Program Book for Sustainability Challenge 2023

GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL VIA CATALYTIC DEOXYGENATION N A Abdul Razaka , D Derawia a Laboratory of Biolubricant, Biofuels and Bioenergy Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 011-19598852) The concept of "sustainability" has taken a center stage in our rapidly evolving world, as a way of retaining the planet’s health for both present and future generations. Sustainability challenge is aligning closely with the United Nation’s Sustainable Goals (SDGs), providing a roadmap for addressing global challenges and encourage a more sustainable future for all. Did you know that the transportation sector is responsible for a significant contribution of global carbon emissions? According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), transportation sector accounted for about 30% of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022 [1]. However, due to the expanding of population growth, economies and urbanization factors, the global demand for transportation fuel, primarily diesel and gasoline, has been on an upward trajectory. Therefore, the accelerating demand for fuel energy and the urge to address environmental concerns have encouraged a significant shift towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. This transition is fundamentally related to the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which seeks to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. One innovative approach contributing to this goal is the production of renewable green diesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) via catalytic deoxygenation reaction pathway. Improper waste management for WCO could contribute to several environmental issues such as water pollution (improper disposal into drainage system could harm the aquatic life), sewage blockage, soil contamination and even worse the degradation of WCO will release the greenhouse gas (methane) into the environment, hence contributing to the global warming and climate change [2]. In contrast, renewable green diesel produced from WCO offers a complex solution that addresses waste management issues, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, promotes local energy production, and contributes to a more sustainable and flexible energy future [3]. Therefore, this essay aims to elaborate on innovative idea in producing green diesel from WCO via catalytic deoxygenation pathway that potentially paving the way for a greener fuel and could revolutionize the transportation sector. The proposed idea involves a two-step process: synthesizing bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst and characterization, followed by deoxygenation reaction to convert the WCO into green diesel via hydrogen-free reactor system. Catalysts play an important role in deoxygenation reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy, enhancing reaction rates, and

controlling the product’s selectivity [4]. The choice of catalyst can greatly influence the efficiency and outcome of the deoxygenation processes. SBA-15 is widely employed in catalysis due to its strong hydrothermal stability, high surface area and pore structure [5]. However, the predominant presence of silanol groups (Si-OH) on the SBA-15 surface limits its potential applications. Hence, by functionalizing the SBA-15 with silane material can modify the acidity of the SBA-15's surface and influencing its catalytic activity. Additionally, bimetallic nickel-cobalt catalysts are being widely explored for their potential to synergistically enhance deoxygenation reactions due to their complementary properties and interactions. In the first part, the SBA-15-NH2 support was prepared by co-condensation method, followed by nickel and cobalt impregnation onto the SBA-15-NH2 support to produce the bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA15-NH2 catalyst. The success in synthesizing the bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst was confirmed by wide-angle XRD analysis (Figure 1a). Indeed, the analysis revealed that the broad diffraction peak appeared at 15-30° showing that the catalyst consisting of ordered-hexagonal mesoporous of SBA-15. It was noteworthy that the synthesized catalyst also showsthe presence of NiO (2θ=78–0429) and Co3O4 (2θ=31.2°-31.4°, 59.3°-59.4°), proving that the addition of nickel and cobalt onto the catalyst is successful [6]. The hexagonal mesoporous structure of bimetallic NiCo/SBA-15-NH2 was further evaluated by HRTEM analysis (Figure 1b). It was noteworthy that the synthesized catalyst showed ordered hexagonal mesoporous properties, and black spots were detected on the HRTEM image, attributed to the attachment of Ni and Co particles on the porous surface. Figure 1(a) Wide-angle XRD and (b) HRTEM analysis of bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst

Then, the synthesized bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst was used in the deoxygenation reaction to convert WCO into green diesel via hydrogen-free reactor system reaction at 350°C, for 2 h of reaction with the presence of 5wt% of catalyst loading [7]. The green diesel collected after the reaction was analyzed with GC-FID analysis to determine their hydrocarbon yield (C8-C20) and green diesel selectivity (C12-C20) (Figure 2a). It can be observed that the lowest hydrocarbon yield (18%) with 25% of green diesel selectivity was achieved for the blank reaction (reaction without catalyst). In contrast, the hydrocarbon yield achieved for reaction with the presence of bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15- NH2 catalyst was 86% with 64% of green diesel selectivity. Indeed, the result strongly proves that the efficiency of catalytic deoxygenation has enhanced by the addition of bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst, hence increased the selectivity towards green diesel range hydrocarbon [8]. Figure 2b shows the sample of green diesel produced from the catalytic deoxygenation, petrol-diesel purchased from Petronas and mixed/blended green diesel with petrol-diesel (G2.5 and G5). Figure 2 (a) GC-FID analysis for hydrocarbon yield and diesel selectivity, (b) Pure green diesel, petrol-diesel, and blended green diesel with petrol-diesel: G2.5 and G5 The green diesel produced from the deoxygenation of WCO by NiCo/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst was further investigated for its fuel properties (Table 1). Three samples; commercial petrol-diesel purchased from Petronas and blended green diesel (G2.5 and G5) were used to investigate the properties of fuel (density, kinematic viscosity, cetane index, pour point, and sulfur content). Overall, it was found that the blended green diesel (G2.5 and G5) show high potential for diesel fuel replacement due to the improvement of fuel properties such as lower kinematic viscosity, higher cetane number, and lower

pour point compared to the commercial petrol-diesel. It was noteworthy that lower kinematic viscosity of fuel was expected to decrease the emission of CO, CO2, and SOx, hence suggesting that the green diesel could reduce the carbon emission from fuel burning [9]. Table 1 Fuel properties of commercial petrol-diesel and blended WCO-based green diesel (G2.5 and G5) Fuel properties Commercial Petrol-diesel WCO-based green diesel (G2.5) WCO-based green diesel (G5) Density at 15°C ASTM D4052 0.8391 kg/L 0.8384 kg/L 0.8376 kg/L Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C ASTM D445 3.126 mm²/s 3.118 mm²/s 3.099 mm²/s Distillation at 95% recovered volume ASTM D86 97.8 % (V/V) 97.9 % (V/V) 97.8 % (V/V) Cetane Index ASTM D976 53.5 53.8 53.9 Pour Point ASTM D97 0 °C -3 °C -3 °C Total Sulfur Content ASTM D4294 32 mg/kg 34 mg/kg 32 mg/kg The production of green diesel from waste cooking oil via catalytic deoxygenation pathway has offered a range of environmental benefits. Firstly, the use of WCO as the feedstock to produce green diesel has significantly solved the improper waste management and consequently reduced the green diesel production cost. Secondly, green diesel has been proven to reduce carbon emission from fuel burning (refer to Table 1), resulting in improved air quality and human health. In addition, the use of bimetallic Ni-Co/SBA-15-NH2 catalyst during the deoxygenation reaction has successfully enhanced the reaction by increased the catalytic activity and selectivity towards green diesel production. Furthermore, the production of green diesel via the catalytic deoxygenation pathway involves a hydrogen-free reactor, hence the cost of the producing green diesel is expected to decrease, making it a more economically viable choice. As we navigate the complexities of our changing climate and the need for cleaner energy sources, green diesel emerges as a beacon of possibility. The potential of green diesel to significantly reduce carbon emissions, and its compatibility to blend with our existing petrol-diesel, make it a promising candidate for reshaping the way we fuel our vehicles. In conclusion, embracing green diesel as a part of renewable fuel replacement could accelerate our journey towards a greener, cleaner, and more environmentally conscious world.

REFERENCES [1] International Energy Agency (IEA). 2022. Global CO2 emissions by sector, 2019-2022. Analysis Data Statistic. [2] S. Khan. Wajahat. 2022. The country is broken: Pakistan climate minister urges justice. Nikkei Asia. [3] N. A. Abdul Razak, M. A. Mohamed, & D. Derawi. 2021. Patents on biodiesel. Biodiesel Technology and Applications, 13, 361–375. [4] M. F. Kamaruzaman, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, & D. Derawi. 2020. Green diesel production from palm fatty acid distillate over SBA-15-supported nickel, cobalt, and nickel/cobalt catalysts. Biomass and Bioenergy, 134,105476. [5] S. G. Lu, Z. Malik, D. P. Chen, & C. F. Wu. 2014. Porosity and pore size distribution of Ultisols and correlations to soil iron oxides. CATENA, 123, 79–87. [6] M. Colilla. 2017. Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials. 4, 3-5. [7] N. A. Rashidi, E. Mustapha, Y.Y. Theng, N.A. Abdul Razak, N. A. Bar, K.B. Baharudin, & D. Derawi. 2022. Advanced biofuels from waste cooking oil via solventless and hydrogen-free catalytic deoxygenation over mesostructured Ni-Co/SBA-15, Ni-FE/SBA-15, and Co-FE/SBA-15 catalysts. Fuel, 313, 122695. [8] R. Loe, K. Huff, M. Walli, T. Morgan, D. Qian, R. Pace, Y. Song, M. Isaacs, E. Santillan-Jimenez, & M. Crocker. 2019. Effect of Pt promotion on the Ni-catalyzed deoxygenation of tristearin to fuel-like hydrocarbons. Catalysts, 9(2), 200. [9] G. Abdulkareem-Alsultan, N. Asikin-Mijan, L.K. Obeas, R.Yunus, S.Z. Razali, A. Islam, & Y.Y. TaufiqYap. 2022. In-situ operando and ex-situ study on light hydrocarbon-like-diesel and catalyst deactivation kinetic and mechanism study during deoxygenation of sludge oil. Chemical Engineering Journal, 429, 132206.

1 SynBio4PlasticBioRecycling: Harnessing Photosynthetic Microorganisms for CO2- Driven Plastics Bio-Recycling Using Synthetic Biology Approach Hazlam Shamin Ahmad Shaberia a Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 01135509466) Introduction: The issue of plastic waste is a pressing concern in Malaysia, where a staggering 0.94 million tons of mismanaged plastic waste is generated annually (Chen et al. 2021). This uncontrolled plastic accumulation has far-reaching environmental repercussions, including adverse impacts on climate change, major environmental issues, wildlife, and ecosystems, as well as the economy. Disturbingly, more than 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually worldwide, with a considerable amount often being poorly managed after its use (World Economic Forum 2020). Plastic recycling rates remain low at around 14-18%, significantly lower than other materials like steel and paper. Moreover, plastics have a significant carbon footprint. In 2019, plastics were responsible for emitting 1.8 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases, contributing to 3.4% of global emissions. Forecasts suggest that these emissions could double by 2060 (OECD 2022). Considering these alarming statistics, a paradigm shift towards innovative and eco-friendly strategies becomes imperative. In light of this challenge, our approach, titled "SynBio4PlasticBioRecycling," leverages the principles of synthetic biology, an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, engineering, and technology to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems. Synthetic biology offers intriguing potential in waste bioconversion and the development of value-added products, making it a compelling avenue for addressing the plastic waste issue (Ramzi 2018). Our title underscores our commitment to employing cutting-edge techniques from synthetic biology for a more sustainable future. The Quest for Sustainability: Sustainability embodies a holistic approach that considers the interconnectedness of environmental, societal, and economic factors. The adverse effects of single-use plastics on wildlife and ecosystems are evident, emphasizing the urgency to transition to a circular economy for plastics. This approach is based on minimizing waste, reusing materials, and aligning with

