Abstracts of FYP July 2021

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

1

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

CONTENTS

1 ABSTRACT OF THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT 3
SR241 - BACHELOR OF SPORTS MANAGEMENT (HONS.)

2 ABSTRACT OF THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT 50
SR243 - BACHELOR OF SPORTS SCIENCE (HONS.)

3 ABSTRACT OF THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT 94
SR245 - BACHELOR OF HEALTH AND FITNESS (HONS.)

2

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

3

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Attractions of Female Spectators to Attend Football Matches in Stadium at
Northern State of Malaysia

Nurul Nadiah binti Mhd Jibir1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study determines the factors that attract female spectators’ attendance at football
matches held at stadiums. It was observed that past studies on football generally focused
on spectators in general and none was focused specifically to female spectators.
Therefore, this study examines the sportscape and social attractions towards females’
attendance at football matches held at the main stadiums in northern states of Malaysia.
A total of 444 female football spectators at Darul Aman Stadium, Penang City Stadium,
and Perak Stadium were involved in the online survey. Findings reveal that social factors
play significant roles in attracting female football spectators to the stadiums. Meanwhile,
the MANOVA’s results portray that female spectator were attracted to attend football
matches at each of the stadiums based on different sportscape factors. Meanwhile, it was
also observed that the female football spectators experienced similar influence of social
attractions towards attendance at the respective stadiums. The findings of this research
could benefit the stadium management in developing the sportscapes of a conducive
environment to provide valuable experience and satisfaction to all attendees. Future
related research could focus on another sports arena.

Keywords: sportscape, social motivation, stadiums, female football spectators

4

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Participation Motivations in Physical Activity among People with Disabilities

Mohamad Hakimi bin Jaafar1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This case study examines the motivation factors that influenced the participation of
individuals with disability in physical activity. The Participation Motivation
Questionnaire, developed by Gill et al. (1983) was distributed to 132 members (male=75;
female=57) of the Rakan OKU Malaysia. The SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data.
Independent Sample T-test (p < 0.05) identifies significant mean differences for all the
eight motivation factors in terms of among gender groups. The factors identified are
achievement status, team orientated, fitness orientated, energy release,
miscellaneous/other, friendship, fun, and skill development. Findings also indicated
significant mean differences among age categories for the motivation factors of
achievement status, team orientated, fitness orientated, energy release,
miscellaneous/other, friendship, and fun. It can be concluded that the male individuals
with disability are more motivated than the females in physical activity participation, a
sign of fitness orientated motive.

Keywords: motivation, physical activity participation, disabled people

5

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Cultivating Personality Development among Students in UiTM Perlis through
Outdoor Education Programme

Ahmad Nur Aiman bin Ahmad Jalani1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Outdoor education carried out in groups may have positive effects on changes in the
personality development of participants. Group learning enables students, through self-
learning to exercise autonomy in learning. To develop their social skills, students are more
driven to work together in communities. In a more productive way, they learn to resolve
disputes, interact, and collaborate with their peers. This study determines the cultivation
of personality development among students of UiTM Perlis through outdoor education
programme. Research sample included a total of 156 male and female students who
participated in outdoor education programme. The personality development measured
were extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Descriptive analysis
identifies the extraversion factor that influence personality development through outdoor
education programme as motivation, the openness factor as self-confident, the
agreeableness factor as teamwork, and the conscientiousness factor as achievement.
Specifically, there is a significant difference for extraversion factor (motivation) that
influence personality development through Outdoor Education Programme. For future
research, there are several other variables that can be chosen as the research population.
This is to ensure that a general understanding related to personality development can be
strategies to cater for the participants of outdoor education programme.

Keywords: Big 5 Personality Traits, outdoor education, personality development

6

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Physical Activity Motive and Emotional Wellbeing Among Faculty of Sports
Science and Recreations Students at UiTM Perlis Branch

Muhammad Irfandy bin Abd Wafti1 and Ahmad Fikri bin Mohd Kassim1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Physical activity and exercise were particularly effective for health and physical and
psychological well-being. Regular involvement in physical exercise offers young people
many positive health benefits including focus and attention, cognitive ability, and mental
health. This study identifies and assesses differences in physical activity motive and
emotional wellbeing among students at the Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation
(FSR) of UiTM Perlis. A total of 290 students (male n = 146, female n = 144); (Bachelor
n = 131, Diploma n = 151) participated in this survey. The questionnaires of Motives for
Physical Activity Measure-Revised Questionnaire (MPAM-RQ) and Exercise-Induced
Feeling Inventory (EFI) were used for this study. The findings display factors of interest,
competence, appearance, fitness, and social to have positively associated high correlation
for each other. Results identified a significant difference between physical activity motive
and emotional wellbeing between gender groups. Results also revealed a significant
difference between physical activity motive and emotional wellbeing between level of
education (Diploma and Degree). In conclusion, this study is expected to help students in
improving their knowledge and be more motivated when joining the physical activity.
Students will understand the beneficial factors of engaging in physical activity and the
emotional wellbeing for their daily routine.

Keywords: physical activity motive, emotional wellbeing, gender, level of
education

7

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Perceived Sleep Quality and Their Relationship with Anxiety Among Gifted and
Talented Students

Farid Izuddin bin Zakaria1 and Jamilah binti Ahmad Radzi1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Sleep deprivation can worsen anxiety, spurring a negative cycle involving insomnia and
anxiety disorders. This study compares the sleeping quality and anxiety, as well as
evaluating the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety in terms of gender groups.
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS) were
used to assess the sleep quality and anxiety among 132 gifted and talented students.
Results show that there was a significant difference on components in sleeping quality
between gender groups, including subjective sleep quality (p = 0.04), sleep latency (p =
0.02), sleep duration (p = 0.01), sleep efficiency (p= 0.28), sleep disturbance (p = 0.00),
sleep medication (p = 0.80) and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.03), except for sleep
efficiency (p = 0.00). In addition, the result revealed that anxiety between male and
female students were found to have a significant difference, somatic (p = 0.00), affective
(p = 0.00), and cognitive (p = 0.00). Also identified was the existence of a significant
relationship between sleep quality and anxiety among the male and female students.
Female students were reported to experience poor sleep quality compared to male
students. Students with poor sleep quality are more likely to have higher anxiety than
students who experience a good sleep quality. Sleep qualities have different impact on
male and females gifted and talented students. Most of the gifted and talented students
especially the female students have worst sleep quality that influenced anxiety including
somatic, cognitive, and affective compared to male. Further research is suggested for
other populations or age groups.

