 123, 292, Sixteenth Amendment, Articles of Confederation, 89, Borderlands, 66
302 Boreal Forest, 32
Afghanistan, 175 202 89, 190 Boston, Massachusetts, 83,
Africa, 247 Tenth Amendment, 191 Asian Americans, 23, 148, 114, 245
music, 261 Third Amendment, 191 Boston Gaelic Fire
slavery, 232, 246, 255 Thirteenth Amendment, 245, 247
African Americans Assassination, 122 Brigade, 245
American Revolution 123, 161, 202, 302 Assembly line, 269, 294 Boston Harbor, 114
Twenty-second Astrolabe, 60, 60, 305 Faneuil Hall, 81
and, 91 Atlantic Ocean, 8 Boston massacre, 83
Boston Massacre and, 83 Amendment, 203 Atomic bomb, 150 Boston Tea Party, 83
civil rights, 161–165 American bison, 54 Attucks, Crispus, 83 Boycotts, 83, 163
culture, 234 American Indians Austria-Hungary, 136 Britain, 81–82, 232
First Rhode Island Automobiles, 239, 307, 309, colonies, 68–69, 73, 74,
Aleut, 57
Regiment, 91 Algonquian, 52 320 m74, 188
Great Migration, 132, 132, Ancestral Puebloans, Axis Powers, 147 division of Germany, 153
Aztecs, 62, m62 government of, 207
247 49, 55 World War I, 136
March on Washington, arts, 258 B World War II, 147
Cherokee, 259 British colonies, 68–69, 73,
161 communication, 240 Backcountry, 82 188
music and, 23, 141, 247, crafts, 259 Bahamas, 278 Brooklyn Bridge, 129
Cree people, 57 Banana plantations, 271, 278 Brown, Linda, 162
261 culture, 23, 234 Banjos, 246 Brown v. Board of Education
population count, 97 diseases, 305 Banking, 285, 292 of Topeka, 162, 162, 164
sharecropping and, 124 dugouts, 56 Barter, 56 Buddhism, 236, 236, 249, 253
slavery and, 66, 78–79, 91, early cultures of North Basin, I6 Budget, 168, 195
Basket making, 233, 259, 260 Buffalo, 54, 238
113–117, 232 America, 53 Battle of Antietam, 120 Bull Run, 120
Thirteenth Amendment food, 246 Battle of Bull Run, 120 Bunker Hill, 91
Hopi, 259 Battle of Bunker Hill, 91 Bush, George H. W., 169
and, 161, 202 Indian Removal Act, 101 Battle of Guilford Bush, George W., 174, 205
voting and, 124, 161 Inuit, 51, 57, 260, 283
work and, 137 Iroquois, 52 Courthouse, 93 C
Agriculture. See Farming museums, 248 Battle of Little Bighorn, 127
Air Canada, 286 music, 261 Bay, I6 Cabinet, 204
Air pollution, 178 Navajo, 55, 248, 259 Belize, 28, 49, 214, 293 Cabot, Henry, 63
Airplanes, 137, 239, 318, 320 petroglyphs, 258 Bell, Alexander Graham, 130 Calverts, 78
Alamo, 102 Pilgrims, 69 Berlin Airlift, 154–155 Calypso, 261
Alaska, 134, 249 Plains people, 54 Berlin Wall, 160 Canada, 16, 176
Aleut, 57 Pueblo, 259 Bermúdez, Diego, 61
Algonquian, 52 reservations, 127, 248 Big Idea, The, 2, 44, 110, 184, bilingual country, 256
Alliance, 136 Seminole, 259 British Commonwealth of
Allies, 136–137, 147, 149, 151, Sioux Nation, 127 228, 266, 300
153 Southwest region and, Bilingual, 256 Nations, 209
Almanac, 240 Bill, 194 climate, 14
Amendments 248 crafts, 260
amendment process, totem poles, 260 lawmaking process, 194 economic activities, 25,
transportation, 238 Bill of Rights, 97, 191
201–203, 201 American Revolution, 85, 87, Biographies 292
Bill of Rights, 191, 202 89–94, 92, 93, 255 economic institutions, 286
definition of, 191 Amish, 282, 283 Jane Addams, 131 education in, 217
Fifteenth Amendment, Ancestors, 48 Davy Crockett, 102 families in, 223
Ancient Puebloans, 49, 55 Thomas Alva Edison, 306
123, 161, 202 Angel Island, 131 Henry Ford, 294
First Amendment, 191 Antietam, 120 Gouverneur Morris, 190
Oscar Arias Sánchez, 213

