Harcourt Social Studies Grade 5

PRESENTING THE DECLARATION The Declaration of Independence was first
presented in the Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House.

Scan the text. Underline Declaring Independence
the sentences that tell why the
Declaration of Independence is On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee slowly rose
important. from his chair at the Second Continental Congress.
He said that Congress should make a formal state-
What effect do you think ment calling for independence. Congress decided
signing the Declaration had on to form a committee to write a declaration, or official
the American Revolution and statement, about independence. It would be sent to
colonial leaders? King George III. Thomas Jefferson, from Virginia,
was to be the main writer.
88 ■ Unit 2
On July 4, 1776, Congress voted to accept the
Declaration of Independence. The colonies now
thought of themselves as independent states. They
were free to set up their own government.

By August 2, a copy of the Declaration was
ready to be signed by the members of the Second
Continental Congress. Signing the Declaration
was dangerous. If the Americans lost the war, the
British would punish the signers, maybe by death.

The Articles of Confederation

The Second Continental Congress had to decide Why were the Articles of
how to unite the new states. It was decided that Confederation important?
each state would govern itself but would work
together on national issues. This first plan of gov- Scan the text on this page.
ernment was the Articles of Confederation. It was a Did Americans want a strong
big change from being governed by a king. central government? Why
or why not? Underline the
Under the Articles, each state elected representa- sentences that tell you this.
tives to serve in a national legislature, called the
Confederation Congress. Each state had one vote JOHN DICKINSON helped write the
in the Confederation Congress. This Congress Articles of Confederation.
kept the states together during the American
Revolution.

The national government was weak, however.
Americans were fighting a war to win their inde-
pendence. They feared that a strong national gov-
ernment might threaten their freedom. Because of
this, the Articles of Confederation left most power
with the states.

The national government had the power to
declare war, make treaties, and borrow money.
Still, it could not enforce laws, control trade, or col-
lect taxes. It could ask for an army, but the states
had to provide the soldiers.

89

Describe in your own words Americans and the Revolution
the meaning of the words
Patriot and Loyalist. Colonists who supported independence were
called Patriots. Those who remained loyal to
• Britain were called Loyalists. Some Loyalists fled
to Canada, which was still loyal to Britain. About
• one-third of the colonists stayed neutral, or did not
choose sides.
Reread the text about
personal hardships. Underline Personal Hardships
the sentences that describe Americans faced many hardships. Towns were
hardships faced by Americans
during the war. often attacked and burned by the British army.
Some Patriots destroyed their own belongings and
LOSS OF PROPERTY Colonists watch as crops to keep them from being taken by the British.
British soldiers burn their home.
Americans faced economic problems, too. One
problem was a shortage of goods. British warships
stopped trading ships from unloading goods at
American ports. As the shortage of goods grew
worse, prices rose.

Because there was a shortage of goods, some
farmers and shopkeepers began charging extra-
high prices for their crops or goods. Some states
passed laws that limited how much people could
charge. However, these laws were often broken.

90 ■ Unit 2

AFRICAN AMERICANS in the First Rhode Island Regiment fought for the Patriots.

African Americans Scan the text on this
At the start of the war, one of every five people page. Circle the sentence
that describes how African
in the 13 colonies was of African descent. Some of Americans helped during the
the African Americans were free. However, most American Revolution.
African Americans lived enslaved in the South.
Write two details relating to
About 5,000 enslaved African Americans fought the main idea, Women and the
for the Continental Army. Many were promised War.
their freedom as a reward for their service. Peter Details:
Salem fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill. James
Forten was just 14 years old when he joined the •
Continental Navy.
•
Women and the War
Women took on new roles during the war. Some Unit 2 ■ 91

raised money for the war and collected clothing for
the soldiers. Others used their talents to support
the Patriot cause. Mercy Otis Warren wrote poems
and stories about people fighting for freedom.

Some girls and women joined the men in battle.
Deborah Sampson dressed in men’s clothes so that
she could fight. Margaret Corbin was wounded
after taking her husband’s place in battle.

Compare and contrast the Fighting for Independence
American and British armies by
listing one fact about each. At first, the soldiers in the Continental Army had
BRITISH: no uniforms. Many had no guns, so they carried
spears and axes. Most soldiers were farmers who
AMERICAN: had enlisted, or signed up, to fight.

Circle the sentences that The British army was made up of experienced
tell why European countries soldiers. The British army also used mercenaries,
decided to help the Americans. or hired soldiers. Even so, it was hard to fight a
war 3,000 miles from home. The British had to wait
a long time for supplies and soldiers to reach them.

At first, the British won many battles and
captured many important cities. Then, in October
1777, the Continental Army won the Battle of
Saratoga in New York. The British loss was a
turning point in the war. A turning point is an
event that causes an important change. After
this victory, some European countries, including
France, decided to help the Americans.

Tricorn hat An American Soldier Haversack
Musket and a British Soldier for food

Musket with British
bayonet redcoat

Cartridge bag
with sling

92 ■ Unit 2

Major Battles of the American Revolution

ME

La VT (part of MA)
(claimed by NY and NH) NH Lexington 1775
ke Huron
Mississippi RiverLake Michigan Lake Ontario Saratoga Concord Boston 1775
LOUISIANA 1777 1775 MA

Lake Lake Erie NY CT RI ATLANTIC OCEAN
St. Clair
PA NJ New York City 0 200 400 Miles
Long Island 1776 0 200 400 Kilometers
Valley Forge Albers Equal-Area Projection
Princeton 1777
Brandywine 1777 Trenton 1776 American colonies
British
Vincennes MD Spanish
1779 o DE American victory
British victory
Cahokia River VA Present-day border
1778 Yorktown
Mississippi River Chesapeake Bay
Ohi 1781
Kaskaskia
1778

Guilford Courthouse
1781 NC

Kings Mountain
1780

Cowpens Camden N
1781 1780 W

SC E

Charles Town
GA 1780

Savannah S
1778

The Americans still struggled. Washington’s LOCATION Study the map
army spent the winter of 1777–1778 in Valley above. Circle the battle that
Forge, Pennsylvania. They did not have enough took place in North Carolina.
food or supplies. Finally, when the Americans How did this battle affect the
received help, the army grew stronger. British army?

Victory at Yorktown How did the Americans
In 1778, the British moved the fighting to the defeat the British?

South. They hoped to beat the Americans before
help from France could arrive. They also hoped to
capture southern ports. The British won battles at
Savannah, Georgia; Charles Town, South Carolina;
and Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina. Still,
the British had to use a lot of troops at the Battle
of Guilford Courthouse. This weakened the
British army.

By the summer of 1781, the British had set up
their headquarters at Yorktown, Virginia. The
Americans and the French made a plan to surround
the British at Yorktown. After being surrounded for
weeks, the British gave up on October 19, 1781.

Unit 2 ■ 93

List two effects of the Effects of the War
American Revolution.
• The United States was now an independent
nation. Its borders stretched from Georgia in the
• south to the Great Lakes in the north. The Atlantic
Ocean formed its eastern border. The Mississippi
River formed its western border.