Keywords: sleep quality, affective, latency, gifted and talented students

8

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Effectiveness Of Outdoor Education in Improving Social Skills Among FSR UiTM
Perlis Students

Mohamad Firdaus bin Mohamed Lazim1 and Mohd Syafiq bin Miswan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
One initiative that universities used to develop social skills is outdoor education camp.
Outdoor education involves cooperative learning that emphasizes the interaction between
lecturers, students, and learning experience. This study determines the effectiveness of
outdoor education in improving social skill among FSR UiTM Perlis students,
specifically the effectiveness in terms of gender groups. The 108 samples (54 males & 54
females) were selected among the students of FSR UiTM Perlis. Findings indicate that
the awareness factor of teamwork skill, and responsibility factor of leadership skill were
the main social skills developed through outdoor education camping. Also identified was
a significant difference on the awareness factor of leadership skill between the gender
groups. The future researcher may enlarge the respondents and add on more elements
towards physical and psychology improvement. In conclusion, through outdoor
education, people may develop social skill, life improvement, and competence that
enhance and improve their lives.

Keywords: outdoor recreation, teamwork skill, leadership skill

9

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Differences Between Genders and Frequency on Intrinsic Motivation that
Motivate Physical Activity Participation at Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis

Branch

Muhammad Amir Faiz bin Azmi1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This study identifies the differences between gender groups and the frequency on intrinsic
motivation (enjoyment, perceived choice, and value) that motivate physical activity
participation among FSR students at UiTM Perlis. A total of 245 FSR students at UiTM
Perlis completed the questionnaire adopted from the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI).
The Independent Samples t-Test was used to investigate the differences between gender
groups on intrinsic motivation with p-value < 0.05. There were significant differences
between gender groups for enjoyment and value components that motivates physical
activity among FSR students. However, there were no significant differences between
gender groups on perceived choice. One Way ANOVA was used to compare the
differences between frequency (‘1-2 times’, ‘3-4 times’, and ‘≥ 5 times’) on intrinsic
motivation with a p-value < 0.05. There were significant differences between the
frequency of enjoyment and perceived choice that motivates physical activity among FSR
students. However, no significant differences were recorded between frequency and value
that motivate FSR students’ physical activity. The result showed male students were more
influenced by intrinsic motivation during physical activity compared to female students.
In addition, the frequency of physical activity among FSR students was highly recorded
for ‘1-2 times’ and ‘≥ 5 times’ a week. These findings will facilitate the sports industry
and academicians to understand the importance of intrinsic motivation in physical
activity. It also may help the UiTM Perlis Sports Unit to develop and encourage
educational programs to enhance students’ awareness and participation in physical
activity.

Keywords: intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, perceived choice, value, physical
activity

10

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Perceptions on Risk Analysis Toward Safety Among Extreme Sport Participants

Anwar Hakim bin Md Rozhdi1 and Ellail Ain binti Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Risk was defined as things, forces and circumstances which caused danger to or value
human beings and generally is represented as liability or likelihood of losses which can
happen during performing any activities. Risk analysis methods and tools are important
resources for articulating scientific knowledge to those who make decisions regarding
public and occupational, and it is also a framework for decision making under
uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between perceptions
of risk analysis factors towards safety for extreme sports participants. A total of 461
questionnaires were distributed to Escape Theme Park Penang and Skytrex Adventure
Langkawi. The questionnaire developed was adopted and adapted from AGRASS (Gama
et.al, 2020) and the Community-Based Risk communication Survey (Kim et.al, 2014).
Pearson product movement correlation analysis was to examine the relationship between
perceptions of risk analysis factors towards safety for extreme sports participants. The
result shows that there is a significant strong relationship between perceptions of risk
analysis factors towards safety for extreme sports participants with r=.821** and
p<0.05. From the result, the participants were mostly agreed that the risk analysis factors
are important in determining their safety while participating in extreme sports. In
conclusion, understanding risk analysis is important in minimizing risks and keep
everyone safer while participating in extreme sports activities.

Keywords: risk analysis, extreme sport, safety

11

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Relationship between Preferred Leadership Styles on Performance of Coaches
in UiTM Perlis

Nur Afiqah binti Ahmad1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Leadership is commonly characterized as the behavioural process of manipulating
organized individuals and group’s actions towards specific objectives and achieving
them. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between preferred
leadership styles on performances of coaches at UITM Perlis. A total of 150
questionnaires were distributed to different sports teams. The data collected were
analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive
analysis was used for statistical analysis while Pearson Correlation was used in
determining the relationship between athletes’ perception on leadership styles at UiTM
Perlis. The result proved that there was a significant relationship between preferred
leadership styles on performances of coach at UiTM Perlis. To generally summarize,
through this research, the use of correct mix of leadership styles in every coach of every
team sport will soar up the success rate of team and individual coaching performance for
the future of sports to stay mentally strong and collected. It was suggested that for future
research, the researchers can develop a new population of respondent consisting of the
chained effect on leadership style through performance of both parties of athletes and
coach members.

Keywords: leadership styles, coach’s performance

12

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Evaluation on the Level of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Female Student
Members of Uniformed Body in UiTM Perlis Branch

Mohamad Jiwa Zulkifli1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This study measures the level of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by female
student members of PALAPES, SUKSIS, Komander Kesatria, Bomba, and APM uniform
bodies at UiTM Perlis Branch. The training syllabus for co-curriculum armed uniform
body is mentally and physically demanding. Hence the female university student
members of co-curriculum armed uniform body usually experienced higher level of
mental well-being. Therefore, female university students should be well-aware of the
symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale
(DASS-21) were completed by 275 female members of PALAPES, SUKSIS, Komander
Kesatria, Bomba, and APM. Using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), the
hypotheses were statistically analysed using MANOVA, at p ≤ 0.05 level of significant.
Findings reveals that the female student members of PALAPES and SUKSIS experienced
normal depression and stress level, and mild anxiety level. Meanwhile, the female student
members of Komander Kesatria, Bomba, and APM experienced normal depression,
anxiety, and stress level. Detailed analysis reveals that there are significant differences on
the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by the female members of
the five-armed uniform bodies. These findings could facilitate co-curriculum trainers in
developing enjoyable programs and activities for female university students and the
counselling unit in planning strategies to overcome the mental health problems that are
growing among the university students, particularly during the present pandemic
situation.

Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, co-curriculum armed uniform body

13

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Community’s Perception on Accessibilities for People with Disabilities in
Public Parks at Taman Jubli Perak

Nor Aini binti Che Mahader 1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the community’s perception of accessibilities at
public parks for people with disabilities. This research focuses on the accessibilities
access routes, lighting, toilet, ease of access, and signage factors provided for disabled
people. The survey was carried out among 377 communities of Taman Jubli Perak, Alor
Setar, Kedah. Findings identified toilet and access routes as significant accessibilities for
disabled people to access the public park at Taman Jubli Perak, Alor Setar. Results also
showed no significant difference for the important factors’ accessibilities (lighting, access
routes, ease to access, signage, and toilet) among the community of Taman Jubli Perak,
in terms of gender groups. However, there are differences of perceptions between gender
groups on the access routes, with the males recorded a higher value. In conclusion, this
study can be used to improve the community awareness about accessibilities (access
routes, lighting, toilet, ease of access and signage) at public parks for people with
disabilities at Taman Jubli Perak, Alor Setar Kedah.