R8 ■ Reference

Canadian Shield Constitution of the United States

France and, 63, 70, 256 official language of, 254 China, 233 Colorado, 49
government of, 207–209 plantations, 271, 278 Chinese Americans, 245 Columbia River, 238
Gulf War and, 169 Spanish colonies and, 66 Chinese immigrants, 128, 128 Columbus, Christopher, 61,
highways, 39 subsistence farming, 318 Chinese New Year, 245, 251
Interior Plains, 6 technology in, 318 Chronometer, 60, 60, 305 63, 305
Iroquois in, 52 traditional economy, 282 Church of England, 74 Columbus Day, 245
landforms in, 6 Central Pacific Railroad, 128 Citizenship, 202, 248 Command economy, 283
modifying water bodies Central Valley, 22 City Council, 198 Common Sense (Paine), 240,
Champlain, Samuel de, 70 Civil rights, 163
in, 31 Change, 110 240
natural resources, 29, 32, communication changes, discrimination and, Communication, 39, 105, 130,
162–165
277, 277, 292 240–241 240, 300, 318
official languages of, 24, technology changes, 319 education and, 162, 164 changes, 240–241
transportation changes, explanation of, 161 computers, 242
217, 256 voting, 140, 161, 203 Internet, 242, 242
Official Languages Act, 238–239 work and, 164 mail service, 240, 241
Channel, I6 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 165 radio, 242
256 Character Civil War, 118 telegraph, 105, 241, 241
as parliamentary Confederate plan for, 119 telephone, 39, 130, 241,
caring, 117 major battles of, 120–122,
democracy, 208 citizenship, 248 241, 289, 319
per capita income, 25 cooperation, 294 m122 television, 241, 241, 242,
ports, 176 honesty, 102 secede, 117
regions of, 24 justice and fairness, 131 Civilian Conservation Corps 314
religion in, 252 perseverance, 306 (CCC), 143 time line, 39, 240, 241
technology in, 318 responsibility, 38 Civilization, 48 World Wide Web, 241
water bodies in, 8, 16 trustworthiness, 69 in North America, 49 Communication inventions,
Canadian Shield, 6, 22, 277, Charles II, king of England, Clark, William, 100–101, 100 39, 39, 105, 130
277 76, 78 Clay, Henry, 114, 115 Communism, 154, 168
Canals, 104 Charts and Graphs Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, Communist party, 160
Canyon, I6 Capitals of the United 29 Community
Cape, I6 Clermont, 38 groups, 184
Capital resources, 270, 272, States, 203 Climate, 13–14, 28–29, 36, 57 travel, 239
272, 295 Constitution Ratification in Canada, 14 Compact, 69
Caravels, 60, 305 in Central America, 14 Compare and Contrast, 3–4,
Cardinal directions, I9 Vote, 97 farming and, 29 41
Caribbean Education in Central Great Plains and, 126 Compass, 60, 60, 305
cruise, 293 in United States, 14 Compass rose, I9
natural resources, 278 America, 219 Clinton, Bill, 170, 170, 279 Compromise, 96
Caring, 117 Europeans in the Western Clothing, 14, 28, 67, 92 Compromise of 1850, 115
Carnegie, Andrew, 129 Coal, 10, 277, 307 Computers, 242, 242, 279, 289
Carolina, 78 Hemisphere, 1550–1750, Coalition, 169 Concentration camps, 151
Cartier, Jacques, 63 66 Coastal Plain, I6 Conclusion, 301
Cascade Range, 6 Federal System of Coastal Plain region, 6, 15, 22 Confederacy, 118, 119
Cash crops, 68, 78 Government, 199 Coffee plantations, 271, 278 Confederate States of
Castro, Fidel, 157 Foreign-born People in Cohen, Rose, 130 America, 118
Catholic religion, 61, 78, 248, the United States, 2003, Cold War, 154 Confederation, 52
252, 253 234 arms race, 156–157 Confederation Congress, 89
Cattle, 233 How Supply and Demand Berlin Airlift and, 154–155 Congress. See United States
Cause and effect, 45–46, 107 Affect Prices, 284 Cuban Missile Crisis, 157 Congress
CCC. See Civilian Increase in the Number end of, 160 Connecticut Colony, 74
Conservation Corps (CCC) of Factories in the explanation of, 153, 154 Conquistadors, 62
Cease-fire, 157 United States from map, m154 Constitution, 96–97, 96
Celebration, 235 1849–1869, 105 military spending and, Constitution of the United
Celebrations Midwest Cultural States
Chinese New Year, 245, Groups, 247 168 amendment process,
Reconstruction Plans, 123 space race, 155
251 Unemployment, 1925– Vietnam War, 158 201–203, 201
Columbus Day, 245 1940, 142 Colonies, 65. See also Bill of Rights, 191, 202
Fourth of July celebration, United States Top Export Exploration development of, 96–97,
Markets, 177 communication, 240
244 Urban and Rural Delaware Colony, 76 190
Italian Americans, 245 Population, 1960, 178 English colonies, 68–69, federal system of
national culture and, 244 Urban and Rural
Saint Patrick’s Day, 245, Population, 2000, 178 73, 74, m74, 188 government, 194–195,
Chart(s). See Charts and first colonies, 73 199
245, 247 Graphs. Middle Colonies, 76, m76 Fifteenth Amendment,
Veterans Day, 244, 244 Charter, 76 New France, 70 123, 161, 202
Central America Chavez, Cesar, 164, 165 New Netherland, 71, 76 First Amendment, 191
agriculture in, 10, 32 Cherokee, 101, 259 New Spain, 62, 66–67, Fourteenth Amendment,
climate, 14 Children in History 123, 202
culture in, 24 Bermúdez, Diego, 61 m67, 233, 254 Fourth Amendment, 191
education in, 219 Brown, Linda, 162 Southern Colonies, 78–79, Nineteenth Amendment,
families in, 224 Clemens, Samuel 140, 202
governments of, 212–214 Langhorne, 29 m78 Ninth Amendment, 191
highways, 39 Cohen, Rose, 130 transportation in, 238 ratification of, 97
natural resources, 276, 278 religion and, 236

