utilised in standard diesel engines with minimal modifications. Moreover, biodiesel has been found to be less ecotoxic than petro-diesel, making it a more environmentally friendly option [10]. In light of heightened environmental consciousness, biodiesel's ecological benefits, including lower carbon dioxide and sulphur emissions and reduced gaseous pollutants compared to petro-diesel, have contributed to its growing acceptability. Although first-generation biofuels, such as biodiesel derived from soybeans, have been in use for over a century, their reliance on plant oils raises concerns about their impact on resources like arable land and potential food security issues [11]. In contrast, biodiesel from microalgae has emerged as a more viable replacement for petro-diesel after exploring alternate sources, offering potential solutions to these challenges. Microalgae, being autotrophic microbes, have the ability to synthesise carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from scratch. Their rapid growth rates enable them to synthesise and store significantly more lipids than terrestrial plants. Microalgal oil and waste biomass serve as attractive biodiesel feedstocks, with microalgal lipids containing twice as much energy per carbon atom as carbohydrates, making them a viable source for biofuel synthesis. The utilisation of lipid-rich microalgae biomass as an alternative sustainable energy source has long been investigated to address fossil fuel depletion and minimise the environmental impact of global warming. [12] Biodiesel derived from algae, particularly microalgae, offers a promising solution as a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This research focuses on the use of enzymatic hydrolysis for algae-to-biodiesel conversion and proposes the application of ANN modelling for process optimisation. By harnessing the potential of algae, specifically microalgae, we can contribute to addressing global energy challenges, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future. Enzymatic hydrolysis method with Artificial neural network modelling Enzymatic hydrolysis is an ecologically friendly method that produces increased glucose yields without creating inhibiting by-products. However, no standardised pre-treatment strategy for breaking the cell walls of most microalgal species has been established. Because of differences in microalgae strains, circumstances, and procedures utilised, results from the literature on biomass pretreatments are frequently incomparable. As a result, comparing findings between various microalgae becomes difficult. Optimising the enzymatic hydrolysis process is critical for building an efficient and cost-effective saccharification approach. Process efficiency is heavily influenced by variables such as enzyme type, substrate loading, pH, temperature, and incubation duration. The optimum conditions for enzymatic
hydrolysis differ depending on the carbohydrate content of green, brown, and red algae. Traditional optimisation strategies frequently use a one-factor-at-a-time approach, which limits the capacity to examine several variables. [13] The use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling in the context of algae biodiesel production can overcome the constraints of standard optimisation approaches. ANN modelling is a strong method for analysing complicated interactions and predicting optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. It is feasible to optimise the enzymatic hydrolysis process more successfully by training the ANN using experimental data that integrates numerous parameters at the same time. The application of ANN modelling to enzymatic hydrolysis for the manufacture of biodiesel from algae has various advantages. It enables the examination of various aspects and their interactions, resulting in a thorough knowledge of the process. Furthermore, ANN modelling can manage non-linear interactions between input variables and output responses, mimicking the enzymatic hydrolysis system's complicated behaviour. By applying ANN modelling to optimise the enzymatic hydrolysis process, it is feasible to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of saccharification techniques for biodiesel synthesis from algae. This method simplifies the discovery of optimum settings for enzyme type, substrate loading, pH, temperature, and incubation time, resulting in higher glucose yields and overall process performance [14]. The use of ANN modelling in the optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis for the manufacture of biodiesel from algae is a promising method. It allows for the evaluation of several aspects at the same time and acknowledges complicated linkages, resulting in increased process efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
References: [1] T. M. I. Mahlia et al., “Patent landscape review on biodiesel production: Technology updates,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 118. Elsevier Ltd, Feb. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109526. [2] N. O. Santos, S. M. Oliveira, L. C. Alves, and M. C. Cammarota, “Methane production from marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 157, pp. 60–67, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.091. [3] Y. Nan, J. Liu, R. Lin, and L. L. Tavlarides, “Production of biodiesel from microalgae oil (Chlorella protothecoides) by non-catalytic transesterification in supercritical methanol and ethanol: Process optimization,” Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol. 97, pp. 174–182, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.08.025. [4] C. H. Tan et al., “Strategies for enhancing lipid production from indigenous microalgae isolates,” J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, vol. 63, pp. 189–194, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.034. [5] I. Rawat, R. Ranjith Kumar, T. Mutanda, and F. Bux, “Biodiesel from microalgae: A critical evaluation from laboratory to large scale production,” Applied Energy, vol. 103. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 444–467, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.004. [6] T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins, and N. S. Caetano, “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 217– 232, Jan. 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020. [7] A. L. Ahmad, N. H. M. Yasin, C. J. C. Derek, and J. K. Lim, “Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 1. pp. 584–593, Jan. 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.018. [8] N. Rashid, M. S. Ur Rehman, M. Sadiq, T. Mahmood, and J. I. Han, “Current status, issues and developments in microalgae derived biodiesel production,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 40. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 760–778, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.104. [9] M. Balat and H. Balat, “Progress in biodiesel processing,” Applied Energy, vol. 87, no. 6. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1815–1835, 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.012. [10] W. Du, W. Li, T. Sun, X. Chen, and D. Liu, “Perspectives for biotechnological production of biodiesel and impacts,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 79, no. 3. pp. 331–337, Jun. 2008. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1448-8. [11] P. K. Campbell, T. Beer, and D. Batten, “Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from microalgae in ponds,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 50–56, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.048. [12] T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins, and N. S. Caetano, “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1. pp. 217– 232, Jan. 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020. [13] Y. S. Parmar, N. Sharma, P. Sharma, and N. Sharma, “Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for saccharification of carbohydrates in algal biomass: An integral walk for bioethanol production,” ~ 461 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 461–466, 2019, [Online]. Available: www.thepharmajournal.com [14] V. C. Liyanaarachchi, G. K. S. H. Nishshanka, M. Sakarika, P. H. V. Nimarshana, T. U. Ariyadasa, and M. Kornaros, “Artificial neural network (ANN) approach to optimize cultivation conditions of microalga Chlorella vulgaris in view of biodiesel production,” Biochem Eng J, vol. 173, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108072.
ZERO-C: USER FRIENDLY PLATFORM IN CARBON TRADING TO ACHIEVE GLOBAL EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS Norsyifa1 , Andi Bintang Toar Dondok2 , Bambang Cahya Ramadhan3 Ahmad Dahlan University, Ringroad Selatan Streets, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 1 ([email protected], +6285349599138) 2 ([email protected], +6285243249699) 3 ([email protected], +6288297125465) Extended Abstract Extreme climate change, one of the triggers of global warming caused by industrial activity. According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA) by 2022, the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy combustion and global industrial activity reached 36.8 gigatonnes[1]. The UN through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been at the forefront of controlling the impact of global climate change. The form of controlling the impact of the climate change crisis is by reducing carbon emissions one of them through carbon trading. Referring to UNFCCC data, the potential of one carbon credit unit is equivalent to a reduction in one tonne of carbon emissions[2]. Therefore, countries around the world have already agreed to the Paris Agreement documents and stated the commitment of countries in the world to reduce the total carbon emissions released into the air significantly. The goal is to a reduction in emissions whileining sustainable economic growth to reach the Net Zero Emission point by 2060 in accordance with the principles of the 13th sustainability development goals on climate change issues. In line with the concept of sustainability, the approach we propose as a form of integrating innovative solutions into the socio-economic system to make the transition to a low-carbon future is through the carbon trading mechanism which is an activity of selling carbon certificates and carbon emissions by related industries. Several researches that present the urgency of carbon trading platforms have been presented earlier, such as Dragomir et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2022; Ren et al., 2023; Sillman et al., 2023; Zhai et al., 2023; Zheng & Ge, 2022. Unfortunately, the research has not presented a solution, real-time, userfriendly and informative platform proposal. In that effort, we proposed a global carbon trading platform. For ease, we named this platform ZERO-C. The platform operates on the principle of giving monetary value to carbon certificates and carbon emissions, so it can provide incentives to entities to reduce their carbon. By encouraging the business world to innovate and adopt environmentally friendly technologies in managing carbon emission to generate a renewable energy, the ZERO-C platform also leverages the dynamics of the carbon trade market to drive sustainability efforts and has community engagement
features to discuss and are accessible to governments, and individuals, allowing them to manage emission data, track transactions, and monitor emission compliance. Fig. 1. Framework of Central Marketplace ZERO-C Platform As the concept illustrated in Fig. 1, a company performs prior registration before entering the ZERO-C platform then can buy or sell carbon certificates or carbon emissions after that proceeds with payments that will be guaranteed by the ZERO-C system if the transaction succeeds there will be an exchange from both companies between money and also carbon or carbon certificate. The ZERO-C platform in implementation requires applications in the technology sector as well as enforcement. Comprehensive implementation in the range of technologies, the first is the creation of the ZERO-C platform framework to design a scalability, secure, and easy-to-use online platform that facilitates carbon trading, verification, and billing. Second, is the implementation of data verification on the ZERO-C platform that implements a strong blockchain mechanism for transparency in carbon emission transactions as well as verification of the accuracy of emission data submitted by the merging companies. Meanwhile, within the scope of regulation, first, ZERO-C will work together and work with governments and world environmental agencies to build a standard framework for carbon trading, ensuring consistency and cross-border compliance. ZERO-C as a central marketplace designed to facilitate carbon quota trading among stakeholders such as companies, industries, governments and other entities as well as to realize the potential in driving sustainability efforts, ZERO-C has a number of strategies to implement, the first of which will form partnerships with governments, environmental agencies and industry around the world to gain credibility and encourage adoption and expansion in our platform and advocate to support government policies that drive carbon trade, emissions reduction, and sustainable development. Second, ZERO-C will create an incentive program that rewards companies and entities that go beyond their emission
reduction targets, and encourages proactive environmental action. Third, ZERO-C will make sustainable improvements by gathering consumer input and literacy on the platform to improve features, user experience, and safety over time. Through ZERO-C that focuses on efforts to reduce carbon emissions through carbon trading to Net Zero Emission in accordance with the principles of sustainability so as to have a good impact on the society, the country and the environment, among them: • Society, ZERO-C has the potential to transform the values and behaviour of the people to become aware of the concerns of the environment. Likewise, with company-companies will be given incentives to reduce emissions, produce cleaner air, better health, and a stronger sense of corporate responsibility. • Countries, countries that have adopted ZERO-C position themselves as leaders in the global struggle against climate change in accordance with the Paris Agreement. By meeting emission targets, countries can avoid penalties and build international credibility. Moreover, focusing on sustainability can stimulate employment growth in sectors related to renewable energy and lowcarbon technologies. • Environment, the most significant impact of ZERO-C lies in its positive impact on the environment. By reducing carbon emissions, ZERO-C contributes to mitigating climate change, slowing global warming, and preserving ecosystems and biodiversity. Lower reliance on fossil fuels will produce cleaner air and water, which will benefit humans and natural systems. The solution we propose offers a comprehensive and practical approach to the challenges outlined in this topic. By leveraging the ZERO-C platform, we can help the world in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement in an effort to reduce emissions and also maintain sustained economic growth to reach the Net Zero Emission point by 2060.