After the war, many former soldiers moved to
areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many
soldiers were paid with land. Some were given
hundreds of acres. The young United States was
slowly pushing west.

The ideals of the American Revolution spread
to other places in North America. Haiti became an
independent country in 1804, and Mexico broke
away from Spain in 1821.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How did the 13 colonies win 3. How did the American Revolution affect the
their independence from Britain? daily lives of Americans?

2. Use the word mercenary in a sentence 4. What was the the turning point of the
about the American Revolution. American Revolution?

Write a Speech Imagine that you are in camp with the soldiers
at Valley Forge. Write a speech to lift the soldiers’ spirits.

94 ■ Unit 2

Lesson

The Young Nation

INDEPENDENCE HALL in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

After the American Revolution, high state taxes forced many people to
borrow money. If they could not repay their debts, state courts sometimes
took away their farms and homes.

In 1787, a group of farmers led by Daniel Shays tried to take over a weap-
ons storehouse to protest the courts’ actions. Because there was no national
army, the state militia had to stop Shays. Shays’s Rebellion made some people
think that the national government could not keep order or protect them. How
will reading this lesson help you learn more about United States government?

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.04 Describe the causes and effects of the American
Revolution, and analyze their influence on the adoption of
the Articles of Confederation, Constitution, and the Bill of
Rights.

Unit 2 ■ 95

What caused small states The United States Constitution
and large states to argue over
representation? Many leaders believed that the country needed a
stronger national government. In May 1787, lead-
Define the word compromise ers met at the Pennsylvania State House to create a
in your own words. new constitution. A constitution is a written plan
of government. The meeting became known as the
Constitutional Convention.

Compromises
The delegates, or representatives, disagreed

about how each state would be represented in
Congress. Delegates from large states wanted
representation to be based on a state’s population.
Delegates from small states wanted each state to
have the same number of representatives.

After a long debate, each side decided to
compromise, or give up some of what it wanted.
Congress would have two parts, or houses—the
House of Representatives and the Senate. In the
House of Representatives, representation would
be based on population. In the Senate, each state
would have two representatives. This agreement
became known as the Great Compromise.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE HOUSE,
now called Independence Hall, is where
delegates met in Philadelphia for the
Constitutional Convention.

How did the delegates com-
promise about enslaved people?

NEWSPAPERS printed the Bill of Rights so that people could The table below shows the
read it. date and order in which each
state ratified the Constitution.
The delegates also disagreed about counting Which state was the ninth to
enslaved African Americans. Southern states ratify the Constitution?
wanted enslaved people to be counted as part
of the population. Northern states said that Why was this state important
enslaved people should not be counted. in approving the Constitution?
Circle the sentence in the text
The delegates finally agreed to count three-fifths that gives this information.
of the total number of enslaved people in each
state. This agreement later became known as the Constitution Ratification Vote
Three-Fifths Compromise.
ORDER STATE DATE
Approving the Constitution
The Constitution was finished on September 17, 1. Delaware 1787

1787. Nine states had to ratify, or approve, it before 2. Pennsylvania 1787
it could go into effect.
3. New Jersey 1787
Some states said they would be more willing to
approve the Constitution if a bill, or list, of rights 4. Georgia 1788
were added to it. This bill of rights would protect
people’s rights. Leaders promised to propose a bill 5. Connecticut 1788
of rights after the Constitution was ratified.
6. Massachusetts 1788
On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the
ninth state to ratify the Constitution. As the lead- 7. Maryland 1788
ers promised, the Bill of Rights was added to the
Constitution in 1791. 8. South Carolina 1788

9. New Hampshire 1788

10. Virginia 1788

11. New York 1788

12. North Carolina 1789

13. Rhode Island 1790

Unit 2 ■ 97

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE Describe one difference Circle the letter of the correct answer.
between the Articles of Confederation and the
Constitution. 4. Why did people want to write a new
Constitution?
2. What is a constitution? A They wanted to make the national
government stronger.
3. How did the delegates compromise over B They wanted to give the national
representation in Congress? government less power.
C They wanted to form a monarchy.
D They wanted to give the states more
power.

5. What was the compromise over how to count
enslaved people called?
A the Great Compromise
B the Slavery Compromise
C the Three-Fifths Compromise
D the Representation Compromise

6. Why did some people want a bill of rights?
A to protect the government’s power
B to explain the Constitution
C to give more power to the states
D to protect people’s rights

7. Which was the first state to ratify the
Constitution?
A Rhode Island
B Delaware
C New York
D North Carolina

Write a Newspaper Article Imagine that you are a news-
paper reporter covering the Constitutional Convention. Write an
article explaining how the delegates are writing the Constitution.

98 ■ Unit 2

Lesson

From Ocean
to Ocean

The United States grew rapidly in the 1800s. More immigrants arrived in
the United States to find new opportunities. They wanted a chance to earn
money and to own land.

The United States grew as more lands were added to the country. In time,
the United States would stretch from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast.
Soon new inventions and new ideas would change the ways Americans
lived. How will reading this lesson improve your understanding of the growth
of the United States?

WAGON TRAIN REENACTORS in
North Dakota

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.03 Describe the contributions of people of diverse cultures
throughout the history of the United States.
4.08 Trace the development of the United States as a world
leader and analyze the impact of its relationships with
Canada, Mexico, and selected countries of Central America.

Unit 2 ■ 99

Scan the text on this page. A Growing Nation
Underline the sentences that
give the reasons President After the American Revolution, more pioneers
Jefferson wanted to buy wanted to move to lands west of the Appalachian
Louisiana from France. Mountains. A pioneer is an early settler of an area.
The Appalachians stood as a barrier to pioneers.
Study the time line below. Daniel Boone, a well-known pioneer, helped build
Circle the date that Sacagawea the Wilderness Road through the Appalachians.
joined the expedition. How did
Sacagawea help the Corps of Lewis and Clark
Discovery? President Thomas Jefferson wanted to make the

United States bigger. He also wanted to have a port
on the Gulf of Mexico. To do this, the United States
bought Louisiana, including New Orleans, from
France. The sale, called the Louisiana Purchase,
more than doubled the size of the country.

Little was known about the lands of the
Louisiana Purchase. Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark led an expedition through the lands.

THE JOURNEY OF

LEWIS & CLARK

Meriwether Lewis William Clark

MAY 1804 NOVEMBER 1804

The Lewis and Clark Sacagawea joins
expedition departs the expedition and
from St. Louis, Missouri helps guide them west

Meriwether Lewis
keeps an expedition
journal (above)

100 ■ Unit 2

They put together a team of about 40 people that Scan the text about the
became known as the Corps of Discovery. Their Indian Removal Act. Underline
expedition took more than two years. The Corps the sentences that describe
of Discovery learned many things about the new what caused American Indians
lands of the Louisiana Purchase. to be forced from their land.

The Indian Removal Act Where was the Indian
In the early 1800s, many settlers moved to Territory?