Index ■ R9

Constitutional Convention Ford Motor Company

Second Amendment, 191 ethnic groups, 228, 234, division of labor, 294 Ethnic groups, 228, 234,
separation of powers, 194 254–256 economic wealth, 295 254–256
Seventeenth Amendment, Mexico, 293
festivals, 23, 315 production, 294 Events, 44
203 food, 246, 288, 315 specialization, 291, 294 Executive branch, 195, 197
shared powers, 199 in history, 232–233 Economic regions, 25 Expedition, 60
Sixteenth Amendment, immigration, 232–234 Economic resources, 266 Exploration. See also Colonies
language, 228, 235 capital resources, 270, 272
202 mountain life, 233 conserving, 271 Dutch explorers, 64
Tenth Amendment, 191 movement and, 35, 39–40 factors of production, 270 English explorers, 64
Third Amendment, 191 music, 23, 228, 235, 246, flowchart, 266 French explorers, 63
Thirteenth Amendment, human resources, 270, navigation and, 60
246, 247, 257, 261 Spanish explorers, 61–62
161, 202 national culture, 244 270, 273 time line of European
Twenty-second pluralistic culture, 244 interdependence, 275–280
religion, 228, 235, 252–253 natural resources, 270, explorers, 63
Amendment, 203 traditions, 24, 235, 315 Export, 279
Constitutional Convention, in United States, 23 271, 272 Extended family, 222, 224
Customs, 235 needs and, 270
96 nonrenewable resources, F
Consumer goods, 307 D
Consumption, 294 271, 307 Factories, 105
Continent, I4, 110 D day, 149 scarcity, 273 Factors of production, 270
Continental Army, 85, 91, 92 Dams, 31 surplus, 273 Fairness, 131
Continental Congress, 84, 85 De Avilés, Pedro Menéndez, Economic systems, 281 Fall line, I6
Continental Divide, 8 command economy, 283 Families
Continental Navy, 91 67 Crown Corporations, 286
Contras, 168 De Soto, Hernando, 62, 63 demand, 284 blended family, 222
Cooperation, 294 Debtors, 78 economic institutions, in Canada, 223
Copper, 277 Declaration, 88 extended family, 222
Corbin, Margaret, 91 Declaration of Independence, 285–286 in Mexico, 223
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez market economy, 284, 284 nuclear family, 222
88, 88, 188, 189 privatize, 286 role in society, 221
de, 62, 63 Deere, John, 105 supply, 284 single-parent family, 222
Corps of Discovery, 101 Deforestation, 276, 276 traditional economy, social institution, 184
Cortés, Hernando, 62, m62, 63 Delaware Colony, 76 traditional economy and,
Costa Rica, 212, 213, 219, 278, Delegates, 96 282–283
Delta, I6 Economic wealth, 295 282–283
278, 310 Demand, 284, 284 Economy, 25 in United States, 222
Cotton gin, 105 Democratic party, 205 Ecotourism, 268, 278, 278 Farming
Country music, 261 Department of Homeland Edison, Thomas Alva, 130, almanac, 240
Crafts, 257, 259–260 American Indians and, 54
Security, 175, 203 306 capital resources, 295
blown glass, 259 Depression, 142 Edison Electric Light climate and, 29
Mexico, 260 Developed countries, 25 natural resources and, 17,
weaving, 257 Developing countries, 25 Company, 306
Cree people, 57 DeWitt Clinton Railway, 104 Education 32, 179
Crisis, 157 Dickinson, John, 89 plantations, 78–79, 113,
Crockett, Davy, 102 Dictator, 146 in Canada, 217
Crops, 68, 78, 246, 279, 293 Diseases, 305 in Central America, 219 124, 232, 271, 278
Crown Corporations, 286 Dissent, 74 civil rights and, 162 Shays’s Rebellion and, 95
Cruises, 293, 318 Distance scale, I9 elementary education, subsistence farming, 282,
Cuba, 25, 65, 135, 283, 283 Diverse economy, 292
Cuban Missile Crisis, 157, Diversity, 228 216, 217, 218 304, 318
m157 Division of labor, 294 in Mexico, 218 technology and, 304
Cultural borrowing, 314 Douglass, Frederick, 116 in New England Colonies, Federal court system, 195
Cultural diffusion, 314, 314 Draw Conclusions, 301–302, Federal system, 190
Cultural diversity, 247 75 Federal system of govern-
Cultural groups, 251 323 secondary education, 216, ment, 194–195, 199
Cultural region, 243 Drought, 36 Festivals, 23, 315
cultural diversity, 247 Due process of law, 191 217, 218 Fifteenth Amendment, 123,
Midwest region, 247 Dugouts, 56, 238 in United States, 216 161, 202
national culture, 244 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 149 First Amendment, 191
Northeast region, 245 E El Salvador, 212, 213 First Continental Congress,
Southeast region, 246 Elected officials, 184 84
Southwest region, 248 East Germany, 153–155, 160 Electricity, 10, 130, 241, First Rhode Island Regiment,
West region, 249 East India Company, 83 306–307 91
Culture, 21 Eastern Hemisphere, I5 Elementary education, 216 Fishing, 245, 277, 283, 293
art, 228, 257 Eastern Orthodox religion, Ellis Island, 131, 231, 255 Five themes of geography,
celebrations, 235, 244, 245 Emancipation, 120 I2–I3 , 2
in Central America, 24 253 Emancipation Proclamation, human-environment
crafts, 257 Eastern Woodlands, 52, 52 120
cultural differences, 231 E-commerce, 289 Emberá people, 260 interactions, 2
cultural preservation, 315 Economic activities Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 85 location, 2
customs, 235 England. See Britain movement, 2
diversity, 234 Canada, 292 English language, 255 place, 2
early cultures of North Central America, 293 Entertainment, 141 regions, 2
consumption, 294 Environment. See Physical Food, 228, 246, 304, 315
America, m53 diverse economy, 292 environment Ford, Henry, 294
Equator, I4-I5 Ford Motor Company, 294
Erie Canal, 104