Bibliography [1] Zheng H, Ge L. Carbon emissions reduction effects of sustainable development policy in resource-based cities from the perspective of resource dependence: Theory and Chinese experience. Resources Policy. 2022 Sep 1;78. [2] Wang Q, Hao Y, Shi J. Research on Supply Chain Cooperation Strategy of Low-carbon Ecommerce Considering Targeted Promotion under Carbon Trading Regulation. Procedia Comput Sci. 221:192–9. [3] Zheng H, Ge L. Carbon emissions reduction effects of sustainable development policy in resource-based cities from the perspective of resource dependence: Theory and Chinese experience. Resources Policy. 2022 Sep 1;78. [4] Liu J, Ma H, Wang Q, Tian S, Xu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Optimization of energy consumption structure based on carbon emission reduction target: A case study in Shandong Province, China. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 2022 Jun 1;20(2):125–35. [5] Ren F rong, Cui Z, Ding X, Zhang X rong, Li R han, Yao Q, et al. The co-benefit of emission reduction efficiency of energy, CO2and atmospheric pollutants in China under the carbon neutrality target. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2023 Sep 1;49. [6] Zhai J, She L, Hao S, Liu H. Projection of regional carbon emissions and analysis of emission reduction potential under multiple scenarios. Energy Reports. 2023 Sep 1;9:753–61. [7] Sillman J, Hynynen K, Dyukov I, Ahonen T, Jalas M. Emission reduction targets and electrification of the Finnish energy system with low-carbon Power-to-X technologies: Potentials, barriers, and innovations – A Delphi survey. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2023 Aug 1;193. [8] Dragomir VD, Dumitru M, Perevoznic FM. Carbon reduction and energy transition targets of the largest European companies: An empirical study based on institutional theory. Cleaner Production Letters. 2023 Jun;4:100039.
BRIDGING THE GAP: AUGMENTED REALITY SIMULATION FOR SUSTAINABLE TVET EDUCATION Zuhaili Mohd Arshada , Mohamed Nor Azhari Azmanb aFaculty of Technical and Vocational, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia. [email protected] bFaculty of Technical and Vocational, Sultan Idris Education University, Malaysia. [email protected] Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) holds significant prominence within the global education sphere as it endeavours to cultivate students equipped with technical proficiencies and practical aptitudes that are pertinent to the industrial realm. This objective aligns with the nation's aspiration to transition into the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and EDU 4.0. The growing significance of TVET education is evident in light of the swift transformations occurring in technology and the economy. The Sustainable Development Goals 2023 (SDG2023) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) emphasise the imperative of reforming the education system to effectively address present and future demands. Contemporary educational paradigms have rendered traditional learning methodologies, which only emphasise the dissemination of theoretical information, obsolete in the present day. The use of mobile learning using an augmented reality simulation application has developed as a novel approach, facilitating the accessibility of diverse learning and teaching resources via digital platforms. It has the potential to enhance learning efficiency and enjoyment, both within and outside the confines of the traditional classroom setting [12]. Nevertheless, within the realm of electronics learning including microcontrollers and programming, students frequently encounter challenges while attempting to comprehend abstract and complex concepts and ideas [8]. Additionally, they may also confront a lack of experience among teachers in effectively executing projects. Furthermore, there is a lack of research undertaken to enhance the pedagogical approaches for teaching electronic subjects that need strong visualisation skills [14]. Consequently, this poses a challenge for educators in effectively instructing and facilitating students' proficiency in this topic. The pedagogical approach in teaching entails the utilisation of microcontroller simulation circuits, which are only executed in a theoretical manner through the use of textbooks [3][13]. One common challenge observed in the instruction of subjects such as microcontrollers and programming is the difficulty students face in connecting theoretical principles with real-world implementations.
Figure 1 The most challenging topics in Design and Technology (D&T) subject based on teachers’ perception. At this point, augmented reality simulation plays a crucial role. Students may ‘feel’ and experience these ideas in a realistic setting by using augmented reality simulations, which contain interactive and realism three-dimensional features. This not only offers a rich, genuine learning experience and enables students to have an immersive experience, but it also enables them to interact with the concept in a secure, regulated setting without excessive danger and cost [5]. Due to the potential to help students overcome the issue of conceptual understanding and low spatial ability, this paper proposes the development of a learning application for the topic of Electronic Design using the application of augmented reality simulation. This will connect spatial information using the real world space with the virtual world. An increase in student knowledge of technical subjects including welding technology [1], robotics [9], and manufacturing technology [7] is shown in previous research using augmented reality simulations. There is yet no research that looks at the use of augmented reality simulation for electronic learning, particularly in RBT topics in secondary schools, as those studies are conducted in the context of other studies at the tertiary education level. A learning approach that is based on augmented reality simulation provides a space for students to explore electronic components in a virtual space with a safe and risk-free situation of safety or equipment damage [5] [6] [15]. This is important in the context of technical and vocational education, where practical skills are a priority. Aside from that, the implementation of this method may be carried out in a versatile manner across a wide range of learning environments. When using a face-to-face method, augmented reality simulations can be included into workshop sessions to replace resources that are both costly and in short supply. Students are able to access the simulation from wherever they are via augmented reality technology, which is made possible by virtual learning. This helps students overcome the restrictions of time and location, making learning more flexible and
encouraging self-learning. Students are able to comprehend the three-dimensional interactions that exist between electronic components, visualise the physical arrangement of electronic circuits, and develop layouts that are both effective and efficient thanks to this tool. Students who have good spatial ability are able to conceive and perceive how components are physically connected, comprehend the space in electronic circuits, and understand fundamental assembly ideas, all of which are helpful in the process of creating circuits that are both accurate and efficient. The four phases of the cycle outlined in the Experiential Learning Theory by Kolb (1984) theory will be implemented in this project as the fundamental framework of the simulation-based study. By incorporating sensory and emotional experiences into the learning process, this approach is successful in fostering active and deep learning to influence students' understanding [8][4]. Figure 2: Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory Cycle Table 1 Application of Experiential Learning Theory’s cycle phase in this study Bil Phase Cycle Application of cycle phase in study 1 Concrete Experience Students being exposed to simulations of augmented reality, interacting and manipulating virtual objects (electronic components) in applications. 2 Reflective Observation Students observe and reflect on the experience of using the application 3 Abstract Conseptualisation Students begin to extract general principles and concepts from their reflections on simulations, and access additional information such as text explanations, videos or to relate their experiences to theoretical knowledge.
4 Active Experimentation Students translate their virtual experiences into real skills. This phase involves the installation of electronic circuits and physical programming. This augmented reality simulation-based mobile learning approach is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of TVET education, especially in terms of electronics learning in secondary schools. Students nowadays are required to be prepared with the right abilities to be able to meet the rapid changes that are occurring in the worlds of education and business. Mobile learning that makes use of simulations based on augmented reality is an innovative approach that brings together theoretical and practical components. This helps to guarantee that students not only have a conceptual understanding of the subjects, but also have the ability to apply that understanding in practical settings. Figure 3: 3D microcontroller board in simulation augmented reality learning application In conclusion, a mobile learning method that is based on augmented reality simulation has the potential to be an essential step towards ensuring sustainability and making it possible for TVET education to continue to evolve, adapt, and remain relevant to advancements in the world. This strategy guarantees that students in technical and vocational education and training are prepared to meet the increasingly complicated demands of the working world by delivering a learning experience that is both rich and exciting. We have the power to steer the continuation of technical and vocational education in Malaysia in a more fruitful path if we combine technological advancements with handson experience.
References [1] Abdul Rani, A. N. R., & Khalid, F. (2017). Pembelajaran Teknologi Kimpalan Melalui Penggunaan Augmented Reality the Enhancements of Teaching and Learning of Welding Technology Based on. [2] Ah-fur, L., & Chien-hung, C. (2018). Developing an Arduino Simulation-based Learning System and Evaluating its Suitability. 1, 0–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3241748.3241764 [3] Ajit, G., Lucas, T., & Kanyan, R. (2022). Design and Technology in Malaysian Secondary Schools : A Perspective on Challenges. 7(1), 335–351. [4] Elmira, O., Rauan, B., Dinara, B., & Etemi, B. P. (2022). The Effect of Augmented Reality Technology on the Performance of University Students. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 17(19), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i19.32179 [5] Falloon, G. (2020). Using Animated Simulations to Support Young Students’ Science Learning (Issue October). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56047-8_5 [6] Huang, T. C., Chen, C. C., & Chou, Y. W. (2016). Animating eco-education: To see, feel, and discover in an augmented reality-based experiential learning environment. Computers and Education, 96, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.02.008 [7] Jaafar, S. A., Che Abdullah, S., Mat Jusoh, M. A., Azmat, F., & Jaffar, A. (2021). AR Simulasi: An Augmented Reality Real-Time Cloud-based Simulation for Off-Site Monitoring in Industrial Manufacturing Application. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, 12(9), 1–9. [8] Jantjies, M., Moodley, T., & Maart, R. (2018a). Experiential learning through virtual and augmented reality in higher education. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3300942.3300956 [9] Kadar, R., Abdul Wahab, N., Othman, J., Shamsuddin, M., & Mahlan, S. B. (2021). A Study of Difficulties in Teaching and Learning Programming: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(3), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i3/11100 [10]Kutia, V., Ruchel, F. L., & Chrapek, K. (2019). Simulation and Programming of an Industrial Robot Based on Augmented Reality. Modeling, Control and Information Technologies, 3, 184– 186. https://doi.org/10.31713/mcit.2019.59 [11]Maas, M. J., & Hughes, J. M. (2020). Virtual, augmented and mixed reality in K–12 education: a review of the literature. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 29(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2020.1737210 [12]Marlina, M. (2021). Best Practices in the M-Learning Design. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 6(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.30880/ojtp.2021.06.01.005 [13]Nurul Ihsaniah, O., & Abu Bakar, I. (2020). Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Litar Elektronik Berbantukan Komputer Terhadap Motivasi Pencapaian Dan Bebanan Kognitif Pelajar.