Keywords: community perception, accessibilities, people with disabilities,
public park

14

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivational Differences of Swimming Participation among Students at Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (Johor)

Siti Misliah binti Ahmad1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Motivation plays a significant role in students’ participation in sports. Some students may
be motivated and sustained through their self-efficacy beliefs, whereas others are
motivated to try hard, persist, and achieve because of their goals, their personal interests,
their value beliefs, or contextual factors. The 158 respondents (79 males & 79 females)
were swimming club student members at UTM Johor. Data analysed using the
Statistically Package for Social Science indicates that the key intrinsic motivation factor
that influence participation in swimming is health and fitness (M = 4.46), and the key
extrinsic motivation factors is sport facilities and rewards (M = 4.51). Finding also
showed the existence of significant differences between gender groups on intrinsic
motivation factors of health and fitness, and interest and enjoyment. For extrinsic
motivation, significant differences were identified for extrinsic motivation factors of sport
facility and rewards, and family and friend that influences the involvement toward
swimming club among students at UTM Johor in terms of gender groups. Future
researcher may expand the number of respondents and add on more elements towards
competence and leadership.

Keywords: swimming participation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

15

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Assessing the Students Behavior in Open Distance Learning Environment: A study
at Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, UiTM Perlis, Branch

Nurul Afiqah binti Nordin1 and Ahmad Fikri bin Mohd Kassim1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Due to the pandemic of covid-19, the learning system for all educational institutions is
moved to online/open distance learning (ODL) system. ODL can give opportunities for
real-time student assessment, while lecturers constantly monitor their students’ progress
in terms of reading, participation in discussion groups, and even the amount of time they
spend on virtual learning platforms through technology. However, there are various
challenges and trials faced by students. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigated
students’ behavior in the Online Distance Learning (ODL) environment among the
students of the Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, UiTM, Perlis Branch. The 290
respondents (male n = 145, female n = 145) are students pursuing academic program at
the faculty (Diploma SR111, N = 72, Diploma SR113, N = 72, Degree SR241, N = 50,
Degree SR243, N = 48, Degree SR245, N = 48) and data was collected using Google
forms. Analyses of the t-test found that there was a significant difference in students'
attitudes referring to perceived facility, organization, technology, and motivation towards
ODL between male and female groups of students. However, there was no significant
difference in students' attitudes referring to the perceived facility, organization,
technology, and motivation towards ODL between the level of education (diploma and
degree) at (p > 0.05**. Sig 2-tailed). Meanwhile, ANOVA analyses revealed that there
was no significant difference in students' attitudes towards ODL between all the types of
academic programs offered. Through this study students, organizations, lecturers, and
academics were able to improve all the weaknesses and stressors in facing online distance
learning. Thus, suitable alternatives and methods in ODL that ensure effectiveness and
satisfaction may play big roles and indicators of success in online distance learning.

Keywords: Online Distance Learning, attitude, facility, organization, technology

16

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Perceived Sleep Quality and Their Relationship with Anxiety Among Gifted and
Talented Students

Farid Izuddin bin Zakaria1 and Jamilah binti Ahmad Radzi1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Sleep deprivation can worsen anxiety, spurring a negative cycle involving insomnia and
anxiety disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare sleeping quality and anxiety,
as well as to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety in terms of
gender. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Geriatric Anxiety Scale
(GAS) were used to assess the sleep quality and anxiety among 132 gifted and talented
students. There was significant difference on components in sleeping quality between
gender including subjective sleep quality (p = 0.04), sleep latency (p = 0.02), sleep
duration (p = 0.01), sleep efficiency (p= 0.28), sleep disturbance (p = 0.00), sleep
medication (p = 0.80) and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.03) except for sleep efficiency (p
= 0.00). In addition, the result revealed that anxiety between male and female students
were found to have a significant difference, somatic (p = 0.00), affective (p = 0.00), and
cognitive (p = 0.00). Furthermore, there were a significant relationship between sleep
quality and anxiety among male and female students. Female students were reported poor
sleep quality compared to male students. Students are with poor sleep quality more likely
to have higher anxiety than students who have a good sleep quality. Sleep qualities have
different impact on male and females gifted and talented students. Most of the gifted and
talented students especially female students have worst sleep quality that influenced
anxiety including somatic, cognitive, and affective compared to male. Further research is
warranted to investigate similar research with a different kind of populations or age.

Keywords: sleep quality, affective, latency, gifted and talented students

17

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Parenting Style to Student Deviant Behavior in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Kubang Bemban, Pasir Mas, Kelantan

Mohammad Zailani bin Mohamad Zanawi 1 and Mohd Syafiq bin Miswan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study was aimed at studying the parenting style to student deviant behaviour at
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kubang Bemban, Pasir Mas District, Kelantan. This
study used questionnaires adapted from the Perception of Parenting Scale, Parental
Behaviour Inventory and Delinquency Scale as instruments and involved 148 respondents
who were students of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kubang Bemban, Pasir Mas
District, Kelantan. Studies shown that authoritative parenting styles are the most
dominant in which such approaches are the main choice among parents to educate their
children. In terms of parents' adherence to religious instructions, it clearly shows a high
level of obedience among parents. The character of the authoritative parenting style
highlighted by parents is also highlighted with a satisfactory mean value of 3.75. Deviant
behaviours highlighted by respondents are at a low level. Deviant behaviour shows
significant different in gender. Meanwhile, the permissive foster style is seen to have a
relationship with the behaviour of deviant students. Overall, the parenting style of parents
influences the behaviour of deviant students. Therefore, the study findings have
implications for parents in choosing the appropriate style of care in educating their
children.

Keywords: parenting style, parents, deviant behaviour, student

18

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Measuring Service Quality and Participants’ Satisfaction in Malaysian Largest
Aerobic Dance Circuit 2019

Hanisah binti Ajizan1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between interaction quality,
outcome quality, and physical environment quality towards participants’ satisfaction in
the Malaysian Largest Aerobic Dance Circuit for Hari Sukan Negara Perlis in 2019. The
respondents were participants of Malaysian Largest Aerobic Dance Circuit for Hari
Sukan Negara Perlis 2019. This study used purposive sampling, which resulting in 365
respondents completing the questionnaire. The Pearson-Person Correlation was used to
analyse the relationship between the variables and the participants’ satisfaction with a p-
value < 0.05. There was a positive and significant relationship between interaction quality
(r= 0.50), outcome quality (r=0.51), and physical environment quality (r=0.60) towards
the participants’ satisfaction. The findings of this study contribute to the improvement of
the Model of Event Quality for Spectator Sport (MEQSS) and the literature of
participant’s satisfaction in the sports event. This study can guide organizations to
understand the satisfaction of participants toward sports events. This study can also help
future researchers understand the quality of service needed in the sports event.
Furthermore, this study can contribute to a lot of organizations and bodies to improve
their event. In addition, the usage of the latest technology will satisfy participants in
sports. It contributes to the marketing organizations learning and exploring the proper
strategy to promote their event to the community.