R10 ■ Reference

Forests Land use

Forests, 24, 32, 56 federal system of Hooker, Thomas, 74 International Space Station,
Fort Sumter, 118, 118 government, 194–195, Hoover Dam, 31 289, 299
Forten, James, 91 199 Hopi, 259
Fourteenth Amendment, Horses, 67, 238 Internet, 242, 242, 308, 314,
judicial branch, 195, 197, House of Burgesses, 68 315, 320
123, 202 209 House of Commons, 208
Fourth Amendment, 191 House of Representatives, Internment camps, 148, 148
Fourth of July celebration, laws, 184 Inuit, 51, 57, 260, 283
legislative branch, 194, 194 Inventions
244 Housing
France, 24, 93, 100 196–197, 210 communication
local governments, 193, lodges, 54 inventions, 39, 39, 105,
Canada and, 63, 70, 256 longhouses, 52 130
division of Germany, 153 198 natural resources and, 29
fur traders, 70 Mexican government, 207, sod houses, 126 electrical inventions, 130
World War I, 136, 137, 137 tepees, 54 transportation inventions,
World War II, 147 210–211 wigwams, 52
Francis, Saint, 252 national government, 89, Hudson, Henry, 63, 64 38–39, 104, 128–129
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke Hudson Bay, 6 Iraq, 167, 169, 175
of Austria-Hungary, 136 193–195, 199 Hudson River, 38, 64, 71 Irish Americans, 128, 245
Francis I, king of France, 63 self-government, 188 Huerta, Dolores, 165 Iron ore, 129, 276, 277
Franklin, Benjamin, 240 state governments, 193, Hull House, 131 Iroquois, 52
Free enterprise, 284 Human Genome Project, 311 Islam, 235, 236, 249, 253
Free state, 114 196–197 Human resources, 270, 270, Isthmus, I6
Free world, 154 Governors, 197 273, 295 Italian Americans, 245
Freedmen, 124 Grandfather Mountain Human-environment
Freedmen’s Bureau, 124 interactions, 2, I3 J
Freedom of press, 191 Highland Games, 315 Hunting, 283
Freedom of speech, 191 Grant, Ulysses S., 121, 122 Hussein, Saddam, 169, 175 Jackson, Andrew, 101, 114
Free-trade agreements, 176, Graph(s). See Charts and Hutchinson, Anne, 74 Jamaica, 25
279 Jamestown, Virginia, 68, 68,
French and Indian War, 82 Graphs I
Fugitive, 115 Great Awakening, 77 255
Fugitive Slave Act, 115 Great Depression, 142–143 Illegal immigration, 177 Japan, 146–147, 150
Fulton, Robert, 38, 104 Great Lakes, 8, 16 Illinois, 129, 139 Japanese Americans, 148, 148,
Fur trader, 70, 70 Great Migration, 132, 132, 247 Immigration, 37, 99, 125
Furniture manufacturing, Great Plains, 126–127, 238 See also Asian Americans
259, 266, 271 Greek Orthodox, 253 cities and, 131 Jazz, 23, 141, 141
Grid system, I10 culture and, 232–234 Jefferson, Thomas, 88, 100,
G Grievances, 188 Ellis Island, 255
Growth, 110 illegal immigration, 177 188, 204, 204