International Journal of Education and Pedagogy (IJEAP), 2(4), 130–139. http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijeap [14]Pule, S., & Attard, J.-P. (2021). Spatial Cognitive Processes Involved in Electronic Circuit Interpretation and Translation: Their Use as Powerful Pedagogical Tools within an Education Scenario. Design and Technology Education, 26(1), 45–69. [15]Wijnen-Meijer, M., Brandhuber, T., Schneider, A., & Berberat, P. O. (2022). Implementing Kolb´s Experiential Learning Cycle by Linking Real Experience, Case-Based Discussion and Simulation. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 9, 238212052210915. https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205221091511
GROVE VIRTUES: EMPOWERING MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM Khairul Naim Abd. Aziza , Siti Syafiqah Hashimb , Fazly Amri Mohdc aMarine Research Station, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Perlis,Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia ([email protected], 0179331169) bFaculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia ([email protected], 0174426863) cCentre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia ([email protected], 0136330308) Mangrove forests are widely distributed across the world's intertidal regions, and they can form intricate patterns of dense, branching, or winding channels within them. This infamous meandering marine ecosystem, however, provides vital environmental services, such as being a natural first line defense against powerful waves and serving as a nursery for diverse marine animals and plants species (Carugati et al., 2018). Additionally, mangrove forests and their channels have hidden significant economic by generating income and job opportunities and social benefits for communities living in coastal areas. This economy and social within mangrove trend is particularly noticeable in South East Asia, home of 35% of 18 million ha of global total mangrove, where mangrove forests here mostly have been widely transformed into shrimp farms, and the winding channels have become hubs for tourism activities (Figure 1) (Goldberg et al., 2020; Treephan et al., 2019; Honculada-Primavera, 2000). Since then, there are growing efforts to maximize the exploitation of the positive economy value offered by this valuable mangrove area, including its channel, and this have created an imbalance in nature due to human using the resources from nature excessively and in an unsustainable way, and this impact can be seen from the degradation of mangrove areas globally through extreme erosion process (Eid et al., 2019; DasGupta & Shaw, 2013; Shahbudin et al., 2012; Ashton, 2008). And with the inevitable sea level rise impact and the grow of the anthropogenic activity within the mangrove channels, this has put substantial pressure on mangrove cover, placing the whole marine ecosystem future at stake (Rasyid et al., 2016).
Figure 1: Type of human activities conducted within mangrove channel in a) Setiu, Terengganu and b) Sungai Kilim, Langkawi. Therefore, in response to tackle this critical situation, activities within the mangrove channel needs to be managed focusing on the vulnerability assessments in these vulnerable areas where this assessment aims to identify areas that are vulnerable not only to human activities but also to natural stressors like rising sea levels. Nonetheless, conducting such complex assessment is tricky due to the extensive and inaccessible extent of mangrove areas and their intricate vulnerability evaluation criteria. Thus, management sectors are facing a concerning problem to manage such an important marine ecosystem while aiming to practice sustainable human activities in the mangrove channel areas. To solve this ongoing issue, a straightforward and simplified mangrove channel vulnerability assessment, named Grove Virtues, is established. Where Grove virtue is the first simple vulnerability assessment, with realistic objectives of not only providing a thorough mangrove channel vulnerability assessment, but also to provide direct mangrove channel vulnerability classification for the management. By considering and implementing Grove Virtues into the ecosystem management, it will feasibly, initiating a long-term protection endeavor for our mangrove ecosystem which fitting the sustainable development goal (SDG) number 14. Grove Virtues also fulfilling other SDG’s goal by helping the local populations to move towards sustainable capitals (SDG11) and ultimately raising the recognition in reducing climate change effects for a better environment (SDG13). Grove Virtues is established based on mixture of high reliability of satellite technology and observational data from developed vulnerability index that compromised of six vulnerability indicator parameters: mangrove coverage, mangrove species, sea level, channel width, boat frequency and bioturbation. Where ecosystem management can access Grove Virtue virtually through computers and smartphones since Grove Virtues is a digital-based invention (Figure 1). The user interface of Grove Virtues are simple and easy to understand, where users just need to choose the year and location of a) b)
mangroves, and add the observational data (eg: bioturbation and mangrove species) into the system (Figure 2). Six indicators previously will be calculated into a novel mangrove channel vulnerability index, where the outcome are five vulnerability categories, extending from very low vulnerability up to very high vulnerability, as well as highlighting the vulnerable mangrove area with distinct legend color in map format (Table 1, Figure 3). This simplified categorization will help the ecosystem management to only spend the management efforts on extremely vulnerable areas, rather than spending management time and money to develop while conserving the vast mangrove area. Figure 1: Grove Virtues home page from computer users. Figure 2: Grove Virtues system with options of parameters for the mangrove channel vulnerability assessment.
Table 1: Mangrove channel vulnerability category and legend in Grove Virtues Mangrove Channel Vulnerability Category Class Legend Very low vulnerability 1 Low vulnerability 2 Moderate vulnerability 3 High vulnerability 4 Very high vulnerability 5 Figure 3: Grove Virtues output map with highlighted vulnerable hotspots along the mangrove channel. Grove Virtues offers helpful potential benefits of reducing time consuming work, lowering manpower and involves smaller numeral of resources over extensive traditional vulnerability assessment, making this kind of vulnerability assessment to be easily available for ecosystem management. Additionally, from the vulnerable highlighted hotspots form Grove Virtue system, this can aid the ecosystem management to concentrate and systematize economy activity and conservation methodically and sustainably in the mangrove area, for the benefits of current and future. With the princely benefits that Grove Virtues offers, it perhaps pioneering a good impact to make science seems simpler and more straightforward to assess and understand in the eyes of ecosystem management. Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) of Malaysia through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2021/WAB05/UITM/03/2). We
also want to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA for research support through the SDG Triangle Lestari Grant (600-RMC/LESTARI SDG-T 5/3 [002/2021]). References [1] Ashton, E. C. 2008. The impact of shrimp farming on mangrove ecosystems. CABI Reviews, pp 12. [2] Carugati, L., Gatto, B., Rastelli, E., Lo Martire, M., Coral, C., Greco, S., & Danovaro, R. 2018. Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Scientific reports, 8. [3] DasGupta, R., & Shaw, R. 2013. Cumulative impacts of human interventions and climate change on mangrove ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia: an overview. Journal of Ecosystems, pp.1- 15. [4] Eid, E. M., Arshad, M., Shaltout, K. H., El-Sheikh, M. A., Alfarhan, A. H., Picó, Y., & Barcelo, D. 2019. Effect of the conversion of mangroves into shrimp farms on carbon stock in the sediment along the southern Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia. Environmental research, 176. [5] Goldberg, L., Lagomasino, D., Thomas, N., & Fatoyinbo, T. 2020. Global declines in human‐driven mangrove loss. Global change biology, 26, 5844-5855. [6] Honculada-Primavera, J. 2000. Mangroves of southeast Asia. [7] Shahbudin, S., Zuhairi, A., & Kamaruzzaman, B. Y. 2012. Impact of coastal development on mangrove cover in Kilim river, Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, 185-190. [8] Rasyid, A., AS, M. A., Nurdin, N., & Jaya, I. 2016. Impact of human interventions on mangrove ecosystem in spatial perspective. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 47, pp. 012-041. [9] Treephan, P., Visuthismajarn, P., & Isaramalai, S. A. 2019. A model of participatory communitybased ecotourism and mangrove forest conservation in Ban Hua Thang, Thailand. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8, pp. 1-8.
5th Sustainability Challenge 2023 216 EXTENDED ABSTRACTS Category II
CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND ICT INTEGRATION FOR COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT OF SMART AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS MV Japitana, RC Daguil, SM Salcedo-Albores, RG Parro, JT Punayan , MR Bonotan, JR Felias, GA Garcia, KL Ciudad, AM Sevilla, MD Gonzaga Caraga State University, Philippines ([email protected], +639176563104) One of the critical concerns within the agri-food industry and its supply chain revolves around the presence of by-products, often considered waste and promptly disposed of. This treatment might lead to losing the possibility of gaining economic value from them. Implementing a circular economy could prevent economic value loss since the circular economy utilizes said wastes as resources for other processes. Also, the support mechanisms provided to the farmers are heavily focused on production. There is also limited support for fair trade and ethical practices. Every farmer desires to increase their income as they engage in the production of various agricultural commodities. In addition, it has been noted that in all aspects of farming, food loss is present. Food loss refers to the reduction in the quantity or quality of food caused by decisions and activities undertaken by food suppliers along the chain, with the exception of retailers, food service providers, and consumers [1]. Conversely, food waste pertains to the reduction in the quantity or quality of food stemming from choices and behaviors exhibited by retailers, food service providers, and consumers [1]. Minimizing food wastage and losses would result in more effective utilization of land and improved water resource management, ultimately having a positive influence on climate change and livelihoods. Thus, the call to resolve this issue requires a bold initiative from all sectors of the government, especially on policy development and strict implementation. In this aspect, collaboration must be strengthened among scientists, researchers, and other stakeholders. This poses a question now as to how can the academe support the farmers in addressing their basic needs and how can the farmers be involved in crafting the academe’s initiatives for research and development. Additionally, it's vital to explore the ways in which the academe can resolve these concerns. It is easy to claim adherence to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but it is very difficult to spot and measure the outcomes from the farmers’ perspective. Acknowledging the SDGs, our local farmers are at stake, especially when adopting sustainable agricultural practices with limited resources. In the Philippines, the agricultural and fishing communities bear the brunt of climate change consequences, given the nation's susceptibility to various effects such as elevated sea levels, heightened occurrence of severe weather events, escalating temperatures, and intense rainfall. These challenges would hinder them from producing the quantity required by the consumers and are considered an obstacle to achieving food security. In a sustainable circular economy, ensuring food security relies on optimizing water utilization efficiency and harnessing renewable energy sources [2]. It's essential to grasp