Keywords: participants, satisfaction, event quality

19

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Relationship Between Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) Competency
and Online Learning Satisfaction Among Student During COVID19

Muhammad Arif bin Azlan1 and Ellail Ain binti Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
There have been huge changes in the academic field after COVID19 became a global
pandemic. The changes include from face-to-face learning to distance learning through
the online process, like the use of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). Many
studies have focused on perceived learning outcomes and student satisfaction in this new
learning environment because of the shift toward online education during the COVID19
pandemic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between computers
mediated communication (CMC) and satisfaction among the student during COVID19. A
total of 246 questionnaires were completed by the bachelor’s degree student from the
Faculty of Sports Science & Recreation UiTM Perlis Branch. The data were analysed by
using the Pearson Correlation analysis. The result shows that there is a significant, and
strong positive correlation between the CMC and students’ satisfaction with r=0.891**
and p<0.05. The findings from the literature support that Computer-Mediated
Communication (CMC) increases student satisfaction levels. The study revealed that the
CMC competency is important, and it does influence student satisfaction especially
during online classes, thus this study can be strong evidence in ensuring that all the
students and academicians to be competent to ensure an optimum level of motivation.

Keywords: Computer Mediated Communication (CMC), satisfaction, COVID19

20

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Effects of Transformational Leadership Among Male and Female Team Sports In
UiTM Perlis

Muhamad Zulfazli Bin Amir1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Transformational leadership leads to successful athletes, including athlete’s development
and performance, positive psychological progress, and athlete outcomes. The
transformational leadership of coach and relationship with the athletes are the main causes
that determined the enthusiasm of a team and the athlete’s confidence. Thus, this study
was conducted to investigate transformational leadership of athletes towards coaching
leadership and coach-athletes relationship. A total of 152 male and female sports team
athletes (n = 152) of Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis participated in this study. The
measurement scale of Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory (DTLI) used
was based on transformational leadership components which are individual consideration,
inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and idea influence. The hypotheses
were tested using Independent Sample t-Test. The findings indicated that there were
significant differences between the four components of transformational leadership
(individual consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and idea
influence) and athlete differences in terms of gender groups. The findings generally
indicated that most male athletes are easier in enhancing their goals and perform in a
competitive environment. Future studies should explore transformational leadership and
teamwork for other team sports to build a broader data pool that could improve findings
generalizability in this field.

Keywords: transformational leadership, coaching leadership

21

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Economic, Social, and Environment Impacts of Sports Tourism to Local
Communities at Pulau Langkawi

Siti Nur Aishah binti Mohd Subardi1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Sports tourism is the fastest growing market segment which has great impacts on the
economic, social, and environment status of the destination. Past studies only focused on
the social and economy impacts of sports tourism at Pulau Langkawi. Thus, this study
aims to achieve the objective of identifying the economic, social, and environmental
impacts of sports tourism on the community in Pulau Langkawi. A total of 384
communities of Pulau Langkawi completed the online questionnaires. Data collected was
analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The hypotheses were
analysed using Independent Sample t-Test, at the significance level of .05. Findings
reveal that the communities were highly affected by the economy impacts, followed by
social, and environmental impacts. Specifically, the male and female communities
perceived similar impacts of economy factors, while the social and environmental factors
affect the male and female communities differently. The findings could be of reference
to the operators of sports tourism, travel agencies, and scholars in the creation of plans
and strategies for the sports tourism industry. It could help the community to acknowledge
the positive and negative benefits of sports tourism towards their destination's lifestyle.
Future studies could focus on other destination as place of interest.

Keywords: sports tourism, economic impacts, social impacts, environmental
impacts

22

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivation to Participate in Sports Competition as Perceived by Paralympic
Athletes

Siti Nur Syafiqah binti Shahidan1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the different types of motivation
among amotivation, internal, and external motivation that led the participation in sports
competition as perceived by Paralympic athletes. In this study of 118 samples, a One-way
ANOVA and Independent t- test were used to assess the significance difference between
amotivation, internal and external motivation that affect the Paralympic athletes’
participation in sports competitions in terms of disabilities type and gender groups, at p <
.05 level of significant. The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS-28), a seven Likert subscale
were adopted to measure the three types of motivation. Findings showed that the internal
motivation and the external motivation highly affect the Paralympic athletes’
participation in sports competitions. All in all, the findings have shown that there is no
significant difference between all the three motivation types mentioned in this study in
terms of disability types and gender groups. Future studies on different group population
and other variables should be focused for a general understanding of motivation towards
participation in sports competition.

Keywords: motivation, sports competition, Paralympic athletes

23

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation After Experiencing in Outdoor
Recreational Activities Among FSR UiTM Perlis Students

Abdul Rahman bin Mat Kudin1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Outdoor recreation is an activity designed for outside from the room and normally it links
to nature activity. These outdoor activities can be described as free time activities that
build contact between participants and nature and activities that promote individual
health, spiritual and social benefits. The objective of this study is to identify the preferable
outdoor recreation activities involves by FSR UiTM Perlis students, and to determine the
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors that influence involvement outdoor recreation
activities among FSR UiTM Perlis students. The total survey involved 100 respondents
selected among the FSR UiTM Perlis students. Findings indicate that the most significant
intrinsic motivation factor that influence involvement outdoor recreation activities is
purpose, while for the extrinsic motivation factor is fun and enjoyment. Finding also
identified no significant differences for both the components of intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation. The future researcher may expand the number of respondents and add on
more elements towards leadership and psychology. In conclusion, through participation
in outdoor recreation activities, FSR UiTM Perlis students have gained benefits such as
knowledge, healthy lifestyle, develop their personality and strength.

Keywords: outdoor recreation participation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic
motivation

24

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivation in Open Distance Learning Among Students at Faculty of Sports
Science and Recreation, UiTM Perlis Branch

Farhana binti Sardon1 and Ahmad Fikri bin Mohd Kassim1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia has seen the number of positive carriers rise day
by day, prompting the government to issue a movement control order (MCO), compelling
Malaysians to stay at home to prevent the virus from spreading quickly. The MCO has an
impact on students and this situation forces them to stay at home while the learning
process continues in Online Distance Learning (ODL) mode. Thus, this study aimed to
examine the Motivation in ODL among Students at the Faculty of Sports Science and
Recreation, UiTM Perlis Branch. The data were collected from 290 students from both
genders of diploma and bachelor’s degree students. The study found there were
significant relationships on the factors of motivation learning achievement. There were
significant differences on the factors of motivation learning achievement (skills, beliefs,
self-direction, and interaction) between genders. Whilst there were no significant
differences on the factors of motivation learning achievement (skills, beliefs, self-
direction, and interaction) between diploma and bachelor’s degree students. The
institution is concerned about the implications of online learning as a teaching technique
that is intended to improve students' academic performance by increasing computer self-
efficacy and other factors such as student satisfaction and e-learning outcomes. The ODL
appears to be new standards that should not obstruct potential interactive learning for
optimal academic performance and accomplishment. In conclusion, this research
provides a new concept to lecturers, faculty management, and the institution, as well as
serving as the standard practice of ODL in the future.