2 the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), leading to reduced pollution and the conservation of valuable resources. In terms of plastics management, the circular plastics economy represents a system designed to eradicate plastic waste while fostering a continuous utilization of plastic resources (World Economic Forum 2020). Instead of being discarded after a solitary use, plastic materials are employed and reused within a closed-loop framework. The primary strategies entail the reutilization of plastic products and packaging, the recycling of plastic waste into new products, and the design of plastic products and systems with a focus on ease of recyclability. The Ingenious Idea: Conventional plastic recycling methods, though beneficial, grapple with challenges in terms of efficiency and costs. Modern biotechnology has suggested the significance of biological recycling using engineered microorganisms. This approach showcases a promising uptick in plastic recovery rates compared to traditional chemical and mechanical processes (Webb et al. 2012). Yet, a significant bottleneck in biological recycling revolves around the expense of carbon sources, like sugars, necessary for microorganism growth (Yoshida et al. 2016). This bottleneck significantly causes biological recycling of plastics to be less cost-effective than other methods. Figure 1: Sustainable and cost-effective plastic recycling using photosynthetic microorganisms. In response, we make use of the natural ability of photosynthetic microorganisms, akin to nature's solar-powered machines, to supply energy needed for the growth of the plastics-

3 degrading microorganisms (Figure 1). These microorganisms thrive on light, thereby eliminating the need for expensive carbon sources. Additionally, the remarkable ability of photosynthetic microorganisms to absorb CO2 during their growth phase imbues the process with carbonneutral or even carbon-negative attributes, aligning perfectly with the goals of sustainability. Implementation in Action: Practical implementation entails the cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms endowed with the capability to efficiently break down plastics. This process not only extracts valuable components from plastic, suitable for creating new plastics or upcycled products such as highvalue metabolites and chemicals (Dissanayake & Jayakody 2021), but also contributes to the essential task of environmental cleanup. One compelling application of this concept involves integrating it into wastewater treatment plants, where photosynthetic microorganisms could remove small plastic fragments from sewage, simultaneously enhancing water quality and addressing the plastic waste predicament. Another interesting application is the integration of our approach into the existing pipeline of chemical and mechanical plastic recycling, thus serving as a valuable complement to these established methods. Strategies for Success: Our path to realizing this vision involves a two-fold strategy. The first entails employing synthetic biology to genetically engineer and develop efficient plastic-degrading photosynthetic microorganisms. Secondly, we are fine-tuning the conditions, such as temperature and pH, to optimize the plastic breakdown capabilities of these engineered microorganisms. Drawing on our extensive experience in the realm of genetic engineering, particularly in the domain of plastics biodegradation, our research group boasts a robust network and a wealth of expertise, providing us with a strong foundation for the realization of our ambitious objectives. Impact on Society, Country, and Environment: The significance of our concept on society, country and the environment are profound. Our approach directly tackles plastic pollution, ensuring cleaner environments, reducing health risks, and promoting responsible plastic consumption and waste management practices. Furthermore, our concept aligns with Malaysia's sustainability objectives, positioning the nation as a pioneer in innovative, eco-friendly solutions for plastic waste management. This is in accord with the Green Technology Master Plan Malaysia (2017-2030), which emphasizes the

4 utilization of green technology in water and waste management, making our approach beneficial for sustainable and green plastic bioremediation. Moreover, by efficiently recycling plastics through renewable energy harnessed from photosynthesis, we not only mitigate plastic waste but also contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This carbon-neutral or carbon-negative aspect of our approach signifies a significant stride towards a more environmentally friendly and climate-conscious future. Conclusion: In conclusion, our concept embodies the essence of sustainability, offering a practical, innovative, and cost-effective approach to plastic waste management. It not only addresses the plastic waste crisis head-on but does so while embracing the principles of circularity and renewable energy. Our vision stands as a testament to the potential of human ingenuity and environmental consciousness working together, heralding a brighter, greener future. References: Chen, H.L., Nath, T.K., Chong, S., Foo, V., Gibbins, C. & Lechner, A.M. 2021. The plastic waste problem in Malaysia: management, recycling and disposal of local and global plastic waste. SN Applied Sciences 3(4): 437. Dissanayake, L. & Jayakody, L.N. 2021. Engineering Microbes to Bio-Upcycle Polyethylene Terephthalate. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9. OECD. 2022. Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options. OECD. Ramzi, A.B. 2018. Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology. hlm. 81–95. Webb, H., Arnott, J., Crawford, R. & Ivanova, E. 2012. Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polymers 5(1): 1–18. World Economic Forum. 2020. Plastics, the Circular Economy and Global Trade. World Economic Forum Geneva. Yoshida, S., Hiraga, K., Takehana, T., Taniguchi, I., Yamaji, H., Maeda, Y., Toyohara, K., Miyamoto, K., Kimura, Y. & Oda, K. 2016. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate). Science 351(6278): 1196–1199.

MICROBIAL FLOCCULANT FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT J Aliasa , N S M Said b , J Ahmadc Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Enviroment Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia a ([email protected], +60 17-3225106); b ([email protected], +60 19-6047401), c ([email protected], +60 13-4319341) Sustainability defines as an act to progress with our life without declining the quality of life for future generations; keeping the balance of environmental, social and economic aspects in control. Meanwhile ‘sustainable development’ upgrade afore-mentioned definition by adding goals for societal progress while practicing sustainability [1]. Related closely to wastewater treatment circles, authors decided to focus on one small but crucial part of sustainability, regarding innovation in wastewater treatment technology. From the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) enforced by United Nations, authors focused on the SDG number 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and number 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Flocculation is one of the most favorable treatments in removing suspended solids in wastewater as it is simple yet very effective. But usage of widely used chemical flocculants had been reported to cause many negative impacts on the ecosystem. For instance, it may cause inhabitation on root elongation and seed germination in plant developments, when exposed to affected water. Besides, it may also affect human health after a long term exposure such as central nervous system failure, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and severe trembling [2]. Thus, it had initiated a biological approach to replace those harmful flocculants with environmentally friendly flocculating agent produce from microorganisms, agreeing the sustainability concept we highlighted. This study was to determine the effective bioflocculant produced by bacteria for treatment of water and wastewater. In this study, bacteria-producing bioflocculant (BPB) was isolated from water and sludge of Langat River, Selangor. The flocculating activity of BPB was determine using koalin suspension method by Jar test. Next, the application of effective bioflocculant produced by BPB for water and wastewater treatment to study the removal of suspended solid (SS), colour and turbidity. The performance comparison of treatment for wastewaters (aquaculture, coffee and domestic) using the operation condition from the treatment of river water. The jar test shows a high flocculating activity at 92.3% for isolate JB7 and determination of effective BPBs species as Bacillus velezensis using 16S rDNA. This bioflocculant was shown good flocculating activity might promising for high removal of pollutants in treatment of water and wastewater. Bioflocculant JB7 was used in the treatment of river water, and various wastewater including coffee effluent, domestic and aquaculture wastewaters as shown in Figure 2. Pollutants removal for river water treatment by bioflocculant of B.velezensis

isolate JB7 removed 86.3% turbidity, 79.9% colour and 83.8% SS at optimum condition 5 minutes sedimentation time, 0.4% (v/v) dosage, pH 6 and CaCl2 as a cation. Under the same optimum condition used for the treatment of coffee effluent, domestic and aquaculture wastewater, the removal efficiency towards pollutants was in range of 38-53% for turbidity, 6-20% for colour and 6-50% SS. Thus, bioflocculant JB7 successfully treats various pollutants in river water and wastewater. Figure 1 (a) Morphology of BPB and (b) crude bioflocculant Figure 2. Removal efficiency of bioflocculant in treatment of water and wastewater There are several ways required to implement this study in order to ensure the successful application of bioflocculant in water and wastewater treatment. Firstly, the finding of high flocculating activity is required to promote the agglomeration and destabilization of colloidal particles to form floc on the water and wastewater surface. Besides, the optimization of flocculation conditions also needed to determine high flocculating and high removal efficiency towards pollutants for example suspended solid, colour and turbidity. Among factors these are dosage of bioflocculant, initial pH, mixing intensity, sedimentation time and coagulant aid. In addition, the stability and shelf life of bioflocculant also important to determine because it affecting the performance and effectiveness [3]. Lastly, the

economic and environmental assessment study of bioflocculant for cost effectiveness and environmentally friendly. The research on the microbial bioflocculant produced by Bacillus velezensis strain JB7 and its application for river water treatment has various possible societal, country, and environmental implications. The social impact from this study would have the accessibility of a clean water river or wastewater for safe drinking water which is critical to public health and well-being as well as costeffectiveness. The findings of this study shed light on in enhancing water quality and lower health concerns connected with contaminated water, which would benefit communities and individuals that rely on river water as a drinking water. The innovative findings could have an impact on national rules and regulations governing water and wastewater treatment. This study will help industry to follows environmental law and policies of government to cope with environmental problems. This may consider encouraging or incentivizing the use of bio-flocculants in water treatment plants, which would be in line with environmental and sustainable development goals [4]. Therefore, this study offers a more environmentally friendly approach to water treatment by using bioflocculants produced from microbial sources that frequently biodegradable and have lesser environmental implications, which reduces the burden on ecosystems and promotes sustainable water management [5]. Reference [1] YouMatter, “Sustainability – What Is It? Definition, Principles and Examples,” 2021. [2] S. B. Kurniawan et al., “Challenges and opportunities of biocoagulant/bioflocculant application for drinking water and wastewater treatment and its potential for sludge recovery,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 24, pp. 1–33, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249312. [3] V. Bisht and B. Lal, “Exploration of performance kinetics and mechanism of action of a potential novel bioflocculant BF-VB2 on clay and dye wastewater flocculation,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 10, pp. 1–18, 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01288. [4] A. K. Badawi, R. S. Salama, and M. M. M. Mostafa, “Natural-based coagulants/flocculants as sustainable market-valued products for industrial wastewater treatment: a review of recent developments,” RSC Adv., vol. 13, no. 28, pp. 19335–19355, 2023, doi: 10.1039/d3ra01999c. [5] N. Das, A. P. Shende, G. Keerthana, and S. K. Mandal, “Applications of Microbial bioflocculants for Environmental remediation: An Overview,” Res. J. Pharm. Technol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1883–1890, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00315.

SUSTAINABLE CARBON CREDIT THROUGH WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS Naqibah Balqis Binti Badrulzaman1,2 , Vikesh Varma Ananthan1, 1Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 03- 8921 5954) 2 Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 03-8927 2433) The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledges the importance of responsible consumption and production in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, which includes a specific implementation of policies that support a shift towards sustainable practices and decouple economic growth from resource use. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse. In this research, production of waste from agriculture and industry was recycled to produce another valuable product for renewable and clean energy purposes. Today, an increase in the growth of the human population worldwide has led to rapid development in the agriculture sector. According to the trend of consumption for over the last 30 years, a new target has been established that by 2050, there must be a 50% increase in crop and food production in order to approximately reach about 12 billion tons (Porter, 2016). The demand for agricultural products will rapidly grow as the capacity of agricultural products involves the production of livestock and conservation of natural resources instead of limited usage in food production. Thus it had a big impact on the environment , climate, ecosystem and human health. According to recent findings, the production of waste generated from the agriculture sector has reached nearly 1 billion tons each year globally where it contributes to one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions (Karić et.al, 2022). In addition, 94% of all types of waste was industrial waste being produced from industrial activities such as manufacturing, chemical plants, mining operations and others (Mekonnen & Gokcekus, 2019). These industrial wastes are a source of environmental pollution for humans. There are many types of unwanted waste that come from the industry sector and it is divided according to their sources and end use. These types of waste are the worst pollutant as poor waste management will cause severe pollution to the environment. Increments in industrial waste recently are highly related to urban industrial growth. In this research, palm oil mill effluent (POME) as one of the most abundant waste generated from palm oil plantation was used to treat glycerin waste generated from oleochemical industry through anaerobic digestion process and produce methane gasses.