initially that the circular economy differs from the linear economy primarily in its emphasis on minimizing waste generation [3]. It has been a prevalent observation that State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) civic engagements are minimal and that their research and development endeavors need to be more significantly responding to the community's needs. This challenges the people in the academe to capitalize on its extension function in addressing this concern since extension serves as the conduit between the technical aspects of the things that the experts do in the Universities to make them more understandable by the community, which, among else should be the core beneficiary of all the developmental endeavors of the academe. This is better captured in Wilkins [4], that extension is designing activities that affect behavior change through constituent-driven programs focused on outcome-based objectives using a variety of educational processes and techniques over a continuum of time. However, the conventional way of designing and implementing this is that extension programs only come after the research and development project has been completed and there is new knowledge developed. Caraga State University intends to establish a program where research and development, extension, innovation, and commercialization are carried out accordingly, and the community is engaged at the forefront throughout its conduct while significantly addressing some components of the sustainable development goals. This can be best displayed through the conduct of this seven-year research program titled Circular Economy and ICT Integration for Community-driven Development of Smart Agri-food Systems. Community-driven development of smart agri-food systems involves empowering local communities to play an active role in the design, implementation, and management of technologically advanced agricultural and food production systems. This approach combines modern technologies, data-driven insights, and community participation to enhance agricultural productivity, promote sustainable and ethical practices, and improve food security. Community-driven development of smart agri-food systems not only enhances agricultural productivity and food security but also contributes to the social and economic well-being of local communities. By combining technological innovation with local knowledge and active participation, this approach can lead to more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive food systems. This program will be implemented in four (4) phases under six (6) different projects, which are aimed to introduce a shift in the manner in which extension programs are being designed and implemented. The project is community-driven, guided by the Caraga State University's principle, "T.A.O. muna para sa pagLIKHA". TAO stands for Talents, Assets, and Opportunities, and pagLIKHA means to create. This means that the primary lens in crafting any services for the University is oriented towards understanding first the problem of the problem and the
real needs of the community the University wants to serve as its "created new value." True to its mission to be socially engaged and socially responsible human capital for Caraga and beyond, the University will be aggressive in implementing strategies and initiatives to promote developments that take prime consideration on Talents, Assets, and Opportunities by creating new value, creating meaningful solutions, and creating responsible stewards and leaders. Hence, a sectoral analysis will be carefully conducted to onboard the project partners right from the start, that is, during the proposal writing until the impact assessment phase of the project. Therefore, the extension will be the heart of any research and innovation development and will commence right from the beginning of the project. In alignment with the University's Hiraya vision and Research, Development, Innovation and Extension (RDIE) Agenda, CSU envisions becoming the Center for the Futures on Fair Trade and Ethical Practices for AgriFood Systems. This ambitious initiative seeks to advance the values and norms intertwined with agriculture and the entire food ecosystem. It encompasses various facets, including farming, resource management, food processing, distribution, trade, and consumption. To accomplish this vision, three overarching approaches will be employed: Technology Integration, Diversification, and Inclusive Business Model Development. In furtherance of this transformative agenda, the research program outlines specific objectives. The first objective revolves around establishing comprehensive baseline data and profiles. This entails a meticulous examination of farmers' equitable opportunities and their engagements in fair trade relationships. Moreover, the research will delve into their Knowledge, Attitudes, and Agricultural and Ethical Practices (KAPPe). The second objective focuses on the development of an innovative AgriFood Produce and Waste Bank Model. This model is designed with the goal of optimizing efficiency throughout the entire production and distribution process. It also involves the identification and optimization of waste materials, ensuring that resources are utilized to their maximum capacity. The third objective introduces the concept of the circular economy, a sustainable approach that will be applied to the complete cycle of value chains for designated commodities. This Circular Economy approach is integral to achieving Smart Agriculture, aiming to minimize waste while maximizing resource utilization. The fourth objective places a spotlight on the integration of cutting-edge technologies, specifically nano, bio, and ICT (Information and Communication Technology). The aim here is to revolutionize Smart AgriFood Production and Waste Valorization, ensuring precision, efficiency, and sustainability. The fifth objective extends into the realm of policy formulation. It seeks to provide valuable insights and recommendations, particularly in areas related to fair trade and ethical practices. These policy recommendations are grounded in sound evidence and stakeholder input. The sixth objective involves the scaling up and roll-out of the AgriFood Produce and Waste Bank. This will be accomplished via an inclusive approach that incorporates community-based capacity-building sessions and the establishment of essential infrastructure. Lastly, the seventh objective evaluates the research program's
effectiveness and impact. It aims to comprehensively assess the outcomes and benefits of the Circular Economy and ICT Integration for the Community-driven Development of Smart Agri-food Systems Program. In conclusion, the transformational agenda set forth by the Center for the Futures on Fair Trade and Ethical Practices for AgriFood Systems is a visionary pursuit aligned with the University's broader objectives. It strives to instill ethical values and sustainable practices at every level of the AgriFood sector, thereby contributing to a more equitable and promising future for all stakeholders involved. [1] FAO. 2019. The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Rome [2] S. Mallick, "Sustainable Circular Economy Design in 2050 for Water and Food Security using Renewable Energy," in Circular Economy and Sustainability: Volume 2: Environmental Engineering, Netherlands, Elsevier, 2022, p. 509. [3] M. Lewandowski, "Designing the Business Models for Circular Economy—Towards the Conceptual Framework," ResearchGate, 2016. [4] Wilkins, R (2000). Leading the learning society: The role of local education authorities. Educational Management & Administration, journals.sagepub.com
USAS (UNIVERSITI SULTAN AZLAN SHAH) AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY LABORATORY (UAIL): SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INITIATIVES FOR FOOD SECURITY AND AGRO-TOURISM IN PERAK Muhammad Shafiq Zulkiflia , Norhafizatullakmar Sulaimanb, Zainal Syahrizal Zainal Abidinc a,b,c,University Sultan Azlan Shah, Malaysia Correspondent contact : [email protected] , 019-6480630 The abstract describes the entirely of the Usas Agriculture Industry Laboratory (UAIL) sustainable development. This will be the document to show an overview of the project with related issues, concept, and design solutions. This document also presented the design process accompanied with strategies of carbon sequestration for the entire project. The impact of the project will be empowering USAS and the local community and enhancing the site environment. UAIL is a sustainable development project under USAS. It is an agro-edu-tourism centre in Manong, Perak, located approximately 10km from Kuala Kangsar Town. Currently it is a secondary forest with a potential to offer an innovative sustainable agriculture. There are three (3) key issues related to the site; the degradation of agro- tourism industry and food security, the pressure of surrounding development on ecosystem services (ESs) and underutilized potential of the sites to the fullest. The degradation of agro-tourism industry and food security is a major problem happened due to the drive of climate change and the effect which are most likely to the lowand middle-income countries where are food already at risk [5], UAIL project is likely to tackle the issues related to food security and hopefully to improve agro- tourism industry in Kuala Kangsar and Perak state in general. Pressure of surrounding development on ecosystem services (ESs) at the site since it is the one of the remaining parchments of greenery that remain untouched, where may offer many ESs. UAIL, which is located upstream of the basin, has the capability to reduce or slow down the rainwater flow from it site to downstream, thus reducing the risk of flooding downstream. Beside acting as a sponge, UAIL also may improve the water quality that drained outside. The underutilized potential of the site overthought surrounding UAIL consists of many communities farming and local community placement. The site can be an attraction for the local city folks for a calm and peaceful environment. The design strategy was to create a sustainable agriculture station which offered a sustainable landscape farming by creating an environmentally friendly system. UAIL is created in the near of the rural area, which can be used as a catalyst space for local community. The main purpose is to empowerment of learning, training and experience centre for USAS students, staff, local people, and tourist.
According to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) by United Nation [2], there are 17 Goals that and UAIL is trying to implement a few related goals which is; Goal 6 - Clean water and sanitation, Goal 7 - Affordable and clean energy, Goal 11- Sustainable cities and communities, Goal 12- Responsible consumption and production and Goal 13 - Climate action. By mentioning the design strategies, this project is divided into four main networks which are (1) blue network, (2) green network, (3) social network and (4) economy network. A few design ideas have been implemented as follows: blue network; Rain Garden/ bioswale/ Phyto remediation wetland – reduce water runoff, Rain collector/ green roof rain pillar – improve water quality and quantity, Lake/ floodplain – self sustain water supply and aquaculture industry. Stream & dam – hydro electrical supply for site. For Green network; Bioforest / extreme park – low carbon development, green roof/ green wall – Improve ecosystem of agriculture site, green pavement – method for Low Impact Development (LID), Sustainable site planning/ sustainable material/ method – integrated agriculture with grass, orchard and compost fertilizer; an in-situ carbon cycle, Horticulture & arboretum – seedlings and biodiversity. As for Social network; Training/ research/ incubation centre – awareness for foods security, Information, and activity centre/ camping/ jogging – recreational centre, Permaculture/ food picking – tourism attraction only made for Kuala Kangsar. Lastly for Economy network; Retail nursery/ orchard / farm – sustainable business ecosystem, Permaculture/ incubation – B40 food security (targeting Manong resident), Durian orchard/ germplasm – main seed propagation for Perak’s famous types of durians, Flower meadow, equine centre and farm – tourism attraction, Agriculture market – weekly agro-market fresh famous farm product. In order to fulfill these design strategies, a few sustainable development approaches have been implemented such as; Green canopy – harness solar energy to electrical power through solar panels, hydro electricity from stream and dam, and harvest rainwater on the green for the usage of the green building, Forest rainwater collector in orchard – collecting rainwater from orchard trees runoff for irrigation and camping site, Stormwater filtration – bio-engineered wetland (or eco-lake) is designed to filter stormwater runoff before releasing it to the existing drainage system. the ‘eco’ word stands for both economic and ecological approach with various species to be laid out across spacious landscape [1], Farm/Durian harvester cableway – one of the approaches of sustainable harvesting of durian is by the invention of a conveying cableway from the trees to the post- harvesting center. This invention will benefit in terms of lowering the risk of damaging the fruits, requiring less labor, simple, rapid, and low carbon for carbon sequestration value according to the research done by Mitsch et al. (2012). Among others, the carbon sequestration for UAIL was developed to fulfill sustainable environmental services by improving the carbon sequestration values for site’s waterbodies, orchard, and farm.
SPACE AREA (ACRE) RATE CARBON SEQUESTRATION (KgCO₂/m²y) RESOURCE Lakes & Wetland 12 Natural flow through wetland in Humid Tropical: 0.306 KgCO₂/m²y 15,000 Mitsch et al. 2012 Farm & Orchard 228.6 Orchard/Farm carbon sequestration potential: 0.4Kg C0₂/m²y¹ 382,772 Chinade, 2015 SUM 397,772 Equivalent to 398 Carbon Credit Value per Annum Schedule 1: Carbon sequestration [1] Singapore Botanic Garden. 2020. Retrieved on 1st of August 2023 from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/sbg/our-gardens/bukit-timah-core/eco-garden-and-eco-lake [2] United Nation. 2015. 2023 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved on 1st of August 2023 from https://sdgs.un.org/goals [3] Mitsch, William & Bernal, Blanca & Nahlik, Amanda & Mander, Ülo & Zhang, Li & Anderson, Christopher & Jørgensen, S.E. & Brix, Hans. 2012. Wetlands, carbon, and climate change. Landscape Ecology. 28. 10.1007/s10980-012-9758-8. [4] Mahmood, J., Rajaram, N., and Quinto, R.R. 2022. Addressing Food Insecurity and Climate Change: Current Evidence and Ways forwards. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Science: MJMS, 29(60: 1-5. Published online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9910369/ [5] Jemilah, Mahmood, Nadia N. Rajaram, and Renzo R. Guinto. "Addressing food insecurity and climate change in Malaysia: Current Evidence and Way Forward." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 29.6 (2022): 1-5. [6] Chinade, Abdullahi Ahmed, et al. "A review on carbon sequestration in Malaysian forest soils: Opportunities and barriers." International Journal of Soil Science 10.1 (2015): 17.