Keywords: Online Distance Learning, motivation learning achievement

25

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Stress and Coping Strategies Among Bachelor Students of Faculty of Sports
Science and Recreation (FSR), UiTM Perlis Branch

Mohammad Hazwan bin Salmi1 and Jamilah binti Ahmad Radzi1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Majority of researchers have documented stress among college students. This study
contributes to the existing literature on stress by assessing the relationship between
perceived stress levels and the coping strategies utilized by university students. A total of
205 Bachelor program students from Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation (FSR),
Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch participated in this study. The Perceived
Stress Scale (PSS) was used to assess the participant’s perceived level of stress, whereas
Brief COPE was used to examine strategies that participants use in coping with stress.
The results of the study showed that perceive stress scores between male and female FSR
student was found to have no significant difference (p = 0.91). Meanwhile, for coping
strategies there was a significant difference between male and female student, for
“problem-focused coping” (p = 0.00), for “emotion-focused coping” (p = 0.00) and for
“dysfunctional coping” (p = 0.04). It seems that genders were found to have no different
in stress level but only for coping strategies. Apart from that, there was a correlation
revealed in stress level and coping strategies among both male and female students.
“Dysfunctional coping” were the common coping strategies identified for both male and
female FSR student in UiTM, Perlis Branch. There is a need for longitudinal studies, to
understand student’s experiences regarding stress, during the period of their study at
university - as the result of this study is a snapshot of what students go through in their
college lives.

Keywords: stress, coping, dysfunctional, problem-focused, emotion

26

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Factor Influencing the Intention to Involve in Selected E-Sports Games among
Adults in Perlis

Muhammad Zayanie bin Ibnuataillah1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between hedonic motivation,
habit, price value, effort expectancy, social influence, flow, and the intention to involve
in selected e-sport games among adults in Perlis. The selected e-sport games were Player
Unknown Battleground (PUBG) and Mobile Legend (ML). This study used purposive
sampling, which resulted in 133 respondents completing a questionnaire. Pearson
Correlation was used to analyse the relationship between the variables and the intention
to involve in e-sport, with a p-value < 0.05. There was a positive and significant
relationship between hedonic motivation (r= 0.49), habit (r=0.61), price value (r=0.44),
effort expectancy (r=0.50), social influence (r=0.50), flow (r=0.64) and the intention to
play e-sport. The findings of this study contribute to the improvement of ESC model and
the literature of e-sports related to motivation and intention. Additionally, it enables
individuals to understand e-sports better, rather than simply viewing it as a video game,
and ascertain why people are now interested in e-sports. In addition, this research also
contributes to the business industry as e-sports nowadays is high on demand, such as the
gaming setup and the game itself, which can create a job opportunity and e-sport athletes.

Keywords: e-sport, intention, motivation

27

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Relationship Between Service Quality and Satisfaction on Sport Facilities
Among Students in UiTM Perlis

Amyliah Farahanim binti Alfian1 and Ellail Ain binti Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Service quality can be defined as the concept viewed from the outlook of the customer's
preferences and expectations on the provided service. The level of student satisfaction
has been a core subject for researchers to provide an active learning environment, due to
its crucial role in the efficiency and success of educational institutions and prospective
students’ enrolment over the last few decades. Although the number of universities in
Malaysia is increasing, only a few studies on the service quality of the facilities have been
done. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between service quality
and students’ satisfaction with sports facilities. A total of 433 questionnaires were
completed by the students of UiTM Perlis. The Pearson product movement correlation
analysis was used to investigate the relationship between service quality and students’
satisfaction towards sports facilities. The result shows that there is a significant strong
relationship between service quality and students’ satisfaction with sports facilities with
r= 0.758** and p<0.05. The study revealed that the students agreed that the service
quality provided by the sports facilities will affect their satisfaction. In conclusion, the
universities administration should emphasize providing good service quality especially
for the students while using sports facilities.

Keywords: service quality, satisfaction, sport facilities

28

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Purchase Intention of Sport Shoes Among Students in UiTM Perlis Branch

Nur Haziqah binti Hazaha’ar1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Purchase intention is an important metric in marketing. For marketers, purchase intention
was generally defined as forecasted consumer behaviour, which was highly dependent on
this purchase intention of the customers. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the
main factor that influences purchase intention towards sport shoes among students at
UiTM Perlis Branch. The questionnaires were distributed to 368 students at UiTM Perlis.
The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
version 25. Descriptive statistics and Independent Sample t-Test were used to examine
the factor that influences on brand, design, and price of sport shoes toward purchases
intention. The findings showed that students were highly affected by the design factor,
followed by brand image, and price factors. This study revealed that there was a
significant difference on brand image, design, and price of sports shoes towards purchases
intention among students at UiTM Perlis Branch in terms of gender. Sport shoes with
variety combination of colour, good pattern and trendy will attract consumer to purchase
it. Future studies could be expanded to include other significant demographic aspects such
as age or level of education.

Keywords: sport shoes, purchase intention, brand image, design, price

29

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Level of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Experienced by the First Year and
the Final Year Diploma Students of FSR, UiTM Perlis

Nabil Haikal bin Rosli1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This study evaluates the level of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by the first
year and the final year female Diploma students Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation
UiTM Perlis Branch. It is important to identify the level of depression, anxiety, and stress
as important indicators of mental state. Research conducted in Malaysia showed the
prevalence of moderate to severe level of depression, anxiety, and stress among university
students. Failure to identify and resolve these problems can lead to a rise in psychological
morbidity with unwanted effects in university students’ career and future. The
questionnaire using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were issued to 169
females of the first year and final year female Diploma students. Using Statistical Package
for Social Science, the hypotheses were statistically analysed using Independent Sample
t-Test, at p < .05 level of significant. Findings identified that both the first year and final
year Diploma female students experienced normal level of depression. Meanwhile, the
level of experience on anxiety was recorded mild among the final year female students
and moderate among the first-year female students. On the other hand, a normal level of
stress was recorded among both the first year and final year female. Specifically, the first
year and the final year female students experienced different symptoms of depression,
anxiety, and stress. These findings can be beneficial to lecturers in developing enjoyable
programmes and activities for students, specifically the fresh in-coming students and the
graduating students. Hopefully, future researchers can apply this mental health study on
other populations.

Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, first year and final year female students

30

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivation towards Participation in Sport among Disabled Athletes in PESRON

Mohamad Zakwan bin Mohamad1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This research aimed to identify the motivation factor that influences athletes’ members of
PESRON in sport participation. The 200 respondents were athletes with disabilities of
PESRON. Respondents were randomly selected from different ages of 21-42 years old
and above. The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) was used to obtain data from athletes. The
focus of the study was to identify the motivation factors that influence athletes with
disabilities on participation in sport. From the result, it was identified that majority of
respondents had a significantly higher average score for amotivation. The assessment on
the differences in motivation factor on participation in sport between age groups showed
no significant results. In conclusion, even though are some agreement and argument
motivation factor that influences athletes with disabilities, the result rejects the result
hypothesis that there is a significant difference in motivation factor between athletes'
gender and age groups on participation in sport. This may occur because of the situational
(external) factor or internal factor that influences themselves.

Keywords: motivation, disabled athletes, participation in sport

31

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Cultivating Personality Development through Outdoor Education Programme
among Students in UniMAP

Muhammad Azim Irfan bin Abdul Aziz1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis
Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study identifies the elements that influenced personality development among
participants in outdoor education programme. Research samples comprised of 152
students who are experience in outdoor recreation and sports education recreation
programmes at UniMAP. The translated version of the Life Effectiveness Questionnaire
was used in this study, based on the Big 5 Personality Trait. The elements of personality
development included extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
Findings indicate that the most influential factor of extraversion factor that influence
personality development through outdoor education programme is leadership, for
openness factor is self-confident, for agreeableness factor is teamwork, and for
conscientiousness factors is achievement. In conclusion, participation in outdoor
recreation activities enhance UniMAP students in developing skills, interests, and
knowledge.

Keywords: Big 5 Personality Traits, outdoor education, personality development

32

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Perceived Sleep Quality and Their Relationship with Mood States Among Gifted
and Talented Students

Muhammad Fikri bin Idris1 and Jamilah binti Ahmad Radzi1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Sleep disturbances and poor sleep quality are common and associated with a wide variety
of physical and mental health difficulties. There have been multiple studies demonstrating
that sleep disturbances and insomnia relate to the course of depression, including
increased prevalence of suicidal ideation and risk of suicide. The aim of this study was to
compare sleeping quality and mood states determines the relationship between sleep
quality and mood states among students in term of genders. The sample comprised of 132
gifted and talented students with age ranging from 11 to 13 years old. The Pittsburgh
Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Profile of Mood States were obtained to assess sleep
quality and mood states among students. There were significant differences on
components in sleeping quality between gender including subjective sleep quality (p =
0.04), sleep latency (p = 0.02), sleep duration (p = 0.01), sleep disturbance (p = 0.00),
and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.03) except for sleep efficiency (p = 0.28) and use sleep
medication (p = 0.80). In addition, there were significant differences on components in
mood states between gender including confusion (p = 0.00), depression (p = 0.01),
fatigue (p = 0.01), and tension (p = 0.02) except for anger (p = 0.31) and vigour (p =
0.36). However, sleep quality and mood states were found no significant correlation on
male students (p > 0.05), but significant correlation revealed on female students. Based
on the present results, sleep quality has differently effect on genders. Another
psychological variable should be investigated with sleep quality among these kinds of
students to ensure mental health in appropriate conditions.

Keywords: sleep quality, mood states, gifted and talented student

33

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Perception of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Factors Contributing to
Discontinuing Youth Athletes in Sports

Nurul Nadhirah binti Hasrodi1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the intrapersonal and interpersonal factors that
influence youth athletes to discontinue sports. This study used stratified sampling. A total
of 118 youth athletes from UiTM MASUM 2020 took part in this study. Youth athletes
from UiTM MASUM 2020 were stratified according to gender, and sports categories
were divided into two categories: individual sport and team sport. The hypothesis
statically analyses using the Independent Sample t-Test with p-value < .05 level of
significance. The results showed no significant difference between male and female
youths in the intrapersonal and interpersonal factors that influence their discontinuation
in sports. In addition, there was also no significant difference in the intrapersonal and
interpersonal factors that influence their discontinuation in sports in terms of individual
sport and team sport. These findings provide general knowledge for further study and
sports organization itself to acquire knowledge in intrapersonal and interpersonal factors
to improve the limitation and prevent youth athletes discontinued in sports. It also may
help the parents and coaches to create positive moral support and improve the social
environment for all youth athletes.

Keywords: intrapersonal, interpersonal, youth athletes

34

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Association between Uses Gratification Theory (UGT) and Online Learning
Motivation Among Student During COVID19

Nur Far’Ain Irwani binti Mohd Nurfaridz1 and Ellail Ain binti Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Nowadays, students using online learning methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The
students’ motivation needs to be optimum in adapting to the new normal and
situation. This study aims to investigate the relationship between uses and gratification
theory and students’ motivation during the online class on COVID 19. A total of 350
questionnaires were completed. The questionnaire developed was adopted and adapted
from the Social Desirability Scale (CSDS), Original Version of Social Media Usage and
Gratification Scale (SMUGS), MIXI Use-Satisfaction Scale (MUSS), and Web-blog
Utility-Scale (WUS). The results show that there is a strong positive relationship between
uses gratification and student motivation with r=.779** and p<0.05. The strong
relationship shows that the student believes that the uses gratification theory does affect
their motivation while participating in online classes in COVID 19. A good
understanding and knowledge of the current technology and applications used by the
academicians and students can give a huge impact on the motivation reaction. Thus, it is
important for both the academicians and students to work together by applying well-
known and practical applications, software, and technology to ensure a positive level of
motivation especially during the pandemic COVID19, where the mental health status is
important.

Keywords: Uses Gratification Theory (UGT), motivation, online classes,
COVID-19

35

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Level of Mental Health among Student’s College of Universiti Teknologi
MARA Perlis Branch

Mohamad Khairi bin Ahamad Ismail1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

A healthy mentality is a very important thing and should be given priority to stimulate
creative and innovative thinking for a student, especially students studying at the Institute
of Higher Learning (IPT). It can also create a healthy, harmonious, and conducive
learning environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the level of
mental health among college residential student at Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis
Branch. A total of 168 respondents were involved in this study. The questionnaire was
adopted from the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Findings found that
most college students were at normal levels for anxiety, depression, and stress. Besides
that, result showed that there were significant differences on mental health between male
and female college residential students. Female students experienced higher level of
stress, anxiety, and depression than men based on the analysis of Independent Sample t-
Test. In conclusion, most college residential students at UiTM Perlis Branch experienced
normal level of mental health. Furthermore, the female students’ experienced higher level
of depression than the male students. It is possible that the female college residential
students are more emotional than male students in their daily lives. Meanwhile, symptoms
of panic disorder cause female students to experience higher levels of anxiety than male
students. Hopefully, future researchers will be able to study more extensively and in-
depth the availability of mental health among college residential students.