POME is one type of the most abundant waste being produced from palm oil plantations that consist of various suspended materials. In 2022, Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council (MPOCC) had reported that 50 to 70 million tonnes of POME were produced each year in Malaysia (MPOCC, 2O22). Moreover, compared to municipal sewage, POME is 100 times more contaminated with high levels of impurities and organic content. Untreated POME discharge has a negative environmental impact. It is a big challenge to manage POME waste as it was produced in a massive amount and the treatment cost is ineffective. According to a study from (Madaki & Seng, 2013), releasing treated POME to the river or stream will still eventually cause detrimental effects to the environment due to the big amount of organic matter in it. Moreover, there is a rapid increase in oleochemical needs along with the improvement in living standard. Glycerin or also known as glycerol is one of the oleochemical compounds that has been widely used in various sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and beverages and others. High usage of glycerol in oleochemical industries has produced an abundant amount of Glycerin pitch, which is one of the by-products and waste material with high content of organic and alkalinity as well as the presence of toxic components (Silva et.al, 2020). Thus, the disposal and management of this waste is very difficult as conventional methods in treating glycerin pitch are cost ineffective for the industry. One oleochemical plant in Malaysia had reported nearly 200 tonnes of glycerin pitch being produced each month (Parveez et.al, 2022). Improper disposal of glycerin pitch can lead to severe environmental damage through contamination of natural resources, soil, water stream and groundwater. Currently, the only disposal method being used in managing this waste is by incineration process or sealing it in drums prior to landfill (Azlan, 2016). This will eventually cause harmful pollution to the environment. Due to high content of organic matter in POME, anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most suitable method that can be used in treating POME as AD is a process of breaking down organic matter by the action of microorganism without the presence of oxygen and produce biogas, mainly methane gasses that can be further used as renewable energy for electricity. According to a study by (Ohimain & Izah, 2017), about 20 to 28 3of methane gas can be produced from anaerobic digestion of POME. In essence, 1 3 of POME can be converted into 28 3 of biogas. About 1.8 kW h may be produced by 1 3 of biogas, which equates to a 25% efficiency in power generation. In addition, as an organic waste product, glycerin pitch can be used as a co-substrate in anaerobic digestion process. Its high content of organic matter can enhance the production of biogas in this process. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of glycerol in increasing methane generation rate in anaerobic digesters (Arif et al. 2018; Fountoulakis et al. 2010; Razaviarani and Buchanan 2015; Rasit et al. 2018; Zahedi et al. 2018). For example, Fountoulakis et al. (2010) reported approximately 53% increase in methane production in AD of sewage sludge and crude glycerine. Rasit et al. (2018) showed approx. 25% of enhanced methane generation in AD of waste with high lipid content in the presence of crude glycerin.

Whilst there is clear improvement in methane generation in AD when crude glycerine is used, the current effective glycerine concentration is low, which is only up to 1% (v/v). Using a higher concentration would lead to an organic overload which causes an imbalance and eventual collapse of the AD system. Higher glycerine concentration used likely results in the accumulation of organic acids that markedly decrease the pH in the digester and therefore led to disruption of the process. Thus, the strategy to avoid accumulation of organic acid is by enriched methanogenic culture into the system, which has been demonstrated to be effective in accelerating methane generation in AD with high organic load. Higher methanogenic biomass would be required to account for more efficient utilisation of the organic acids by fermentative bacteria (Fotidis et al. 2014; Li et al. 2018; Tale et al. 2015). Enrichment culture is a technique to increase the density of the desired population of microorganisms. This can be achieved by regulating the favorable growth condition of desired microorganisms during the enrichment process. The aim of this technique is to obtain a specific microbial population that is capable of carrying out certain metabolic reactions to increase productivity (Aryal et al., 2018). This research is focused on waste management and disposal in order to save the environment from further pollution. and efficient waste management is needed to ensure that the waste being released does not harm human living and other ecosystems . The concept of sustainability being emphasized in this research is recycling waste where one type of waste is treating another type of waste and produces a valuable end product which is methane gasses that can be used as a renewable source of energy. Moreover, this research had a good impact on society, country and environment as for society, it can help to provide low cost of electricity in the future where the source of electricity was produced from waste generated from various industries. As according to National Renewable Energy Policy, the vision is to achieve 20% usage of renewable energy by 2025 (NREP, 2019). In addition, recycling these waste to produce renewable energy is very profitable to the country as it helps to save a lot of cost on waste disposal. Beyond everything, this research is very impactful on the preservation of the environment as it helps to reduce many types of pollution that will occur with improper waste management. Lastly, without environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social cohesion cannot be achieved. Thus, it is very important to focus on research that helps to sustain environmental conditions.

References [1] Arif, S., Liaquat, R. and Adil, M. (2018). Applications of materials as additives in anaerobic digestion technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 97, pp.354-366.. [2] Aryal, N., Kvist, T., Ammam, F., Pant, D., & Ottosen, L. D. M. (2018). An overview ofmicrobial biogas enrichment. Bioresource Technology, 264(April), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.013 [3] Da Silva Ruy AD, Ferreira ALF, Bresciani AÉ, de Brito Alves RM, Pontes AM (2020) Market prospecting and assessment of the economic potential of glycerol from biodiesel. Biotechnological Applications of Biomass.IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93965 [4] Fountoulakis, M., Petousi, I. and Manios, T. (2010). Co-digestion of sewage sludge with glycerol to boost biogas production. Waste Management, 30(10), pp.1849-1853. [5] Madaki, Y. S. & Seng, L. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) from Malaysia palm oil mills: Waste or Resource. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 2(6), 1138–1155 (2013a) [6] Mekonnen, Y. A. and Gokcekus, H. (2019). Urbanization and Solid Waste Management Challenges, in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Civ. Env. Res., 11(5): 6-15 [7] Mohd Azlan Bin Ahmad, Anaerobic Digestion of Crude Glycerol for Biohydrogen Production, 2016. Master thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor [8] Malaysia Palm Oil Certification Council (MPOCC), 2019, Biomass Palm Oil As Renewable Energy. https://www.mpocc.org.my/mspo-blogs/biomass-palm-oil-as-renewable-energy [9] National Renewable Energy Policy NREP. (2019). https://www.seda.gov.my/policies/nationalrenewable-energy-policy-and-action-plan-2009/ [10] Ohimain E I and Izah S C 2017 A review of biogas production from palm oil mill effluents using different configurations of bioreactors Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 70 242–53 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032116309893 [11] Parveez GKA, Kamil NN, Zawawi NZ, Ong-Abdullah M, Rasuddin R, Loh SK, Selvaduray KR, Hoong SS, Idris Z (2022) Oil palm economic performance in Malaysia and R&D progress in 2021. J Oil Palm Res 34:185–218. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0036 [12] Aryal, N., Kvist, T., Ammam, F., Pant, D., & Ottosen, L. D. M. (2018). An overview ofmicrobial biogas enrichment. Bioresource Technology, 264(April), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.013

PAVING THE WAY FOR MALAYSIA’S NEW PLASTIC ECONOMY: SUSTAINABLE BIOPLASTICS FROM LOCAL OIL PALM BIOMASS S A S Zaidia , H B Harizb a Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected] , 0133337285) bDepartment of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected] , 0192003821) When it comes to how sustainable something can be, it is often reflected upon how it can be continuously conducted and exist in the long term without causing destructive impacts and jeopardizing the future of the ecosystem. Society, economy, and environment are part of the ecosystem which are interconnected in a way that one can have ripple effects on others. For instance, the recent discovery of plastic particle contamination in human blood has proven that plastic pollution poses detrimental impacts not only to the environment and marine species but also to society. The current commercial plastics in the market are predominantly petrochemically derived, which are not environmentally benign and take a long time to degrade. OXO-degradable plastic, despite its initial promise, has proven to be an inadequate solution. The oxo-degradation process, intended to accelerate the breakdown of plastic, actually leads to the formation of microplastics [1]. Meanwhile, the oil palm industry generated 2015.16 tonnes/annum of underutilized biomass globally [2]. Its accumulation and improper management will lead to the release of GHG and incur the risk of plant disease, which results in environmental deterioration [3]. This serves as an urgent wake-up call, urging us there is no shortest route to achieve future sustainability. Therefore, our project suggests the invention of a sustainable bioplastic material as the resolution, which is made from a combination of polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), that can cater to many applications. The production process is highly driven by sustainable and renewable resources which are the underutilized oil palm biomass in Malaysia, that was generated in the amount of 13 million tonnes in 2022 [4]. The monomers of PLA and PBS which are lactic acid and succinic acid in this project were generated from the

fermentation process of the OPT juice. Globally, OPT juice is generated in the amount of 10.54 million metric tons/year from 22.49 million metric tons/year of OPT that were felled in 13 million hectares of global oil palm plantation [5]. It can be deemed as a perfect candidate to be exploited as the feedstock for co-fermentation of lactic acid and succinic acid, without any pretreatment, due to its high sugar content (42 g/L) and its richness in amino acids, vitamins, and minerals which serves as sources for macro and micronutrients for the bacteria [5,6]. From the fermentation broth, the purification and recovery process through centrifugation, evaporation, activated carbon treatment, and crystallization methods were conducted to generate lactic acid and succinic acid in crystal form. The lactic acid was then polymerized into PLA, while succinic acid was reacted together with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to generate PBS. After the polymerization reaction, the PLA and PBS powder were fed into an extruder and pelletizer to obtain the final product in resin form. PLA has high tensile and flexural moduli exceeding conventional petroleum-based plastics. However, PLA is more brittle than conventional plastics and has low impact resistance, limiting its usage in many applications. By combining PLA with PBS in this project, the toughness and impact resistance of the material can be effectively improved since PBS has excellent toughness and provides ductility to the material. The degree of ductility and stiffness of can be easily tailored by changing the compositions of the PLA and PBS to cater to various applications. After an extended period of usage, the PLA-PBS biopolymer can be degraded through eco-friendly ways. It has a sustainable end‐of‐life (EOL) route since it can be subjected to mechanical and chemical recycling. Through mechanical recycling, it can be shredded, and then melted and extruded into post-consumer recycled plastics (PCR) resin or pellets that can be used to make new products. In terms of chemical recycling, the biodegradation of the PLAPBS biopolymer was tested in this project through enzymatic hydrolysis. It was found that the molecular structure of the PLA-PBS biopolymer is broken down into lactic acid and succinic acid, with 97% degradation. Through crystallization, the monomers can be recovered and utilized as raw material to synthesize the PLA-PBS biopolymer composites once again, which puts the life cycle of this product in a closed loop. The cradle-to-cradle approach manifested in this product is in line with one of the targets in the Malaysia Plastics Sustainability Roadmap 2021-2030 which is achieving 100% recyclability of plastic packaging by 2030.

The bioplastic market for PLA and PBS has grown significantly in recent years, and it is projected to continue growing in the coming years as consumers and businesses become more environmentally conscious. The global PLA market size was valued at RM4.68 Billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 13.94% to reach RM 11.83 Billion by 2030 [8]. Meanwhile, the global PBS garnered a market value of RM 1.75 Billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach a CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period (2023-2030) [9]. Overall, the rise in demand for biodegradable plastics, coupled with increasing environmental regulations and awareness, has driven the growth of the PLA and PBS market. Nowadays, the increasing demand for PLA and PBS is essentially driven by big industries such as packaging, agriculture, automotive, electronics, architecture, 3D printing, and textiles. Therefore, utilizing oil palm biomass to produce lactic acid and succinic acid as feedstocks for the development of PLA and PBS as high-potential biomaterials for various applications provides lucrative opportunities for market players. In addition, bio-based polymer demand in the biomedical market also expanding considerably due to advancements in technology and consumer demand for medical implants, whereas implant demand is increasing primarily due to the higher prevalence of chronic illnesses and an increasing global elderly population. In recent years, PLA has been explored in biomedical applications in the field of orthopedics (implants such as screws, plates, and pins), dentistry (space fillers, temporary crowns, bridges, and splints), surgeries (sutures and meshes) and oncology (drug delivery system) [10]. For such applications, the degradation rate of PLA in the body is often designed to match the healing or regrowth process. PBS has some unique properties compared to PLA, such as high flexibility and biocompatibility, which make it suitable for specialized applications such as temporary medical implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, and 3D printing of complex surgery implants [11]. Moreover, PLA and PBS are biocompatible with the human body, thus, the implants and sutures can be gradually degraded as the tissue heals in the body over time, reducing the need for a second surgery or suture removal. In fact, PLA and PBS can be broken down into lactic acid and succinic acid, respectively by the enzymes present in the body, which occur naturally during metabolic processes.

