WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DISASTER MANAGEMENT Haliza Mohd Zaharia , Ruzaidin Mohammed Zainb , Najuwa Nasirc aUniversiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, [email protected] bUniversiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, [email protected] cUniversiti Malaysia Perlis, [email protected] Climate change has emerged as a pressing global concern. Climate change is inherently connected to an inescapable and inevitable occurrence of disastrous hazards. However, disaster management plays a crucial role in mitigating these effects. In times of crisis, both civilian entities and military forces assume joint responsibilities in facilitating humanitarian logistics [1]. In conventional practice, the departments of disaster and emergency management are commonly entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing disaster management efforts [2], [3]. Consequently, the entirety of the demands to take action, execute tasks, and ultimately address a catastrophe are focused on the departments responsible for disaster and emergency management. Regrettably, historical evidence has repeatedly shown that an overreliance on a singular governmental department is ineffective. One crucial insight that governments have gained through years of experience in disaster response is the susceptibility of a singular government department, responsible for managing all aspects of disaster response, to become overwhelmed by the extensive range and intricate nature of the tasks and challenges it must address [3]. Unfortunately, it required a substantial quantity of unsuccessful disaster responses for governments to acknowledge that the centralized methodology, wherein they depend on a solitary department to execute all crucial responsibilities during an emergency or disaster, is fundamentally ineffective. The centralized approach, commonly known as the silo approach in the field of disaster management, is also referred to in this manner. Many countries that are involved in disaster management have adopted a comprehensive approach that involves the entire government, in response to the numerous challenges encountered and caused by such events. The WoG approach, as defined by [3], pertains to the collaborative efforts of public agencies operating beyond the confines of their respective portfolios in order to achieve a particular objective [4]. It entails a coordinated response from the government. This approach has significantly altered the manner in which governments address natural disasters. Instead of depending solely on a solitary government agency to carry out almost all functions in a crucial period like disaster response, the Whole-of-Government (WoG) approach proposes a higher level of decentralization. Hence, the present study was conducted to examine the governmental approach towards flood disaster management, encompassing both community involvement and government agency participation.
Methodology This study presents on empirical experience in managing disaster using the Whole of Government approach. Case study methodology is used to support the study. Case study is a methodology of analysing a phenomena, that bound by pace and time [5]. The data were collected through interviews conducted from 21 research participants that involves directly in the disaster in Hulu Langat, Selangor and Baling, Kedah. Findings Case Study Flood in Hulu Langat In December 2021 and January 2022, the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor experienced a devastating flood that affected approximately 2,400 people and tragically claimed three lives. As disaster struck, a remarkable display of inter-agency logistics support coordination emerged, demonstrating the power of collaboration and community involvement in disaster response and recovery. The key agencies involved in this coordinated effort were the Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM), Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM), Angkatan Pertahanan Awam Malaysia (APM), Jabatan Sukarelawan Malaysia (RELA), Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), and Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKj). Their collaborative approach was led by the District Officer through the Jawatankuasa Pengurusan Bencana Daerah (JPBD). To ensure effective information dissemination and coordination, a Pusat Kawalan Operasi Bencana (PKOB) was established at the Pejabat Penghulu, serving as a central hub for decision-making and coordination. Additionally, to facilitate communication and information sharing, a dedicated Whatsapp Group messaging platform was established, fostering real-time updates and collaboration among all involved parties. This platform proved highly effective in coordinating efforts, breaking down communication barriers, and ensuring seamless cooperation. In the preparedness phase, crucial data-gathering initiatives were undertaken to streamline logistics support response. Comprehensive population data, including the number of households, age demographics, and information on individuals with special needs, was collected to identify vulnerable groups and tailor aid distribution accordingly. Additionally, supplies were pre-positioned in strategic locations, such as in Dewan Orang Ramai Kampung Batu 16 Dusun Tua, to expedite relief efforts once the disaster struck. The coordination strategy also focused on identifying Pusat Pemindahan Sementara (PPS) that were gazetted and ready for use. By proactively pre-positioning agency assets and manpower, the agencies were able to launch a swift and efficient relief operation. This prearranged deployment allowed them to reach affected areas in a timely manner, offering much-needed assistance to those in distress.
A key contributing factor to the effective inter-agency logistics coordination was the active engagement of local community leaders, such as Penghulu and Ketua Kampung. These leaders served as vital links between the affected communities and the JPBD, ensuring that accurate and timely information reached the decision-makers. Their role in conveying the specific needs of the community was instrumental in tailoring the logistics support response to match the unique challenges faced by different areas. Community involvement was further bolstered through community participation in sharing information and promoting awareness. As the flood incident unfolded, the affected communities came together, sharing vital information and cooperating with the disaster response teams. This grassroots support played a crucial role in amplifying the reach of aid and services. In conclusion, the flood disaster in Hulu Langat, Selangor presented a significant challenge to the affected population. However, the effective inter-agency logistics coordination and community involvement demonstrated the strength of collaboration and solidarity. The seamless coordination among JKM, ATM, APM, RELA, JKR, and MPKj, supported by local community leaders, led to swift and effective logistics support delivery. By placing community needs at the forefront and implementing sustainable strategies, this case study serves as a testament to the power of collective action in building resilience and safeguarding communities against future disasters. Case Study Water Column and Flood in Baling, Kedah Flood incident in Baling, Kedah, on July 4, 2022, like a time bomb, which caused three deaths, including a pregnant mother. The tragedy was the worst ever to happen in the area, leaving 1,424 victims from 93 families displaced from their homes. Indirectly, it is an experience that cannot be forgotten by every agency involved in the operation of searching and rescuing in traumatic situations in the red zone. The incident washed away the bridge that connects Kampung Iboi and Kampung Masjid Iboi, Baling, Kedah. The situation made it difficult for rescue agencies to find and rescue victims due to the disconnection and very strong current. In a chaotic situation, coordination between agencies such as Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM), Fire and Rescue Force (BOMBA), Local Authority, Angkatan Pertahanan Awam (APM), Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), and Malaysian Volunteer Department (RELA) is crucial during the heavy flash flood in Baling, Kedah. It is to make sure local resources can be efficiently allocated, timely and effective responses can be provided, effective information sharing can be achieved, and comprehensive assessments and planning of the situation can be made, especially for search, rescue, and evacuation operations by the agencies. Coordination between agencies and parties involved in Baling, Kedah, requires good cooperation and strategic plans to ensure all supplies for victims can reach the targeted location. It
clearly shows that strategic plans implemented by the district officer by using human power as an alternative to using a 4x4 vehicle to reach the location have enabled flexibility in action and adjustments to the coordination process during the flash floods. The interaction between agencies and the community is said to be very important to help the authorities and rescuers accurately identify the location of victims who have been severely affected. In addition, the sharing of information from the community with agencies regarding village residents' information and the number of affected families and households can make the rescue and evacuation efforts faster. Updating the progress of response efforts between agencies at Pusat Kawalan Operasi Bencana (PKOB) has helped in effective situational awareness for a clear understanding of the current situation on the ground, helping them prioritise their actions and allocate resources. In the meantime, it helps identify any gaps or areas that need additional attention. Real-time communication between local authorities and grassroot leaders has helped related agencies coordinate their tasks in helping the victims in any way, ensuring that efforts are aligned and duplications are minimised. Besides that, information from the community is very important for agencies decision-making, as it helped in determining their needs during the chaotic disaster. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the implemented disaster management strategies. The utilization of the Whole of Government approach has expedited numerous processes due to the establishment of a positive rapport between the rescue agency and the community. The aforementioned case studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of a disaster is inevitable; however, the implementation of collaborative efforts between agencies and communities has proven instrumental in mitigating the consequences of such events. Reference [1] M. Crosweller and P. Tschakert, “Disaster management and the need for a reinstated social contract of shared responsibility,” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., vol. 63, p. 102440, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102440. [2] M. Howden, “How humanitarian logistics information systems can improve humanitarian supply chains: a view from the field,” 2009. [3] S. Wolf-Fordham, “Integrating Government Silos: Local Emergency Management and Public Health Department Collaboration for Emergency Planning and Response,” Am. Rev. Public
Adm., vol. 50, no. 6–7, pp. 560–567, 2020, doi: 10.1177/0275074020943706. [4] M. A. Azimi, S. A. Syed Zakaria, and T. A. Majid, “Disaster risks from economic perspective: Malaysian scenario,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 244, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/244/1/012009. [5] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Method Approaches, Fourth Edi. University of Nebraska, Lincoln: Sage Publication, 2013.
BAJU KAWI Eva Azlin Binti Abdullah Suhaimi, Ceritera Travel Sdn. Bhd, 10-2, Jalan Mahawangsa 1, Langkawi City, 07000 Langkawi, Kedah, [email protected], +60136688202 The word “sustainability” has been around for the last decade associated directly towards understanding environmental issues and has evolved over time and is now incorporating various aspects away from simple environmental issues (Fadi Kotob, 2011)[1]. Sustainability now are closely related social, economy and business. The term sustainability on our end however, we relate it very closely with how we maintain our business to ensure we help the community around us, maintain the environment and make it available for the next 50 years. Chungyalpa, Wangchuk (2021)[2], defined sustainability in business as a business that is financially sound and self-reliant; tries to improve the social impact (championing equal opportunity, human rights, caring for the community) of its actions on key stakeholders (employees, customers, government, society); and ensures that its activities (production to consumption of its goods and services) do not adversely impact the environment. As a private entity in the business industry, we believe in being a critical stakeholder in the development cycle and has the responsibility in acting as a major contributor force to address the developmental challenges and issues in sustainability. Being the leader in my organization – Ceritera Travel Sdn. Bhd., a global travel agency that supports the community by creating our own cultural products called “BAJU KAWI”, a local designed Batik shirt with a fusion of Asian collar on a small island in Asia – an effort to support the sustainability of the island community during and post Covid19 pandemic. Baju KAWI is a project with the involvement of an island community and corporate entities. Baju KAWI is a product by our organization where we emphasises on the Asian community stories led by women in the rural parts of Langkawi Island to the world. Our relationship with the customers involves corporate entities all around the world who are looking to support struggling community and become a vehicle to empower local women and entrepreneurs in South East Asia.
Baju Kawi was founded back in 2017 and is a project that allows access to quality education for children in the rural areas (Langkawi Island), empower and elevate single mothers and serves work from home communities. We believe in creating opportunities to children – inside or outside of the classroom. How do we do that? Firstly, in conjunction and support from Kompleks Kraftangan Langkawi and Langkawi District Education Office, five students alongside two teachers from each secondary school (total of eight secondary school) in Langkawi Island participated in a Batik design competition, each creating a unique, mangrove – inspired Batik designs. The winning design as chosen by three juries who has been in the Batik industry will be printed out on the next batch of Baju KAWI to be distributed out to the world. Two weeks after this competition was held, we organized another competition with a local community led by Puan Zuraidah Zainal Abidin – a retired school teacher whom is currently leading a group of children who are illiterate and are forced to work after they finish primary school called Geng Bersih Kampung (link of their Facebook page can be referred in the reference page below) [3]. Because we are a business organization, our organization has link them to corporate entities locally and internationally to show them such opportunities do exist to the rural kids. Through this competition, our organization aimed in to broaden opportunities for students in Langkawi Island, helping them to better understand the elements of global marketing and giving students creative expression and experience. Secondly, Baju KAWI project has help single mothers who are struggling to find jobs without them needing to get out from the house. Stitching of Baju Kawi can be done at home, at any time that they would like. Hence, we directly serve the Work from Home communities. Despite the island being known as a tourism island, there many single mothers who still struggles to find jobs to sustain their daily lives. The number of single mothers who are still struggling to pay their monthly rent and pay for their daily food are still relatively high. Our organization has done research in whom to help and has helped to those who really deserves it – by providing them with all the raw materials to create a shirt in their home. Each of the shirt done will be paid RM 25 upon completion. With this effort, they no longer need to worry about extra expenditure to get to work, thus creating supply chain and production process for our organization. With just staying at home, they are able to create an income and sustain their daily lives.