Gadsden Purchase, 103 Guam, 135 Midwest region, 247 Jewelry, 276
Genealogy, 315 Guatemala, 25, 49, 212 movement of people, 37 Johnson, Andrew, 123, 123
General Congress of Mexico, religion and, 235 Johnson, Lyndon B., 158
economic activity, 25, 293 slavery, 255 Joliet, Louis, 70
210 education, 219 statistics on, 234 Judaism, 236, 253
Generalize, 266–267, 297 families, 224 Import, 279 Judicial branch, 195, 197,
Genes, 311 market, 265 Indentured servants, 76
Geography, 2 weaving, 257 Independence, 87 209, See also United States
Geography Review, I1–I10 Guilford Courthouse, 93 Indian Removal Act, 101 Supreme Court
Geography terms, I6–I7 Gulf, I6 Indians. See American Jury, 197
George III, king of England, Gulf of Mexico, 8, 17 Indians Justice and Fairness, 131
Gulf War, 169, 169 Indigo, 79
82, 88, 189 Gumbo, 246 Industrial Revolution, 105, K
Georgia Colony, 78, 79, 93 306
Germany H Industry, 10 Kansas, 126
Information age, 289, 289 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 115
division of, 153 Habitat, 321 Inlet, I6, 8 Kennedy, John F., 157
Holocaust and, 151 Haiti, 25, 94, 276, 276 Inset maps, I8 Kentucky, 114
World War I, 136–137 Hamilton, Alexander, 204, Institutions, 184 Kerry, John, 205
World War II, 146–147 Integration, 162 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 164,
Gettysburg, 122 204 Intended effects, 319
Glacier, I6 Hancock, John, 189 Interdependence, 176 165, 244
Glass blowing, 259, 259, 260 Hawaii, 134, 147, 236 e-commerce, 289 Korean War, 156–157
Globalization, 177, 279 Helicopters, 158 exchanging resources, 278 Korean War Memorial, 156
Glossary, R2–R7 Hemispheres, I4–I5 high-tech industries, 288 Kuwait, 169
Gold, 126, 127, 233, 249, 276, Henry, Prince of Portugal, 60 information age, 289
277 High-tech industries, 288 natural resources, 275–277 L
Goods, 307 Highways, 39, 239 specialization, 287–288
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 159, 160 Hijack, 174 technology, 288 La Salle, Sieur de, 70
Gospel music, 246 Hinduism, 236, 249, 253 Interdependent, 275 Labor unions, 130
Government Hiroshima, 150 Intermediate directions, I9 Lake Erie, 8
Canadian government, Hispanic Americans, 23, 234, Interior Plains, 6, 10, 15, 29, Lake Huron, 8
54 Lake Michigan, 8
207–209 247 Lake Nicaragua, 8
elected officials, 184 Historians, 47 Lake Ontario, 8
executive branch, 195, 197 Historical map, I8 Lake Superior, 8
Hitler, Adolf, 146, 146 Lakes, 8, 16
Holocaust, 151 Land routes of early people,
Homeland Security,
49
Department of, 175, 203 Land use, 32, 33
Homestead Act, 126
Honduras, 169, 212, 219, 224