As a strategy to monetize this project for the production of the PLA-PBS biopolymer, large-scale production will be conducted following the appropriate business model canvas and funding requests from the government and NGOs. Collaboration with trained oil palm farmers will be made possible by allowing them to be in charge of the oil palm tree felling process at the plantation, chopping of the trunks, and extraction of OPT juice at the OPT juice processing facility. As part of the community engagement, the local community will also be supplied with a portable mechanical presser to generate OPT juice that will be channeled to the lactic acid and succinic acid fermentation plant. They will also be supported with training on how to utilize the OPT solid bagasse residues to be used as fertilizer, soil amendment, and animal food additive for their farming and agricultural usage or to be sold as their local business. Creative marketing strategies, such as conducting conferences, open webinars, and community programs that discuss the prospect of PLA-PBS biopolymer from sustainable resources, will attract potential stakeholders and investors. The impact of this project is expected to contribute towards circular resource strategies, where economies can reduce environmental impact, conserve natural resources, and create economic opportunities while fostering sustainable development. In this project, the sustainable monomers lactic acid and succinic acid are derived from inexpensive, abundant, and renewable resources of underutilized oil palm biomass in Malaysia. This would in turn help to subside the usage of fossil fuels, mitigate the unattended biomass mismanagement problem in Malaysia, while promoting a circular economy, and provide economic advantage from the reduction of the PLA-PBS biopolymer production cost. The proposed technology could generate significant revenue with the new biopolymer industry's entrance into Malaysia. As an outcome of this project, Malaysia will possess the potential to emerge as a leading manufacturer of PLA-PBS biopolymers and breach into the global market. This will help to generate substantial revenue and create millions of job opportunities. This project also contributes to spreading more awareness among society to innovate and strive to curtail plastic pollution by opting for biodegradable bioplastics. (Wordcount: 1440 words)

References [1] P. Tziourrou, S. Kordella, Y. Ardali, G. Papatheodorou, and H. K. Karapanagioti, “Microplastics formation based on degradation characteristics of beached plastic bags,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 169, p. 112470, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112470. [2] S. K. Loh, “The potential of the Malaysian oil palm biomass as a renewable energy source,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 141, pp. 285–298, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.081. [3] S. H. Saleh, M. A. M. Noor, and A. Rosma, “Fractionation of oil palm frond hemicelluloses by water or alkaline impregnation and steam explosion,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 115, pp. 533–539, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.087. [4] H. W. Onn, “FORUM: Time to valorise oil palm biomass into ethanol,” The Edge Malaysia, 2023. [5] R. Dirkes, P. R. Neubauer, and J. Rabenhorst, “Pressed sap from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunks: a revolutionary growth medium for the biotechnological industry?,” Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 931–944, 2021, doi: 10.1002/bbb.2201. [6] N. A. Bukhari et al., “Compatibility of utilising nitrogen-rich oil palm trunk sap for succinic acid fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 293, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122085. [7] B. E. Lokesh et al., “Potential of Oil Palm Trunk Sap as a Novel Inexpensive Renewable Carbon Feedstock for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis and as a Bacterial Growth Medium,” Clean - Soil, Air, Water, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 310–317, 2012, doi: 10.1002/clen.201000598. [8] G. Report, “Polylactic Acid Market Size, Share,” 2030. [Online]. Available: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/polylactic-acid-market. [9] F. M. Insights, “Polybutylene Succinate Market,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/polybutylene-succinate-market. [10] M. E. Grigora, Z. Terzopoulou, and D. Baciu, “3D printed poly(lactic acid)-based nanocomposite scaffolds with bioactive coatings for tissue engineering applications,” J Mater Sci, vol. 58, pp. 2740–2763, 2023. [11] S. Su, S., Kopitzky, R., Tolga, S., Kabasci, “Polylactide (PLA) and Its Blends with Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS): A Brief Review,” Polym., vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1193, 2019.

PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA AND PHOSPHATE-BASED FERTILIZER FROM PALM OIL EFFLUENT THROUGH STRUVITE PRECIPITATION Suriya Vathi Subramaniana aDepartment of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia ([email protected], 011-2627 1922) Sustainability is a cornerstone of responsible resource management, balancing economic growth with environmental well-being. The modern world faces a slew of environmental difficulties, including the management of wastewater generated through multiple industries, including the palm oil processing sector, that is having a detrimental effect on ecosystems. Palm oil effluent (POME) is a byproduct of this industry, and its inappropriate disposal poses substantial environmental risks like algal blooms and eutrophication that are caused by the expansion of ammonia-nitrogen and phosphate compounds in POME that affect aquatic ecosystems and public health [1]. Hence, the interdependence of environmental health and society well-being needs a paradigm change towards more sustainable methods to POME treatment. The method of fertilizer production through recovering ammonia-nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater is a concept of transforming waste product into valuable and profitable resources. Although there are several processes for treating POME in terms of chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical processes, there are fewer method to recover these nutrients so that they can be used as fertilizer for plants because the nitrogen and phosphorus content is an important source of nutrients for plant growth [2]. The effective method that is used is struvite precipitation which is a formation process of crystalline compound consisting of magnesium, ammonia, and phosphate [3]. Struvite, once formed, can be used as a nutrient-rich fertilizer, reducing the reliance on traditional, energy-intensive fertilizer production methods, and mitigating the environmental impacts associated with their use. Thes is compatible with the overarching objective of developing closed-loop systems in which waste is minimized and resources are best utilized, as trash converted into a resource represents the essence of sustainability. This application of this concept involves interplay of various factors such as pH, magnesium quantity and its types. This factor will be varied to find the optimum condition for the yield of highest struvite recovery rate. An increase in the pH value due to the presence of a lot of H+ ions will encourage ammonianitrogen and phosphorus extractors for the formation of struvite. Besides, the purpose of adding magnesium in this study is because magnesium ions act as a catalyst for the initial nucleation of struvite crystals. It provides a surface for other ions to attach to facilitate the formation of struvite. In the absence of sufficient magnesium ions, the precipitation process may be slow or inefficient. Not only that, but

magnesium ions also stabilize the struvite crystal structure by forming coordination bonds with phosphate and ammonium ions to maintain the hexagonal lattice structure of struvite crystals. This stabilization contributes to the formation of clear struvite crystals with consistent properties. Therefore, coordination of the magnesium source is important because magnesium ions affect the size and morphology of the struvite crystals formed. So, it is important to identify the optimum type of magnesium and amount of magnesium to be added [4]. The struvite resulting from this project will be analyzed to obtain the percentage of phosphorus and ammonia-nitrogen that have been recovered, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) removal from POME. The dried precipitate will be weighed and analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) [5]. Furthermore, the use of first-order kinetics creates a strong analytical framework, allowing for comparisons with past studies and providing a common language for scientific communication. From the implementation of this concept, pH, quantity, and type of magnesium used play an important role in the formation of struvite. This is how pH affects the production of struvite where an optimal pH is required for the nucleation process to occur. An increase in pH will further increase the rate of nucleation which in turn will increase the rate of crystal growth. In addition, the type of magnesium source also plays an important role as MgO provides a high removal percentage of nutrients, COD and TSS. For amount of magnesium oxide, higher the quantity of magnesium used, the higher the formation of struvite [6]. This is because any increase in the quantity of magnesium will increase the level of saturation with the formation of struvite which will cause an increase in the production of ammonia-nitrogen and phosphate from POME wastewater. Hence, this method proved any effective POME treatment as the result gave around 70% removal of nutrient and produce treated POME can be discharged [7]. Since sustainable agriculture is critical for food security and economic stability, nutrient recovery from POME is not only an environmental solution but also a socioeconomic need. Struvite, as a fertilizer, not only delivers critical nutrients to crops, but it also minimizes the environmental impact of conventional fertilizer manufacture. In conclusion, ammonia-nitrogen and phosphate-based fertilizer from POME could highlight a paradigm change in sustainability efforts. The struvite precipitation method demonstrated in this study resonates beyond the bounds of laboratories and academic circles,

resonating with corporations, governments, and communities looking for answers to serious environmental concerns. References [1] Kamyab, H., Chelliapan, S., Din, M. F. M., Rezania, S., Khademi, T., & Kumar, A. 2018. Palm Oil Mill Effluent as an Environmental Pollutant. In Palm Oil. InTech. [2] Siciliano, A., Limonti, C., Curcio, G. M., & Molinari, R. 2020. Advances in struvite precipitation technologies for nutrients removal and recovery from aqueous waste and wastewater. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 12, Issue 18). MDPI. [3] Hövelmann, J., Stawski, T. M., Freeman, H. M., Besselink, R., Mayanna, S., Perez, J. P. H., Hondow, N. S., & Benning, L. G. 2019. Struvite crystallisation and the effect of Co2+ ions. Minerals, 9(9). [4] Hövelmann, J., Stawski, T. M., Freeman, H. M., Besselink, R., Mayanna, S., Perez, J. P. H., Hondow, N. S., & Benning, L. G. 2019. Struvite crystallisation and the effect of Co2+ ions. Minerals, 9(9). [5] Haan, T. Y., Aqilah, M., Azman, M., Hamid, H., Mohamed, P., Teoh, Y. X., Azier, N., Nor, M., Maha, &, & Al-Rajabi, M. 2021. Pengekstrakan Amonia-Nitrogen dan Ortofosfat daripada Efluen Kilang Sawit dalam Bentuk Struvit (Extraction of Ammonia-Nitrogen and Orthophosphate in the Form of Struvite from Palm Oil Mill Effluent). [6] Goy, S. M., Bott, C. B., Dietrich, A. M., & Knocke, W. R. Optimization of Struvite Recovery Utilizing Magnesium Oxide. [7] Xavier, L. D., Cammarota, M. C., Yokoyama, L., & Volschan, I. 2014. Study of the recovery of phosphorus from struvite precipitation in supernatant line from anaerobic digesters of sludge. Water Science and Technology, 69(7), 1546–1551

SUSTAINABLE UPCYCLING OF PLASTIC WASTES INTO VALUABLE CARBON NANOMATERIALS VIA SMART PYROYLSIS SYSTEM AND CATALYST DESIGN Xiu-Xian Lima, Siew-Chun Lowb, Wen-Da Oha a School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia b School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia What is unsustainability? When plastic is generated to meet people's needs but ends up as waste that brings negative impacts to the environment, this is unsustainability. Since the discovery of plastic, annual plastic production reached 460 million tonnes in 2019, of which 55% was discarded, 25.5% was incinerated, and the remaining was recycled [1]. Among these discarded plastics, materials like LDPE, PP, and PS pose significant recycling challenges due to their structural properties. In the absence of proper plastic waste management, various issues can emerge, including heightened greenhouse gas emissions, increased ecotoxicity, and a surge in microplastics in our oceans. One promising strategy to address these concerns involves promoting plastic upcycling. Specifically, this entails transforming plastic into valuable carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphenes. Among these options, CNTs have captured the attention of researchers due to their outstanding characteristics, including high thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as remarkable tensile strength. These attributes render them suitable for a wide range of applications, including detectors [2], supercapacitors [3], membranes [4], and reinforcement materials [5]. In 2022, the global market size of CNTs reached $10.01 billion USD, primarily driven by the structural composites, energy, and electronics industries. It is expected to further expand to $20.10 billion USD by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.1% [6]. By promoting the upcycling of plastic waste into CNTs, a circular economy ecosystem can be established within the country. This ecosystem would not only meet the increasing daily demand for plastic but also tap into the growing market for plastic-derived CNTs. Generally, to achieve the conversion of plastic into CNTs, a high-temperature pyrolysis process followed by the catalytic conversion of resulting hydrocarbons into CNTs is essential. Therefore, in order to maximize the profitability of such circular economy approaches, careful attention should be given to smart pyrolysis systems and catalyst designs. Undoubtedly, the quality of CNTs generated can be influenced by different types of incoming plastic raw materials and operating conditions. Therefore, it is essential to employ a smart pyrolysis system, which includes a computer vision-assisted incoming filtering system, a machine learningbased control system, and a smart Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system. In particular, a deep learning-based real-time object detection system can be trained to monitor the input to the pyrolysis system and filter out potential disruptive materials, such as inorganic waste, biomass waste, or PVC.