Keywords: mental health, college residential students, depression, anxiety, stress

36

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Youth Spectators’ Motivation to Attend Football Matches Held at Stadiums
Located at Northern States in Malaysia

Nur Liyana binti Ishak1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study identifies the sports scape and social motivation factors that influence youths’
attendance at football games held at the stadiums. Previous related studies mainly targeted
the football spectators as a whole, although the group of youth aged between 25-36 years
old formed the largest group of spectators in any sporting games. Thus, this study
evaluates the influence of sports scape and social factors towards youths’ attendance at
football games held at the main stadiums located at northern states in Malaysia. Online
questionnaires were responded by 148 youth football spectators at the Darul Aman
Stadium, Penang City Stadium, and Perak Stadium. Data collected were analysed using
the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). The hypotheses were tested using
Independent Sample t-Test, at a significance value of .05. Findings showed that the youths
football spectators’ attendance at the stadiums were significant motivated by the
sportscape factors, followed by the social factors. Detail analysis revealed the existence
of differences between male and female youth’s perceptions on the sports scape and social
motivation factors that influence their attendance at football games held at the stadiums.
These findings contribute to the growing research on the motivation in sport’s attendance
at football matches. This study can assist the sport’s governing bodies and sports
organization in identifying the motive behaviour of youth football spectators.

Keywords: sportscape, social motivation, stadiums, youth football spectators

37

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Parental Values about Participation in Physical Activity by Their Children with
Disability

Siti Khadijah binti Abdul Malek1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study examines parental values about participation in physical activity by children
with disabilities. The main parental values discussed was the influence of disability-
related factors and demographics on parent’s perceptions of likely benefits and important
benefits related to physical activity participation by their children with disabilities. The
hypothesized correlates of children’s physical activity included parental values,
children’s age, and children’s gender groups. Questionnaire on Physical Activity Values
Survey was distributed to 262 parents to obtain information about their perceptions of
physical activity benefits, physical activity participation, disability information, and
demographics. Overall, parents of children with disabilities seem knowledgeable about
physical activity benefits and value their children’s participation in physical activity. The
results of one way-ANOVA revealed that there was no significant main effect of
children’s age and of children’s gender groups on likely benefits and important benefits
of parental values. Overall, parental values were rated relatively high. This study
provides valuable information about parental influence on physical activity participation
by children with disabilities to several stakeholders, special school management.

Keywords: parental values, likely benefits, important benefits, physical activity

38

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivational Differences of Swimming Participation among FSR Students at
UiTM Perlis Branch

Nur Damia Auni binti Ismail1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviours.
It involves a constellation of closely related beliefs, perceptions, values, interests, and
actions. Some people may be motivated and sustained through their self-efficacy beliefs,
whereas others are motivated to try hard, persist, and achieve because of their goals, their
personal interests, their value beliefs, or contextual factors. The objective of this study
was to examine the differences of intrinsic and extrinsic factor that influences the
involvement toward swimming. The survey involved 290 respondents (145 males and
145 females) selected among FSR students at UiTM Perlis Branch. The finding related to
intrinsic motivation indicates that interest and enjoyment highly influence students’
involvement towards swimming, while for extrinsic motivation, the most influential
factor was sport facilities and rewards. Finding also showed that there were no significant
differences in terms of gender groups for intrinsic motivation factors. However, for
extrinsic motivation, there was a significant difference for the factor of family and friends.
Furthermore, for future researcher may expand the number of respondents and add on
more elements towards leadership and psychology. In conclusion, the experience of
swimming participation develops many benefits of health, skills, interest, and satisfaction
towards the FSR students at UiTM Perlis.

Keywords: swimming participation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation

39

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Task and Ego Orientation and Motivation Among Softball Players

Siti Shafina binti Safarrizal 1 and Jamilah binti Ahmad Radzi1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Task and ego influence the behaviour as it defines success and failure achievements in
sport setting. The purpose of this study was to identify task and ego orientation and
motivation among male and female softball players. Task and Ego Orientation in Sport
Questionnaire and Sports Motivation Scale were utilized to assess the task and ego
orientation and motivation among participants. These questionnaires were administered
to a total of 136 softball players. The results of the study showed that there was a
significant difference in task orientation between male and female softball players (p=
0.02). Unfortunately, ego orientation was found to have no significant difference between
male and female softball players (p= 0.31). Female softball players were revealed to
favour task orientation more than male softball players while male softball players were
found to favour ego orientation to reach their goals much more than female. Moreover,
female softball players indicated to have intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation,
identified regulation and introjected more than male softball players while male softball
players tend to have amotivation and external regulation in their role’s performance rather
than female. Apart from that, there was a significant correlation revealed in task and ego
orientation and motivation among male and female softball players. Motivation plays an
important role in task and ego orientation of softball players to achieve their goals and it
should be focused during the training process to improve the player's quality. Hence, it
would be advisable to measure motivation prior or closer to the specific component,
which might lead to higher potential to success and competence of a player in future.

Keywords: task orientation, ego orientation, amotivation, intrinsic motivation

40

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Psychological Level of Student-Athletes of UiTM Perlis Branch During the Covid-
19 Pandemic

Muhammad Najmi bin Shafik1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between genders groups, and
the category of sports on student-athletes of UiTM Perlis Branch on their psychological
level during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research used simple random sampling as a
research sampling method. A total of 176 UiTM Perlis Branch student-athletes completed
the questionnaires. Independent Sample T-test was used to determine the difference in
gender and category of sports with a p-value < 0.05. There was existence of significant
differences between gender groups. However, no significant differences were found in
terms of category of sports. The result showed a normal level of psychological distress
for depression and stress experienced by student-athletes. But, as for anxiety, the result
showed a moderate level of psychological distress experienced among the student-
athletes. These findings will facilitate coaches, sports units, athletes, academicians, and
the university itself to understand. It also may facilitate the UiTM Perlis Branch Sports
Unit to identify and develop a program that could help student-athletes to cope with their
psychological distress.

Keywords: COVID-19, mental wellbeing, psychology

41

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Association Between Uses Gratification Theory (UGT) and Social Media Posting
Among Student During COVID19

Khairul Naeem bin Hassim1 and Ellail Ain binti Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Behaviour on social media posting nowadays is being widespread especially among
university students. Uses and gratification theory (UGT) is a method for figuring out why
and how people actively seek out specific media to meet their needs. UGT is a method of
studying mass communication that focuses on the audience. The purpose of this study is
to examine the uses and gratification theory association with university students’
behaviour on social media posting during COVID 19. A total of 246 questionnaires were
completed by the bachelor’s degree students in the Faculty of Sports Science and
Recreation. Pearson correlation was used in examining the relation between UGT and
student behaviour on social media posting. The results show that there is a significant
relationship between uses and gratification and student behaviour with r=0.752** and
p<0.05. From the result, most of the students agree that UGT may affect their behaviour
on social media posting, the relationship between UGT and student behaviour can be
considered as a positive high correlation, and this may be due to the dimensions included
in the UGT. It can be concluded that the UGT had a positive association with student
behaviour on social media posting especially during the COVID 19. It can be suggested
that future researchers may expand the population and as well as the study on different
variables such as, satisfaction on social media posting or risk behaviour.