BIOREACTOR DYE-EATING FUNGUS (BioDeF) Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan Mohtara , Zarimah Mohd. Hanafiahb , Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtarb , aFunctional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia ([email protected], 011189033358) bCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. ([email protected], 0136663563; [email protected], 019-3322209) Surface water such as river is one of the most significant point source of water supply demand. River carries rainfall-runoff water and industrial treated effluent discharge water. Unfortunately, irresponsible individual, organisation or industries used river as strategic locations to dipose their unwanted material and chemicals. Direct diposal of hazardous materials without proper treatment will be a main threat to water security. For instance, textiles industries are blooming rapidly to meet the consumer’s demands. Vast amounts of wastewater have been constantly produced and it is becoming a serious environmental problem in the waterways. It has been reported about 17-20% of river pollutans by industrial wastewater has been contributed by textile and dyeing treatment [1]. Textile dyeing is an important process in the textile industry for making garments, particularly in developing countries [2]. This process is a water demanding as it consumes 300 L of water for a kilogram of finished textile products [3]. However, in the dyeing process, only a small portion of dye that fixed onto the garments fibers while the remaining will be discharged as wastewater [4]. Wastewater from textile and textile goods manufacturing industries poses a threat to the environment, as the effluent contains pollutants that is often found toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic and the pollutant is not easily biodegradable and if occur, it will produce more harmful by-products [5,6]. Colored wastewater effluent would hinder light absorption to the aquatic plants resulting in anaerobic conditions of waterbodies leading to dissolve oxygen depletion due to the obstruction of photosynthesis process. According to literature, the the current conventional biological wastewater treatment unable to decoloring the dyes completely [7]. Current existing techniques for the treatment of wastewater effluents containing dyes used have high cost, will form hazardous by products as their waste and consuming higher energy to run its treatment process. There is a need for development of environmentally friendly methods as physicochemical treatment method may harm the environment and conventional biological treatment method have limitations in removing color. Bioremediation fungal treatment methods are gaining favourable interest in treating various types of wastewaters because of its low cost, operational viability, and appreciable efficiencies. Therefore, in the current work, a sustainable and green method converting colored textile waste into colorless reusable water by using bioreactor dye-eating fungus (BioDeF) system. BioDeF consists of Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets in bioreactor act as sponge to absorb the color and
pollutant in the textile waste. G. lucidum has been known as medicinal mushroom that contain high health benefits in human and animals for its valuable properties to treat broad spectrum diseases [8]. Numerous inoculated fungi have shown a high performance in pollutant removals, even for industrial and agricultural wastewater. Fungal bioreactors are more advantageous due to the rich source of degrading enzymes produced and biosorption capabilities fungi as well as their ability to withstand harsh conditions, especially fluctuating pollutant loads, low pH and tolerance to low nutrient concentrations. Figure 1 showed the mechanism of fungal pellets in treatment including biosorption and biodegradation. Figure 1. Mechanism of fungal pellets ball in absorbing textile colour (Biosorption) Series of experiments have been conducted to assess the performance of G. lucidum in the color removal in textile wastewater. The color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction from the BioDeF system's lab-scale experiments were measured, and the isotherm and kinetic adsorption of G. lucidum were both evaluated. The capability of BioDeF treatment in textile wastewater to reduce the bacterial population was also evaluated by studying the microbial growth. The results showed BioDeF are capable of removing 77.8% of colors along with 75% of COD within 48 hours. The data on biosorption capacity indicated the physio-biosorption followed the well-established Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The antimicrobial properties from the adsorbents had reduced to 10 x 101 CFU/mL, which was observed after 48 hours. Waste from wastewater treatment has always been a critical issue and a challenge to the industry to address it effectively. Figure 2 showed the BioDeF system adsorbed the colour within 24 hours and 48 hours of contact time, whilst Figure 3 showed the G. lucidum pellet after the adsorption experiment retained its initial shaped with pink colour adsorbed into the cell wall.
. Figure 2. Adsorption of color using BioDeF system- textile wastewater was mixed with BioDeF system and is left for 24 hr and 48 hr Figure 3. Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets before (a-c) and after (d-e) being treated with industrial textile wastewater using a dissecting microscope (DM-left pictures) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM- middle and right pictures). Bar (FESEM) = 10 µm and 1µm (b and c); treated mycelial pellet for 48 hours. Bar (FESEM) = 1µm and 200nm (e and f); Red arrows indicate dye compounds adsorption on mycelial pellets (dense clumping on pores). Green arrows indicate no dye compound adsorption. G. lucidum present outstanding performance as the biosorbent materials for color and contaminant from textile effluent. Thus, the research aligns with the Malaysian aspiration in sustainable technologies and Environmental-Society-Governance (ESG Malaysia) directives and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Goal no 6: Clean water and Sanitation, which is to ensure availability and sustainable management of water, improve the water quality and sanitation for all. As for the industries, it provides advantages in replenishing water resources and promote reuse of water in all stages of the processes, simultaneously reducing the business expenses. The Bio-Def system has been proven to be viable, cost-effective and has high efficiency potential as biosorption agent in decoloring dyes from textile wastewater, whicn in due time, will be an attractive alternative to the expensive material such as activated carbon. Control 24 hours 48 hours
References [1] Pure Earth and Green Cross Switzerland. The Toxics Beneath Our Feet. https://www.worstpolluted.org/docs/WorldsWorst2016Spreads.pdf (2016). [2] Hassaan, M. A., & Nemr, A. El. (2017). Health and Environmental Impacts of Dyes: Mini Review. Http://Www.Sciencepublishinggroup.Com, 1(3), 64. [3] Marcucci, M., Nosenzo, G., Capannelli, G., Ciabatti, I., Corrieri, D., & Ciardelli, G. (2001). Treatment and reuse of textile effluents based on new ultrafiltration and other membrane technologies. Desalination, 138(1–3), 75–82. [4] Basava Rao, V. V., & Ram Mohan Rao, S. (2006). Adsorption studies on treatment of textile dyeing industrial effluent by flyash. Chemical Engineering Journal, 116(1), 77–84. [5] Keharia, H., & Madamwar, D. (2003). Bioremediation concepts for treatment of dye containing wastewater: A review. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41(9), 1068–1075. [6] Fortunato, L., Elcik, H., Blankert, B., Ghaffour, N., & Vrouwenvelder, J. (2021). Textile dye wastewater treatment by direct contact membrane distillation: Membrane performance and detailed fouling analysis. Journal of Membrane Science, 636, 119552. [7] Al-Tohamy, R., Ali, S. S., Li, F., Okasha, K. M., Mahmoud, Y. A. G., Elsamahy, T., Jiao, H., Fu, Y., & Sun, J. 2022. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 231:113160. [8] Wan-Mohtar, W. A. A. Q. I., Taufek, N. M., Thiran, J. P., Rahman, J. F. P., Yerima, G., Subramaniam, K., & Rowan, N. (2021). Investigations on the use of exopolysaccharide derived from mycelial extract of Ganoderma lucidum as functional feed ingredient for aquaculturefarmed red hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Future Foods, 3, 100018.
Zeolite-Kaolin Additive Enhances Plant Growth and Reduces Leaching Norsuhailizah Sazaliab , Zawati Harunb aPoliteknik Jeli Kelantan, Malaysia, [email protected], 0127619970 bUniversiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia, [email protected], 0149140506 Abstract A sustainable green synthesis of zeolite from kaolin was cooperated in soil for enhance the growth of cherry tomato and reducing the leaching effect for environment sustainability. There are seven distinct experimental treatments; Control High (CH); Control Standard (CS); Control Low (CL); 2g of zeolite(2gZ); 4g of zeolite(4gZ); 6g of zeolite(6gZ); and 6g of industrial zeolite (6gIZ) grown in greenhouse with randomized design. According to the results, 6g of zeolite demonstrates the smallest significant difference between the concentration mean values of nitrite and nitrate when compared to the other treatments. There is no significant difference in fruit weight for all treatment, but 6g of zeolite results in the highest aggregate mean weight compared to other treatments. With its capacity as a CEC, this green synthesis zeolite was able to reduce the discharge of water from a container while increasing the average nitrogen concentration in the soil. The elevated CEC of zeolite also demonstrates an increase in cherry tomato weight. Keywords: Zeolite, Kaolin, Nitirite, Nitrate, Leaching 1.Introduction The tomato belongs to the Solanaceae family, a botanical classification that designates it as a plantvegetable fruit [1]. Nitrogen (N) compounds account for approximately 40% to 50% of the dry matter of protoplasm [2]. Due to its positive charge, NH4 + exhibits limited mobility within negatively charged soils found in subtropical climates [3]. The overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on cultivated lands results in significant nitro-gen losses through leaching. This phenomenon not only contributes to water pollution but also escalates the expenses associated with agricultural production [4]. Zeolites are a type of hydrated aluminosilicate material, which is formed by the inter-linking of oxygen atoms between tetrahedral alumina (AlO4) and silica (SiO4) units [5]. The application of zeolites in agricultural practices is feasible due to their distinctive characteristics, including cation exchange properties, molecular sieving, and adsorption [6]. Consequently, the implementation of zeolites in agricultural practices can significantly mitigate nitrogen losses, thus minimizing environmental impacts [7]. 2.Methodology 2.1 Synthesis of zeolite from kaolin The kaolin mineral undergoes a calcination process in order to be transformed into metakaolin which subjected to heating in a furnace at different temperatures, specifically 600°C, for a duration of 4 hours. The metakaolin was then slowly mixed with a 1M solution of NaOH. During the ageing phase, the mixture underwent continuous mixing for a duration of 24 hours at a temperature of 40°C. After the
completion of the aging step, the solution was consistently transferred into a 100 mL Teflon-lined autoclave for the purpose of the crystallization process at a temperature of 100ºC for a duration of 9 hours. The residual solid was subjected to thermal treatment in an oven set at a temperature of 60°C for a duration of 12 hours. 2.2 Leaching experiment The entirety of the experiment was conducted within a controlled greenhouse environment. There are seven treatments in this experiment; Control High (CH); Control Standard (CS); Control Low (CL); 2g of zeolite(2gZ); 4g of zeolite(4gZ); 6g of zeolite(6gZ) and 6g of industrial zeolite (6gIZ). The methodology employed for leachate collection entailed the placement of four identical pots for each treatment within individual plastic containers. The levels of nitrite and nitrate lost from the pots in the leachate samples were determined using ion chromatography. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to analyze all plant and soil measures within each harvest. 3.Result and discussion 3.1 Synthesis of zeolite characteristic Based on the results obtained from the particle size analysis, it was determined that the average diameter of kaolin particles was found to be 497 nm, equivalent to 0.497 µm. The mean diameter of zeolite, as determined at the conclusion of the analysis, is 43.8 nm. The kaolin sample displayed a similar X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern to that of kaolinite, a mineral characterised by a layered structure with diffraction planes [0 0 1] and [0 0 2] at 2Ɵ values of 12.398° and 24.944°, respectively (Figure 1) [8]. The pattern number 98-0037558 in the International Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) was observed to correspond to the sharp peak. Based on the outcomes of the investigation, it has been determined that the singular mineral predominantly observed is kaolinite, constituting 100% of the composition. Following the process of calcination, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of metakaolin undergoes alterations, characterised by shifts in peak intensities within the range of 2θ = 20.861 and 26.644, specifically at a temperature of 600 °C (Figure1). The observations at temperatures of 600 °C indicate that quartz is the primary constituent [8]. The presence of ten distinct peaks at specific 2θ angles, namely 10.158, 12.449, 16.093, 20.397, 20.857, 21.649, 23.966, 26.089, 26.637, 27.092, 29.916, 30.804, 32.515, and 34.150, as depicted in Figure 1 [8], serves as an indication of zeolite production.