Thirdly, with the help from local communities on the island, we have created other products under Baju KAWI that helps in reduction of disposal waste to the environment. Extra and old clothe will be used to create other products by our organization such as Batu Seremban (a traditional game commonly played amongst girls and boys), scrunchies and pouches. With our current position as SME and known to a few corporate entities, it has become easier for our organization to connect with them to the communities on the island who needs help. Our products are now sold in airports in Malaysia (Langkawi International Airport, Penang International Airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2) with Kuala Lumpur International Airport 1, Kuching International Airport and Kota Kinabalu Airport coming soon. Our products are also available in hotels in Langkawi and Kuala Lumpur. The stories of each winner from the competition is available in our website (see below in reference) [4]. This project has helped school children in rural parts of Langkawi Island (many of whom does not even know the kind of opportunities that holds for them in the world), single mothers, work from home communities as well as the clothe supplier on the island. By adapting the social and environmental standards, we are able to aid in social development while preserving the local environment and ecosystem. Our organization hope that we are able to continue this effort to help the communities as well as protecting the environment by creating products from used fabric to maintain a sustainable ecosystem. Baju KAWI project participated in Dubai Expo 2020 and awarded by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTI) and Malaysia Green Technology and Climate Change (MGTC), became a finalist representing Malaysia in APEC BEST Award 2022 – shortlisted by Ministry of Youth and Sports, participated in “The Melayu Textile Conservation Project Pakaian Melayu 2023” hosted by Yala Municipal Thailand and was awarded with appreciation by Malaysia Consulate General in Songkhla. With that being said, our organization would like to quote Nelson Mandela, education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world, because we believe in quality education, we vouch to continue in helping children as well as creating opportunities to single mothers in Malaysia.
Reference [1] Kotob, Fadi & MPM, & BComm/BIS, & ADipIT, & DipIT,. (2011). What Is Sustainability? [2] Chungyalpa, Wangchuk. (2021). Understanding Business Sustainability: The What, the Why, and the How of Sustainable Business Practices. Indian Journal of Sustainable Development. 5. 24-37. [3] https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100069834961428 [4] www.bajulangkawi.asia
WASTE TO WEALTH: TRANSFORMATION OF BANANA PEELS INTO RUMINANT FEED USING SUBCRITICAL WATER TECHNOLOGY P Tamunaidua,b, N M Huzirb , M B Roslyb aDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ([email protected] , 0125229604) bMalaysia – Japan Advanced Research Centre (MJARC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Pagoh, Hub Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, 84600 Pagoh, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia ([email protected] , 0176912157) bMalaysia – Japan Advanced Research Centre (MJARC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Pagoh, Hub Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh, 84600 Pagoh, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia ([email protected] , 01116852711) The intensifying generation of solid waste is causing a pressing global concern. Currently, the world produces 2.01 billion metric tons of solid waste annually and is projected to increase up to 3.40 billion tons by 2050 [1]. Among these, 998 million tons of agricultural waste are generated every year, and its production is gradually increasing. In Malaysia, about 1.2 million tons of agro-waste end up in landfill triggering alarming environmental issue [2]. Through proper waste management, this agricultural waste can be tapped as a waste treasure for human being as it can be converted into several value-added products which provide a resilient circular economy. In the quest for sustainable agriculture and livestock industries, the utilization of agro-waste as ruminant feed demonstrates a holistic approach to resource management and waste reduction. Currently, Malaysia imports 4 million tons of grain corn annually from Argentina and Brazil which accounts for more than RM 5 billion for animal feed formulation [3]. The cost of importing animal feed is expected to increase due to the high demand for meat and animal-based products. Thus, exploration of new sources of ruminant feed is required to reduce dependency of raw materials from other countries. In order to reduce the cost of feed, attempts have been made to use alternative raw materials such as palm kernel cake, rice straw, corn stalks, and many more. Among these, banana peels emerge as a valuable resource with untapped nutritional potential. Banana (Musa sp.) are the second common tropical fruit consumed globally, with over 119 million tons produced worldwide which account for 16% of world fruit production [4, 5]. After harvesting process, 60% of banana biomass is left as a waste with 30 - 40% of it comes from the peels resulting in production of 3.5 million tons of banana peel waste per year [6]. In many communities, these valuable resources are largely discarded in the landfills, contributing to environmental problems and missed opportunity for resource recovery. However, banana wastes comprise of 7.6 - 9.6% cellulose, 6.4 - 9.4% hemicellulose, 6 - 12% lignin, 10 - 21% pectin and rich in essential amino acids such as leucine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine
[7]. Additionally, its peels also contain minerals such as potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) which has the potential to be converted to ruminant feed [8]. Common practice adopts direct feeding of fresh banana peels to cattle or goat. However, this practice causes severe problems such as indigestion as i) fibrous banana peels are challenging for ruminants to chew and process in their complex stomachs ii) contamination by bacteria, pathogens, vermin and pests due to its short shelf life and iii) pesticide and diseases. Therefore, a suitable pretreatment is required before being used for animal consumption. Commonly, ensiling process of fermenting raw materials into silage is done to improve nutritional composition of raw material and to produce more palatable as well as digestible feed for animals [9]. Nonetheless, the silage making process is time consuming and requires from 3 to 4 months to complete depending on the type of materials used [10]. A previous study used banana peel silage as a livestock feed was complete and ready to be used as ruminant feed after 28 days having nutritional value of 4.73% crude fat, 8.00% crude fiber and 10.79% crude protein [11]. Thus, there is a need for advanced pretreatment which short reaction time while maintaining the nutritional quality of banana peels. Subcritical water (SCW) technology, also known as hydrothermal treatment, involves the use of water at high pressure and temperature conditions to break down the organic matter. This advanced technology highlights several added advantages such as the capability of short reaction time, environmentally friendly solvent i.e water, no incineration, no emission of harmful gases and provides complete disinfection of bad bacteria and viruses in the waste by sterilization, deodorization, detoxification, and decomposition [12, 13]. Besides, the output from SCW process comprises of organic rich materials which can be formulated into various value-added products and at the same time enhance the nutritional quality of organic waste used through rapid hydrolysis. The use of SCW technology provides a sustainable future in the context of zero waste production as well as representing an approach towards circular economy promoting a closed-loop approach to solid waste management. In our research work, banana peels were subjected to SCW conditions and they undergo hydrolysis and decomposition which results in the breakdown of complex molecules into simple compounds. The decomposition process could be attained within 1 hour of processing which enhances nutritional value of banana peels which comprises of 7.1% crude fat, 21.6% crude fiber and 12.87% crude protein. Furthermore, SCW process helps to break down complex fibers and lignin structures in the banana peels which softens the texture of materials and improve digestibility in ruminants. In addition, tannin content in the treated banana peels also decrease which reduces antinutritional factor that hinder digestibility of ruminant. Thus, reduction of tannin using SCW technology helps to remove
bitter compounds in the banana peel which improve palatability of ruminant by producing appealing taste of the feed. Conversion of banana peels into ruminant feed using SCW technology emerges as a visionary solution which not only addresses waste management and resource efficiency but also aligned perfectly with the principles of zero waste and circular economy. Incorporating SCW technology to process banana peels for ruminant feed is a novel approach that holds potential benefits such as nutrient enhancement, reduction of antinutritional factors, reduce microbial load and pathogens in banana peels which improve feed safety. These transformation concept of banana peels into ruminant feed using SCW technology contributes to several Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Firstly, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger whereby enhancing the nutritional value of banana peels through SCW technology provides a novel and sustainable feed source. This innovation supports livestock health and growth, which in turn contributes to food security and improved nutrition for communities. Secondly, innovation and technological advancements of SCW treatment in waste management resonates with SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure by developing reliable and sustainable innovation through technology. Thirdly, transforming waste into resources and propelling communities towards a more sustainable urban future align with SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. Subsequently, transforming banana peels into a valuable resource represents efficient resource utilization. SCW technology optimizes the use of these peels, contributing to the broader goal of SDG 12 for Responsible Consumption and Production. Lastly, SDG 13 on Climate Action whereby this approach reduces the amount of organic waste dumped in the landfills and reduces methane emissions, contributing to climate change mitigation. The SCW-Banana Peels product is a high quality ruminant feed which can be used in livestock industry. However, several challenges and considerations must be done to overcome nutrient imbalance. Although banana peels are rich in diverse nutrients, sole use of banana peels as feeding ingredients is unable to produce nutritionally balanced diet for the ruminants. Thus, supplementation of other feed ingredients is required such as sorghum, soy waste or other agro-waste rich in protein source. Other than that, challenges also persist in terms of implementation and participation of various stakeholders. Collaborative efforts are essential to empower communities by turning waste into wealth, contributing to the noble goal of zero waste. Involvement of local governments and municipalities capable of supporting the establishment of community-based subcritical water treatment facilities and provide incentives for waste diversion. Besides, educational institutions and researchers also play a significant role in which the schools and community centers can serve as platforms for education and awareness programs about waste management and resource recovery.
Moreover, participation of entrepreneurs is highly required to explore the economic potential of products derived from subcritical water-treated banana peels, contributing to local economic development. As the world grapples with mounting waste and resource scarcity, the conversion of banana peels into ruminant feed using SCW technology offers a tangible and holistic solution. This innovation showcases that the principles of zero waste and circular economy are not merely ideals but practical pathways to a sustainable future. As industries and communities embrace this approach, resilient communities can be built through sustainable practices, resource optimization, and the promotion of circular economy principles. (1347 words) References [1] S. Kaza, L. Yao, P. Bhada-Tata, and F. Van Woerden, What a waste 2.0: a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. World Bank Publications, 2018. [2] Fadzil, N. F., & Othman, S. A. (2021). The Growing Biorefinery of Agricultural Wastes: A Short Review. Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources, 2(2), 46-51. [3] MIDA, “Animal Feed - A Critical Component In The Global Food Chain,” Malaysia Investment Development Authority, 2023. [4] N. R. Putra, A. H. A. Aziz, A. N. M. Faizal, and M. A. Che Yunus, “Methods and Potential in Valorization of Banana Peels Waste by Various Extraction Processes: In Review,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 17, p. 10571, 2022. [5] M. Al-Dairi, P. B. Pathare, R. Al-Yahyai, H. Jayasuriya, and Z. Al-Attabi, “Postharvest quality, technologies, and strategies to reduce losses along the supply chain of banana: A review,” Trends Food Sci Technol, 2023. [6] S. Mishra, B. Prabhakar, P. S. Kharkar, and A. M. Pethe, “Banana peel waste: an emerging cellulosic material to extract nanocrystalline cellulose,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1140– 1145, 2022. [7] M. Ragab, M. F. Osman, M. E. Khalil, and M. S. Gouda, “Banana (Musa sp.) peels as a source of pectin and some food nutrients,” J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 88– 102, 2016. [8] L. Syukriani et al., “Physicochemical characterization of peel, flesh and banana fruit cv. raja [Musa paradisiaca],” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2021, p. 012006.