Cherokee lands in the Southeast. This caused con-
flicts between settlers and American Indians. In
1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian
Removal Act. It forced the Cherokee to move to
Indian Territory, in what is now Oklahoma.

The Cherokee were forced to walk almost 800
miles, often in bad weather. One out of every four
Cherokee died. The journey became known as the
Trail of Tears. In time, the United States forced
almost all American Indians east of the Mississippi
River off their lands.

The expedition
reaches the
Pacific Ocean

SEPTEMBER 1805 The expedition
returns to St. Louis

The expedition NOVEMBER 1805 SEPTEMBER 1806
reaches present-day
Montana Many American Indian leaders
travel to Washington, D.C., to
meet with President Jefferson
(shown on the peace
medal below)

Unit 2 ■ 101

Scan the text on this page. The Mexican-American War
Underline the sentence that
describes why the Mexican In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain.
government encouraged people Mexico took control of much of the Southwest,
to move to Texas. including Texas. Few people lived in Texas, so
Mexico offered land there to encourage settlement.
Read Davy Crockett’s Many of these settlers were Americans.
biography below. What
character trait would you use to Moving West
describe Davy Crockett? Why? The Mexican government tried to stop further

American settlement. General Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna, the leader of Mexico, sent troops to
Texas to enforce Mexican laws. Fighting broke out.
One group of Texans used a mission called the
Alamo as a fort. They were defeated there after
fighting for 13 days.

Texan leaders declared Texas independent and
formed an army. In one battle, the Texan army cap-
tured Santa Anna. In return for his freedom, Santa
Anna gave Texas its independence. Texas became a
state in 1845.

Davy Crockett

Davy Crockett was born on August 17, 1786. Crockett

gained a reputation as a good hunter and an honest per-
son. He later won election to the United States Congress.
In 1836, Crockett headed to Texas to help the people there
win freedom from Mexico. At the Alamo, Crockett was
among those who lost their lives.

1786 1836

Born Died

1821 Elected 1827 Elected
to the Tennessee to the United
legislature States Congress

The Growth of the United States

ARCTIC OCEAN

RUSSIA

0 200 400 Miles

ALASKA Columbiaiver CANADA 0 200 400 Kilometers
PURCHASE Albers Equal-Area Projection
1867 CANADA R Missouri RiveTr REBARTITYAWINITH
Co 1818
OREGON Lake Superior TREATY WITH
TERRITORY LOUISIANA PURCHASE BRITAIN
1846 Mi
nake River Lake Michigan Lak 1842

Lake
Ontario
PACIFIC S e Huron
OCEAN
0 250 500 Miles

0 250 500 Kilometers 1803 ssissippi Lake Erie 70°W
40°N
MEXICAN Platte River UNITED STATES
PACIFIC CESSION lorado River River 1783
OCEAN as River
HAWAII 1848 Ohio River ssee River
ANNEXATION
1898 Arkans Tenne
30°0N 100 200 Miles

0 100 200 Kilometers

PACIFIC GADSDEN TEXAS ATLANTIC
OCEAN PURCHASE OCEAN

1853

ANNEXATION 1810 30°N
1845
N Ri
E
130°W 120°W W o Grande 1812 FLORIDA
MEXICO 1813 1819
Present-day border S
Gulf of Mexico 80°W
110°W
90°W

Manifest Destiny REGION Study the map
Many people in the United States believed in above. Circle the lands gained
by the United States in the
Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny is the idea that Mexican Cession. In what year
the United States should stretch from the Atlantic did the United States gain these
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Many settlers followed lands?
the Oregon Trail to Oregon. Other settlers traveled
to Utah on the Mormon Trail. In your own words, explain
the term Manifest Destiny.
Both the United States and Britain claimed
Oregon. Arguments over Oregon almost caused
a war. In 1846, the two countries agreed to fix
the forty-ninth parallel as the border between the
United States and Canada.

Mexico and the United States had never agreed
about the Texas border. In 1846, the United States
sent soldiers to the border. Fighting broke out.

After more than a year of fighting, the United
States won the Mexican-American War. In
exchange for peace, Mexico agreed to sell the
United States a large area of land called the
Mexican Cession. In 1853, the United States bought
more land in the Gadsden Purchase.

Unit 2 ■ 103

Scan the text. Circle three Developments Bring Change
new developments during this
time period. In the 1800s, the United States was growing
quickly. New inventions and other developments
How was rail travel an helped people keep up with this growth. New
improvement over travel by forms of transportation let people travel and ship
steamboats? goods more easily.

PASSENGERS and employees stand by a Canals were built to get around river rapids
train on the DeWitt Clinton Railway. and waterfalls. A canal is a human-made water-
way that connects bodies of water. Canals can also
extend natural waterways. The Erie Canal opened
in 1825. It connects the Great Lakes to the Hudson
River and the Atlantic Ocean. It helped make New
York City a center of trade. Soon many states built
canals.

The steam engine brought even more changes. In
1807, an American inventor named Robert Fulton
used a steam engine to power a boat. Steamboats
became the main form of travel on large rivers.

Steam power was also used in locomotives, or
railroad engines. Rail travel was faster and cheaper
than travel by steamboats. By 1850, more than
9,000 miles of railroad track crossed the country.
Railroads made it easier for people to travel and
ship goods.

104 ■ Unit 2

The Industrial Revolution FACTORIES employed large numbers of
During the 1800s, new inventions let people workers.

use machines to make goods. This change in Use the table to complete
the way goods were made came to be called the the picture graph.
Industrial Revolution. Instead of working at home,
more people moved to cities to work in factories. Year Number of Factories
1849 100,000
In 1793, the first American textile mill opened 1859 150,000
in Rhode Island. That same year, Eli Whitney 1869 250,000
invented the cotton gin, a machine that could
quickly remove seeds from cotton. The cotton Increase in the Number of Factories
gin let planters produce more cotton. Whitney in the United States, 1849–1869
also developed the idea of interchangeable parts.
Interchangeable parts are parts that are exactly alike. 1849
With interchangeable parts, large amounts of goods
could be made at one time. 1859

In 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse invented the tele- 1869
graph. It was a faster way to communicate. The
telegraph sent messages from one machine to = 50,000 manufacturing businesses
another along a wire.

Other inventions helped farmers. In 1832, Cyrus
McCormick invented a mechanical reaper for har-
vesting grain. In 1837, John Deere invented a strong
steel plow to cut through heavy soil.

Unit 2 ■ 105

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE List three ways the United 3. List one way the Mexican-American War
States grew in the 1800s. affected the United States.

2. Use the word pioneer in a sentence about Circle the letter of the correct answer.
the growth of the United States.
4. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the
population of cities?
A The population grew rich.
B The population grew smaller.
C The population grew larger.
D The population stayed the same.

MATCHING Draw a line connecting the inventor on the left with the
correct invention on the right.

5. Eli Whitney telegraph

6. Samuel F. B. Morse steel plow

7. John Deere cotton gin

Write a Persuasive Letter Imagine that you are an American
in the 1840s. Write a letter to a friend, explaining why you are for
or against Manifest Destiny.