Figure 1. XRD analysis of (a) kaolin, metakaolin and zeolite (b) zeolite LTA The kaolin samples display a lamellar structure in their morphologies [9]. The production of highly disordered metakaolin with an amorphous structure and a sheet-like shape was observed as a result of the calcination process [8]. Figure 2 depicts a scanning electron microscope micrograph that provides evidence of the congruence between the synthesised Zeolite-LTA and the cubic crystalline system family. (a) (b) (c) Figure 2. FESEM analysis of: (a)kaolin (b) metakaolin and (c)zeolite 3.2 Nitrate and Nitrite Analysis Tables 1 and Table 2 present the mean values of nitrite and nitrate, respectively, from week 1 to week 12. According to the statistical analysis one way ANOVA, by comparing the nitrite mean, 6gZ show lower significance difference towards all other treatment at week 1,2,4,5,7, and 9 (Table 1). At week 2, 6gZ show the lower significance differences to other treatment except for 2gZ,4gZ and 6gIZ. At week 6 and 8, 6gZ only show not significance different to 6gIZ. At week 10, 6gZ show the significance difference towards CH, CS, CL and 6gIZ. At week 11, 6gZ show not significance different to only CS and at week 12, 6gZ show not significance difference to 2gZ and 6gIZ. For nitrate analysis (Table 2), (a) (b) 20µm 20µm 20µm
6gZ show lower significance difference to all other treatment for the whole week except for week 7 and 9. At week 7, 6gZ show lower significance difference to all treatment accept for CL while at week 9 for 4gZ. Previous studies have provided evidence that the incorporation of zeolite into soil, in con-junction with the application of chemical fertilisers, leads to a decrease in nitrogen leaching [10]. The application of zeolite treatments has been found to result in a decrease in both nitrification and leaching losses [11]. As a result of this phenome-non, farmers are capable of decreasing the quantity of fertiliser they administer to their agricultural plots, resulting in a concomitant decrease in the overall expenditure associated with crop cultivation [12]. The reason for this phenomenon can be attributed to the elevated cation exchange capacity (CEC) exhibited by zeolitic minerals [13][56]. The strong attraction between zeolites and NH4 + cations can be effectively utilised to enhance the control of the retention and release of this cation in soil media [14]. Table 1. Mean concentration (mg/L) of nitrite at week 1 until 12 Treatment Week (Nitrite) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CH CS CL 2gZ 4gZ 6gZ 6gIZ LSD (p≤0.05) 6.25f 3.62d 2.28b 3.83e 2.48c 1.66a 3.70de 0.001 0.21ab 0.20ab 0.20ab 0.26e 1.17f 0.20b 2.63g 0.001 7.41g 2.95f 2.22e 1.13b 1.07b 0.12a 1.06b 0.001 0.41f 0.18b 0.24c 0.31e 0.26c 0.09a 0.87g 0.001 0.37e 0.37e 0.22c 0.24d 0.21c 0.15a 0.56g 0.001 5.08g 4.74f 4.21e 2.09a 2.84d 2.38b 2.46b 0.001 2.29c 2.92e 3.18f 2.44d 2.39d 1.46a 1.76b 0.001 3.16e 2.21b 2.94cd 2.89cd 2.28b 2.10a 2.19ab 0.001 3.04a 2.77b 2.95c 0.53d 0.58e 0.34f 0.78g 0.001 3.21d 0.89e 0.34a 0.57b 0.52b 0.55b 3.50e 0.001 4.32e 2.15a 2.96d 2.27b 2.85c 2.04a 2.35b 0.001 4.08e 2.98d 2.89c 2.10a 2.20b 2.09a 2.05a 0.001 Table 2. Mean concentration (mg/L) of nitrate at week 1 until 12 Treatment Week (Nitrate) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CH CS CL 2gZ 4gZ 6gZ 6gIZ LSD (p≤0.05) 0.07e 0.08fh 0.04bc 0.05cd 0.08gh 0.01a 0.05cd 0.001 0.01c 0.01d 0.02e 0.01b 0.02e 0.01a 0.16f 0.001 1418.13f 1172.32d 1122.20c 977.38b 1174.45d 929.75a 1656.17g 0.001 1356.18a 895.18b 652.19c 416.66d 312.68e 304.28f 1633.59g 0.001 1609.35a 1024.40b 594.46c 572.40d 401.25e 301.23f 1349.46g 0.001 1658.41a 1263.88b 1141.32c 487.54d 474.99e 404.95f 516.59g 0.001 735.91f 496.65e 189.94c 125.24b 105.88a 186.88c 479.01d 0.001 298.09a 357.37b 152.59c 145.68d 92.22e 73.35f 287.33g 0.001 489.17g 197.38f 117.19b 84.12c 75.78a 74.93a 84.24c 0.001 210.5625a 96.1650b 106.3975c 88.3000d 66.5250e 71.4425f 168.6875g 0.001 568.6325a 208.6725b 355.4150c 88.1700d 74.1350e 66.6850f 106.3425g 0.0010 261.2300a 177.0250b 119.3250c 109.4750d 84.8100e 44.2975f 182.8800g 0.0010 3.3 Yield of cherry tomato There was no statistically significant difference observed among the various treatments (Table 3). However, the fruit weight of the treatment amended with 6g zeolite exhibited the highest weight in comparison to the other treatments incorporated into the soil. This improvement in crop productivity
can be attributed to the positive effects on soil structure and nutrient conditions brought about by Zeolite application [15]. Table 3. Cherry tomato yield (g) at harvest 2 and 3 Treatment Harvest 2 Harvest 3 CH CS CL 2gZ 4gZ 6gZ 6gIZ LSD (p≤0.05) 94.0a 91.10a 82.20a 96.95a 91.17a 104.55a 87.20a 322.52a 352.78a 302.72a 358.58a 301.98a 370.58a 359.10a
References [1] Rahim, H.; Abdul Wahab, M.; Mat Amin, M.; Harun, A.; Haimid, M. Technological adoption evaluation of agricultural and food sectors towards modern agriculture: Tomato. 2017, 41-53. [2] Ulas, A.; Doganci, E.; Ulas, F.; Yetisir, H. Root-growth Characteristics Contributing to Genotypic Variation in Nitrogen Efficiency of Bottle Gourd and Rootstock Potential for Watermelon. Plants (Basel). 2019,8(3),77. [3] Richter, J.; Roelcke, M. The N-cycle as determined by intensive agriculture–examples from central Europe and China. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst. 2000, 57,33–46 [4] Lian-feng, D.; Tong-ke, Z.; Cheng-jun, Z.; Zhi-zhuang, A.; Qiong, W.; Bao-cun, L.; Peng, L.; Mao-ting M.A. Investigations on nitrate pollution of soil, groundwater and vegetable from three typical farmlands in Beijing Region China. Agric. Sci. Chin. 2011,10, 423–430. [5] Odebunmi, E.O.; Nwosu, F.O.; Adeola, A.O.; Abayomi, T.G. Synthesis of zeolite from kaolin clay from ErusuAkoko southwestern Nigeria. G. Olaremu. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2018, 43, 1–7. [6] Glisic, I.P.; Milosevic, T.M. The effect of natural zeolites and organic fertilizers on the characteristics of degraded soils and yield of crops grown in Western Serbia. Land and Degraded Development. 2008, 20, 33-40. [7] Sangeetha, C.; Baskar, P. Zeolite and its potential uses in agriculture: A critical review. Agricultural Reviews. 2016. 37,2,101-108 [8] Sazali, N.; Harun, Z. One Shot of the Hydrothermal Route for the Synthesis of Zeolite LTA Using Kaolin. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2022, 32,10, 3508–3520. [9] Ahmed, M.; Rauf, M.; Mukhtar, Z. Excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers: an unawareness causing serious threats to environment and human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017, 24, 26983–26987 [10] Aghaalikhani, M.; Gholamhoseini, M.; Dolatabadian, A.; Khodaei-Joghan, A.; Asilan, K. S. Zeolite influences on nitrate leaching, nitrogen-use efficiency, yield and yield components of canola in sandy soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2012, 58, 10, 1149-1169. [11] MacKown, C.T; Tucker, T.C. Ammonium nitrogen movement in a course- textured soil amended with zeolite. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1985, 49, 235-238. [12] Szerement, J.; Ambrożewicz-Nita, A.; Kędziora, K.; Piasek, J. Contemporary applications of natural and synthetic zeolites from fly ash in agriculture and environmental protection. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021,311. [13] Aiyuk, S.; Xu, H.; Van Haandel, A. Removal of ammonium nitrogen from pretreated domestic sewage using a natural ion exchanger. Environmental Technology. 2004, 25,11, 1321–1330
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QUEEN’S AGAR: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DIAGNOSIS OF Bukholderia pseudomallei A. Hussina,b , M. A. Shahidanb & N. Ibrahimb aQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia ([email protected], 012-8637568) bDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 017-6276165; [email protected], 0133437913) b Burkholderia pseudomallei is the bacteria that causes serious disease called melioidosis, endemic in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah with [1]. B. pseudomallei can be found in contaminated soil and water. Death due to melioidosis is estimated to be 89,000 each year [2] and this is due to the failure of clinical disease identification, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of the disease with proper antibiotics. On average, about 3–5 days are still needed for most hospital laboratories in Malaysia to diagnose melioidosis: culture growth in 20–48 h on blood agar plate culture, followed by 48–72 h of biochemical identification processes [1]. Confirmation of Bukholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples remain as a big challenge especially in clinical laboratories where automated biochemical system is needed. Unfortunately, this system is not available in clinical laboratories where most meliodosis cases are endemic. Therefore, a reliable and affordable diagnosis for B. pseudomallei that is sustainable for the clinical laboratories is in dire needs. This paper describes the use of a selective and differential agar referred to as Queen’s agar to provide diagnostic alternative for B. pseudomallei. The current practice in diagnosis of B. pseudomallei in clinical laboratory in hospitals include blood agar (BA) and MacConkey agar (MCA) and sometimes Ashdown agar (AA). AA is expensive and not a routine agar for identification of B. pseudomallei for most of clinical laboratories in Malaysia. In addition, it does not differentiate between B. pseudomallei and another Bukholderia species, B. cepacia. The growth is slow in these agars and takes 48 hours. This is time consuming to identify B. pseudomallei and to inform the doctor on the type of pathogen infecting the patient so that proper and appropriate treatment can be given. Meliodosis patients should receive accurate treatment and promptly to avoid death. This can only be supported by correct clinical diagnosis provided by both laboratory personnel and doctors. What is the strategy to allow culture to grow faster? The growth medium for B. pseudomallei must contain appropriate nutrient that enables favourable growth of the bacteria. Another important point to be addressed is the accuracy in bacterial identification. Current culturing practice has the possibility of misidentifying B. pseudomallei with B. cepacia. The growth medium must be able to differentiate between the two cultures to provide sustainable diagnosis for laboratories. Development of Matrix-Assisted Laser /Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) that uses bacterial mass for
identification is a turning point in bacterial identification to improve the detection time. However, MALDI-TOF does not discriminate B. pseudomallei with B. cepacia. So how do we develop such medium sustainable for B. pseudomallei identification and even differentiation? In addition, the medium must be inexpensive to be used as a routine diagnosis for meliodosis? First, we must understand the needs of the bacteria. Secondly, reports from other researchers in improving the growth medium must be carefully reviewed and understood. From all the observations [3, 4], we are able to formulate selective and differential media called Queen’s agar (Figure 1A) which can enhance and presume the growth of B. pseudomallei in within 15 to 20 hours of incubation period or roughly less than 18 hours of incubation. This is less time consuming compared to 48 hours when using Ashdown agar. FIGURE 1 Queen’s agar and the culture morphology of B. pseudomallei and B. cepacia. (A) Queen’s agar with deep-blue medium (B) B. pseudomallei culture on Queen’s agar after 48 hours incubation at 37 C, (C) Zoomed-in view of B. pseudomallei colonies (yellow arrows), with purplewrinkled colonies appearance (D) Zoomed-in view of B. pseudomallei (yellow arrow) after 72 hours of incubation at 37 C, (E) Culture of B. cepacia on Queen’s agar after 48 hours incubation at 37 C, and (F) zoomed-in view of B. cepacia colonies (yellow arrows) that appeared as convex blue to green colonies.