[9] M. M. Rahman, N. N. B. Said, K. B. Mat, N. D. Rusli, and R. K. R. I. Airina, “Effect of ensiling duration on nutritional composition and oxalate content in dwarf Napier grass silage,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2021, p. 012039. [10] S. Usman, P. A. Dele, S. O. Jimoh, R. Y. Aderinboye, and J. A. Olanite, “Physical, fermentative, and nutritional quality of silages made from three Sorghum bicolor varieties as affected by ensiling duration in South-west Nigeria,” Trop Anim Health Prod, vol. 53, no. 2, p. 239, 2021. [11] T. N. I. Koni and T. A. Y. Foenay, “Pellet Quality with the Addition of Kepok Banana Peel Silage in Grower Crossbred Native Chickens Diet,” Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 14–21, 2022. [12] J. Zhang, C. Wen, H. Zhang, Y. Duan, and H. Ma, “Recent advances in the extraction of bioactive compounds with subcritical water: A review,” Trends Food Sci Technol, vol. 95, pp. 183–195, 2020. [13] N. A. A. Halim, Z. Z. Abidin, S. I. Siajam, C. G. Hean, and M. R. Harun, “Optimization studies and compositional analysis of subcritical water extraction of essential oil from Citrus hystrix DC. leaves,” J Supercrit Fluids, vol. 178, p. 105384, 2021.
SUGARCANE PRESSMUD TO FEED LIVESTOCK M Mohamada , M R Razalli* a and M K I A Rahima a School of Technology Management & Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia ([email protected], +60184638820) Pressmud is one of the byproduct obtained from commercial sugarcane factory. Out of 30 million tonnes of pressmud produced per annum across the globe, India produces around 3.6 million tons [1]. Generally pressmud is used as organic manure for enrichment of soil [2; 3 & 4]. Besides, wax extracted from pressmud has several applications in various industries [2]. Further, recent studies have made its inclusion in the diets of sheep [5], goat [6], pig [7], broiler [8 and 9] and layer [10] in different percentage in the concentrate mixture which proves it as an alternative feed ingredient in the livestock ration. Further, the fresh pressmud obtained from sugarcane industry contains high moisture [10; 2 & 10] and it is difficult to store. Therefore its drying is utmost important for its long term storage for incorporation in the ration of livestock. Since there is no work has been done on drying of SPM earlier, an attempt has been made to dry the SPM in field condition for its future use. Fresh sample of pressmud was procured from sugar industry (Malayan Sugar Manufacturing (MSM) Prai Berhad), Penang. For drying experiment, fresh pressmud was spread on the dry floor making a unit (bed) measuring 1×1 m2 . In order to study time taken for drying based on the physical properties and sun drying was carried out. Approximately 9 quintals of pressmud was allowed to dry under sun. Further, two thickness, 2ʺ (T1) and 1ʺ (T2) beds of 6 units each were maintained under sun drying and the approximate quantity of fresh pressmud under T1 remained was 6 quintals and under T2 was 3 quintals. So pressmud for each bed (1×1 m2 ) under 2ʺ thickness was nearly 1 quintal and under 1ʺ thickness was nearly 0.5 quintal. For quick drying under each thickness 2 times mulching (M2) (8 AM and 5 PM) and 4 times mulching (M4) (8 AM, 11 AM, 2 PM and 5 PM) were done. In each time mulching for a unit bed, the labour in man min. required was recorded by the same person with the help of a stop watch all throughout the experimental period till the DM % achieved 90±2 %. Temperature and relative humidity under sun were also recorded daily as a source of indication of microclimate. Maximum, minimum and mean temperature as well as relative humidity during each day of experiment was recorded. Microclimatic indicators were recorded four times daily i.e. morning (10 am), afternoon (2 pm), evening (5 pm) and night (10 pm) to provide better picture of diurnal conditions. The average maximum & minimum temperature in the experimental period recorded under sunlight was 38.71°C and 16.07°C and average Relative humidity (RH%) was 55%. On each day physical parameters viz. colour (On visualization with naked eye), odour (smelling by standing close to the bed), consistency (Handful of sample taken and light squeezing and subsequently slow releasing), fungal (presence or absence of white/orange growth on the surface)
growth were observed with naked eyes. Each day a ranking was made for various units by taking a 1 to 5 point scale for each parameter under study. Further, daily dry matter percentage (DM%) of each unit (bed) under two treatments was estimated by taking a representative sample and kept inside the hot air oven maintained at 100±1oC for 12 h. The same parameters were recorded for each unit daily till it achieved a Dry matter (DM) percentage of 90±2 %. Data generated was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences using independent T-test. Drying experiment for pressmud revealed that there was no variation among the units under each mulching and between mulching (M2 and M4) for both the thickness (T1 and T2) for various parameters except the mean days taken to achieve the 90% DM, in sun drying case. It was observed that under sun drying, M2 group under 1" thickness (T1M2) achieved the same mean days as like M4 group (T1M4) for parameters viz. odour (5.00) and fungal growth (3.00), but took an extra mean day for colour and consistency (5.00 mean days for 2 times and 4.00 mean days for 4 times mulching) to achieve the desirable traits. To achieve 90% DM, 4.00 mean days were taken by the T1M2 group while T1M4 took mean days of 3.33. Significant difference (p<0.05) of mean days to achieve 90% DM was observed between T1 (3.67±0.211) and T2 (5.17±0.167), besides colour and consistency parameters. The ‘t’ values could not be computed for rest parameters, viz. odour and fungal growth because of uniformity in the data, but clearly indicated that T1 took less mean days (5.00 for odour and 3.00 for fungal growth) than T2 (7.00 for odour and 4.00 for fungal growth). Significant (P<0.05) difference was recorded between two times and four times mulching under a particular thickness group for various labour cost (man min.) parameters. Total man min. required to dry T1M2 was 44.00±2.31 which was significantly lower than T1M4 which took 75.33±12.45 man min. Similarly man min./day and man min./q to dry were 11.00±0.57, 88.00±4.61 for T1M2 and 22.33±1.45, 150.67±18.02 for T1M4 group, respectively and the corresponding value were significantly lower (P<0.05) in T1M2 as compared to T1M4. When overall mean between two thickness were compared, significantly higher (P<0.05) labour cost (man min.) was involved in 2" thickness as compared to 1" thickness group for all the labour parameters. Total man min. for T1 and T2 were 59.67±9.01 and 245.33±32.32 respectively, while the other parameters viz. Man min./day and man min./q dry were 16.66±2.63, 119.44±44.14 for T1 and 48.00±6.89, 245.33±32.32 for T2 respectively. All values were significantly higher in T2 than T1 under sun drying. Patoo et al., (2011) reported that for drying concentrate jaggeryscum (CJS) feed blocks of various shapes under sun shine required 5 to 8 days. Similarly, both T2M2 and T2M4 group revealed no difference in the mean days to achieve desirable parameters except for the time to achieve 90% DM, where 5.33 and 5.00 mean days were taken by 2 times mulching and 4 times mulching group, respectively. The present findings
corroborated with the results of Salem and Nefzaoui (11) who reported that feed blocks must be turned time to time to accelerate drying process. The present findings were not in agreement with Patel et al., [12] who reported that colour, odour and consistency were not changed upto a week during the month of March when jaggery filter cake was kept inside the drum. From the experiment it was clear that the thickness had profound effect under sun drying. While different mulching under each thickness were not differed greatly except few parameters. It can be concluded that lower thickness (1ʺ) with less time mulching (2 times/day) can effectively dry the pressmud in a short time with less labour requirement. References [1] FAO, 2011. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [2] P. R. Bhosale, S. G. Chonde, D. B. Nakade & P. D. Raut. 2012. Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of waxed and dewaxed pressmud and its effect on water holding capacity of soil. ISCA J. Biological Sci. 1: 35-41. [3] M. Jamil, M. Qasim & M. Sharif-Zia. 2008. Utilization of pressmud as organic amendment to improve physico-chemical characteristics of calcareous soil under two legume crops. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 30(34): 577-583. [4] T. Rangaraj, E. M. Somasundaram, M. Amanullah, V. Thirumurugan, S. Ramesh & S. Ravi. 2007. Effect of agro-industrial wastes on soil properties and yield of irrigated finger miller (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) in coastal soil. Res. J. Agric. & Biolog. Sci. 3: 153-156. [5] B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy, T. M. Prabhu, R. G. Gloridoss & Jagadish, B. 2006. Nutritional evaluation of sugarcane pressmud in lambs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 23: 47-49. [6] Ankita, S. K. Saha, C. D. Malapure & S. Sahu. 2015. Effect of feeding sugarcane press mud (SPM) on dry matter intake, FCR and average daily gain in goat kids, Indian Veterinary Journal, 92 (7): 90-91. [7] S. Sahu, B. H. M. Patel, T. Dutt & A. K. Verma. 2014. Effect of graded level of sugarcane pressmud in ration on carcass characteristics of crossbred (Landrace × Desi) pigs. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 84 (10): 1109-1112. [8] H. B. Budeppa, B. S. V. Reddy & B. N. Suresh. 2009. Screening sugarcane press mud as a source of minerals. Indian Vet. J. 86: 323. [9] B. N. Suresh, B. S. V. Reddy, T. M. Prabhu & N. K. S. Gowda. 2012. Growth performance of broilers fed Sugarcane Press Residue incorporated diets. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. 12: 219-227. [10] S. Sahu, B. H. M. Patel, C. D. Malapure, Ankita, M. Singh, A. K. Verma, G. Singh & B. Bhusan. (2016). Screening of sugarcane press mud as a potential alternative feed for livestock. Indian Journal Animal Research, 50 (2): 207- 210.
[10] N. Suma, B. S.V. Reddy, R. G. Gloridoss, R. Rao, K. C. Singh, M. T. Rekha & A. R. Gomes. (2007). Egg quality traits of layers influenced by supplementation of different levels of sugarcane press residue. Inter. J. Poult. Sci. 6: 102-106 [11] H. Salem. Ben & A. Nefzaoui. 2003. Feed blocks as alternative supplements for sheep and goats: A review. Small Ruminat Res., 49: 275-288. [12] M. Patel, R. J. Sharma, A. Kumar, D. P. Tiwari, S. Kumar & A. Panja. 2009. Composition of jaggery filter cake and its acceptability in pig feeding. Indian vet. J., 86: 1282-1283.