106 ■ Unit 2

Review and Test Prep

The Big Idea

All events in history are made up of people and places. These
events often affect people and the land.

Summarize the Unit

Focus Cause and Effect Complete the organizer to show that you under-
Skill

stand the causes and effects of some key events in the history of

North America.

Sieur de la Salle traveled to the
mouth of the Mississippi River.

Minutemen were waiting for
British soldiers when they
arrived in Lexington.

Use Vocabulary

Fill in the missing word in each sentence, using the correct vocabulary
word from the Word Bank.

1. The term means “to approve.”

2. Much of the work done on was done by enslaved Word Bank
Africans.
confederation
3. A is a loose group of governments working together. p. 52
plantations p. 78
4. Some moved to Canada, which remained under protested p. 83
British rule. Loyalists p. 90
ratify p. 97
5. Many colonists unfair taxes.
Unit 2 ■ 107

Think About It

6. How did American Indians use the natural resources around them?

7. How did the discovery of new tools for navigation affect North America?

8. How did the Articles of Confederation make the national government weak?

Circle the letter of the correct answer. 10. Why did President Thomas Jefferson want
the United States to buy Louisiana from
9. Why did some enslaved African Americans France?
fight for the Continental Army?
A to build the Mormon Trail
A They did not like the British. B to stop Britain from buying it
B They were promised their freedom. C to have a port on the Gulf of Mexico
C They were Loyalists. D to control Fort Mandan
D They were mercenaries.

Writing Write a Scene

Imagine what the meeting between Sacagawea and
Lewis and Clark might have been like. Write a scene for a
play about this meeting. Tell why the meeting was impor-
tant.

Activity Make a Museum Display To play a game that reviews
the unit, join Eco in the
Make a museum display about North America’s his- North Carolina Adventures
tory to 1850. Decide which events, people, and places to online or on CD.
include. Prepare a drawing, a map, a model, or a poster
for your museum display.

108 ■ Unit 2

Civil War to
Present

THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL, North Carolina Interactive Presentations
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
COMPETENCY GOAL 4 The learner will
trace key developments in United States
history and describe their impact on the
land and people of the nation and its
neighboring countries.

109

The Big Idea

How can growth and change have an impact on the land and the people
of a nation and its neighbors?

Over time, all of the countries of North America have grown and changed. Today,
people live in almost every part of North America. As people spread out over the
continent, they changed the land. By changing the land, people sometimes affected
the people already living on that land. Over time, new inventions and discoveries
have also brought growth and change to the land and the people of North America.

Study the two photos. What examples of growth and change do you see?
Describe the ways that growth and change affected both the land and
the people.

Boston, Massachusetts, 1800s Boston, Massachusetts, today

How have growth and change affected the land and the people?

110 ■ Unit 3

Reading Social Studies

%MASQ

Sequence2IGJJ

Sequence is the order in which events happen. Noticing the sequence of
events helps you understand what you read. Dates help show sequence. So
do certain words, such as first, second, third, next, then, last, finally, later,
and after.

What happened What happened What happened
first next last

Underline the sequence hints in the paragraphs. The first paragraph has
been done for you.

Slavery divided Americans, and many Americans wanted to see it ended.

John Brown was one of them. He was willing to use violence against people

to end slavery. First, Brown and a group of men went to Harper’s Ferry, in Sequence

what is now West Virginia, in October 1859. Next, they took guns from a

government storehouse. Brown wanted to give the guns to enslaved people

so they could fight for their freedom.

The plan failed. Two days later, Brown was captured. Most of his group was

either killed or captured. Then, Brown was put on trial on October 27. He was

found guilty on November 2. Finally, he was hanged one month later.

Unit 3 ■ 111

XRxexaxdxthe article. Then complete the activities below.

The BattlXexoxfxGxettysburg

XSlxaxvxexry was just one of the many on each side were wounded or
issues that divided the United reported missing. The Northern
States in the mid-1800s. First, many army won the battle. After the
Southern states had separated from battle, General Lee’s army marched
the United States to become their back to Virginia.
own country. Then, a war began
between the Northern states and Four months later, on
the Southern states. The Northern November 19, 1863, President
states fought to keep the Southern Abraham Lincoln went to
states from remaining separate. Gettysburg to dedicate a Union
cemetery there. A crowd of
In June 1863, Southern troops led almost 6,000 people gathered for
by General Robert E. Lee headed the ceremony. Lincoln gave an
north. They reached the town of address, or short speech, that day.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1. His speech lasted for less than
There, they met a Northern army three minutes. Yet today, this
led by General George G. Meade. speech is one of the most famous
speeches in American history.
The fighting at Gettysburg raged
for three days. It was one of the In his Gettysburg Address,
deadliest battles of the war. During Lincoln spoke about the ideas of
those three days, more than 3,000 liberty and equality on which the
Northern troops and almost 4,000 country had been founded. He
Southern troops were killed. In honored the soldiers who died
addition, more than 20,000 troops defending those ideas.

1. In the first paragraph, circle the words that show sequence.
2. Underline the sentence that tells when the Battle of Gettysburg began.
3. Circle the sentence that tells what happened immediately after the Battle of Gettysburg.
4. How many months after the battle did President Lincoln give the Gettysburg Address?

112 ■ Unit 3

Lesson

The North and
the South

In the 1850s, the North and the South were very different regions. In the
North, most people worked in trade, in factories, or on small farms. In the
South, the economy depended largely on agriculture. Enslaved Africans
worked on plantations that grew mainly cotton and tobacco. The North and
the South disagreed about slavery and other issues. In time, the disagree-
ments led to war. How will reading this lesson improve your understanding of
United States history?

A PLANTATION HOUSE near
Vacherie, Louisiana

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.05 Describe the impact of wars and conflicts on United
States citizens, including but not limited to, the Civil War,
World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam
War, Persian Gulf War, and the twenty-first century war on
terrorism.
4.06 Evaluate the effectiveness of civil rights and social move-
ments throughout United States’ history that reflect the
struggle for equality and constitutional rights for all citizens.

Unit 3 ■ 113

Write a sentence using the A Divided Nation
terms free state and slave state.
The Mason-Dixon line runs near the border
Scan the text about the between Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was the
Missouri Compromise. Circle dividing line between free states and slave states.
the sentence that explains the A free state did not allow slavery. A slave state
details of this compromise. did. For a time, there was an equal number of
free states and slave states. This kept a balance
ARGUMENTS OVER TAXES President between the North and the South in the United
Andrew Jackson believed the federal States Senate.
government could set taxes on trade.
Many Southerners disagreed with this The Missouri Compromise
idea. Boston (below) was a center of In 1819, Missouri wanted to join the United
trade in the North.
States as a slave state. Missouri would have
upset the balance between free states and slave
states. Congress debated the issue. Henry Clay of
Kentucky came up with a compromise. He said
that Missouri should join as a slave state and Maine
should join as a free state. Clay’s plan became
known as the Missouri Compromise.

Many people in the South believed in states’
rights. States’ rights is the idea that each state
should have the final say on laws that
affect it. Many people in free states
thought that the national govern-
ment should have the final say
on certain types of laws.