Furthermore, the yield of CNTs is highly dependent on the thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of plastic waste pyrolysis, primarily controlled through the operating temperature and heating ramp rate. Given the limitations of traditional PID controller algorithms in managing such complex pyrolysis systems, machine learning-based PID controller algorithms may be employed to address this challenge. Specifically, real-time PID controller gain tuning can be implemented using a machine learning-simulated pyrolysis model. Consequently, the temperatures of the pyrolysis process can be optimized in a significantly faster and energy-efficient manner. Additionally, in cases where the detection of syngas composition is necessary during plastic pyrolysis, a more expeditious machine learning-based inferential control system with gas composition as the controlled variable can be applied. This approach helps to avoid costly gas purity detection operations and mitigates time delay detection issues. It is important to note that by applying intelligent machine learning-oriented control systems, the production quality of CNTs, fuel oils, and syngas during the pyrolysis process can be more efficiently controlled. Last but not least, the implementation of a smart IoT monitoring system for the pyrolysis process can assist in scaling up plastic pyrolysis operations by reducing manpower, operation and maintenance costs, and centralizing operations. Not only limited to the smart pyrolysis system, which primarily focuses on process optimization, but also crucial for achieving a high CNT yield from plastic pyrolysis is catalyst design. For instance, the NiMoCa-X catalysts, prepared through the solution combustion synthesis method, result in a mesoporous crystal structure with a uniform distribution of Ni, Mo, and Ca elements, and they can be used to grow CNTs. By increasing the Ca loading in the NiMoCa-X catalyst, the formation of the CaMoO4 phase followed by the CaCO3 phase occurred. The presence of these Ca compounds enhanced the thermal stability of the NiMoCa-X catalysts, resulting in smaller Ni crystallite sizes and, consequently, yielding longer CNTs. In cases where Ca was absent, as seen in NiMoCa-0, a lower carbon yield was observed, with the formation of carbon nanospheres and short, thick CNTs due to sintering degradation. When the Ca loading was low, as in NiMoCa-7, an abundance of carbon fragments formed due to surface coke oxidation reactions catalyzed by the CaMoO4 phase. To address the issue of carbon fragment generation, the Ca loading was further increased to promote the nucleation of the CaCO3 phase, as seen in NiMoCa-15. The CaCO3 phase was expected to catalyze both deoxygenation and aromatization reactions [7], producing aromatics with fewer alkyl branches and simpler structures. These simpler aromatics are more favorable for conversion into CNTs compared to the oxygenated hydrocarbons produced by the CaMoO4 phase. However, an excessive increase in Ca loading, as in NiMoCa-32, led to a hydrophilic nature. Surface adsorbed moisture not only promoted surface coke gasification but also facilitated the partial oxidation of the Ni catalyst, weakening the Ni-C bond and reducing the carbon yield. It is worth noting that there were no carbon fragments, and short, thin CNTs were generated using NiMoCa-32. Various operating conditions, including catalyst-to-face mask ratio, pyrolysis temperature, duration,

and cycle, were also investigated. It was discovered that NiMoCa-15 performed the best, yielding a carbon yield of 30 wt% at a catalyst-to-face mask ratio of 1:3, a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, and a pyrolysis duration of 10 min. Higher pyrolysis temperatures or longer pyrolysis durations may lead to thermal instability in the NiMoCa-X catalysts, faster coke decomposition by the CaMoO4 phase, and the breakdown of deposited carbon. To assess the sustainability of such plastic catalytic conversion operations, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is essential. According to a study that utilized a comprehensive plastic conversion process model (involving CNTs, fuel oil, and syngas generation), it was revealed that incorporating the CNTs synthesis process with a minimum of 2.4% CNTs yield could potentially result in a reduction in net CO2 emissions [8], thus mitigating the environmental impact of plastic waste. As such, once plastic upcycling businesses become feasible and scalable, it becomes pivotal for the government to employ LCA as an assessment tool when formulating operational policies for manufacturers. This approach helps in identifying the balance between environmental and socio-economic impacts and prevents undue burden shifting. In summary, the adoption of sustainable plastic waste upcycling technologies can kickstart a circular economy, beginning from plastic manufacturing and extending to the synthesis of plastic-derived CNTs. Such an approach can bring benefits to all aspects of business activities, create employment opportunities, and enhance the country's GDP. [1] H. R. and M. Roser, “Plastic Pollution,” Our World Data, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution [2] X. Wei et al., “Recent Advances in Structure Separation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Optics, Electronics, and Optoelectronics,” Adv. Sci., vol. 9, no. 14, p. 2200054, May 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202200054. [3] J. Jyoti, T. K. Gupta, B. P. Singh, M. Sandhu, and S. K. Tripathi, “Recent advancement in three dimensional graphene-carbon nanotubes hybrid materials for energy storage and conversion applications,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 50, p. 104235, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104235. [4] M. Barrejón and M. Prato, “Carbon Nanotube Membranes in Water Treatment Applications,” Adv. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 2101260, Jan. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202101260. [5] I. A. Kinloch, J. Suhr, J. Lou, R. J. Young, and P. M. Ajayan, “Composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene: An outlook,” Science (80-. )., vol. 362, no. 6414, pp. 547–553, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1126/science.aat7439.

[6] Z. M. Research, “Global Carbon Nanotubes Market Is Set to Increase About $20.10 Billion By 2030,” 2023. https://www.zionmarketresearch.com/news/global-carbon-nanotubes-market-size [7] C. Wu et al., “Biological calcium carbonate enhanced the ability of biochar to passivate antimony and lead in soil,” Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1365–1373, 2023, doi: 10.1039/D3EM00117B. [8] A. Ahamed, A. Veksha, K. Yin, P. Weerachanchai, A. Giannis, and G. Lisak, “Environmental impact assessment of converting flexible packaging plastic waste to pyrolysis oil and multiwalled carbon nanotubes,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 390, p. 121449, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121449.

PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC RESIN FROM RECYCLED AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY HOUSING Muhammad Azeem Azman1 , Nur Atheera Zulkarnain2 , Siti Aisyah Mohd Radzuan Hairi 3 , Naveendran Chandrasegaran 4 , Ir. Dr. Nor Yuliana Yuhana5 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia ([email protected], 017-446 5703) We are living in an era characterized by rapid population growth, increasing demands on resources and escalating environmental concerns. The concept of sustainability emerges as a guiding light to save our failing planet that are devastated from mankind activities. It is an urgent need to address the social, economic and environmental challenges that we face. So, what is sustainability? Numerous researchers have debated this definition, but the most familiar one is introduced in the Brundtland World Commission report (1987) as “the development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” as reported by [1]. The concept of sustainability is focused on achieving the satisfaction of our current needs while also making sure that we do not harm or deplete the resources and conditions that future generations will require to meet their own needs. This is supported by the Brundtland World Commission report as well which highlighted the intertwined nature of social, economic and environmental issues. To elaborate, social dimension of sustainability underscores the importance of well-being of individuals and communities, alluding to the importance of social equity, justice and inclusiveness. This aspect emphasizes the need to alleviate property, promote gender equality, enhance educational opportunities and ensure access to healthcare. Efforts that empower marginalized communities and provide equitable opportunities contribute to a just and sustainable society. Economic dimension of sustainability encompasses prudent resource management, circular economies and promotion of industries that flourish without depleting resources or compromising the environment meanwhile environmental dimension of sustainability focuses on preserving biodiversity, protecting ecosystems and mitigating the effects of climate change [2]. The field of sustainability is broad. There are many concepts and ideas that provide distinctive perspectives in creating a sustained environment, in which different entities might have different opinions on which is the most relevant. Personally, we are interested in the concept of a circular economy which is gaining prominence as a viable solution to our wasteful consumption patterns. It proposes an economic model where resources are continually reused, recycled, and repurposed, thereby minimizing waste and reducing the strain on raw materials. This approach not only reduces

environmental impact but also promotes innovation in design, manufacturing, and business models. The transition to renewable energy is the next concept that we look through. Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is a crucial step in achieving sustainability. Bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind, and ocean (tide and wave) energy are examples of renewable energy sources that replenish themselves naturally without depleting the planet and contribute numerous benefits. Greenhouse gas emissions can be curbed, energy security could be enhanced and the dependence on finite resources could be reduced. This brings us towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy production. Then, the concept of rapid urbanization that demands a reimagining of urban development practices. Sustainable urban planning places a strong emphasis on developing livable, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient communities. Smart transportation, green spaces, and efficient waste management are integral to fostering sustainable urban environments. Finally, we look back at the intertwined relationship of social, economic, and environment. This is known as the triple bottom line concept. This concept advocates for an approach that considers not only economic prosperity but also social well-being and environmental health. The goal is to find a balance such that social injustice or environmental deterioration are not caused by economic expansion. This particular idea develops a more thorough sense of success by supporting holistic improvement. Upon getting the grasp of sustainability, we aim to implement this concept through the project “Properties of Plastic Resin from Recycled Automotive Battery Housing”. The disposal of automotive battery casing into landfill sites or through incineration (open burning) can contribute to environmental pollution. Recycling activities of polypropylene (PP) can contribute to sustainability efforts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of modified PP plastic resin for recycling. This supports the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), most particularly SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG 14: Life Below Water and SDG 15: Life on Land. The results indicate an approximately neutral pH range (pH 7-8) for the recycled PP samples, low water absorption rates, and a decomposition temperature of around 400°C for both crushed flakes samples and virgin PP. In summary, this project concludes that the recycled PP material shows promise as a viable option for constructing a new battery housing. This is supported by its nearly neutral pH range of 7 to 8, comparable strength to the original battery, relatively minimal water absorption, and robust resistance to high temperatures. The concept of recycling used car batteries into new ones through a closed-loop system has received a lot of interest in the world of sustainable practices. Several strategic approaches emerge when addressing the implementation of such a closed-loop system. The establishment of

collaborative partnerships is one of the core strategies for developing a closed-loop system. These collaborations bring together battery manufacturers, car manufacturers, recycling facilities, and regulatory organizations. To ensure efficient material flows and correct handling of spent batteries throughout the recycling process, clear agreements and responsibilities should be established. Collaboration with material science professionals is essential for precise material characterization. Investigate the chemical and physical properties of battery components using modern techniques such as X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This partnership ensures a thorough comprehension of the materials. Another strategy is to design a structured data collection process. Organize and analyze the data obtained using appropriate statistical methods. The data that need to be properly analyzed are the pH test, water absorption test, hardness test, thermal stability test, and XRF analysis. Statistical analysis assists in obtaining accurate inferences based on data. It is used to analyze the significance of observed trends and make reasonable claims about the characteristics of the used batteries [3]. This innovative practice has an impact that extends far beyond the limits of the typical disposal of waste. Recycling spent car batteries into new ones has the ability to transform society's relationship with materials, improve a country's resource resilience, and greatly contribute to environmental preservation. The societal implications of recycling used car batteries are significant. This practice not only improves public awareness about the appropriate disposal of waste but also fosters a sustainable culture. People become more conscious of their purchase patterns and waste disposal behaviors when they see the actual outcomes of recycling initiatives. The recycling of thrown-away automobile batteries into new ones has an impact on a national scale. The importance of resource conservation is highlighted because it decreases reliance on virgin resources, hence reducing the environmental implications of resource extraction and mining. Countries can ensure resource sustainability, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce the strain on ecosystems by tapping into the existing stock of materials. The environment is the most apparent impact of recycling spent automobile batteries. Reduced battery waste entering landfills and incineration facilities decreases pollution and the risk of hazardous materials releasing into soil and water sources. This, in turn, protects biodiversity and vulnerable habitats from contamination [4].