LARGE SCALE SUSTAINABLE VERMICOMPOSTING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE – THE SEBERANG PERAI UTARA WAY T L Tana , H H Chana C S Lawb aOrganic Natural Enterprise, Malaysia ([email protected], 017-4288756) aOrganic Natural Enterprise, Malaysia ([email protected], 011-63832808) b S H Organic Farm Sdn Bhd, Malaysia ([email protected], 012-7836018) Rising landfill costs, environmental and political concerns about the negative effects of disposing treated sewage sludge in Malaysian landfills led to the evaluation of sustainable strategies for recycling biosolid into a renewable resource that can be utilized in various spheres of the state economy. The population of Malaysia grew by 1.4% to 0.2% per year from 2016 to 2021, increasing from 31.19 million people to 32.66 million people. Today, due to the increasing population and urbanization, about 10 million cubic meter of sewage sludge are expected to be generated in year 2035. Sewage sludge (SS) is a waste product that comes from water purification facilities or wastewater treatment plants. It contains organic and inorganic substances, chlorine- and sulfurcontaining compounds, pathogenic microorganisms, and helminth eggs and invasion larva. SS can also contain a wide range of harmful toxic substances, such as heavy metals, and synthetic steroids. Vermicomposting is a global practice that breaks down and stabilizes sewage sludge. SS is nitrogen-rich organic waste, which added into agriculture wastes as a carbon or fiber source, is a great combination for compost worms to feed on. It is a mesophilic method that makes use of worms and microorganisms. Worms consume the organic waste in this process, digest it, and leave behind the nutrient-rich cast. After media has been digested by earthworms in vermicomposting, the volume is decreased. When compared to ordinary compost, the vermicompost cast is rich in macro and micronutrients as well as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium that are already in an immediately available form and released in a consistent amount after application. Because it contains more nutrients, less of it is needed compared to other organic fertilizers like compost, and its manufacture takes less time and raw materials [1] The Red Worm (Lumbricus rubellus), the Indian Blue Worm (Perionyx excavatus), the African Night Crawler (Eudrilus euginae), and the Tiger Worm (Eisenia fetida) are the best candidates for vermi-composting of a variety of organic wastes, according to long-term vermiculture research [2] ONE. has conducted trials to
develop a sustainable and economical vermicomposting technology for vermicomposting sewage sludge from the Indah Water (IWK) without the need for external nitrogen sources in a large scale. ONE is currently vermicomposting 10 tonnes per month of activated sludge process; collected from a sewage treatment plant located in Penang. The sludge is blended with 10 tonnes of fermented shreded pieces banana pseudostem; obtained as agriculture waste from a banana farm in Tasek Glegor. The vermicomposting innovation created by ONE is based on the Windrow Vermicomposting System, which is described as a low-tech vermicomposting set up [3]. It is generally characterised by low capital expenditure (CAPEX) and ease of use. In this method, long beds of material mixture is prepared on a covered concrete pavement. These beds are 3 feet width and 2 feet height [4]. When temperature and moisture inside the beds are favourable for worms, the African Night Crawler earthworms are released and the process's settings are kept constant. The use of earthworms for waste degradation and composting is proving to be a more efficient and environmentally friendly technology than traditional composting methods due to its quick and nearly odorless process, which cuts composting time in half and produces a product that is "disinfected," "detoxified," and "highly nutritive." According to research by Visvanathan et al. (2005) [5], the majority of earthworms only consume, at most, half of their body weight in organic garbage each day. Organic material can be consumed daily by Eisenia fetida at a rate equivalent to their body weight. Participation of earthworms accelerates natural biodegradation and decomposition of organic waste by 60 to 80%. And over time, the process quickens as the worms' number doubles every 60–70 days. Considering ideal temperatures (20–30 °C) and moisture levels (60–70 %) 5 kg of worms (numbering approx.10,000) can vermiprocess 1 ton of waste into vermicompost in just 30 days. At our current vermicomposting site, we found that 3 kg African Night Crawlers are able to turn 1 tonne of waste mixture into vermicompost in a month. The vermicast produced in our commercial operation has received a substantially bigger share of carbon-rich feedstock source as a blending agent than the vermicomposting technology that is typically recommended. Because of this, the vermicast has a peaty structure that is more advanced, has a lower nitrogen concentration, and has a slightly wider C/N ratio. This gives the ONE vermicast a number of advantages when used in nutrient-sensitive environments that lack soil humus to retain a high capacity to hold nutrients and water.
Farmers in Malaysia are yearning to escape the vicious cycle of chemical fertilizer use as their costs have been rising and the amount of chemicals needed per hectare has been continuously rising over the years to maintain the yield and productivity of prior years. Farmers desperately require a sustainable alternative that is affordable, productive, and maintains the fertility and health of the land. There is a push among farmers in Australia and Canada to vermicompost all of their agriculture wastes and supplement them with lower doses of chemical fertilizers. Municipal governments and composting businesses are both involved in the vermicomposting industry, decomposing all kinds of organic waste on a large scale and selling it to farms. This has two advantages. reducing costs associated with waste disposal in landfills while generating income through the sale of worms and vermicompost. Vermicomposting of sewage sludge is not done in large scale in Malaysia. Earthworms are proving to be great environmental engineers. Together, the vermi-agroproduction and vermicomposting technologies can maintain the global human sustainability cycle and circular economy by using organic wastes to produce food. Vermicompost has now been proved beneficial all over the world, and if it can replace the chemical fertilizers for the production of safe organic foods, it will be a huge step toward achieving global social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Vermicompost can be a solution for our nation, amidst the environmental degradation and increasing food demand . The adoption rate of vermicompost is low in Malaysia and there is tendency of adopting vermi-compost by female farmers only. The potentiality of vermicompost is still not fully exploited yet. Hence, ONES strives to educate the Malaysian farmers about vermicomposting and its benefits for achieving sustainability. [1] J. Domínguez, M. Aira, and M. Gómez-Brandón, 2010. Vermicomposting: earth-worms enhance the work of microbes. In Microbes at work (pp. 93-114). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. [2] R.K. Sinha, Herat, Agarwal, S. Asadi & E. Carretero, 2002. Vermiculture technology for environmental management: study of action of earthworms elsinia foetida, eudrilus euginae andperionyx excavatus on biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia; The Environmentalist, U.K., Vol. 22, No.2. pp. 261 – 268.
[3] C.A. Edwards, 2011. Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Waste, and Environmental Management (eds Edwards, C. A., Arancon, N. Q. & Sherman, R.) 79-90. CRC Press.L. Taiz, & E, Zeiger, 2006. Plant Physiology. 4th ed. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers. [4] C. Shivakumar, 2008. Production and marketing of Vermicompost in Karnataka: a case of Dharwad district (Doctoral dissertation, UAS, Dharwad). [5] C. Visvanathan, J. Trankler, K. Jospeh, & R. Nagendran, 2005. Vermicomposting as an Ecotool in Sustainable Solid Waste Management; Asian Institute of Technology, Anna University, India.
COMPOSITE PALM OIL FUEL ASH (CPOFA): FROM WASTE TO WEALTH A H Azhara , M K Manikamb , F D Ariffinc aDepartment of Earth Science & Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia ([email protected], 014-245 8633) bPoliteknik Port Dickson, Malaysia ([email protected], 012-664 9672) CEnvironmental Health and Industrial Safety Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia ([email protected], 019-3543837) Abstract Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is the ash produced in the plant boiler when the oil palm shell and empty fruit bunches burnt at 800 - 1000°C, as a fuel to produce steam for electricity generation of milling processes. Huge amount of POFA been produced annually and due to its limited usage, most of it was disposed of in landfill, causing environmental and health concerns. In this study, POFA were utilized and developed into composite POFA (CPOFA) to be used as adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The challenge to use POFA in its raw form includes singular time of usage and disposal issue. Innovation of novel composite CPOFA adsorbent enhance its adsorption capacities, surface area, pore volume and functional group distribution. Since CPOFA can be regenerated and reused, there is no issue of its disposal, and it became the more durable and practical approach. POFA which collected from a local mill was sieved, washed and oven dried overnight. Then it was mixed with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as a binder with the ratio of 7:3 and 60% w/w of distilled water was added. The mixture was then allowed to harden for 72 hours, then submerged in water for a curing period of 96 hours. It was then crushed to desired composite size between 2.00 to 3.15 mm. This study proved CPOFA adsorbent’s efficiency to treat domestic and industrial wastewater by removing pollutants; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorus. This practical innovation can be marketed to be applied in wide range of industry such as palm oil industry itself, automotive, textile, food & beverages, and other manufacturing sector. This study gives market value to CPOFA which is originally a waste, to be sold commercially as low-cost biodegradable composite adsorbent, hence from waste to wealth. Introduction Palm oil is a popular vegetable oil for cooking and food processing [1]. Currently, major world producers of palm oil are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Colombia, and Nigeria. The Malaysian oil palm plantation has increased from 5.74 million ha in 2016 to 5.81 million ha in 2017 [2]. As a result of the global demand on oil palm, the growth of the oil palm industry generates an average of 53
million tons of non-toxic biomass residues which include oil palm trunk, oil palm fronds, oil palm empty fruit bunches and kernel shells annually [3]. It was reported that, estimated 4 kg of dry biomass were produced with every 1 kg of palm oil production. After the fresh fruit bunch being processed in the palm oil mill, the milling stage produces about 22% empty fruit bunches (EFB), 9% shells, 14% fibers, 60% of palm oil mill effluent, 5% palm kernel seeds and 20% crude palm oil [4]. Meanwhile it has been reported that, 100 million dry tons of oil palm solid biomass would be generated by the year 2020 from the 80 million tons of dry oil palm biomass generated in 2010 and will continue to rise due to the expected expansion of crop plantations occasioned by the high global demand for palm oil [5]. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is one such waste, a recycled material that originated from the palm oil industry. POFA is the ash that is produced in the plant boiler by burning the oil palm shell and EFB as a fuel and burnt at 800°C–1,000°C [6]. It was reported that 4 million tons of this POFA are generated annually which is expected to increase due to increasing global demand for palm oil [7]. Currently, POFA usage is very limited and unmanageable, and most of it was disposed of in landfills. Consequently, it has caused numerous environmental problems [8]. The infiltration of POFA into the groundwater tables and aquifer systems if not curtailed poses serious challenges and potential health hazards to the public and the environment [6]. The management of these wastes through recycling has been of paramount interest of researchers. POFA chemical composition varies with average of 60% silica and 7% carbon depending on manufacturing conditions [9]. However, the application of oil palm biomass as commercialized adsorbents is still in research stage. Therefore, to enhance the value of this material, POFA could be developed into a natural low-cost absorbent for the removal of water pollutants in the industrial wastewater. On top of that, the abundant and cheap supply of the biomass materials will further justify its use in the wastewater industry [10]. In addition, the abundant and cheap supply of the biomass materials will further bring justification to its usage. Methodology The POFA was taken from the middle of the flue tower and was collected from Sime Darby, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan. The adsorbent was obtained and sieved through with sieve size diameter between 75 and 250 μm. It was washed with deionized water for several specific times to remove foreign particles, immediately stored at oven for dry at 105°C overnight. The adsorption media POFA was blended with ordinary Portland cement into ratio 7:3 composition matter, and about 60%–70% by media weight of distilled water was added. It was allowed to harden for 72 h and then submerged in water for 96 h. The composite POFA media were then crushed then sieved to obtain the desired particle size 2.00–3.15 mm [11].