114 ■ Unit 3

The Compromise of 1850 Scan the text on this page.
In 1850, California asked to join the United States Underline the sentence that
explains the Fugitive Slave Act.
as a free state. This would give the free states more
votes in the United States Senate. Read the events described
below. Then write the event
Henry Clay worked toward the Compromise that comes next.
of 1850. Under this plan, California became a free
state. The other lands from the Mexican Cession • United States leaders agree to the
would be divided into territories. The people living Compromise of 1850.
there would decide if they should have slavery.
• The Fugitive Slave Act is passed.
The Fugitive Slave Act was also part of this •
compromise. A fugitive is someone who escapes
from the law. The Fugitive Slave Act forced all Unit 3 ■ 115
Americans to turn in people who had escaped from
slavery. Many Northerners did not like this law.

In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed. It
let people living in Kansas and Nebraska decide if
they wanted slavery. People for and against slavery
moved to Kansas. Fighting broke out. After a vote,
the people of Kansas decided not to allow slavery.

MOVEMENT Study the map Working Against Slavery
above. With your finger, trace
the Underground Railroad Sometimes, enslaved people rebelled. In 1831,
routes that ended in Canada. an enslaved man named Nat Turner led an attack
Then circle the areas on the that killed more than 50 people. Plantation own-
map where these routes began. ers in the area ended the rebellion. More than 100
enslaved people were killed.
Scan the text about people
who worked against slavery. Many white Northerners and free African
List three people who worked Americans also worked against slavery. They were
against slavery. abolitionists, or people who wanted to end slavery.

116 ■ Unit 3 Abolitionists often spoke out against slavery.
Sojourner Truth gained her freedom in 1827. She
traveled the country, speaking out against slavery.
Frederick Douglass became well known for writing
and speaking against slavery. He had escaped from
slavery in 1838.

Other people worked to help enslaved people
escape. The Underground Railroad was a system
of secret escape routes. It led enslaved people to
free lands in the North, Canada, the Caribbean,
and Mexico. Conductors, or helpers, along the
Underground Railroad led runaways to hiding
places. Harriet Tubman, a former enslaved person,
was one of the best-known conductors.

Dred Scott was an enslaved man who traveled What was the result of the
with his owner. After his owner died, Scott went to Dred Scott court case?
court to win his freedom. He said that he should be
free because he had once lived in a free state. Scan the text about
the election of 1860. What
In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against Scott. happened after Lincoln was
Many people had hoped that the Dred Scott case elected President? Underline
would settle the disagreements over slavery. the sentence that gives this
Instead, the decision made the problem worse. information.

The Election of 1860
Some Southerners began to worry that the United

States government would end slavery in all areas.
The new Republican party was made up mainly
of Northerners. It was against allowing slavery to
spread into new places.

In 1860, the Republican party chose Abraham
Lincoln of Illinois to run for President. Some
Southerners said that they would secede from, or
leave, the United States if Lincoln became President.
Lincoln won the election, and seven Southern states
soon seceded from the United States.

Harriet Tubman

In 1849, Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and

found her way north. Tubman could have started a new
life and forgotten about her past. Instead, she decided to
try to bring as many enslaved people to freedom as she
could. Tubman returned to the South 19 more times,
leading more than 300 people to freedom.

1820 1911

Born Died

1849 Escapes 1850 Leads first group
to freedom to freedom on the
Underground Railroad

FORT SUMTER was the site of the first The Civil War Begins
battle of the Civil War.
The Southern states that seceded formed their
own government. It was called the Confederate
States of America, or the Confederacy. The United
States was known as the Union.

The Confederate states took over federal prop-
erty in their states. However, the Union still
had control over Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
President Lincoln sent a ship to carry supplies to
the fort. Confederate troops decided to attack the
fort before the ship arrived.

The attack on Fort Sumter began a civil war.
A civil war is a war between people in the same
country. After the Battle of Fort Sumter, four
more Southern states left the Union and joined the
Confederacy.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE List one event that caused the 3. What is one way people fought against
United States to break apart. slavery?

2. How did arguments over slavery and states’ 4. List two differences between the North and
rights lead to a civil war? the South before the Civil War.

Write Newspaper Headlines Write two newspaper head-
lines, one for a Northern newspaper and one for a Southern
newspaper, as they might have appeared on the day after the presiden-
tial election of 1860.

118 ■ Unit 3

Lesson

The Civil War and
Reconstruction

After the Battle of Fort Sumter, both the Union and the Confederacy made
plans to win the Civil War. The Union’s plan for winning the war was to first
weaken the South and then attack it. The Confederacy’s plan was to defend
their lands from attack and to make the war last a long time.

The Civil War would last four years. It would cause the destruction of cities,
the death of hundreds of thousands of soldiers, and a weakened economy.
How will reading this lesson improve your understanding of the Civil War?

CIVIL WAR REENACTORS in
Clinton, Georgia

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.05 Describe the impact of wars and conflicts on United
States citizens, including but not limited to, the Civil War,
World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War,
Persian Gulf War, and the twenty-first century war
on terrorism.

Unit 3 ■ 119

Scan the text about early Early in the Civil War
Civil War battles. Underline the
sentence that explains how The first major battle of the Civil War was
people’s thoughts about the the Battle of Bull Run near Manassas Junction,
Civil War changed after the Virginia. It was a long battle, but the Confederacy
Battle of Bull Run. finally won. People soon understood that the war
would last far longer than they had first thought.
Write one effect for the
cause given below. In September 1862, the Confederates marched
Cause: Abraham Lincoln began to see into the North. They were met by Union forces at
that slavery had to end. Antietam in Maryland. More soldiers died in the
Battle of Antietam than on any other day during
Effect: the war. The Confederates were forced back into
Virginia.
REGIONS Circle the border
states on the map below. The Emancipation Proclamation
When Lincoln took office, he was not against

slavery in the South. Lincoln did not want slavery
to spread to the West. As the war continued, he
began to see that slavery had to end. He decided
to emancipate, or free, all enslaved people in areas
still fighting against the Union. On January 1,
1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation
Proclamation.