In addition, culture that grows on the medium can be differentiated between B. pseudomallei, B. cepacia or other gentamicin-resistant bacterial strains by the colony colour and morphology observations (Figure 1). Cultures of B. pseudomallei on Queen’s agar appears as wrinkled-purple haze colonies. The colonies can be differentiated from Bukholderia cepacia which are blue to green colonies with no haze production after 48 hours incubation. Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, and Acinetobacter baumannii are able to grow but produces colonies that can be differentiated from B. pseudomallei. Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus cereus growth are inhibited on Queen’s agar. Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) growth were also inhibited on Queen’s agar with the ability for colony colour and morphology to be differentiated specifically. However, one of the drawbacks of Queen’s agar is false-negative result when dealing with gentamicin-susceptible B. pseudomallei. This however can be overcome with a solution. For laboratories in the region with high incidence of gentamicin-susceptible B. pseudomallei infection, gentamicin should be excluded in the agar. There is a need in improving clinical laboratory personnel skill and ability to identify specifically B. pseudomallei. Can this medium contribute to empower resilient community? This innovation will definitely provide resilient clinical laboratory communities with the tools, skills, and resources they need to enhance their resilience in the diagnosis of B. pseudomallei. Queen’s agar is the tool needed for identifying and differentiating B. pseudomallei with other bacteria that may exist in the patient’s sample. The skill of identifying correctly B. pseudomallei is important to impart this information to the clinician for suitable treatment. Finally, as for resource, clinical laboratories can prepare Queen’s agar themselves. This will reduce the need to buy AA and provide inexpensive in-house medium. Queens’ media has been granted with a copyright (Copyright Notice Number: cR1Y2021500829). In conclusion, Queen’s agar is a selective and differential medium for the screening of B. pseudomallei highly recommended to be used in clinical laboratories. It provides quick and inexpensive diagnosis for meliodosis so that patients can be treated appropriately and promptly. References [1] S. Nathan, S. Chieng, P.V. Kingsley, et al. 2018. Tropical Medicine Infectious Disease, 3(1), 25. [2] D. Limmathurotsakul, N. Golding, D.A. Dance, et al. 2016. Nature Microbiology, 1, 15008. [3] S.J. Peacock, G. Chieng, A.C. Cheng, et al. 2005. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 5359- 5361. [4] A. Goodyear, L. Strange, D.A. et al. 2013. American Journal in Tropical & Medical Hygiene 89, 973-982.
POWER ORYX: RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM PEDESTRIAN SIDEWALKS TOWARD GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY N F Tarudina , M A A Adlanb , M I Mohd Badrillahc aFaculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor & Malaysia Institute of Transport (MITRANS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 60129344225) bFaculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor Kampus Pasir Gudang, 81750 Masai, Johor & Sime Darby Rent a Car Sdn Bhd, 3rd Floor, Block B, Lot 13A, Jalan 219, Section 51A, 46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia ([email protected], 601139339551) cFaculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. ([email protected], 60193790029) Transport is one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect, and the ozone layer is affected by the harmful gas emissions from moving automobiles. Public transport that runs on a full schedule throughout the day needs to be converted to greener transport, as the world is heading toward this type of transport. Currently, most renewable energy methods require a large site and plants to store and generate energy. Introducing the Power Oryx, kinetic renewable energy that generates electricity using pressure and will be stored nearby to power public transport like buses and trains, can be used to address this issue. Walking over kinetic floor tiles converts footfall energy into electricity, which can power everything from interactive advertisements to street lighting. The largest university in Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), was implementing green campus construction to lessen its carbon impact and work toward a sustainable future. Thus, this Power Oryx project would be one of the efforts to forward this mission by converting the footfall of campus people into electricity. By having this technology, we can promote the Sustainable Development Goals agenda and have a well-balanced ecosystem, which helps the environment, the economy, and society as a whole. Most Malaysian businesses and organisations base their operations on the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which can be improved for the needs of the future. With just 15 years to go, the SDGs envision a world free of hunger and poverty and immune to the harshest consequences of climate change. The United Nations General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015, and exploring the economic, environmental, and social challenges related to sustainability policy requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach (UNCTAD, 2015). The six SDGs that pertain to the transport sector are: eradicating poverty and hunger; achieving food security; enhancing road safety; enhancing energy efficiency in the transport sector; creating a highquality, dependable, sustainable, and resilient transport infrastructure; and addressing the effects of climate change on transport and developing mitigation and adaptation strategies (Colley, Li, & Rukzio,
2021; Mofolasayo, 2020). Partnerships and cooperation are needed to create sustainable transport systems (Moretti, Di Mascio, & Fusco, 2019). This trend served as the impetus for this study, which focused on finding ways to assist SGDs in the transport sector, particularly in the transport sector. Transport is one of the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect (Cruz, Barata, Ferreira, & Freire, 2017). The dangerous gas emission that comes out from vehicles are impacting the ozone layer (Zavala-Reyes et al., 2019). Public transport that operates for long hours throughout the day needs to be converted to greener transport that supports sustainability. Malaysians are still unconcerned for the sustainability of the environment compared to people in Canada, The United States and United Kingdom. Malaysia emits 254.6 million metric tonnes of Carbon Dioxide. If there’s no action taken, Malaysia will increase its Air Pollutant Reading (API) to 921 with increase of 2.3 degree Celsius in temperature. One of the contributors is the transport industry which enjoys the government fossil fuel subsidies which will result in 42 Gigatonnes of Carbon Dioxide emission in 2040. Furthermore, fossil fuel is a finite resource that we have and currently 52% of fossil fuel is being used as petrol and diesel as transport energy. Further consumption of this finite resource will affect other residential, industry, commercial and transport sectors (Górka & Szyja, 2015; Longo & Roscia, 2014; Wing Shin, Stoller, & Woon Yew, 2020). Not only Malaysia, but other countries are also facing the same economic trend where the fossil fuel has become of the prominent source of economic profit such as in the Saudi Arabia, Russia and The United States (Sangveraphunsiri, Cassidy, & Daganzo, 2022). In 2013, the government spent more than RM40 billion for various types of subsidies, out of which RM23.5 billion (more than 50 percent) were subsidies on petroleum products. The height of ecommerce has created demand for transport in courier services and logistics services. A rising 83% of the world is undeveloped, and the transport demands for the poor are just now coming to light. The developed, OECD nations use 50% of the world’s oil but are just 17% of the population. Through 2040, the International Energy Agency's reference forecast 2014 has U.S. CO2 emissions declining 20%, while global emissions expand by 6.1 billion tonnes (OECD, 2013). By having Power Oryx there were a lot of benefits to the environment, economy and society such as having an opportunity to open a new market because the demand for sustainability is high as ever as more and more people are starting to adopt the idea of environmental preservation. Besides that, all-electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions, which specifically helps improve air quality in urban areas. In addition, implementing this technology will become a new revenue stream by Changing the basic fare collection profitability into charging the electric vehicles at stations. Sharing the plugging
station with the community will create a new revenue stream for public transport and the government to gain some money to cover past and future losses. [1] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2015. UNCTAD annual report; Sustainable Freight transport Systems: Opportunist for developing countries. Geneva: United Nations. [2] M. Colley, S. Li, & E. Rukzio, 2021. Increasing Pedestrian Safety Using External Communication of Autonomous Vehicles for Signalling Hazards. Proceedings of MobileHCI 2021 - ACM International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction: Mobile Apart, MobileTogether. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447526.3472024. [3] L. Moretti, P. Di Mascio, & C. Fusco, 2019. Porous concrete for pedestrian pavements. Water (Switzerland), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102105. [4] L. Cruz, E. Barata, J. P. Ferreira, & F. Freire, 2017. Greening transportation and parking at University of Coimbra. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-04-2015-0069. [5] J. C. Zavala-Reyes, A. P. R. Jeanjean, R. J. Leigh, I. Y. Hernández-Paniagua, I. Rosas-Pérez, & A. Jazcilevich, 2019. Studying human exposure to vehicular emissions using computational fluid dynamics and an urban mobility simulator: The effect of sidewalk residence time, vehicular technologies and a traffic-calming device. Science of the Total Environment, 687, 720–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.422. [6] K. Górka, & P. Szyja, 2015. Cooperation of local governments and enterprises to support the provision of sustainable transport infrastructure. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 26(5), 739–751. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-08-2014-0128. [7] R. T. Wing Shin, C. Stoller, & D. L. Woon Yew, 2020. Issues on the logistics challenges in the pandemic period. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(8), 776–780. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.166. [8] T. Sangveraphunsiri, M. J. Cassidy, & C. F. Daganzo, 2022. Jitney-lite: a flexible-route feeder service for developing countries. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 156(September 2021), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2021.12.015. [9] OECD, 2013. Urbanisation and Green Growth in China. Retrieved from http://www.oecdilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/urbanisation-and-green-growth-inchina_5k49dv68n7jf-en.