In this experiment, ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorus concentrations were measured by using a Hach’s DR2010 spectrophotometer at 425, 353 and 535 nm wavelengths, respectively. Ammonia was measured by Nessler Method. Nitrate was measured by Cadmium Reduction Method, whereas phosphorus was measured by PhosVer 3 Method (Method: 8048) [12]. In addition, reactor digestion closed reflux colorimetric method for low range determination was used to determine COD concentration. Field emission scanning electron microscope (SUPRA 55VP, Zeiss, Germany) was used to characterize the morphology of composite POFA. Surface area and pore volume were calculated by single-point Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and analyzed using (ASAP 2010, Micromeritics, Malaysia) to indicate the composite POFA as an efficient adsorbent. The crystallinity of the composite POFA was determined using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) recorded on an Advance D8 QUEST X-ray powder diffractometer (Bruker) in the range of 2θ = 2°–90°, with Cu Kα (λ = 1.5418 Å) radiation. Result & Discussion The removal percentage of COD was 65% - 100%, ammonia nitrogen was 63% - 76%, nitrate was 68% - 100% and phosphorus was 78% - 100%. In general, all fly ash has the same fundamental chemical elements, but only in varying proportions [13]. In this study, the results derived from the single-point BET analysis have shown that the specific surface area of composite POFA was found to be 48.6773 m2 g –1 . Meanwhile, the results from the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda pore size distribution adsorption analysis for the total surface area and pore volume of POFA were to be 20.040 m2 g –1 and 0.090804 cm3 g –1 , respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to observe the morphology and pore size of composite POFA. The surface is smooth and distributed with small pores. Some particles are scattered on the surface due to the remaining COD, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphorus on the composite POFA. The mineral compositions of the composite POFA were detected via Bruker D8 Advanced XRD. Major mineral contents picked by the instrument were then identified using ICDD 2006 mineral identification approach. The peaks of the XRD diffraction indicate there were silica as calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4 = 54.1%) and quartz (SiO2 = 45.9%). Crystalline cristobalite and silica in tridymite form are present [44], indicated by sharp spikes at 26°≈27° and 26.6°. Additionally, lower spikes at nearly at 20°≈21° and 20.8° represent the quartz structure ascribing to the respective. Meanwhile, calcium silicate support establishes distinctive diffraction spikes at 29°≈30° = 29.5°. Conclusion
The continuous rise in the waste generation from the oil palm mills activities has been the source of concern to researcher on the conversion of these huge waste to valuable product. This current work has sheds light for the removal of COD, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate and phosphorus from sewage that have been carried out using composite POFA as a natural low-cost adsorbent. Modification of raw POFA to composite POFA increased the surface area, and larger the surface area of an adsorbent larger the area available for adsorption to take place. The composite POFA apparently contained a high amount of calcium silicate. Other chemical component found in composite POFA is quartz. Conclusively, fundamental batch adsorption studies imply that composite POFA has an excellent potential for removing COD, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphorus from sewage wastewater. The rapid uptake and high adsorption capacity, coupled with its natural abundance in the environment, are representative of its attractiveness as a low-cost adsorbent, which can be used in versatility in the wastewater treatment applications. References [1] P. Oosterveer. 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 146–153. [2] MPOB. 2018. Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2017. 37th Ed. Bangi: MPOB. [3] M.F. Awalludin, O. Sulaiman, R. Hashim, W.N.A.W. Nadhari. 2015. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 50, 1469–1484. [4] A. Geng. 2013. Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Biofuels. Singapore: Ngee Ann Polytechnic. [5] N.A. Samiran, M.N.M. Jaafar, J.H. Ng, S.S. Lam, C.T. Chong. 2016. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 62, 1047–1062. [6] W. Wisawapipat, K. Charoensri, J. Runglerttrakoolchai. 2017. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 65, 704– 710. [7] H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, M.M. Marliana, T. Alshammari. 2011. BioResources, 6, 5206–5223. [8] H.M. Hamada, G.A. Jokhio, F.M. Yahaya, A.M. Humada, Y. Gul. 2018. Constr. Build. Mater., 175, 26–40. [9] M.W. Hussin, M.A.R. Bhutta, M. Azreen, P.J. Ramadhansyah, J. Mirza. 2014. Mater. Struct., 48, 709–720. [10] M.S.M. Yusof, M.H.D. Othman, A. Mustafa, M.A. Rahman, J. Jaafar, A.F. Ismail. 2018. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 21644–21655.
[11] A.R. Mohd. 2017. Potensi tanah gambut, batu kapur, zeolit dan karbon tarktif sebagai penjerap komposit untuk merawat larut resapan. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. [12] APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st Ed. Washington D.C.: American Public Health Association. [13] H. Cho, D. Oh, K. Kim. 2005. J. Hazard. Mater., 127, 187–195.
The Black Soldier Fly: Turning Organic Residues into Valuable Bioeconomy Feedstock Naziatul Aziah, Mohd Radzi1 and Wan Mohd Faizal, Wan Ishak2 1Centre for Sustainable and Inclusive Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor. 2Faculty Bioengineering and Technology, University Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Kelantan [email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION The production of garbage, particularly by the community living in metropolitan areas, is a new problem and challenge brought about by the growth in population. Municipalities and decisionmakers are facing new issues in solid waste management, according to Diener et al. [1], as a result of increased urbanisation, changes in demographics, and changes in consumer behavior. Numerous communities have intensified their efforts in the last ten years to discover sustainable solid waste management solutions, particularly by creating integrated solid waste management plans that include the building and operation of sanitary landfills. Alternative measures need to be implemented in order to address these challenges and problems. Black soldier flies (BSFs) have shown advantages over many other farmed edible insect species as a protein substitute. As a result, BSFs are currently the subject of extensive research and farming due to their capacity to transform a wide range of “waste” streams into high-quality proteins, fats, and minerals while exhibiting their potential for scalable and effective production in the animal feed industry [2]. The ability of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to ingest a variety of substrates owing to a variety of digestive enzymes is advantageous since this allows BSFL to minimise agricultural waste streams by feeding on them and transforming them into their nutrient-dense body mass [3]. The use of BSF larvae in the treatment of animal manures has been found to effectively reduce methane emissions, pathogen concentrations, and heavy metal content, which is attributed to the larvae’s notable efficiency in degrading waste materials [4],[5]. BSF larvae meal can be used in animal feed, and BSF larval oils can be used as an alternative fat source in livestock, aquaculture, or pet feed products, depending on the substrate and local laws[6]. “Frass” is a by-product of the larvalrearing process. Excrement, exoskeletons, and the remains of the larvae’s food source make up frass. Frass has the potential to be used as an organic fertiliser or soil enhancer because it is frequently rich in micro- and macronutrients, trace elements, and organic matter. There is a growing global concern regarding the challenge of meeting the demand for animal feed in the context of climate change. Due to population increase, urbanisation, and rising affluence, the conventional natural resources utilised to generate animal feed are insufficient to meet the rising demand for animal products. Competition between food and feed as well as the limited supply of
land, fertiliser, energy, and water are other factors that limit the production of feed. In turn, the mismatch between supply and demand raises the cost of both inputs and poultry products. Figure 1 shows the risen of the animal food over the past 20 years. Egg and poultry meat prices increased globally during the same time period, but only modestly, by 15% and 30%, respectively. The poultry sector is impacted by high feed prices because farmers generate less income. Price increases for chicken and eggs could cause social and political upheaval. These problems pose difficulties for the environment, the human population, and cattle production as a whole. One potential solution to these problems is the use of insects in animal feed [7]. Figure 1 The Rate of Price Increase in Animal Food for the Past 20 Years 2. METHODS This study describes the conceptual potential of BSF techniques based on the evidence of past studies. In addition, this study also briefly states the estimated calculation of costs and profit generated from the breeding revenue of BSFs. This arrangement was made by BSF operators who perform animal husbandry activities in Pulau Gajah, near Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan. Other than that, the method part entails the step-by-step description of the black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production process shows in the figure 2. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Fishmeal Maize Soybean The Rate of Price Increase in Animal Food for the Past 20 Years
Figure 2 The Step-by-step Description of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae Production Process To promote the best possible growth and health of the larvae, particular attention is paid throughout this process to environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and ventilation. To maximise the effectiveness of turning food waste into useful resources through the raising of black soldier fly larvae, proper management techniques are essential. 3. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIALS Among the many social, economic, and environmental advantages provided by BSF larvae to society, the most important and long-lasting benefit is the significant and sustainable reduction of organic waste. Due to the BSFs’ adaptability, they may be raised on any food waste and are easier to use in garbage treatment. Prepupae can be easily harvested because the larvae crawl out of faeces on their own after they are fully grown. Utilising the BSFs’ inherent qualities for waste management requires manipulating their biological properties in order to maximise trash reduction and biomass generation. To stabilise the treatment and production processes and ease operations, waste should also be treated consistently and reliable [1]. Maggots can also be created naturally from domestic organic waste, such as wet food and vegetables that BSFs have perched on. Maggots use organic waste as a growth medium and have a good impact on the environment in the agriculture industry since they may be employed to quickly reduce organic waste and uphold environmental purity and health [8].
Table 1 Biomass Yield and Waste Reduction of Different Pilot-scale Systems Species Feed source Total amount of feed Residue Waste reduction Yield Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) H. illucens Municipal Organic Waste 151 kg DW 48 kg DW 68% DW 17.8 kg DW 14.5 H. illucens Pig Manure 68 kg DW 42 kg DW ~39% DW ~2.7 kg DW 9.6 H. illucens Chicken Manure 5,240 kg WW ~2,620 WW ~50% WW 196 kg WW 13.4 M. domestica Chicken and cow manure 125 kg WW 95 kg WW 25% WW 3 kg WW 10.0 MOW: municipal organic waste, DW: dry weight, WW: wet weight, FCR: feed conversion ratio Source: Diener et al. (2011) Meanwhile, according to Oonincx et al.[9], the environmental impact of the livestock industry might be reduced if BSF larvae are raised on animal waste and then used as animal feed. Additionally, for the economic prospect, this would reduce the demand for imported feed and, thus, the strain on currently employed non-sustainable sources of dietary protein, like fishmeal or soybean meal. [10] discovered that because the larvae consume organic waste at a rapid rate, the weight and volume of garbage are drastically reduced over a short period of time. Being self-harvesting and requiring fewer technical skills, the BSF larvae method is economically viable. The fact that adult BSFs do not feed, making them non-pathogenic, is another appealing trait. Additionally, the BSF larvae have huge potential for composting and managing organic waste despite heavy metal contamination, unfavourable environments, and a resulting drop in fertility. The bioconversion method uses separated biowastes to artificially generate BSFL larvae. The BSF larvae develop on the waste heaps, where they take nutrients and reduce the mass of the waste. The polyphagous behaviour and strong digestive system of the larvae allow them to consume a variety of decomposing organic materials, including those with both animal and plant origins. On the other hand, their ravenous appetite helps them consume a lot of organic waste during growth. As a result, one of the most reassuring and long-lasting approaches to dealing with organic waste is regarded as having the potential for environmentally benign remediation through BSFL. High-quality animal protein in the form of BSF larvae is obtained as a by-product and processed into animal feed. The remaining waste can also be further treated to improve soil microbial fertiliser through soil enrichment. The sterile and antifungal nature of BSFL cleans residual feeds, rendering them safe for use in crop production [11].