The United States in 1861

WASHINGTON CANADA
TERRITORY
130°W MINNESOTA Lake Superior NEW HAMPSHIRE MAINE
40°N OREGON MI VERMONT
DAKOTA
TERRITORY WISCONSIN L. Huron
CHIGAN
L. Michigan L. Ontario NEW MASSACHUSETTS
YORK

NEVADA NEBRASKA TERRITORY L. Erie PENNSYLVANIA RHODE 40°N
TERRITORY ISLAND
IOWA
CONNECTICUT
INDIANA
UTAH NEW JERSEY
TERRITORY COLORADO ILLINOIS OHIO WEST DELAWARE

TERRITORY KANSAS VIRGINIA MARYLAND

PACIFIC CALIFORNIA MISSOURI (1863) VIRGINIA
KENTUCKY
NORTH
OCEAN INDIAN TENNESSEE CAROLINA
TERRITORY ARKANSAS ALABAMA
NEW MEXICO SOUTH ATLANTIC 70°W
TERRITORY CAROLINA OCEAN

30°N 120°W

Union state MISSISSIPPI GEORGIA 30°N

TEXAS

Border state MEXICO LOUISIANA FLORIDA N E
Confederate state 80°W
Territory 0 250 500 Miles Gulf of Mexico W
0 250 500 Kilometers S
Albers Equal-Area Projection 90°W

Advantages in the
Civil War

NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
More industry

Advanced railroad system
Strong navy

SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES
Large number of military leaders
Troops experienced in outdoor living
Familiar with the environment of the South

Union Victories Study the table above. How
would an advanced railroad
In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant system help the North?
and his army attacked Vicksburg, Mississippi. The
Union army kept people from bringing in food, Which event started first,
water, and weapons to the city. After almost two the Battle of Vicksburg or the
months, Vicksburg finally gave up. Taking con- Battle of Gettysburg?
trol of Vicksburg gave Union forces control of the
Mississippi River. Unit 3 ■ 121

On May 6, 1863, Confederate General Robert
E. Lee won a major victory at Chancellorsville,
Virginia. The Confederate army then decided to
march into the North. Southern leaders thought
that if they could win a major victory in a Northern
state, people in the North would demand an end to
the war.

In June 1863, General Lee’s troops headed north.
For three days, they fought the Union army at
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. About 7,000 soldiers
were killed, and more than 20,000 on each side
were wounded. The Union won the battle.

Major Battles of the Civil War

Gettysburg 1863 PA NJ N

OH Antietam Washington, D.C. WE
(Sharpsburg) 1862
S
IL IN Bull Run (Manassas) 1861, 1862 DE
MD Union state
Chancellorsville 1863 Fredericksburg 1862 Confederate state
Border state
WV VA Cold Harbor 1864 Union victory
Perryville (1863) Richmond Confederate victory
1862 Hampton Roads 1862 March to the Sea
MO KY Petersburg Capital city
Fort 1864–1865 Seven
Donelson Days ATLANTIC
1862 Bentonville 1862

Nashville 1864 1865 OCEAN
NC
TN Chattanooga 1863
Franklin 1864

AR

Shiloh Chickamauga Fort Fisher 1865
(Pittsburg 1863 SC
Atlanta
Landing) 1864 Charleston Fort Sumter 1861 0 100 200 Miles
1862 Kennesaw
Mountain GA Fort Wagner 1863 0 100 200 Kilometers
MS 1864 Savannah Albers Equal-Area Projection

LA Vicksburg AL
1863

PLACE Study the map The War Ends
above. Who won the Battle of
Chattanooga? The Union victory at Gettysburg marked a turn-
ing point in the war. General Lee’s army marched
Read the events described back to Virginia. It would never again be able to
below. Then write the event that carry out a major attack on the Union.
comes next.
In 1864 and 1865, the Union army kept win-
• General Robert E. Lee surrenders. ning battles. William Tecumseh Sherman and his
army marched across the South to the sea. They
• The Civil War ends. destroyed land and property. In April 1865, Union
soldiers took over Richmond, the Confederate
• capital.

General Lee’s army was starving and out
numbered. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surren-
dered to General Grant in the Virginia village of
Appomattox (a•puh•MA•tuhks) Court House.
Soon, other Confederate generals gave up. After
four years, the Civil War was over.

Just five days after Lee’s surrender, President
Lincoln was assassinated, or murdered, by John
Wilkes Booth. Booth supported the Confederacy.
Lincoln’s death shocked the nation.

122 ■ Unit 3

Reconstruction Scan the text. Circle
two results of Congress’s
Before Lincoln was killed, he had started to make Reconstruction plan.
plans for the Reconstruction, or rebuilding, of the
nation. Lincoln wanted to bring the nation back Study the chart below. Then
together quickly. He did not want to punish the write one difference between
people of the South. Johnson’s plan and Congress’s
plan.
After Lincoln’s death, Andrew Johnson became
President. Johnson, too, wanted to help the Reconstruction Plans
nation come together quickly. He allowed most
Confederates to become full citizens again. They Johnson’s Plan Congress’s Plan
had to say they were loyal to the United States. • Southern states not • Wanted to strictly punish
Confederate states could rejoin the Union after they
abolished slavery. treated too harshly the Southern states
• Supported the • Supported the
Many members of Congress had a different plan
for Reconstruction. Congress put the Southern 13th Amendment to 13th Amendment to
states under military rule. Union army officers abolish slavery abolish slavery
acted as governors, and soldiers kept order. • Southern states could • Southern states would
Southern states had to write new constitutions that have elections be under military rule
gave African American men the right to vote. • State laws could • Supported the
limit rights of 14th Amendment
After the war, the nation approved three amend- African Americans
ments. The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery. • States should decide • Supported the
The Fourteenth Amendment gave equal rights to who could and could 15th Amendment
all citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African not vote
American men the right to vote.

RECONSTRUCTION Many cities, such as Richmond, Virginia,
had to be rebuilt after the Civil War.

VOTING This illustration shows African Reconstruction Ends
American men voting. A soldier is protecting
the voters. The freedmen—people who had been enslaved—
wanted to start new lives. However, finding a
job was difficult. Congress set up the Freedmen’s
Bureau to help. It gave food and supplies to for-
mer enslaved people and taught them to read and
write.

Many enslaved people went back to work on
plantations. Landowners paid workers by letting
them keep a share of the crops they harvested. This
system, called sharecropping, did not let African
Americans earn much money.

Over time, white Southerners took back con-
trol of their state governments. They passed laws
to keep African Americans from voting. In 1877,
Reconstruction ended. African Americans soon lost
many of the rights they had gained.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How did the Union defeat the 3. Which battle was the turning point of the Civil
Confederacy in the Civil War? War? Explain.

2. Use the word Reconstruction in a sentence 4. What happened to African Americans after
about the Civil War. Reconstruction ended?

Write an Editorial Imagine that you are the editor of a news-
paper in Kentucky. Write an editorial that argues why this border
state should secede or why it should stay in the Union and find a
peaceful solution to the slavery issue.

124 ■ Unit 3

Lesson

Growth and
Change

STEEL MILL in Homestead, Pennsylvania

After the Civil War, many more Americans moved to the West. They often
settled on lands that American Indians were using. As a result, American
Indians were forced to move to different areas.

New industries created new jobs. Immigrants came to the United States to
look for jobs and opportunities. Many African Americans moved to cities in the
North and the Midwest for the same reasons. What do you think you will learn
about growth and change in the United States from reading this lesson?

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.02 Explain when, where, why, and how groups of people
settled in different regions of the United States.
4.03 Describe the contributions of people of diverse cultures
throughout the history of the United States.