Index ■ R11

Landforms Naturalization ceremony

Landforms, 6–7, m7, 15, 28 Cuban Missile Crisis, Mesa, I7 Mound Builders, 49
Landscapes, 258 m157 Metal ores, 10 Mountain pass, I7
Language Mexican Cession, 103, 115 Mouth of river, I7
distance scale, I9 Mexican Plateau, 6, 10, 15, Movement, I2, 2 See also
Algonquian language, 52 early cultures of North
culture, 228, 235 18, 22 Transportation
English language, 255 America, m53 Mexican-American War, 102, culture and, 35, 39–40
Iroquois language, 52 grid system, I10 Great Migration, 132
official language of growth of United States, 103 immigration, 37
Mexico migration, 36, 237
Mexico, 254 m103 moving goods, 38–39
official languages of historical map, I8 agriculture in, 10 moving ideas, 39–40
inset map, I8 Aztecs, 62, m62 of people, 36–37
Canada, 24, 217, 256 intermediate directions, I9 borders of, 31 trade and, 237
trade and, 56 land routes of early capital of, 254 MRIs, 320
written language, 240 Coastal Plain, 6 Murals, 258
Latitude, I10 peoples, m49 crafts, 260 Music, 228, 235, 246, 257
Lattimer, Lewis, 130 land use in North economic activity, 25, 293 African Americans, 23,
Laws, 184, 194 education in, 218
Lee, Richard Henry, 88 America, m33 families in, 223 141, 247, 261
Lee, Robert E., 121, 122 landforms, m7 farming, 179, 293 bluegrass music, 246
Legislative branch, 194, legend. See Map key government of, 207, blues music, 247, 261
196–197, 210 lines of latitude, I10 country music, 261
Legislature, first U.S. legisla- lines of longitude, I10 210–211 gospel music, 246
ture, 68 locator, I9 independence from jazz, 247
Lewis, Meriwether, 100–101, map key, I8 Musical instruments, 261
100 mapmaking, 60, 72 Spain, 94, 102 Muslims. See Islam
Lightbulb, 130, 306 map scale, I9 landforms in, 6, 10, 15 Mussolini, Benito, 146
Lincoln, Abraham, 117, 118, map title, I8 maquiladoras, 177
122, 123 natural resources, m11 Mayan people and, 24, N
Lincoln Memorial, 109 New England Colonies,
Little Bighorn, 127 32, 49 NAACP. See National
Local governments, 193, 198 m74 music, 261 Association for the
Location, I2, 2 Panama Canal, m30 natural resources, 17, 278, Advancement of Colored
Locator map, I9 Paul Revere’s route, m84 People (NAACP)
Locomotives, 104 physical map, I8 279
Lodges, 54 political map, I8 North American Free NAFTA. See North American
Longhouses, 52 reading maps, I8 Free Trade Agreement
Longitude, I10 regions of the United Trade Agreement
Louis XIV, king of France, 70 (NAFTA), 176–177 Nagasaki, 150
Louisiana, 17, 70, 100 States, m22 official language of, 254 NASA Rover, 317
Louisiana Purchase, 100 settlements of New Spain, oil, 279 National Aeronautics and
Loyalists, 90 Olmec civilization, 49
Lumber, 32, 75, 79 m67 population density, 18 Space Administration
Lusitania, 136 Southern Colonies, m78 religion in, 252, 254 (NASA), 155, 289, 310, 317
Underground Railroad, Spain and, 62, 66, 233, 254 National Association for the
M technology in, 310, 318 Advancement of Colored
m116 Middle Colonies, 76, m76 People (NAACP), 162
MacArthur, Douglas, 150 United States possessions Middle Passage, 75 National culture, 244
Mail service, 240 Midwest region, 247 National government, 89,
Main Idea and Details, 1900, m134 Migration, 36, 237 193–195, 199
Vietnam, m158 Military draft, 137 National Mall, 183
185–186, 225 World War I, m136 Militias, 84, 95 National Museum of the
Maine, 134 World War II in Europe, Mining American Indian, 248
Major battles of Civil War, coal, 10, 277, 307 National security, 310
m149 copper, 277 Native Americans. See
120–122, m122 World War II in Pacific, gold, 126, 127, 233, 249, American Indians
Majority party, 209 276, 277 National Socialists, 146
Majority rule, 188 m150 iron, 129, 276, 277 Natural gas, 277
Malcolm X, 164, 165 Maquiladoras, 177, 177 nickel, 277 Natural resources, 10, 271
Manassas Junction, 120 March on Washington, 161 strip mining, 321 distribution of, 275
Manifest Destiny, 103 Marco Polo, 59 Minutemen, 84 economic activity and, 292
Map key, I8 Mariachis, 261, 261 Missionaries, 62, 67, 70, 252 as economic resources,
Map scale, I9 Market economy, 284, 284 Missions, 65, 67, 252
Map title, I8 Marquette, Jacques, 70 Mississippi River, 8, 70 270, 271, 272
Mapmaking, 60 Marshall, Thurgood, 162 Missouri Compromise, 114 economic wealth, 295
Maps Maryland, 253 Missouri River, 54 effect on people, 17
Maryland Colony, 78, 79 Mobile phones, 319, 319 exchanging resources, 279
American Revolution Mason-Dixon line, 114 Model T, 294 farming and, 17, 32, 179
battles, m93 Massachusetts, 6, 84, 232 Modify, 30 interdependence and,
Massachusetts Bay Colony, Money, 281
bodies of water, m9 Mormon Trail, 103 275–278, 275
Civil War battles, m122 74 Mormons, 249 management of, 312
Cold War, m154 Massacre, 83 Morris, Gouverneur, 190 map, m11
compass rose, I9 Mayan people, 24, 32, 49, 224 Morse, Samuel F. B., 105 protection of, 271
Compromise of 1850, m115 Mayflower, 69, 188 Moscow Summit, 159 raw materials, 271
conquistadors in North Mayflower Compact, 69, 188 Motion picture camera, 306 work and, 29
Mayors, 198 “Motown sound,” 247 Naturalization ceremony, 231
American, m62 McCormick, Cyrus, 105
McKinley, William, 134
Medical technology, 320
Mercenaries, 92
Merengue, 261