Table 2 Larvae Nutritional Composition (Crude Protein and Fat) based on Per Dry Weight of Insect Meal Feeding source BSF Larvae Composition (%) Fats Crude Proteins Poultry manure 18.73 37.9 Swine manure 28 43.2 Poultry manure 34.8 42.1 50/50 Fish offal: Cow manure 30.44 - Animal manures 31-35 42-44 Food Manufacturing byproducts 21-35 38-46 Biogas digestate 21.8 42.2 Vegetable waste 37.1 39.9 Fresh fruit waste 41.7 37.8 Source: Singh and Kumari (2019) It is found that BSF farming provides the potential for economic, social, and environmental aspects. The calculation made by one of the BSF operators in Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan, shows that 190 kg of waste produces 79 kg of BSFL. Thus, 8 tonnes of waste will produce 3 tonnes of larvae per day, for a total of 90 tonnes per month. The market price is RM30–45 per kilogram. This estimate has proven that BSF farming can provide returns to entrepreneurs. If farming is carried out commercially, it can increase the economic capacity of the local community through the revenues received from this enterprise. In addition, breeders can overcome the problem of rising feed market prices. In addition to the direct economic benefits, the social and environmental services of BSF farming will further increase the benefits of insect farming. Thus, by scaling up insect-based feed and frass fertiliser, sustainable and innovative technologies would require more research on quantifying the economic feasibility and social-environmental services of BSF farming across different production systems. As such, producing larvae from food waste using black soldier flies offers several environmental benefits as depict in Figure 3.
Figure 3 The Environmental Benefits of Black Soldier Flies 4. CONCLUSION The BSF project uses the promise of insect metabolism as a self-regulating mechanism to heal the metabolic rift from urban waste materials in an endeavour to fulfil the mandate of the circular economy. However, in the process, it also appropriates and reconfigures the metabolic essence of the fly as an inherent form of labour that contributes to the generation of value. Using black soldier fly larvae to process food waste has a positive impact on the circular economy and is directly tied to a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forward by the United Nations. The goals of the circular economy are to reduce waste, encourage resource efficiency, and provide a closed-loop system for the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of materials and resources. This concept aligns with specific SDGs in the following manner (Figure 4): Figure 4: Align the BSF with the SDGs Communities can support many SDGs at once by incorporating the development of black soldier fly larvae into food waste management systems. This promotes a more sustainable, resilient, and environmentally friendly approach to food production, waste management, and resource use[12].
Developing a circular economic structure between rural and urban areas—where currently food and other agricultural products move from rural to urban areas and create food and other organic waste in cities—is one of the most significant policy implications. In the proposed system, urban areas will serve as regional sources of bio-fertiliser created by BSFs’ bio-fertiliser industry, which will enrich rural areas rather than creating organic waste that will harm cities and other regions. 5. REFERENCES [1] Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C., Gutiérrez, F. R., Nguyen, D. H., Morel, A., Koottatep, T., & Tockner, K. (2011). Black soldier fly larvae for organic waste treatment-prospects and constraints. Proceedings of the WasteSafe, 2, 13-15. [2] Mertenat, A., Diener, S., & Zurbrügg, C. (2019). Black Soldier Fly biowaste treatment – Assessment of global warming potential. Waste Management, 84, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.040 [3] Bessa, L. W., Pieterse, E., Marais, J., & Hoffman, L. C. (2020). Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(5), 2747-2763. [4] Miranda, C.D., Crippen, T.L., Cammack, J.A., Tomberlin, J.K., 2021. Black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: stratiomyidae), and house fly, Musca domestica L.(Diptera: muscidae), larvae reduce livestock manure and possibly associated nutrients: an assessment at two scales. Environ. Pollut. 282, 116976 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116976. [5] Chen, J., Hou, D., Pang, W., Nowar, E.E., Tomberlin, J.K., Hu, R., Chen, H., Xie, J.,Zhang, J., Yu, Z., Li, Q., 2019. Effect of moisture content on greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions from pig manure converted by black soldier fly. Sci. Total Environ. 697,133840 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133840. [6] Kim, Y.B., Kim, D.-H., Jeong, S.-B., Lee, J.-W., Kim, T.-H., Lee, H.-G., Lee, K.-W., 2020.Black soldier fly larvae oil as an alternative fat source in broiler nutrition. Poultry Sci. 99 (6), 3133– 3143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.018. [7] Abro, Z., Kassie, M., Tanga, C., Beesigamukama, D., & Diiro, G. (2020). Socio-economic and environmental implications of replacing conventional poultry feed with insect-based feed in Kenya. Journal of Cleaner Production, 265, 121871. [8] Faizin, R., Athaillah, T., & Munawarah, N. (2021, September). The prospect of cultivating maggot (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) to build the village economy and reduce household waste. In 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Modern Society (ICSTMS 2020) (pp. 184-187). Atlantis Press. [9] Oonincx, D. G. A. B., Van Huis, A., & Van Loon, J. J. A. (2015). Nutrient utilisation by black soldier flies fed with chicken, pig, or cow manure. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(2), 131-139. [10] Singh, A., & Kumari, K. (2019). An inclusive approach for organic waste treatment and valorisation using Black Soldier Fly larvae: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 251, 109569. [11] Tumpa, T. A., Salam, M. A., & Rana, K. S. Black soldier fly larvae: multidimensional prospects in household waste management, feed, fertilizer and bio-fuel industries of Bangladesh. Journal of Fisheries, 2(01), 45-56. [12] Pakpahan, A., Widowati, R., & Suryadinata, A. (2020). Black soldier fly liquid biofertilizer in Bunga Mayang sugarcane plantation: From experiment to policy implications. MOJ Eco Environ. Sci, 5, 89-98.
1 ENHANCING CIRCULAR SUSTAINABILITY BY TRANSFORMING DURIAN WASTE INTO GREEN POLYMER SOLUTIONS Yong Wei Singa , Yeu Yee Leea , Chung Ping Pinga a Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching, Sarawak ([email protected], 082-260884) 1. Perspective and Insights of Sustainability Sustainability involves responsible utilization of natural resources, waste reduction, exploration of ecofriendly materials and their transformation into value-added products for a greener future. Despite awareness, the ingrained belief in the limitless availability of natural resources hinders the adoption of sustainability practices. Reliance on these resources poses a critical issue for future generations in contemporary society. In pursuing sustainability, two fundamental questions constantly occupy the realm of consideration: How can we minimize environmental impact and how to provide eco-friendly technological solutions to meet market demands while boosting the economy? These questions serve as guiding principles in the expedition towards sustainability, considering the social, environmental, and economic dimensions. As a result, sustainable and biodegradable are appealing options to decrease environmental footprint and contribute to a greener future. 2. Concept/Ideas on Sustainability 2.1 Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics The development of plastics began about a century ago, and they have been used in almost every home, workplace, factory, car, and other aspect of modern life. As shown in Figure 1, plastic production increased significantly from 1950 to 2021 [1]. Unfortunately, plastic use often leads to improper waste management because plastic waste processing is time-consuming and challenging. To protect the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, it is critical to develop biodegradable and sustainable materials that maintain the performance of materials and satisfy customer needs, i.e., bio-composites. Bio-composites are usually composed of renewable and natural sources such as biopolymer as the main matrix material and natural fibre as the reinforcement agent, working together to enhance the properties of the bio-composites. Bio-composites offer promising applications [2] to replace non-biodegradable plastic straws and cups, or industrial applications for 3D printing filament consumables. While alternatives like paper straws exist, they often lack durability, are prone to becoming soggy, and may impart a papery taste to beverages. Therefore, bio-composites can serve as an eco-friendly alternative to address these shortcomings. 2.2 Waste Reduction and Recycling Malaysia produces a large yield of durian, which has increased annually in recent years. As seen in Figure 2, the production volume of durian shows a continuous increment from 2018 to 2021 [3], leading to a rise in durian rind waste. Durian rind waste is frequently disposed of in landfills or burned, resulting
2 in potential soil, water, and air pollution, and thus causing environmental and health problems. To address these problems, it is critical to explore potential utilization and transformation of durian rind biomass waste into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), a value-added reinforcing agent that could be used in bio-composite materials. In addition, there has been very little or no systematic study involving the extraction of NCC from durian rind waste for the use as reinforcing agent in biodegradable polymers. Figure 1. Annual production of plastics worldwide from 1950 to 2021 [1] Figure 2. Production of durian in Malaysia from 2013 to 2021 [3] 2.3 Implementation of Concepts/Ideas To resolve the durian waste issue, the Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) was extracted from durian rind through a pre-treatment method involving alkaline treatment and bleaching process to remove noncellulosic materials, followed by acid hydrolysis using oxalic acid to remove the amorphous parts in the cellulose. The extracted NCC is then characterized through Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to verify the presence of cellulose functional groups, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) for an in-depth examination of NCC morphology, and laser particle size analysis to confirm the extracted cellulose exists in nano size. To evaluate the reinforcing effect of NCC in biocomposite, a polycaprolactone (PCL)-based bio-composite will be fabricated by melting the PCL pellets in the hot water bath at 70 ℃, incorporating with NCC, and pouring them into a mould to solidify. Subsequently, the bio-composite specimens will undergo mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability tests to evaluate their performance. FESEM analysis will also be conducted to investigate the fracture surface of the bio-composite after tensile testing. 3. Strategies to Achieve Concept/Ideas Extractions utilizing the whole durian husk and locule part of the durian rind were systematically carried out to ensure a higher yield of NCC. Moreover, the effect of acid concentrations on NCC yield was investigated. This strategy seeks to balance reducing chemical usage and NCC extraction, aligning with sustainability objectives. Moreover, a milder acid, i.e., oxalic acid, was used instead of strong and concentrated acids [4]. Oxalic acid exhibits lower toxicity to microorganisms and does not generate unpleasant odours, potentially reducing the environmental impact during NCC extraction [5].
3 Furthermore, an effective partnership with local durian plantations and processing factories is crucial for securing a continuous supply of durian waste. At the same time, collaboration with plastic manufacturers can foster innovation in developing and producing environmentally friendly biocomposites as a viable alternative to conventional plastic. 4. Impact on Society, Country, and Environment Collaborating with local durian plantations and processing factories to collect durian rind waste can positively impact the socioeconomic of our country by reducing landfill waste and providing an additional source of income for local communities. Durian rind waste being dumped along the roadside is also a significant environmental hazard, especially during the peak durian season. The organic nature of durian waste can attract pests and flies, leading to unsightly and unhygienic conditions, and unpleasant odours. To mitigate this problem, setting up designated biomass collection points and enhancing their value by turning them into bio-composite materials present a sustainable solution. This approach aligns with SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production, aiming to reduce waste while promoting sustainable consumption and production practices. Beyond the environmental benefits, converting biomass waste into value-added products creates employment opportunities in the processing, collecting, and manufacturing industries. Consequently, the production of sustainable biocomposites from biomass waste is economically significant. It involves reusing discarded natural resources and generating new revenue streams. Additionally, it broadens international market access, increasing export potential and lowering the dependency on imported synthetic plastics. These sustainable practices enhance global competitiveness, attract foreign investment, and make the country appealing to sustainability stakeholders, ultimately enhancing and diversifying the country's economy. References [1] Statisca. (2023). Annual Production of Plastics Worldwide From 1950 to 2021. [2] A. K. Trivedi, M. K. Gupta, and H. Singh, "PLA based biocomposites for sustainable products: A review," Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 382-395, 2023. [3] Statisca. (2022). Production Volume of Durian In Malaysia From 2013 to 2021. [4] L. Brinchi, F. Cotana, E. Fortunati, and J. M. Kenny, "Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology and applications," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 154-169, 2013. [5] J.-W. Lee and T. W. Jeffries, "Efficiencies of acid catalysts in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over a range of combined severity factors," Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 5884-5890, 2011.