Unit 3 ■ 125

Scan the text on this page. The Last Frontier
Underline the sentence that
describes the effect of the In the 1800s, discoveries of gold and silver drew
Homestead Act. more people to the West. When people discovered
gold or silver in a place, miners moved into the
List two reasons why living area and set up mining camps. Towns sometimes
on the Great Plains was difficult. grew around the camps. After a few years, the
deposits often ran out. Miners then moved to other
SOD HOUSES Many homesteaders used places. Entire towns were abandoned.
sod to build their houses, but sod houses
were difficult to keep clean. As cities in the East grew, the demand for beef
also grew. Large-scale cattle ranching had begun
in Texas in the early 1800s. At first, ranchers sent
cattle to cities near the Gulf of Mexico, such as
Galveston, Texas. When railroads were built, by the
1870s, ranchers drove cattle to towns that grew up
around railroads, such as Abilene, Kansas.

In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act.
This law opened the Great Plains to settlement.
Thousands of Americans and about 100,000 immi-
grants from Europe settled on the Great Plains.
They started ranches and farms.

Living on the Great Plains was very difficult.
There were few streams and few trees for wood.
Droughts and dust storms were common there.

126 ■ Unit 3

In the winter, snow and cold temperatures often AT THE BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN,
covered the region. Insects were also a problem for American Indian warriors defeated
farmers there. In 1874, grasshoppers came by the United States troops.
millions and ate all the crops.
What happened as more
Conflicts with American Indians people moved west?
As more people moved to the West, they forced
Underline the sentence that
American Indians off their lands. The United States gives a definition of the term
government wanted to move all American Indians reservation.
to reservations. These were areas of land set aside
by the government for use only by American Unit 3 ■ 127
Indians. Much of the reservation land was not as
good as the American Indians’ original lands.

In the 1860s, members of the Sioux Nation lived
in the Black Hills in what is now South Dakota.
After gold was discovered there, the United States
sent soldiers to move all the Sioux to reserva-
tions. Some Sioux fought back, but they were later
defeated and forced to move.

Other groups fought back as well. However, by
1880, almost all American Indians in the United
States lived on reservations.

Underline the names of New Industries
the two railroad companies
that built the Transcontinental After the Civil War, new inventions helped
Railroad. industries grow and change. Inventors came up
with new ways to help businesses work better and
LOCATION Study the map faster. Sometimes, inventions helped create whole
below. Circle the name of the new industries.
town where the two tracks of
the Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad
met. The population of the West was growing quickly.

Transcontinental Railroad The United States needed a way to connect its
East and West coasts. In 1862, the United States
Promontory Omaha Congress gave two railroad companies—the
Sacramento Union Pacific and the Central Pacific—the right
to build a transcontinental railroad. This railroad
Transcontinental would cross North America, linking the East and
Railroad the West.

The Union Pacific built its railroad west from
near Omaha, Nebraska. The Central Pacific built
east from Sacramento, California. Thousands of
Chinese and Irish immigrants were hired to lay
the tracks.

On May 10, 1869, the two railroads met in
Promontory, Utah. Many more railroads were built
across the United States. People could now sell
their goods in markets around the country.

CHINESE WORKERS on the Central Pacific
Railroad cut 15 tunnels through the solid rock
of the Sierra Nevada.

128 ■ Unit 3

Steel and Oil THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE in New York was
Iron rails were first used for train tracks. As the first steel-wire suspension bridge.

larger trains began to carry more goods, the rails Why did railroads begin
needed to be replaced with something stronger. using steel rails?
Steel rails were stronger, but they were expensive.
Did Andrew Carnegie open
In 1872, a Scottish immigrant named Andrew his first steel mill before or after
Carnegie learned about a new way to make steel. John D. Rockefeller set up an oil
He started a steel mill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. refinery near Cleveland, Ohio?

Steel was used for many things. Steel frames Unit 3 ■ 129
made it possible to build longer bridges and taller
buildings. These new buildings seemed to touch
the sky, so they were called skyscrapers. Skyscrapers
became common in large cities.

In 1887, iron ore was found west of Lake
Superior. This helped the steel industry spread to
cities along the Great Lakes, such as Cleveland,
Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois.

The oil industry also developed in the late 1800s.
In 1863, John D. Rockefeller set up an oil refinery
near Cleveland, Ohio. A refinery is a factory that
turns crude, or raw, oil into goods that people can
use. Over time, Rockefeller bought more refineries.
By 1882, he controlled the oil industry.

Rose Cohen

At the age of 12, Rose Cohen came from
Russia to New York City. Rose got a job
sewing coats to earn money.

Rose worked in a dark, crowded place
called a sweatshop. Sweatshops were
clothing factories where workers made
dresses, shirts, and coats. The women and
girls worked from before sunrise until long
after dark. Rose earned $3 a week.

Later, Rose stopped working in
sweatshops. She became a union leader.

Make It Relevant: Compare and contrast Rose’s
childhood with yours.

What was Thomas Edison’s A Changing Economy
most famous invention?
In the late 1800s, the United States economy
Circle the term labor union. began to change. New inventions helped the econ-
Underline the context clues that omy grow, and workers gained more rights.
give a definition of this term.
Inventions
130 ■ Unit 3 In the late 1800s, Thomas Alva Edison opened a

laboratory in New Jersey. His best known inven-
tion was the first practical lightbulb. An African
American engineer named Lewis Lattimer, who
worked for Edison, helped improve the lightbulb.
Lattimer also directed the building of Edison’s first
central electric power station.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell produced a new
telephone. In 1877, he started the first telephone
company in the United States.

Labor Unions
In the late 1800s, most workers received low pay

for long hours. Many people worked 10- or 12-hour
days. Workers began to form labor unions. A labor
union is a workers’ group that tries to get better
working conditions. These groups began to ask for
better wages and an 8-hour workday.

Cities and Immigration List two reasons immigrants
came to the United States.
Between 1860 and 1910, about 23 million immi-
grants arrived in the United States. Many came to Scan the text. Underline the
make a new life. Some wanted to escape violence reasons many Americans were
and poverty in their home countries. opposed to new immigrants.

Immigrants from Europe arrived at Ellis Island
in New York Harbor. Immigrants from Asia
arrived at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay.

Immigrants were often poor. Many lived in
crowded, poorly built apartment buildings called
tenements. Some immigrants found jobs in new
industries. Others had a hard time finding jobs and
learning English. Some children had to work full-
time to help their families.

Many Americans did not like the new immi-
grants. Some Americans felt that because some
immigrants had little education, they should not
take part in a democracy. Others worried that new-
comers would take their jobs.

Jane Addams

Jane Addams decided to make helping the poor

her life’s work. She bought a large house in Chicago
and named it Hull House. There she provided food,
medical care, legal advice, and English classes to
immigrants and poor people.

Jane Addams worked to change laws that hurt
immigrants and poor people. She also worked for
world peace. In 1931, she won the Nobel Peace Prize.

1860 1935

Born Died

1889 Founds 1931 Wins the
Hull House Nobel Peace Prize

THE GREAT MIGRATION brought African Americans Migrate
thousands of African Americans to
northern cities such as Chicago, New In the early 1900s, thousands of African
York City, and Detroit. Americans began moving from the South to north-
ern cities. They moved to find better jobs and
opportunities than they had in the South. This
movement of people was so large that it became
known as the Great Migration. Many African
Americans found jobs in factories in northern cities.