R12 ■ Reference

Naturalized citizen Rio Grande

Naturalized citizen, 202 Official Languages Act of Platte River, 54 Compare and Contrast,
Navajo, 55, 248, 259 Canada, 256 Plessy v. Ferguson, 162 3–4, 41
Naval stores, 79 Plimouth Plantation, 43
Navigation, 60, 305 Oglethorpe, James, 78 Pluralistic, 244 Draw Conclusions, 301–
Nazis, 146 Ohio, 129 Plymouth Colony, 69, 73 302, 323
Needs, 270 Ohio River valley, 81 Police, 184
New Amsterdam, 71 Oil, 10, 129, 271, 277 Political institutions, 184 Generalize, 266–267, 297
New Deal, 142–143 Oklahoma, 101, 171 Political map, I8 Main Idea and Details,
New England Colonies, Oklahoma City bombing, Political parties, 117, 204–206
Pollution, 178, 321 185–186, 225
74–75, m74 171, 171 Ponce de León, Juan, 62, Sequence, 111–112, 181
New France, 70 Olmec civilization, 49 Summarize, 229–230, 263
New Hampshire, 97, 240 Operation Desert Storm, 169 m62, 63 Reagan, Ronald, 159, 159,
New Jersey, 76, 130 Oregon, 103 Pony Express, 241 168, 168
New Mexico, 6, 49, 66, 235 Oregon Trail, 103 Poor Richard’s Almanack Reconstruction, 123–124, 123
New Netherland, 71, 76 Ottawa, 52 Recycling, 321, 321
New Spain, 66–67, m67 Ottoman Empire, 136 (Franklin), 240 Refinery, 129
New York, 76, 92, 131, 231, Outsourcing, 177, 177 Popocatepetl, 24 Reggae, 261
Overland Mail Act, 240 Population Regions, I3, 2, 21
292 of Canada, 24
New York City Marathon, P population 1550–1750, 66 economic regions, 25
population distribution, Midwest region, 247
227 Pacific Ocean, 8, 16 Northeast region, 245
New York Stock Exchange, Paine, Thomas, 240, 240 18, m19 Southeast region, 246
Pamphlets, 240 population in 1960, 178 Southwest region, 248,
285 Panama, 16, 25, 30, 135, 212, population in 2000, 178
Newspapers, 97, 240, 314 Population density, 18 254
Nicaragua, 8, 168, 212, 213 213, 293 Pottery, 259, 260 of United States, 22, m22
Nickel, 277 Panama Canal, 30, 30, 135, Powhatan, 52 West region, 249, 254
Nimitz, Chester W., 150 Preamble, 188 Relative location, 5
Nineteenth Amendment, 135 President, 195 See also spe- Religion
Pan-American Highway, 39 cific Presidents Amish, 282, 283
140, 202 Parks, Rosa, 163, 164 Presidential democracy, art, 258
Ninth Amendment, 191 Parliament, 82, 208 210–211 Buddhism, 236, 249, 253
Nixon, Richard M., 159 Parliamentary democracy, Presidios, 66 Calverts, 78
Nobel Peace Prize, 131, 213 Prices, 284, 284 Catholic religion, 61, 78,
Nomads, 238 208 Primary elections, 205
Nonrenewable resources, Patriot, 90 Prime meridian, I5 248, 252, 253