NAVIGATING CHAOS: A DYNAMIC APPROACH FOR ENHANCED DISASTER MONITORING IN NOISY NETWORK ENVIRONMENT Samirah Nasuha Mohd Razali, Masyitah Abu, Nor Azian Mohamad Universiti Sultan Azlan Shah, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia ([email protected],0195710521) In a rapidly urbanizing world facing climate uncertainties, the balance between progress and environmental stability requires vigilant disaster monitoring for sustainable development. Natural forces and human activities have heightened catastrophic risks, making disaster monitoring essential for harmonious coexistence. Amid global efforts for resilience and responsible stewardship, disaster monitoring becomes crucial, guiding a sustainable future. This discourse emphasizes disaster monitoring's role in fostering sustainability across dimensions. From protecting communities to guiding policies, it ensures preparedness, informed action, and commitment to present and future generations. Currently, research focuses on tracking and preventing disasters like floods and earthquakes. Despite existing methods, refining accuracy and early warnings remains a priority. Sensor-based data transmission, such as for temperature, humidity, water flow, and air currents, is synonymous with environmental monitoring. Internet of Things (IoT) technology with autonomous sensors relaying data offers scalability and cost-effectiveness, making it invaluable for monitoring. Issues in Natural Disaster Monitoring and Wireless Network The current data collection methods for monitoring involve handling substantial amounts of traffic, especially in densely populated areas. This high traffic volume can lead to significant potential errors, which could become intolerable [1]. Moreover, wireless signals are vulnerable to corruption when impeded by environmental obstacles, resulting in errors and the reception of inaccurate data [2][3]. In addition to disaster monitoring, the arrangement of these sensors is often non-uniform, randomly positioned. However, this non-random sensor distribution may contribute to issues such as co-channel interference and other potential concerns. The primary objective is to rectify any data corruption errors and minimize the impact of interference. This is crucial for ensuring the reliability of natural disaster monitoring and early warning systems. Maintaining low error rates is essential to guarantee the accuracy and real-time nature of the delivered data, thus preventing delays in early warning efforts. To achieve this, error-correcting codes are employed. However, it's important to strike a balance, as overly powerful error-correcting codes can negatively affect the battery life of IoT devices, which rely on limited power. Given the susceptibility of wireless networks to noise and the dependence on battery power, the chosen error correction approach needs to be intelligently optimized.
Proposed work This project involves the development of algorithms aimed at minimizing the influence of noise within the wireless system utilized for natural disaster monitoring. This endeavour considers various technical factors, including interference and signal collisions. The proposed approach is illustrated in Figure 1.1 below. The system follows a standard end-to-end transmission concept from sender to receiver incorporating the used of error detection and correction mechanism [4]. The current transmission setup underwent modifications through the integration of modules capable of accommodating a nonrandom or dynamic distribution of autonomous sensors across the monitoring area. However, it's crucial to note that the arrangement of these sensors, denoted by node densities, could potentially result in unacceptable interferences, consequently disrupting the accuracy of data. To address this, supplementary stages were introduced into the existing transmission framework. These included an estimation module that utilized Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) information, transmitted via ACK messages from the receiver. The objective was to strike a balance in the selection of appropriate errorcorrecting codes. This adjustment in error correction was executed dynamically, considering the provided SNR values and node densities. A different SNR range uses a different type of error correcting codes and varies in error correcting capability and codeword length. Findings In scenarios characterized by a low Signalto-Noise Ratio (SNR) and a high Bit Error Rate (BER), single-coding techniques with limited error correction capabilities may exhibit the ability to preserve Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.1:Flow of Proposed End-to-End Error Correction Module
substantial remaining energy. However, concerning error correction, these single-coding methods might fall short in effectively rectifying errors, resulting in elevated error rates that undermine the reliability of data transmissions. Meanwhile, the proposed work has demonstrated its capacity to enhance error rates and remaining energy. It achieves this by dynamically adjusting to varying channel conditions and node densities. In contrast, when compared to the existing single-coding approaches, proposed work has proven its superiority. Specifically, propose work surpasses conventional single-coding methods in enhancing error rates performance under conditions of low SNR. Furthermore, during instances of high SNR, where error rates is generally low, propose work manages to maintain significant remaining energy. This advantage arises from MEC's ability to adapt energy and latency considerations in situations where robust error correction capabilities are not imperative, unlike the existing single-coding approaches that would sacrifice remaining energy when employing high error correction capabilities. [1] R. Krishnamurthi, A. Kumar, D. Gopinathan, A. Nayyar, and B. Qureshi, “An overview of iot sensor data processing, fusion, and analysis techniques,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 20, no. 21. MDPI AG, pp. 1–23, Nov. 01, 2020. doi: 10.3390/s20216076. [2] D. Menaka and S. Gauni, “An energy efficient dead reckoning localization for mobile Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks,” Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, vol. 36, p. 100808, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.SUSCOM.2022.100808. [3] K. M. Awan, P. A. Shah, K. Iqbal, S. Gillani, W. Ahmad, and Y. Nam, “Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges,” Wirel Commun Mob Comput, vol. 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/6470359. [4] S. N. M. Razali, K. Mamat, and N. S. K. Bashah, “Congestion Control in Implementing Multi Coding Schemes for Energy Optimisation in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 749–765, 2020.
EMPOWERING LOCAL WOMEN: A CATALYST FOR COMPETITIVE EDGE Astrid Rudyantoa , Yohanesb aTrisakti School of Management, Indonesia, [email protected], (+62)896 5236 1212 b Trisakti School of Management, Indonesia, [email protected], (+62)878 7698 1036 Sustainability is the ability in meeting the needs of current stakeholders without compromising the needs of future stakeholders [1], which consists of three pillars, i.e. social, economic, and environmental [2]. With the world confronting pressing sustainability challenges, the United Nations calls for a global partnership between all nations and all stakeholders to achieve 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, not exception for Indonesia [3]. This calling generates enormous changes in Indonesia’s business environment. Indonesia has the largest small medium enterprises among ASEAN countries [4] and small medium enterprises contributes to 99% of Indonesia’s economy [5]. However, given the recent advancement in sustainability issues, small and medium enterprises in Indonesia are facing challenges to their survival. Small and medium enterprises with the potential to affect the environment and society adversely are required to report their sustainability activities before obtaining business and/or activity licenses [6], borrow money, subject to regular monitoring [7], [8], and export their products to other countries especially to Europe market [9]. Among all types of small medium enterprises, we concentrate on medium manufacturing enterprises. Medium enterprises are defined as enterprises with net assets ranging from 5 billion to 10 billion and are the most likely to seek bank loans [10]. Manufacturing enterprises have the potential to affect the environment and society adversely while contributing most to Indonesia’s economy at the same time [11]. Interviews with medium-sized manufacturing enterprises revealed a significant sustainability challenge in Indonesia: meeting local labor quotas. Certain regions, including Karawang, Murung Raya, Berau, Pekanbaru, Bontang, and Kampar, mandate over 50% local labor utilization for manufacturers [12], [13], [14]. Non-compliance leads to corrective action and subsequent reviews every six months, impacting competitiveness and viability. Enterprises must adhere to this regulation, submitting reports to the government and creditors (banks) [15]. Over the long term, companies that fail to comply with this regulation will experience an impact on their competitive advantage and overall viability. The struggle of medium-sized manufacturing enterprises to hire local people can be attributed to two main factors. Firstly, urbanization has led to an exodus of local residents to larger cities, leaving behind women and children in their hometowns. Secondly, the local workforce may lack the necessary knowledge and skills to produce high-quality products.
To address this issue, utilizing local women as employees presents a potential solution. However, gender-related differences should be considered. Firstly, women often find themselves caught in a multitasking whirlpool, attempting to balance professional, social, familial, and personal pursuits alongside creative goals [16]. Agarwal and Lenka [17] identify this internal conflict as "role conflict," adversely impacting women's mental and physical health and leading to behavioral adaptations. Secondly, hormonal influences on women can affect work capacity and increase absenteeism [18]. Thirdly, women in the workforce frequently encounter precarious conditions in informal employment, marked by inadequate work standards, sub-minimum wages, and limited legal protections for social and normative rights. Contractual employment is also more prevalent among women. Fourthly, women are disproportionately vulnerable to sexual harassment, with research indicating that harassed women are 6.5 times more likely to leave an organization [19]. The normalization of workplace harassment among female manufacturing employees results in pressure, criticism, and limited voice, potentially leading to unforeseen, severe consequences. Respondents' feedback emphasizes that any form of workplace violence prompts workers, including women, to seek a more supportive environment. Consequently, women exhibit higher sensitivity compared to men, facing elevated job stress, absenteeism, and diminished emotional well-being [20]. Feedback from diverse manufacturing representatives highlights a perceived higher rate of defective products among women compared to men. To mitigate these challenges, targeted interventions addressing gender-specific stressors, bolstering workplace protections against harassment, and fostering a conducive environment for women can enhance productivity and well-being within the manufacturing sector. On the positive side, previous research also argue that work ethics of women is considered very high as women have great desire to contribute to the welfare of their families and communities [21]. Women also live longer, work more and retire later [18]. However, women can contribute if only they are empowered [18]. Previous researches find that women empowerment can increase economic development in various countries [22], [23], especially local women [24]. Women's empowerment involves women enhancing their capabilities through active engagement, fostering collaboration, and societal confidence [25]. It centers on liberating leadership to motivate women in communal development and encourages growth through shared consciousness, honing skills, and impactful contributions [25]. To address challenges faced by medium-sized enterprises and promote women's empowerment, we recommend several steps. Firstly, for multitasking and hormonal problems, enterprises should ensure work-life balance. This begins with a regular day shift schedule, aligning with traditional hours and societal norms. Regular day shift schedule aids women managing various roles, like work and caregiving. Consistent hours ease stress and foster equal opportunities by reducing biases impacting promotions [26],[27].