Before the early 1900s, nearly nine of every ten
African Americans lived in the South. After the
Great Migration, more than half of all African
Americans lived in the Northeast and the Midwest.

Lesson Review

1. SUMMARIZE How did the United States 3. How did people moving west change the lives
grow and change in the late 1800s? of American Indians?

2. Use the word tenement in a sentence about 4. What problems did immigrants face?
immigrants.

Create a Chart Make a chart showing the inventors mentioned in
this lesson and their inventions. Illustrate your chart.

132 ■ Unit 3

Lesson

A Growing Power

By the late 1800s, the United States was a leader in industry and
agriculture. In time, the United States gained control of lands in
other parts of the world. The United States was becoming a world
power. Its control and power now reached far beyond its own lands.
What might you learn about the United States as you read this lesson?

THE USS WYOMING, a United States Navy ship

NORTH CAROLINA
STANDARD COURSE OF STUDY
4.05 Describe the impact of wars and conflicts on United
States citizens, including but not limited to, the Civil War,
World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam
War, Persian Gulf War, and the twenty-first century war on
terrorism.
4.08 Trace the development of the United States as a world
leader and analyze the impact of its relationships with
Canada, Mexico, and selected countries of Central America.

Unit 3 ■ 133

UNITED STATES POSSESSIONS, 1900

Russia Alaska U.S. possession
1867 1857 Date acquired

1867 Islands Canada
Aleutian
NORTH
ASIA Japan PACIFIC OCEAN AMERICA ATLANTIC
China OCEAN
United States
1898 Cuba
Midway 1867 1898
Islands Puerto
Rico
1898 Wake 1898 Hawaiian Mexico
Island Islands SOUTH
AMERICA
Philippine 1898 Johnston 1858 1858 Kingman Reef
Islands Island
1898 Guam N
Howland
Island 1857 1898 Palmyra Island

Baker 1857 1857 Jarvis Island
Island
W E

1899 American Samoa S

AUSTRALIA

PLACE Study the map above. New Lands
Circle the Hawaiian Islands.
When did the United States get In the late 1800s, the United States added new
possession, or control, of the lands that were far from the rest of the country. In
Hawaiian Islands? 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia.
In 1898, Hawaii became a part of the United States.
Scan the text on this page. Both Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959.
Underline two areas the United
States gained control of in the The Spanish-American War
late 1800s. In the 1890s, two of Spain’s colonies were fight-

134 ■ Unit 3 ing for independence. They were Cuba, in the
Caribbean Sea, and the Philippines, in the Pacific.

Many Americans supported Cuba. In January
1898, President William McKinley sent the battle-
ship Maine to Havana, Cuba. He wanted to protect
Americans who were living there. In February, the
Maine exploded. More than 260 American sailors
died. The cause of the explosion was not clear, but
many Americans blamed Spain.

On April 21, President McKinley ordered a
blockade of Cuba. United States Navy ships kept
other ships from entering or leaving Cuba.

Congress declared war on Spain on April 25, Use the word armistice in a
1898. The Spanish-American War lasted less than sentence.
four months. On August 12, 1898, Spain signed an
armistice, or agreement to stop fighting. Scan the text about the
Panama Canal. Circle the reason
After the Spanish-American War, the United Theodore Roosevelt wanted to
States became a world power. Spain agreed to build the Panama Canal.
give the United States control of Cuba, Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba and the TUGBOATS pull the SS Kroonland
Philippines later became independent countries, through the Panama Canal.
but Puerto Rico and Guam remain territories of the
United States.

The Panama Canal
The United States stretched from the Atlantic

Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It took a long time and
a lot of money to transport goods across the coun-
try by train. It took even longer to sail all the way
around the tip of South America.

In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became President.
He wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of
Panama in Central America. The canal would link
ports on the Atlantic coast of the United States and
those on the Pacific coast. In 1904, work on the
Panama Canal began. Ten years later, the Panama
Canal opened.

Unit 3 ■ 135

ATLANTIC NORWAY WORLD WAR I
OCEAN SWEDEN
Moscow

NORTH C SEA ARAL
SEA DENMARK SEA

IRELAND BALTI RUSSIA
(BRITAIN)

BRITAIN NETHERLANDS Berlin Tannenberg
GERMANY
London CASPIAN

Somme BELGIUM ASIA

Paris LUX. Vienna

Versailles AUSTRIA-
Cháteau- HUNGARY
Thierry Argonne SEA
Forest
SWITZERLAND SERBIA

FRANCE ITALY Caporetto ROMANIA LACK SEA

Sarajevo B

BULGARIA Constantinople

N PORTUGAL MONTENEGRO

Lisbon Madrid Rome ALBANIA Gallipoli OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Allied Powers
WE SPAIN GREECE

Central Powers

ALGERIA TUNISIA Neutral Countries
(FRANCE) (FRANCE) Major battle
M SS MOROCCO
AFRICA(FRANCE)
EDITERRANEAN EA

Underline the sentences World War I Begins
that describe the reasons many
Americans changed their minds By 1914, most nations in Europe had joined
about entering World War I. one of two alliances. An alliance is an agreement
among groups or individuals to help each other.
Write a number—1, 2, or On one side were the Allied Powers—Britain,
3—next to the description of the France, Russia, Italy, and Serbia. On the other side
events below to place them in were the Central Powers—Germany, Bulgaria,
the correct order. Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

Germany announces it will On June 28, 1914, a Serbian rebel shot and killed
attack and sink all ships in the Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
Atlantic. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The
Allies and the Central Powers were drawn into the
A Serbian rebel shoots war. The war later became known as World War I.
and kills Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. At first, most Americans did not want the United
States to fight in the war. Then, in 1915, a German
President Wilson asks submarine sank the British ship Lusitania. About
Congress to declare war on 1,200 people drowned, including 128 Americans.
Germany.
In 1917, Germany announced it would attack and
sink all ships in the Atlantic. President Woodrow
Wilson asked Congress to join the Allies and
declare war on Germany.

136 ■ Unit 3

Fighting the War Why did the United States
government take over parts of
The United States had a small army. Congress many industries?
passed a law to set up a military draft. This is
a way to add people into the military. All men Circle two ways in which
between the ages of 21 and 30 had to sign up. fighting in World War I was
different from fighting in
The United States had to supply the Army previous wars.
quickly. The government took over parts of many
industries. Factories began making war supplies.
Many men left their jobs to join the Army. The
need for more workers created new opportunities,
especially for women and African Americans.

Most American soldiers went to France. The
fighting there was trench warfare. The Allies and
the Central Powers both dug deep trenches in the
ground to protect themselves. Each side tried to
move into the area between the trenches. New
weapons, such as machine guns and barbed wire,
made these moves dangerous. Tanks, poison gas,
and airplanes also made the fighting more deadly.

The American troops helped the Allies win the
war. On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an
armistice. After four years and millions of deaths,
the war was over.

PILOTS AND MECHANICS test planes at
an airfield in France.

Unit 3 ■ 137