References: [1] World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future. Report of the World Comission on Environment and Development. Document A/42/427. New York: United Nations. [2] Correia, Maria. (2019). Sustainability: An Overview of the Triple Bottom Line and Sustainability Implementation. International Journal of Strategic Engineering. 2. 29-38. 10.4018/IJoSE.2019010103. [3] Espinosa, D. C. R., & Mansur, M. B. (2019). Recycling batteries. In Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook (pp. 371–391). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- 0-08-102158-3.00014-8 [4] Melchor-Martínez, E. M., Macias-Garbett, R., Malacara-Becerra, A., Iqbal, H. M. N., SosaHernández, J. E., & Parra-Saldívar, R. (2021). Environmental impact of emerging contaminants from battery waste: A mini review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100104

ABSTRACT Water is the most important element on this planet for living organisms to sustain their daily lives. Current fresh water sources are increasingly polluted by industrial and household activities and agriculture, as well as other environmental and global changes that contribute to the main causes of pollution water. Adsorption stands out as one of the most effective treatment technologies because of its easy operation, low operating cost. Photocatalytic degradation is a highly effective wastewater treatment method for degrading harmful pollutants into less damaging substances. In this invention, GO-TiO2 nanocomposite has been produced and made into beads form using the Hummer method with the cross-linking method. GO, known as the miracle nanomaterial, has greatly improved the photocatalytic degradation efficiency by increasing pollutant adsorption ability and providing extra photo-catalytically active sites for photodegradation to take place. It is also worth mentioning that the bead structure has made the nanocomposites could be easily handled and recovered in any wastewater treatment condition. The objective of this experiment is to identify the efficiency of methylene blue solution after the photocatalytic degradation process takes place for 180 minutes; to calculate the rate of photocatalysis of the solution palm oil by using GO/TiO2 microsphere beads; to compare the rate of degradation process by using GO/TiO2 microsphere bead catalyst. For the photocatalytic degradation process, methylene blue with a concentration of 20 ppm placed in sunlight for the degradation process to surround methylene blue. Then, beads GO/TiO2 microspheres were added. This photocatalytic degradation process using GO/TiO2 is left to operate. A sample of 20 mL will be taken every 3 hours. Readings from the spectrophotometer are taken foreach sample and recorded for the purpose of experimental analysis. The parameter of this experiment is Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

URBAN NATURAL FARMING TOWARDS MADANI SOCIETY Lahir Muzammil Kamarul Zailan1 , Mohamed Irfan Mohd Isa2 , Rafizah Nurdin@Agus3 1 IIUM, Malaysia, [email protected] 019-5532120 2 IIUM, Malaysia, [email protected] 011-10135315 3 IIUM, Malaysia, [email protected] 013-5406465 Sustainability embodies the pursuit of equilibrium between human progress and the environment's well-being. It entails responsible resource utilization to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. This multifaceted concept extends beyond environmental considerations, encompassing social and economic dimensions. Environmentally, it mandates preserving biodiversity, minimizing pollution, and addressing climate change. Socially, it advocates for equitable access to resources, human rights, and improved quality of life. Economically, it promotes efficient resource allocation, ethical business practices, and durable economic growth. In today's world, where the pursuit of sustainable development is a paramount concern, agriculture education emerges as a powerful catalyst in addressing critical sustainability challenges. Agriculture education becomes a cornerstone for accomplishing multifaceted global objectives, since it has a direct impact on diverse economic challenges such as poverty eradication, sustainable economic growth, decent employment possibilities, and the promotion of sustainable consumption and production patterns. The importance of encouraging education and training within urban agriculture communities cannot be stressed in the search for a sustainable future. Urban agriculture enhances economic value, nutrition, and the environment, while also improving air quality and soil conditions through productive planting and improved soil conditions [1]. Food insecurity, environmental deterioration, and restricted resource availability are just a few of the critical issues that urban agriculture has the capacity to address. We empower individuals to raise their own produce, minimize food miles, and lower the carbon footprint associated with conventional agriculture by imparting information and skills. Urban agricultural education fosters a deeper awareness of the intricate links between local ecosystems and food production. Training programs ensure that community members possess the expertise to implement sustainable techniques effectively, promoting resilient food systems in the face of changing climates. Furthermore, these initiatives create a sense of ownership and shared responsibility, enhancing social cohesion and improving overall urban well-being. As we delve deeper into the importance of agriculture education, it becomes evident that it not only imparts knowledge but also cultivates a

mindset that values the delicate equilibrium between economic advancement and environmental stewardship. Through this lens, the role of agriculture education in fostering a sustainable future gains prominence, resonating across diverse sectors and underscoring its pivotal role in shaping tomorrow's world. To implement the idea of empowering resilient communities through sustainable process solutions, we need to find the targeted communities. We have chosen Flat Selayang Mulia, Jalan SM 1/1, 68000 Batu Caves, Selangor Darul Ehsan. This project’s focus is on Asnaf or B40 groups. A few sustainability issues that can be addressed after conducting the survey are ending poverty, promoting decent work and economic growth, and ensuring sustainability patterns of production and consumption. It also covered two Maqasid Shariah which is the prevention of life (Hifz al-Nafs) and the prevention of property (Hifz al-Mal). Before the execution of ideas on the communities could begin, students under this project will undergo a knowledge transfer program that involves a structured approach to ensure effective learning and practical application. They will be equipped with essential knowledge in urban natural farming that covered mixed soil learning, composting, sowing seeds, making organic fertilizers (IMO & FAA), plotting and cultivation techniques until they can experience harvesting their own vegies using appropriate tools and methods, and sell it to other people. For each session, they will learn theory, practical, and application. Furthermore, the instructor's role is crucial for students. A qualified and skilled instructor can explain topics, answer questions, and direct pupils through practical tasks. This method not only gives theoretical knowledge but also vital hands-on experiences, equipping students for sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship. Following the knowledge transfer program, the Urban Natural Farming towards Madani Society project can be implemented in the communities with the same method that we use in the knowledge transfer program, but the difference is, the student will be the instructor to the communities. At the end of the program, the community will gain enough knowledge that is applicable in their life to overcome sustainability issues. Several strategic techniques can be used to successfully achieve the principles and ideas offered in the knowledge transfer program. These tactics are intended to provide the community with effective learning, practical application, and a meaningful experience. In general, the community will be having progressive learning, instructor guidance from students, a feedback loop, and continuous support. A knowledge transfer program comprising 45 participants from Selayang Mulia Apartment, divided into three batches of 15 participants each, will be conducted at IIUM. From October to December 2023, the program runs for three months. Participants will attend four weekly sessions

every batch, led by students in this project, concentrating on various areas of organic farming. The sessions will cover topics such as mixed soils, composting, plotting, and organic fertilizer which is Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), a group of intrinsic microbial consortiums that occupy the soil and the surfaces of all living things inside and outside and have the capacity to biodegrade, bioleaching, bio compost, fix nitrogen, improve soil fertility, and produce plant growth hormones and Fish Amino Acid (FAA), providing just enough Nitrogen to the plant for optimum uptake and the production of chlorophyll to maintain plant health. FAA also contains rare essential amino acids, chelated calcium, prosperous, and a variety of other nutrients. [2, 3]. The second phase will begin in January 2024, with the goal of transforming the modest agricultural area at Selayang Mulia Apartment into a vertical organic farm. Vertical farming maximizes space utilization by growing crops in vertically stacked layers or shelves, making it especially ideal for urban environments with limited space. It increases crop output capacity per square meter by cultivating at numerous levels. Furthermore, the usual vertical farming will use a hydroponic system, however, in this project, we will use soil as it is cheaper and easier to get compared to a hydroponic which the cost of essential raw materials and equipment for operation makes the initial investment in a hydroponic system relatively significant. Plus, if the residual nutrient is not properly disposed of, it may create environmental damage [4]. This project centers on the principles of organic farming, aiming to minimize chemical dependency and emphasize the vitality of soil health. The community will be immersed in the realm of organic matter, compost, and natural fertilizers, all contributing to enriching soil structure, nutrient richness, water retention, and fostering beneficial soil organisms. Through these strategies, the conventional use of synthetic pesticides takes a backseat, making room for nature-based pest and disease management methods such as crop rotation, intercropping, and biological pest control. This transition not only maintains a balanced pest ecosystem but also curbs environmental impact and harmful chemical residues. By weaving together these practices, the knowledge exchange program doesn't just impart theoretical understanding of organic farming; it instills practical skills that participants can readily employ in their agricultural pursuits. This comprehensive approach elevates their learning journey and empowers them to actively champion the principles of sustainable agriculture and eco-conscious methodologies. The impact of this project is multifaceted. Firstly, it empowers residents of Selayang Mulia Apartment with valuable skills in urban natural farming, enhancing their self-sufficiency and contributing to sustainable food production. This empowerment leads to greater resilience, as individuals and communities become less dependent on external sources for their sustenance. The impact of this project in Selayang Mulia will benefit around 2000 residents classified as asnaf and B40.The structured training program, divided into batches and sessions, ensures effective knowledge

transfer. Furthermore, the shift towards vertical organic farming in the small space available at Selayang Mulia Apartment addresses urban land limitations. This innovative approach optimises space utilization, potentially leading to increased food production in urban areas with restricted land availability. This project acts as a real-life demonstration of how urban farming can be done sustainably. It offers tangible evidence that cities, often seen as centres of consumption, can play a vital role in producing their own food in an environmentally conscious manner. This shifts the perception of urban areas from being solely consumers to active contributors to food production and sustainability. This project could help the residents to increase their income by providing them with the skills and knowledge they need to start their own businesses in the agricultural sector. With the agricultural skill, the residents with training in agricultural practices, such as crop production, organic fertilizer, mixed soils and composting help them to start their own farms and generate side income not only from selling the organic vegetables but also from the mixed soils and organic fertilizer. Additionally, they could use their skills and knowledge to start their own businesses in other sectors, such as food processing, food distribution, or food retail. The project could have a significant impact on the lives of all of Asnaf and B40 residents. By providing them with the skills, knowledge, and resources they need to increase their income, the project could help them to improve their financial situation, their quality of life, and their future prospects. The youth also could start a food distribution business to deliver fresh produce to local restaurants and grocery stores.

REFERENCES [1] Nasruddin, N., Muhammad, B., Bowolaksono, A., & Ayubi, D. (2022). Urban Farming: Empowerment to Increase Economic, Education, and Nutritional Benefit for the Sub-Urban Community. ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 6(2), [6]. [2] Kumar, B. L., & Gopal, D. S. (2015). Effective role of indigenous microorganisms for sustainable environment. 3 Biotech, 5, 867-876. [3] Uma, S., & Jeevan, P. (2022). Production of organic manure “FAA”–Fish amino acid. Bioentrepreneurship in biosciences–recent approaches. Darshan Publishers, 119-134. [4] Velazquez-Gonzalez, R. S., Garcia-Garcia, A. L., Ventura-Zapata, E., Barceinas-Sanchez, J. D. O., & Sosa-Savedra, J. C. (2022). A review on hydroponics and the technologies associated for medium-and small-scale operations. Agriculture, 12(5), 646.