Patriotism, 90, 244 Prime minister, 208, 209 Christianity, 61, 74–76, 78,
271, 307 Peace treaty, 69 Printing press, 240
Nonviolence, 164 Pearl Harbor, 147, 147 Privatize, 286 236, 253
North America, 110 Peninsula, I7 Proclamation, 82 culture, 228, 235, 252–253
Penn, William, 76 Proclamation of 1763, 82 Eastern Orthodox, 253
bodies of water, 8, m9 Pennsylvania, 38, 52, 96, 121, Production, 294 First Amendment, 191
economies of, 25 Profits, 272 Great Awakening, 77
land use, m33 129, 174, 190 Proportional representation, Greek Orthodox, 253
natural resources, 10, m11 Pentagon, 174 211 Hinduism, 236, 249, 253
population, m19 Per capita income, 25 Protest, 83 immigration and, 236
North American Free Trade Perseverance, 306 Public agenda, 205 Islam, 235, 236, 249, 253
Agreement (NAFTA), Petroglyphs, 258, 258 Pueblo Indians, 49, 55, 259 Judaism, 236, 253
176–177, 279 Philippines, 134, 135 Puerto Rico, 135 missionaries, 62, 67, 70,
North Carolina Phonograph, 306 Puritans, 74
American Revolution Photography, 258 252
Physical environment, 27 Q in New England Colonies,
and, 93
as English colony, 68, 78 adapting and, 28 Quakers, 76 75
national government and, changing environment, Quebec, 256 Puritans, 74, 253
Quakers, 76
194 179 R religious toleration, 253
region, 21 fossil fuels and, 307 Sikhism, 236, 249, 253
Research Triangle Park, land use, 32 Radio, 141 social institutions, 184
modifying, 30 Radio telescopes, 303 Representation, 82
22 pollution, 178, 321 Railroads, 104, 104, 128–129, Republic, 187
Spanish exploration of, 62 public and private land, Republican party, 117, 205
tobacco and, 79 239, 320 Research, 22, 311, 320
North Korea, 156–157 32 Rain forests, 24 Research Triangle Park, 22
North Vietnam, 158 recycling, 321, 321 Ranchos, 233 Reservations, 127, 248
Northeast region, 245 technology and, 321 Ratify, 97 Reservoirs, 31
Northern Hemisphere, I5 urban sprawl and, 178 Rationing, 148 Responsibility, 38
Northwest Passage, 63, 64 Physical map, I8 Raw materials, 271 Revere, Paul, 84
Nuclear family, 222 Pilgrims, 69, 188, 232 Reading Social Studies Revolution, 85
Nuclear power, 310 Pioneers, 100 Revolutionary War, 90–94, 92
Nuclear weapons, 150, 159 Place, I2, 2 Cause and Effect, 45–46, Rhode Island Colony, 74
Plain, I7 107 Rice, 79
O Plains people, 54 Rights, 162–165, 191
Plantations, 78–79, 113, 124, Ring of Fire, 24
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 165, 232, 271, 278 See also Rio Bravo, 31
165 Farming Rio Grande, 1, 31, 179
Plateau, I7, 6
Official languages, 24, 217,
254, 255

Index ■ R13