Our second proposed work-life balance involves establishing a nonphysical working environment to enhance employee relationships, known as a women's club. This club offers fitness, lottery participation, and recreational activities, proven to positively affect work satisfaction [28], [29]. Led by local women workers, it addresses their specific needs, with enterprises offering the venue and schedule for activities. Our third suggested work-life balance entails implementing menstrual and maternity policies. To aid women facing hormonal challenges, enterprises might provide female employees with one paid leave day per month during their menstrual cycles. In addition to maternity leave, companies could offer pregnancy-related benefits during this period and even extend support for child-related matters. Second, as manufacturing enterprises are more subject to sexual harassment, women should be protected by all means from sexual harassment [30]. Few ways to decrease the opportunity of sexual harassment are using day shift work with less male worker in the shift [31], giving a comprehensive sexual harassment prevention training programs, creating efficient and confidential channels for reporting incidents, developing a sexual harassment policy [32]. Third, medium-size enterprises can train local women for advanced roles beyond packing and clerical tasks. These businesses often hire women from the area for supervision and machine-related jobs due to staffing needs. By offering training, enterprises enable hard-working local women to enhance their skills, empowering them to excel in more sophisticated responsibilities. Local women can mentor others after mastering skills, fostering a sense of usefulness. Research highlights women's effectiveness as mentors, particularly for their peers, enhancing job satisfaction through empowerment and guidance [25], [33]. The outcomes are evident. We have tested these policies within a medium-sized manufacturing enterprise located in Cikarang since 2018. In comparison to the figures from 2017, there has been a consistent rise in the count of local female employees during the years 2018 to 2020 (from 21 in 2018 to 49 in 2020). The years 2021 and 2022 are not taken into consideration, as the surge in local female workers during these years stemmed from heightened product demand amid the COVID-19 pandemic. We are planning to implement these policies to other medium-sized manufacturing enterprises which are our clients. Local women's empowerment profoundly benefits sustainable development. Firstly, it boosts economic participation, enhancing household income for better child nourishment and education, ensuring a promising human resource base. Secondly, it taps into the entire human potential, vital for sustainable development [16]. Thirdly, in addressing medium-sized enterprises' issues, it augments foreign economic integration and business continuity [22]. Enforcing these policies, such enterprises contribute valuably to the UN's fifth sustainable development goal, secure their own continuity and increase their competitive advantage.
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ADAPTIVE PERSONALIZATION RECOMMENDER FOR COLLABORATIVE LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS Nur Atiqah Rochin Demonga , Habiel Zakariab , Mohd Faizul Hassanc abcFaculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Selangor, Malaysia, ([email protected], 01169623536, [email protected], 01129846804, [email protected], 0123655041) 1. Introduction Collaborative learning is an increasingly popular approach to learning, as it allows students to work together to solve problems and develop their skills [1]. However, in order to maximize the effectiveness of collaborative learning, it is important to ensure that the learning experience is as personalized as possible, in order to meet the individual needs of each learner. One way of doing this is through the use of an adaptive personalization recommender, which can be used to tailor the learning experience to individual learners, and ensure that each learner is receiving the most effective and appropriate learning materials for their individual needs [2]. An adaptive personalization recommender is a tool that can be used to customize the learning experience for each individual learner [3]. It works by using data to create personalized learning recommendations for each learner. This data can include information such as the learner’s prior knowledge, learning goals, and interests. The tool then uses this data to create a personalized learning plan for the learner, which includes materials and activities tailored to their individual needs and interests. The use of an adaptive personalization recommender can be particularly useful in collaborative learning environments. By tailoring the learning experience to each individual learner, the tool can ensure that each learner is receiving the most effective learning materials and activities for their individual needs [4]. This can help to ensure that all learners are engaged and able to make the most of their collaborative learning experience. The use of an adaptive personalization recommender can also help to reduce the amount of time and effort that teachers need to invest in the learning process. By automating the process of creating personalized learning plans for each learner, the tool can help to reduce the amount of time and resources that teachers need to spend on creating and managing individual learning plans. Furthermore, an adaptive personalization recommender can be a useful tool for maximizing the effectiveness of collaborative learning. By providing personalized learning recommendations for each learner, the tool can help to ensure that each learner is receiving the most effective learning materials and activities for their individual needs [3]. This can help to ensure that all learners are engaged and able to make the most of their collaborative learning experience.
2. Sustainability of Adaptive Personalization Recommender for Collaborative Learning An adaptive personalization recommender system can integrate sustainability into collaborative learning by designing curriculums that focus on sustainable practices, eco-friendly practices, and diverse perspectives [5]. The system encourages virtual collaboration, resource efficiency, and project focus, providing personalized feedback and reflection. It also helps learners set long-term goals, encourages continuous learning, and respects user privacy. By incorporating these elements, the adaptive personalization recommender system fosters collaborative learning, enhances knowledge, and promotes a sustainable mindset among learners. 3. Implementation of Adaptive Personalization Recommender for Collaborative Learning Adaptive personalization recommender systems are a popular method for improving collaborative learning effectiveness [6]. These systems use machine learning and artificial intelligence to analyze user data and generate personalized recommendations. The process begins with data collection, which includes demographic information, preferences, and past behavior. Data analysis is then used to identify patterns and trends, which are then used to create personalized recommendations. The system is trained using machine learning algorithms, and after testing, it is deployed to users through a web or mobile app. This approach optimizes the learning experience for each user, making it an effective tool for improving collaborative learning. 4. Strategies and Critical Success Factor for Effective Adaptive Personalization Recommender for Collaborative Learning The implementation of an adaptive personalization recommender system for collaborative learning is crucial for online education success. This system provides personalized learning experiences by analyzing data collected from learners, including learning patterns, preferences, and interests [7]. This data is used to develop personalized learning plans, focusing on areas of improvement. Critical success factors for this innovation include a user-friendly interface, accurate data collection, adaptability to changing needs, flexibility to accommodate different learning styles, and collaboration between learners and instructors. The success of this system depends on user experience, data accuracy, flexibility, and collaboration. By implementing this system, online education can become more effective and successful. 5. Impacts of Effective Adaptive Personalization Recommender For Collaborative Learning Adaptive personalization is a method to create personalized online experiences for users. This process, which involves collecting data from user interactions, can provide tailored content for each user. This can revolutionize collaborative learning, improving access to education, reducing educational
inequality, and fostering a more equitable society. It can also improve the quality of education in a country, leading to better academic performance and increased skilled workers, which in turn can boost the economy. Furthermore, adaptive personalization can reduce the need for physical textbooks and other materials, reducing the amount of resources used and waste produced. Overall, adaptive personalization has the potential to positively impact society, countries, and the environment by bridging the gap between students from different backgrounds, reducing educational inequality, and promoting a more equitable society [8]. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, adaptive personalization and collaborative learning innovation are two approaches to tackle current issues and challenges of teaching and learning in higher education. By utilizing these approaches, instructors can create an engaging and effective learning environment that is tailored to the individual needs of their students. Additionally, they can help to improve student outcomes, increase student engagement, and foster a sense of community. The use of sustainable circular process solutions in teaching and learning can help to empower resilience communities. Innovations such as collaborative learning, experiential learning, technology enhanced learning, and project-based learning are all excellent tools for building resilience. By incorporating these innovations into teaching and learning, educators can create a sustainable and resilient learning environment. References 1. Jovanović, A. and A. Milosavljević, VoRtex Metaverse platform for gamified collaborative learning. Electronics, 2022. 11(3): p. 317. 2. Li, K.C. and B.T.-M. Wong, Features and trends of personalised learning: A review of journal publications from 2001 to 2018. Interactive Learning Environments, 2021. 29(2): p. 182-195. 3. Shemshack, A., Kinshuk, and J.M. Spector, A comprehensive analysis of personalized learning components. Journal of Computers in Education, 2021. 8(4): p. 485-503. 4. Alamri, H.A., S. Watson, and W. Watson, Learning technology models that support personalization within blended learning environments in higher education. TechTrends, 2021. 65: p. 62-78. 5. Angelaki, M.E., T. Karvounidis, and C. Douligeris, Towards a Smart Classroom Enabled Sustainability Education: A Conceptual Model, in Interactive Mobile Communication, Technologies and Learning. 2021, Springer. p. 497-509. 6. Raj, N.S. and V. Renumol, A systematic literature review on adaptive content recommenders in personalized learning environments from 2015 to 2020. Journal of Computers in Education, 2022. 9(1): p. 113-148. 7. Ismail, H., et al., Survey of Personalized Learning Software Systems: A Taxonomy of Environments, Learning Content, and User Models. Education Sciences, 2023. 13(7): p. 741. 8. Pendy, B., From Traditional to Tech-Infused: The Evolution of Education. BULLET: Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu, 2023. 2(3): p. 767-777.
Sustainable Tourism Approach Towards Empowering socio-Economic of Indigenous People in Semporna Dr. Mohamad Pirdaus Yusoha , Mohd Jirey Kumalahb , Prof. Madya Dr. Normah Ab Latipa aBorneo of Research Institute Indigenous Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ([email protected], 0135079800) aBorneo of Research Institute Indigenous Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ([email protected], 01119093738) bFaculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ([email protected], 0128251994) Introduction The concept of sustainability has become an imperative in the modern world, urging societies to balance economic growth, social equity, and environmental preservation. According to the UNWTO, sustainable tourism is a type of tourism that serves the requirements of both visitors and host communities while also conserving and expanding prospects.[1] More specifically, sustainable tourism is described as tourism that fully considers its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, while addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and host communities.[1] Sustainable features of the tourist business might be created and improved by a range of educational courses, rainfall and continual development of hospitality practices, collaboration among all stakeholders, and ongoing government assistance. [2] As we delve into the theme of sustainable socio-economic growth, a remarkable avenue presents itself in the development of indigenous people tourism products in Semporna. Understanding Sustainability Sustainability embodies the harmonious coexistence of economic development, social inclusivity, and environmental conservation. It involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The indigenous people in Semporna offers an intriguing backdrop to explore sustainability, as it encapsulates cultural richness, economic potential, and ecological significance [4].
Concept and Ideas on Sustainability The central concept revolves around empowering the indigenous people to actively participate in the creation of tourism products that celebrate their heritage, skills, and traditions. This approach not only provides economic opportunities but also promotes cultural preservation and self-determination. By capitalizing on their unique way of life, including traditional fishing, boat-building, and craftsmanship, the indigenous people can create authentic and immersive tourism experiences [3]. In addition, there are six classifications of local knowledge that can be used as tourist attractions and products, namely cuisine, handicrafts and carpentry, traditional games, life skills, dance and music, festivities, and celebrations. Each of these local wisdoms has the potential to be used as a community-based tourism attraction [3]. Implementation of Concepts A holistic approach needs to be developed to put these concepts into action. Firstly, community involvement is critical. Working closely with the indigenous people promotes their active participation and ownership of tourist efforts. Secondly, capacity building and training initiatives may provide community people with the skills they need to create sustainable tourist companies that provide quality service. Collaboration with experts in sustainable tourism and cultural preservation can also assist in closing the gap between traditional methods and current expectations. Strategies for Achievement Several strategies can propel the success of sustainable indigenous people tourism products. Diversification– offering a range of experiences such as homestays, cultural performances, traditional craft workshops, and guided fishing tours can attract a wide spectrum of tourists. Education and Awareness - visitors should be educated about the indigenous culture, the significance of their practices, and the importance of responsible tourism. Infrastructure Development must be carried out sustainably – minimizing the ecological footprint and respecting the traditional aesthetics. Impact on Society, Country, and Environment The implementation of sustainable indigenous people tourism products can yield positive impacts on various levels. Society stands to gain as the indigenous people witness improved living standards through increased income, fostering a sense of pride in their cultural heritage.