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG POOR AND DESTITUTE ASNAF IN KUALA LUMPUR M N Zailania , N A Razakb aUniversiti Malaya, Malaysia, [email protected], 0189444354 bUniversiti Malaya, Malaysia, [email protected], 0193903345 On a global front, the United Nations has initiated the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015, addressing multiple areas of concern such as poverty, hunger, child mortality, education, and gender inequality. Following the outcome of the MDGs, the UN General Assembly in September 2015 adopted the theme "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, the issue of poverty has been primarily addressed in SDG Goal 1, which endeavors to eradicate poverty in all forms by the year 2030. Poverty and sustainability are closely interconnected. Poverty can exacerbate environmental degradation due to limited resources and lack of access to clean technologies. However, it is widely recognized that the concept of poverty is complex and multifaceted. A holistic view and goals of poverty and its measurements are important in developing effective anti-poverty policies and strategies around the world. From an Islamic perspective, zakat institutions play a vital role in enhancing the well-being of the ummah. The religion of Islam has outlined several objectives for the revelation of Shariah, which is also referred to as Maqasid al-Shariah. Maqasid al-Shariah focuses on the well-being of humans, which lies in preserving the five major areas of faith (din), human self (nafs), intellect (aql), posterity (nasl), and wealth (mal). Based on this, poverty is viewed as a multidimensional concept that covers various aspects and needs to fulfill both material and spiritual dimensions. In a wider perspective, the multidimensional poverty concept established by the modern conventional stream is evident to have a direct relationship to Maqasid al-Shariah as the elements of multidimensional poverty such as health, education, and living standards contribute to the preservation of five elements of Maqasid al-Shariah (Rahman et al., 2022). This is because the indicators of the multidimensional poverty measurement, such as health, education, and living standards, can preserve the maslahah of an individual at the level of basic necessities (daruriyyat). Hence, considering the importance of preserving the aforementioned elements, the approaches to the subject are noticeably integrated into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to a certain extent. Several objectives of the SDGs are found to be parallel to those of Maqasid al-Shariah. Nevertheless, the indicators need to be customized to ensure that the elements of Shariah and Islamic guidance are adopted in both the concept and measurement of poverty. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has marked a turning point in the 30-year quest for effective poverty reduction. This implies a big obstacle to the objective of ending poverty by

2020, as stipulated by the UN SDGs. The pandemic has adversely affected human well-being in many ways. The cost of the pandemic has extended into non-monetary aspects, including health, education, social aspects, and many others that could hamper progress towards achieving a better quality of life. For instance, multidimensional poverty, which has a component related to education, rose temporarily due to measures implemented to curb the pandemic's impact. At present, Zakat institutions are applying the monetary approach to identify the poor and destitute, which is the Had Kifayah (HAK) method. There is a strong consensus among economists who argue that the monetary approach to poverty measurement is not able to present the multidimensional nature of poverty since poverty needs to be viewed holistically. Wagle (2005) stressed that the monetary-based approach to poverty measurement, which is unidimensional in nature, only focuses on income and consumption aspects. The assessment of an individual's well-being cannot solely rely on monetary indicators. In addition to financial factors, nonmonetary aspects such as the availability of essential resources such as health and education play a significant role in an individual's overall wellbeing (Bourguignon & Chakravarty 2009). In line with the objectives of sustainable development, poverty needs to be viewed multi-dimensionally, and thus, poverty measurement should integrate nonmonetary aspects that could affect the well-being of an individual. The poverty index, which measures the extent of poverty within a population, is relevant to sustainability because it helps to understand the socio-economic challenges that can hinder sustainable development. A high poverty index indicates that a significant portion of the population lacks access to basic resources like food, clean water, healthcare, and education. This can lead to increased pressure on natural resources, environmental degradation, and a higher likelihood of unsustainable practices. More recently, on the global stage, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) established by Alkire and Santos (2010) has been consistently released by UNDP’s Human Development Report. The global MPI utilizes the Alkire’s (2007) poverty measurement framework and incorporates data on deprivations in health, education, and living standards. Hence, the general objective of the study is to examine the multidimensional poverty characteristics of the poor and destitute asnaf in Kuala Lumpur by utilizing the MPI measurement. This is to achieve the objective of capturing the multiple areas of deprivation that this vulnerable group may experience. The study adopted the Malaysia MPI (MMPI) released during the Malaysia 11th Plan (MP11) and tailored it according to the context of the study, with some additional changes made to the dimensions and indicators applied. The study incorporated five dimensions, namely religion, health, education, living standards, and income, with 18 indicators under the Zakat Multidimensional Poverty Index (ZMPI). Meanwhile, the specific objectives of this study are (I) to identify the dimensions and indicators of the proposed ZMPI; (II) to examine the multidimensional poverty characteristics of the poor and destitute asnaf in Kuala Lumpur; and (III) to analyze the determinants of multidimensional poverty status among the poor and destitute asnaf in Kuala Lumpur.

The construction of ZMPI involves the selection of indicators, deprivation cut-offs for each indicator, and aggregate cut-off points. This study uses lists that have achieved a degree of legitimacy through public consensus since the ZMPI has been tailored from the MMPI, released by the government of Malaysia. On top of that, the ZMPI dimensions and indicators were derived from assumptions about what people value or should value. The input was derived from normative judgment and validation from experts chosen through a semi-structured interview with the experts. The experts chosen for the interview comprise individuals from various relevant backgrounds, including development economics, Islamic economics, Islamic finance, Islamic development, and zakat administration. The proposed indicators under the ZMPI were made by matching each dimension and indicator to the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah. In the end, the ZMPI encompasses five dimensions, including religion, education, healthcare, living standards, and income, along with 18 indicators in total. Based on the analysis, ZMPI reveals that the income dimension recorded the highest deprivation, followed by the health and education dimensions. Since the study involves the poor and destitute asnaf, the highest deprivation indicator observed is the indicator of household monthly income, followed by Islamic health insurance coverage, access to the internet for communication, and access to health facilities. In relation to the headcount of the poor, the analysis concluded that 90% of the poor and destitute asnaf households in Kuala Lumpur were found to be multi-dimensionally poor under the ZMPI, while 78.9% were multi-dimensionally poor as measured by the MMPI. In addition, the MPI calculated using the ZMPI was recorded at 0.408%, while the MPI calculated using the MMPI was recorded at 0.364%. Hence, the multi-dimensional poverty measurement, particularly the ZMPI, is able to provide a more comprehensive picture of the poverty scenario of the targeted group of people in comparison to the unidimensional poverty measurement. In addition, the household head’s education level, household size, and amount of zakat received influence the multidimensional poverty status of the asnaf. The study's findings indicate that the poor and destitute asnaf population in Kuala Lumpur continues to experience various forms of deprivation that are not adequately captured by existing poverty assessment methods. The establishment of robust definitions and measurements of poverty is of utmost importance, as it significantly impacts the formulation of anti-poverty policies and the effective execution of related programs. The incorporation of many dimensions of deprivation into a comprehensive poverty measurement framework has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of allocating zakat resources toward assisting the asnaf. This effort should help monitor progress towards eliminating poverty in all its forms, as postulated in SDG Goal 1. By uplifting impoverished communities, providing access to education and healthcare, and implementing sustainable practices, we can work towards a more balanced and resilient future.

References [1] Alkire, S. (2007). The missing dimensions of poverty data: Introduction to the special issue. Oxford development studies, 35(4), 347-359. [2] Alkire, S., & Santos, M. E. (2010). Acute multidimensional poverty: A new index for developing countries. Working Paper 38. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. [3] Bourguignon, F., & Chakravarty, S. R. (2009). Arguments for a Better World-Essays in Honor of Amartya Sen. In K. Basu & R. Kanbur (Eds.), Volume I: Ethics, Welfare, and Measurement (pp. 337–361). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [4] Rahman, M. Z. A., Mohamad, M. T., & Azzis, M. S. A. (2022). Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi Global: Analisis Menurut Perspektif Maqasid Syariah (Global Multidimensional Povety Index: An Analysis According to Maqasid Syariah Perspectives). UMRAN-International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 9(1), 1-22. [5] Wagle, U. (2005). Multidimensional poverty measurement with economic well‐being, capability, and social inclusion: a case from Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of Human Development, 6(3), 301-328.

The Perspective of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) on the Utilisation of Sukuk for Humanitarian Initiatives Nurul Fathiyah Kamarul Bahrin1 , Amirul Afif Muhamat2 & Mohamad Nizam Jaafar3 1Faculty of Management, Universiti Sultan Azlan Shah, 33000, Kuala Kangsar 1,2Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA,42300 Selangor, 3Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Selangor Corresponding person: [email protected] Abstract The issue of insufficient financial resources for humanitarian missions has generated much controversy at an international level. The existing level of assistance capacity is seen inadequate to effectively meet the increasing need, leading to a rising inclination towards exploring the possibility of sukuk, sometimes referred to as Islamic bonds, as a novel means of humanitarian finance. This study presents initial results derived from an interview conducted with three primary sources associated with a non-governmental organisation (NGOs) in Malaysia, as part of a larger research endeavour. Despite recognising the constraints imposed by a limited sample size, this study provides significant perspectives that might contribute to future scholarly investigations. Introduction Diagram 1, seen below, presents the attributes of humanitarian sukuk, drawing upon previous scholarly investigations and consultations conducted with select panels of specialists. The pursuit of a humanitarian sukuk necessitates comprehensive consideration of eight essential aspects. The primary concern lies in ensuring the integrity of the sukuk's Shariah-compliant aspect, devoid of any controversial elements that could potentially damage the instrument's standing. This is crucial to safeguard the reputation of the issuer, investors, and other stakeholders involved in the issuance process, including regulators, rating agencies, and the broader industry, from any potential Shariah-related risks. Another difficulty that arises is the impact of returns on the issuer and investors, since these factors influence the price for the issuer and reflect the profits generated from their investments and the acceptance of risk associated with the sukuk for the investors. The approach employed by the issuer during the issuance of sukuk has a significant role in determining whether the rate of return is fixed or variable. There exists a possibility that investors may not get financial gains in the

event that the model employed is waqf, which refers to an endowment-based system. However, the investors are willing to allocate their investment returns as a result of a sense of altruism. The selection of models and the utilisation of sukuk contracts are intrinsically linked to the various forms of returns. Furthermore, tenure serves as an extra component that aligns with this concept. Instruments with longer tenures tend to yield greater investment returns due to their enhanced durability and increased risk exposure. The use of a digital platform is a significant concern in light of the current trend of worldwide investor dispersion. Consequently, a digital platform provides international investors with the opportunity to undertake a venture in a project that holds a favourable reputation. From an alternative perspective, the primary focus of practitioners is in the sustainability of the humanitarian sukuk. This is particularly evident in the considerations surrounding the demand and supply, which are greatly influenced by the pricing structure of the sukuk. The objective of this study is to address the existing knowledge deficit. The principal obstacle to the humanitarian action mission is the financial burden associated with it, necessitating the implementation of measures to tackle this concern. The inclusion of sukuk inside the Islamic finance sector during times of economic crises serves as evidence of Islamic finance's comparative advantage over traditional financial systems. However, it is imperative to foster the expansion of social finance and enhance social welfare, with a special focus on mitigating the occurrence of financial crises. The necessity for prompt emergency reaction in unforeseen circumstances has prompted the Islamic finance sector to develop an alternate instrument in order to address the financial challenges associated with humanitarian efforts. The implementation of Ihsan sukuk raises concerns as it showcases the potential of sukuk as a tool that may effectively address the demand for humanitarian intervention (RAM, 2022). Nevertheless, the use of sukuk for achieving social objectives is a relatively nascent phenomenon within the financial sector. Consequently, more investigation is needed, specifically pertaining to the evaluation of returns and the implementation of technology and shariah assessment methodologies. In addition, it is imperative to do more study on the evaluation of the effect assessment among investors with regards to the sukuk structure for humanitarian purposes. The resolution of humanitarian crises is of utmost importance and carries significant implications for alleviating the government's burden. By fostering collaboration among many stakeholders, including business entities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and civil society, these challenges may be effectively addressed. Significantly, the inclusion of valuebased intermediaries (VBI) is a key priority for central banks, particularly in Malaysia. Therefore, the utilisation of humanitarian sukuk should serve as a crucial element in supporting this agenda. This is because it aligns not only with the principles of VBI, but also with Shariah principles, thereby contributing to corporate social performance (CSP) as emphasised by Muhamat et al. (2022). Therefore, by implementing an appropriate model, the humanitarian sukuk has the potential to create satisfactory returns. This study encountered challenges (limitations) as a result of the limited number of important informants. However, it is important to note that this study serves as a first investigation, and there is potential for further improvement in the future. This may be achieved by increasing the sample size of key informants and delving further into the themes that have emerged from this study. Method This study presents an initial finding from a larger portion of an extensive research effort, specifically examining the possibilities of humanitarian sukuk in relation to non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative methodology recommended by Yin (2018) and Merriam (2014) was employed to investigate the phenomena, drawing on the expertise and knowledge of professionals in their respective domains. The interviews explored topics related to the possible criteria of humanitarian sukuk, and the transcribed data were evaluated using Atlas Ti software to identify and report on these themes. The interviews were done via the Google Team platform, as per the key informants' request, in consideration of their demanding schedules. Conclusion The utilisation of humanitarian sukuk emerges as a prospective financial tool for the purpose of tackling the challenge of humanitarian finance. Nevertheless, the successful integration of such tool inside Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) necessitates a comprehensive deliberation with policymakers. It is important to acknowledge that the implementation of humanitarian sukuk may not be universally applicable to all nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), particularly those who only engage in smaller-scale humanitarian endeavours. However, the utilisation of humanitarian sukuk might prove to be advantageous for well-established