APPLICATION OF PRESSMUD FROM SUGAR REFINERY INDUSTRY IN BRICKS MANUFACTURING M Mohamad*a , M R Razallia and K L Chonga a School of Technology Management & Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia ([email protected], +60184638820) There is a strong demand for environmentally safe reuse and effective disposal method for pressmud due to the increasing amount of sludge generated by the sugar industries in Malaysia. Landfills are commonly used for disposal of pressmud in Malaysia; rapid urbanization has made it increasingly difficult to find suitable landfill sites. One possible solution for the management of this pressmud is to reuse it as a building material, namely, to incorporate this pressmud into bricks. The fired clay brick is one of the most common and abundant masonry building materials and remain popular for its many characteristic properties. As such, the recycling of waste materials by incorporating them into bricks has been a popular topic of investigation over the last century, with varying degrees of success across a wide range of waste material. This popularity is likely due to flexibility on the type of wastes which can be mixed in to the brick making material, but more importantly, the high temperature involved in firing the bricks allows for the volatilization of dangerous component, as well as the fixation of wastes into the vitreous phase of the brick. The current study investigates the potential for reusing pressmud by using it as a partial replacement material. Pressmud is a by-product from sugar refinery industry which is a very useful source of fertilizer as well as some chemicals. The major use that has recently been developed in India is in biocomposting (usually trade named as Bioearth) where it is treated with the spent wash from the distillery. The concept of biological degradation of organic wastes by anaerobic digestion for the generation of methane has been used by waste management industries for many years. Pressmud is an industrial waste available from the sugar mills. This of waste material is used as a replacement for cement and fine aggregate. Other than that, this material also can be used in the manufacturing of bricks production [1]. The use of alternative materials such as industrial wastes towards the development of green building products is a key element towards sustainability. The appropriate utilization of industrial waste in the manufacture of building materials with a “waste to wealth” approach getting more serious in order take benefit of dual advantages. Acda, [2] has reported successfully produced brick mixed with animal waste and Ling and Teo [3] successfully utilized agricultural waste as bio-aggregates in construction materials. Concrete with specific properties in construction industries is strongly
influenced by the correct ratio of cement, fine or course aggregate and water. The introduction of aggregates from recycle materials especially organic materials would definitely influence the chemical reaction of calcium ions, hydroxide ions and calcium hydroxide during cement hydrations forms. Other than that, the strength and durability properties of the concrete are also has proven to give favourable effect on the strength and durability of concrete [4]. However, only limited information is available on the influence of organic aggregates on blended concrete characteristic, and none so far reported on the effect of pressmud in concrete. Pressmud waste are classified as non-hazardous waste because it do not contain any hazardous materials, its pH value is almost neutral which make it easy to be utilized with no pretreatment [5]. Thus , this research investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement with sugar manufacturing waste called pressmud at different ratios on physico-chemical properties, workability and strength of binary blended concrete. In addition, the leaching mechanism of organic and inorganic substances from hardened concrete incorporating pressmud as fine bio-aggregate is assessed to estimate the amount of pollutants that might seep out into surrounding environment. Optimistically, this study can ruled out some justification on immobilizing of organic waste into concrete while maintaining sustainable development especially in construction industries. In this study pressmud was obtained from Malaysia Sugar Manufacturing (MSM) Prai Berhad, Pulau Pinang was mixed with ordinary Portland cement to form binary blended cement-pressmud bricks with different ratios. Several observations on physical properties, compression test, and leaching test were performed to study the properties of the pressmud bricks. Two types of leaching test that are Granular and Tank Leaching test were performed to further investigate on their environmental effects. The objectives of this project are as follows: (1) To evaluate the effect of different weight ratio pressmud to cement on physical properties of bricks. (2) To evaluate the effect of different weight ratio pressmud to cement on stress of pressmudcement bricks. (3) To determine the total leaching concentration of organic and inorganic materials from pressmud-cement bricks at different weight ratio. Methodology adopted in the research follows the standard method of ASTM D2166-17, 1984 [6]. Firstly, collection of pressmud from MSM Prai Berhad, Pulau Pinang. Then, the pre-treatment process where pressmud was dried, grounded and sieved to remove water and unwanted materials.
The waste then was mixed with Portland cement at five different ratios to form pressmud-cement bricks. The bricks were cured for one week and ready for testing. In this study, it can be concluded that pressmud have great potential as bio-aggregate in making eco-friendly, strong and light weight construction material at suitable ratios. The weights of the pressmud bricks were lighter, in which the weight of 10% and 20% brick was lesser by 17-23% compared to the standard brick. The compression tests proved that cement-pressmud bricks up to 20% weight ratio gave compatible strength as to standard brick, which the value is ranging from 17.16 MPa to 23.01 MPa. In tank leaching test, it was obviously showed the concentration of total leaching in pressmud is higher than standard brick, but type of organic and inorganic materials leaching out from pressmud brick is lesser than standard brick. This green brick has better environmental friendly product. The granular test has proved that pressmud bricks contribute to organic and inorganic leaching, but the properties pressmud itself is not hazardous. Thus, a chance for it to pollute the environment is low. Therefore, by utilizing pressmud as bio-aggregates promising eco-friendly, strong and lightweight construction material at suitable ratios. Potential environmental impact of recycled concrete aggregate to soil and groundwater is of great concern, as the objective of most countries is to achieve high level of reuse for these materials. One relevant way to judge such impact is to assess the potential release of chemical constituents from recycled concrete aggregate by leaching characterization and subsequent geochemical modelling, in order to identify the most important release mechanism (Maia et al., 2018 and Engelsen et al., 2009). References [1] P. Visagai, P. S. Sumeha, K. Swathi, R. Sowmiya & A. M. Mansoor. 2017. Utilization of sugar mill waste in manufacturing of bricks, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 5 (13), 1-5. [2] M. N. Acda. 2010. Waste chicken feather as reinforcement in cement-bonded composites. Philippine Journal of Science, 139 (2), 161–166. [3] I. H. Ling & D. C. L. Teo. 2013. EPS RHA concrete bricks - A new building material. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 7 (4), 361–370. [4] T. Rougelot, F. Skoczylas & N. Burlion. 2009. Water desorption and shrinkage in mortars and cement pastes: Experimental study and poromechanical model. Cement and Concrete Research, 39 (1), 36–44. [5] M. Mohamad. 2013. Enhancement of landfill daily cover performance by using mixture of local soil, pressmud and empty fruit bunch in minimizing the migration of heavy metals in landfill. PhD Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.
[6] ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials, (1984). Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTM D2216-17. [7] Margarida Braga Maia1,* , Jorge De Brito1 , Isabel M. Martins2 and Jose D. Silvestre (2018) Toxicity of Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Review on Leaching Tests. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2018, 12, 187-196 [8] C. J. Engelsen, A. V. D. Sloot, G. Wibetoe, G. Petkovic, E. S. Hansson & W. Lund. 2009. Release of major elements from recycled concrete aggregates and geochemical modelling. Cement and Concrete Research, 39 (5), 446–459.
ICOMPBAG – AN INNOVATIVE INFLATABLE POSITIONING DEVICE Azura Sharena Ya , Siti Nor Farhanah SNSb , Nor Syaza Syahirah AJc aNational Defence University of Malaysia, [email protected], +60192703439 bNational Defence University of Malaysia, [email protected], +60139924688 cNational Defence University of Malaysia, [email protected], +60182084248 In the medical field, a patient positioning system is imperative as it contributes to the required conditions for a successful operation. As its name indicates, a patient positioning system is a group of medical devices such as gel pads, strap and sandbags which position the patient in a particular posture during surgery. In addition, the appropriate posture would protect the patient from injury during surgery. One of the examples widely used in patient positioning systems, particularly for neck extension, is a shoulder gel pad. Using gel pads or sandbags as positioning devices would generally require the patient to be anaesthetized first, which the anaesthesia medications would produce muscle paralysis to facilitate tracheal intubation; an endotracheal tube shall be inserted into the patient’s trachea to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit to assist the patient to breath. Subsequently, with assistance by OT personnel, the patient will be placed in a desired position as indicated by the surgeon. Any excessive movement during this period may lead to dislodgement of the endotracheal tube and subsequently, patient’s only source of oxygen from the anaesthesia machine will be discontinued. To ensure patient safety, at least three operating room (OR) personnel (medical assistants, staff nurses) are required to position a patient once the patient is under anaesthesia and this would consume more time. In addition, the gel pads are made from silicone. It causes radiopacity appearance on x-ray images, thus obscuring anatomy structures that need to be seen by the surgeon during surgery. To accommodate different body build of the patients, multiple sizes and shapes of silicone gel pads are required. This will increase hospital expenditure as gel pads are fully imported and each unit costs almost RM4000. To mitigate these negative impacts, the authors and seven healthcare professionals from different academic backgrounds, in collaboration with Malaysian Armed Forces Healthcare Services invented a device called IComPBag. IComPBag is a locally made, portable, reusable/disposable, inflatable positioning device that is designed to elevate patient body parts, thus providing optimal position for surgeries especially in the discipline of maxillofacial, otorhinolaryngology-head and neck, orthopedic, endocrine, and obstetric. IComPBag comprises of an inflatable bag, an elongated connecting tube, a hand-held pump, a puncture tube, a safety clamp and adjusting screw. Inflatable bags are made from Renolit Solmed Medituub, a similar material used for critical blood contact devices, which make IComPBag safer for patients and health care workers. It is gas impervious and has non-blocking properties; this overcomes the problem of material stickiness, hence making it easier to inflate and
store. It has non-kinking properties, excellent transparency, and suitable for steam, ETO, and gamma sterilization. It causes less irritation to the patient’s skin and as a result less risk of infection. Due to the soft and flexible feature of the material, the force exerted by patient’s body can be spread evenly and does not form pressure points. The inflatable bag is rectangular in shape and both of its short edges have a double seal and extra compression points; hence it could withstand high pressure exerted by the patient’s body weight. To distribute pressure evenly, all angles are curved in shape. A 750mm in length, circular connecting tube is used to deliver air from a hand-held pump to the inflatable bag and it is the optimal distance between the operator and the patient. The elongated connecting tube is connected to the rubber, an ovoidal hand-held pump that is flexible enough to be repeatedly squeezed. IComPBag has a specially designed extra puncture tube that serves as an alternative access for air inlet/outlet and a safety clamp to further prevent air leak. The adjusting screw is used as a valve to control air pressure of the inflatable bag. While the patient is still awake and lies supine on the operation table, IComPBag is positioned under his/her shoulder. After induction of anaesthesia, the operator inflates the IComPBag by repeatedly pressing the hand-held pump. When the air pressure is sufficient, the operator turns off the adjusting screw to close the air channel and thus preventing air escape from inflatable bag. Such procedure provides a safer environment for the patient as the operator does not have to elevate any of the patient’s body parts after anaesthesia, which reduces the risk of endotracheal tube dislodgement. Only one OT personnel is required to inflate IComPBag in less than 2 minutes, hence making the positioning procedure time efficient. Moreover, the operator can easily adjust the size of the IComPBag by either pumping in more air to inflate the bag or turning the adjusting screw to release the air. This provides an optimal position for the surgery, making it safer and faster. In 2019, Mymedikal Healthcare Sdn. Bhd. (MHSB), a medical device company agreed to develop, manufacture, support, and distribute the first 500 products. Since then, IComPBag has been distributed through door-to-door approach and extensively utilized in almost all tertiary Ministry of Health hospitals in the country. Feedback from the users of each hospital was recorded through feedback form and this information will be used for quality assurance purposes and future improvement of the device. As a safety measure, information and user manual of IComPBag are available on Youtube channel and MHSB provides 24-hour free consultation services. IComPBag could be used in all types of hospitals that provide surgeries involving head, maxillofacial, neck, and shoulder. IComPBag is also suitable to be used for any procedures outside operation theatre such as radiological and emergency procedures. Tuanku Mizan Armed Forces Hospital Kuala Lumpur was chosen as pilot center and IComPBag has been utilized for various types of surgical procedures with involvement of more than 200 patients of all age groups and body sizes. A survey was conducted
among anaesthesia staffs in Tuanku Mizan Armed Forces Hospital operation theatre; all respondents agreed that it was easier and faster to position a patient using IComPBag and require less manpower. They found out that IComPBag was light, portable, adjustable, durable, easy to store and only cost RM150 per unit. No complications such as dislodgement of endotracheal tube, allergy and pressure marks were reported. For all the advantages and benefits, it is easy to understand why IComPBag has won 4 special awards, 7 golds and 1 silver, locally and internationally. In conclusion, IComPBag is a Malaysian made, cost effective, easy, portable, and safe innovative inflatable positioning medical device that is suitable to be used in many types of surgery at any level of healthcare facilities. There is no device with similar concept and features in the market and hence IComPBag serves as an inventive innovation and alternative to the widely available standard positioning devices.