and esteemed non-governmental organisations (NGOs) engaged in worldwide philanthropic endeavours of significant scale. Moreover, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) express apprehension over the potential hazards linked to the issuance of humanitarian sukuk, particularly in cases when the intended objectives of the project are not attained, given their benevolent nature. Hence, it is imperative to incorporate protective measures. However, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) agree that humanitarian sukuk might be considered as a viable alternative for humanitarian finance, especially in the case of large-scale initiatives. Nevertheless, their stance on the implementation of humanitarian sukuk for all non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is only partially in agreement. It is crucial to acknowledge that this specific study is subject to limitations due to the use of a restricted sample number of participants. Consequently, there can exist specific aspects of the research that have not been thoroughly investigated. Hence, to provide a more thorough examination, it is crucial to augment the sample size, while also taking into account the varied range of backgrounds and experiences prevalent in the realm of social finance. In addition, the lack of quantitative research on social sukuk is a notable obstacle for this study, since it requires depending on the viewpoints and expertise of professionals, without allowing for a comprehensive and thorough examination. References Merriam, S. B. (2014). Qualitative Research, A Guide to Design and Implementation. In Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint. Muhamat, A. A., Fathiyah, N., Bahrin, K., Universiti, K., Sultan, I., Shah, A., & Jaafar, M. N. (2023). A icEBs2023Marrakech Attributes for Humanitarian Sukuk: Evidence from ASEAN Countries. RAM (2022). Ihsan Sukuk redeems RM100 mil first SRI sukuk. Retrieved at: https://www.ram.com.my/pressrelease/?prviewid=6016. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. In Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research (6th Editio, Vol. 53, Issue 5). shop, K., & Said, I., (2017). Challenges of Participatory Qualitative Research in a Malaysian and Australian Hospital. Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies, 2(4), 1-11.

MEASURING CHANGE: THE ROLE OF EDUCATION VIDEO IN ENHANCING SOLID WASTE SEPARATION AWARENESS IN KUANTAN, PAHANG. Nurul Hidayah Abdullaha , Nurud Suria Suhaimib aPostgraduate UMPSA, IIUM Malaysia ([email protected], 0193435023) bDoctorate UKM, UMPSA Malaysia ([email protected], 0199920604) Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the greater challenges for development countries all over the world. This is because of the poor implementation of solid waste management hinders the nations progress towards sustainable development (SD) and the impact to the environment or health. They need more comprehensive strategies for solid waste management. This is important to improve SWM for sustainable development through environmental conservation. In Malaysia, solid waste management is under the purview of Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLC). Ministry of Housing and Local Government has announced the formulation of the [1] National Cleanliness Policy (NCP) on the 21st February 2019 (National Cleanliness Policy 2020-2030). This policy is to make Malaysia a clean country and to create a society that adopts the practice of cleanliness in order to guarantee the well-being of the people and environmental sustainability. This policy implemented from 2020 until 2030 and will be focus on the 5 clusters, 14 strategies and 91 action plans. The five (5) clusters are Awareness of Cleanliness, Environmental Sustainability, Circular Economy, Governance & Enforcement, and Quality & Skilled Human Capital. In the [1] National Cleanliness Policy 2020-2030, the environmental sustainability cluster emphasises the needs and actions to maintain environmental sustainability in line with country’s rapid. Maintenance of cleanliness encompasses cleanliness of oneself, the home, surroundings in particular food, commercial, industrial and institutional premises as well as public areas. Everyone has a responsibility to protect the environment for future generations. One of the strategies is to improve solid waste management mechanisms. Awareness of waste management among household can be measured in terms of knowledge, attitude and their practices. Household will begin to understand on the effect of the poor waste management to the environment and health. They will be able to identify the waste and apply waste separation at home. This is important to reduce waste to landfills and practice waste separation at source as one of the strategies in the [1] National Cleanliness Policy 2020- 2030. Based on the policy, stated that 632,409 premises have been inspected since June 2016 until 31st December 2019 by SWCorp. There are eight (8) states that enforce with the programme named “Separation of Solid Waste at Source”. Pahang has the highest issued of compound which is 38.5% that is equal to 215 compounds out of 558.

Malaysia’s policy on solid waste management has been introduced officially through enactment of Act 672 (Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Act) in 2007. This study focus on solid waste management among the household. It emphasised on the types of waste generated and ultimately attempts to propose and implement a new household waste management thru the intervention video. This study only covers household waste generated in selected residents in Kuantan, Pahang. The main objective is to reduce the waste to landfill by reducing the waste generated at source. This source is referring to household waste. By looking from the household knowledge, attitude and practice towards the waste management at home. To reduce the waste at source by separating waste and manage the waste based on the waste categories. This study will be conducted in Kuantan, Pahang. The data for total of waste in Jabor landfill Kuantan, Pahang will be extracted from the data produced by Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd. The investigation on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of household waste management will be conducted by distributing the questionnaire among the Kuantan, Pahang residents. Phase 1 will be conducted in order to assess the level of awareness of waste separation among the household. The data will be obtained through questionnaires distributed and answered by respondents. The questionnaire will be divided into five parts. Part 1 is the demographic, part 2 is to investigate on knowledge, part 3 on attitude, part 4 on practice on the waste management at home an part 5 on their opinion. Phase II involved the development of household waste intervention video, the developed based on data obtained through data from the previous study and literature review. The intervention program consisting video on awareness of household waste management. Phase III is to evaluate the impact of sustainable household waste management intervention program on the level of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on safety, health and environment among the household residents. This study serves to provide alternatives to waste management approaches that could improve the current services provided, increase public awareness, and promote their participation in reducing waste at source. Most significantly, this study hopes to increase the accountability of household community to reduce and managing the waste at source. In the [1] National Cleanliness Policy 2020-2030, the environmental sustainability cluster emphasises the needs and actions to maintain environmental sustainability in line with country’s rapid. Maintenance of cleanliness encompasses cleanliness of oneself, the home, surroundings in particular food, commercial, industrial and institutional premises as well as public areas. Everyone has a responsibility to protect the

environment for future generations. One of the strategies is to improve solid waste management mechanisms. Thus, this study should assess the waste separation practice among household in Kuantan, Pahang and their knowledge, attitude and awareness of household wastes management. The pollution towards the environment and safety & health issues are among the effects on poor waste management. Using the principle of control, the first step is to control at source. The issue at source is the waste from the household. Through this study, a proper household waste management awareness can be introduced and implement among the household. Effective implementation of waste separation could increase household awareness regarding wastes issues and waste generation among household can be reduced. Meanwhile, the awareness of safety, health and environment among the household and waste collector can be increased. This will lead to reducing the number of wastes to landfill. In order to develop the sustainable intervention program, the waste generated must be reduced in any ways, this is in line with the [1] National Cleanliness Policy 2020-2030 to manage the waste at source. References [1] Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 2021 National Cleanliness Policy (online) https://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/227 (22 May 2020).

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM ALGAE USING ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS WITH ANN MODELING Sahar Abu Snainaa , Dr.Manal Binti Ismailb, Dr.Ebrahim Mahmoudic , Dr.Jarinah Mohd Alid a University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi, Selangor ([email protected]) b University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi, Selangor ([email protected]) c University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi, Selangor([email protected]) d University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi, Selangor (0060126938930) Abstract Global interest in biodiesel as a sustainable and ecologically acceptable alternative to fossil fuels has led to greater investigation of appropriate feedstocks. With their high lipid content and quick growth rate, algae have emerged as a possible contender for biodiesel generation. This research focuses on the application of enzymatic hydrolysis and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling to optimise the conversion of algae into biodiesel. Enzymatic hydrolysis, a method that uses enzymes to break down complex organic components, permits the effective conversion of algae biomass into biodiesel. Furthermore, by taking several aspects into account at the same time, ANN modelling assists in optimising the conversion process. Microalgae have characteristics such as high oil content, fast growth, and low land requirements, making them appealing for sustainable biodiesel production. However, the economic viability and environmental advantages of microalgae-based biodiesel technologies must be evaluated prior to their commercialization. The use of enzymatic hydrolysis with ANN modelling improves process efficiency, resulting in larger yields and lower costs. This study contributes to the establishment of a more sustainable future by using the potential of algae, particularly microalgae, to tackle global energy concerns and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Introduction Biodiesel has gained significant attention as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Algae, with their high lipid content and rapid growth rate, have emerged as a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production. This research investigates the use of enzymatic hydrolysis in the conversion of algae into biodiesel and proposes the utilization of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling to optimize the process. Algae offer various promising applications due to their high nutritional content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and pigments. These microorganisms have shown potential in diverse fields such as biodiesel generation, cosmetics, medicines, and food production. Their renewable nature and adaptability make them an appealing feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. Enzymatic hydrolysis, a process that utilises enzymes to break down complex organic molecules, can be employed to convert algae into biodiesel. Furthermore, ANN modelling can aid in optimising the conversion process, leading to more efficient and sustainable biodiesel production from algae. [1] Among algae, microalgae have garnered considerable interest due to their rapid growth and wide range of uses. They can be utilised for the production of chemicals, omega-3 fatty acid-rich oils, proteins, animal feed, and biomass for ethanol and methane synthesis. [2] Certain microalgae species, such as Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorella protothecoids, and Schizochytrium limacinum, possess high oil content, making them promising candidates for biodiesel generation [3], [4]. Microalgae offer advantages such as quick growth, low land requirements, carbon sequestration, and clean combustion, making them a prospective source for sustainable biodiesel production [5]. Despite the extensive research on microalgae as a biodiesel feedstock, there has been a lack of focus on conducting feasibility studies that consider financial affordability and environmental benefits[6],[7],[8]. Assessing the economic viability and environmental advantages of microalgae-based biodiesel technologies is crucial before their commercialization. As the transportation industry contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions, the rising costs and diminishing availability of crude oil have increased the appeal of alternative fuels like biodiesel. Biodiesel derived from microalgal oil presents a viable solution for replacing crude fossil petroleum, achieving eco-sustainable biodiesel production, and reducing the environmental impact of transportation on climate change [9]. Biodiesel, produced through the transesterification of triglycerides or free fatty acids with short-chain alcohols, can be