Keywords: uses and gratification, student behaviour, social media posting,
COVID19

42

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Leadership Style Effects Performance among Athlete Students at UiTM Perlis
Branch

Mohamad Syalihin bin Mohd Hisam1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Sport leader also known as a coach or captain inside a team has a huge task to provide an
impetus for the entire team to achieve the target set victory. This study was conducted to
evaluate the leadership style effects performance among athlete students atUniversiti
Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch. Questionnaire was adopted from the leadership scale
for sports (LSS) and were distributed to 181 athlete students at UiTM Perlis Branch. The
Leadership Scale for Sports is made up of 40 items with five subscales, and consists of
13 items related to Training Instruction, nine items related to Democratic Behavior, five
items related to Autocratic Behaviour, eight items related to Social Support, and five
items related to Positive Feedback. The hypotheses were statistically analysed using
Independent Sample t-Test. Findings revealed that the leadership style preferred by the
athlete students was positive feedback. The result also showed that there were significant
differences in leadership style that effects performance among athlete students at UiTM
Perlis Branch. The athlete students at UiTM Perlis Branch experienced positive effects
from their coach during the training period. Hopefully, future researchers could relate this
leadership style effect performance among athlete students’ studies on other populations.

Keywords: leadership, athlete, performance, social support, positive feedback

43

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Comparisons on Mental Health Level Between SUKSIS Student Members of
UiTM Perlis Branch and UniMAP

Noor Syzwani binti Sulaiman1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This study evaluates the symptoms and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress
experienced by student members of police undergraduate voluntary corps (SUKSIS) at
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perlis Branch and Universiti Malaysia Perlis
(UNIMAP). Research conducted in Malaysia showed the prevalence of moderate to
severe level of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students, and
inappropriate extracurricular activities is a risk factor that could spark mental health
problems. In the selection system of extracurricular activities, some students did not have
the opportunity of selecting the armed uniformed body of their interest which might
sparks mental health symptoms. Questionnaires based on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
Scale (DASS-21) were issued to 182 SUKSIS students of UiTM Perlis Branch and
UniMAP. Using statistical package for social science, the hypotheses were statistically
analyzed using Independent Sample t-Test, at p < .05 level of significant. Assessment on
the level of mental health discovers that SUKSIS members of UiTM Perlis Branch and
UniMAP were experiencing normal level of depression, anxiety, and stress. Findings also
report that the SUKSIS members at UiTM Perlis Branch and UniMAP experienced
similar symptoms of depression. Meanwhile, they did experience different symptoms of
anxiety and stress these findings provide an insight on mental health status among
students of tertiary education which is a serious health issue that demands further
exploration for development of effective co-curriculum activities. Hopefully, future
researchers could relate this health issue with studies on other populations.

Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, police undergraduate voluntary corps

44

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivations and Constraints among Athletes with Disabilities to Participate in
Sports

Muhammad Raikal Ifzan bin Mohamed 1 and Norfaezah binti Mohd Rosli1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study evaluates the motivations and constraints perceived by athletes with
disabilities to participate in sports. Living actively is an important goal for every disabled
person and participating in sports activities is one way to stay active. Questionnaires were
adopted from Khor et al. (2013) and Howle et al. (2012) measurement scale on the
motivation and constraints in sports participation experienced by people with disabilities
were distributed to 136 athlete members of PESRON Perlis, PESRON Kedah, and
PESRON Kelantan. Using the Statistical Package for Social Science, the hypotheses were
statistically analysed using Independent Sample t- Test, at p < .05 level of significant.
The main motivator that influenced athletes with disabilities of PESRON Perlis, Kedah,
and Kelantan to participate in sports was good for health, both mental and physical. On
the other hand, the main constraint perceived by these disabled athletes was the financial
cost of going to the sports event. However, there were no significant differences on the
motivations and constraints perceived in terms of gender groups. Hopefully, future
research could study the motivation and constraints in sports participation among disabled
athletes and able-bodied athletes from various aspects.

Keywords: motivation, constraints, athletes with disabilities

45

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Motivation Factors to Participate in Outdoor Recreation Activities among
Students in University Malaysia Perlis

Muhammad Amirul Rashid bin Jamil1 and Mohd Khairulanwar bin Md Yusof1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Outdoor recreation provides positive impacts for participants in recreation activities, as
they can gain valuable recreational experience. Student’s involvement in the outdoor
recreation program is important to improve their self-confidence, positive thinking, and
more perfectness. A total of 248 respondents (124 males and 124 females) were selected
among UniMAP students. Using Statistically Package for Social Science, finding
indicates that the key intrinsic motivation factors that influence involvement outdoor
recreation activities was purpose, while the extrinsic motivation factor was fun and
enjoyment. Finding also showed that there were no significant differences in terms of
gender groups for the intrinsic motivation factors that influence involvement outdoor
recreation activities. However, a significant difference for the extrinsic motivation factor
was identified as family and friend. Additionally, the UniMAP students’ participation in
recreation activities enabled them to develop skills, interests, and competence that
enhance and improve their participation in outdoor recreation activities. In conclusion,
the future researcher may increase the number of respondents and include more elements
towards leadership and psychology.

Keywords: motivation, outdoor recreation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic
motivation

46

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Differences between Gender and Consistency on Motivation towards Sports
Participation at Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch

Muhammad Salman bin Mohd Raffi1 and Nuraimi binti Othman1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Motivation refers to the process of developing, leading, and sustaining goal-oriented
behaviour. This study assesses intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation
towards gender groups and consistency among UiTM Perlis FSR students. Motivation
occurs where the individuals’ feel influenced by the motivation factors based on their
interests. However, the amotivation factor could affect the students’ performances and
have some negative consequences. The Self-Motivation Scale (SMS-6) was adopted to
evaluate the motivation factors, including intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation were issued
to 240 FSR students. Using the Statistical Package for Social Science, the hypotheses
were statistically analysed using Independent Sample t-Test at p < 0.05. Results recorded
no significant differences between gender groups on intrinsic and amotivation factors
towards sports participation. However, significant differences were identified between
gender groups on extrinsic motivation factors towards sports participation. On the other
hand, the consistency which was analysed using the One-Way ANOVA test showed
significant result for the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The findings provide a better
understanding of the FSR students motivation elements that become pertinent towards
their sports participation. This matter demands further exploration for the development
of students’ performance. Optimistically, future researchers could link these motivation
elements with their studies on other populations.

Keywords: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation

47

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Relationship between Service Quality and Students Satisfaction of Sport Facility
among FSR Students at UiTM Perlis Branch

Nur Fadzilah binti Mohd Puat1 and Siti Hannariah binti Mansor1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Student satisfaction assessment is vital in determining service quality using sport facilities
at UiTM Perlis Branch. To remain competitive, the university continuously acquire,
maintain, and build stronger relationships with FSR students. Therefore, this study was
conducted to identify the relationship between service quality and students’ satisfaction
of sport facility among FSR students at UiTM Perlis Branch. A total of 291 FSR students
(N = 291) of Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis completed the SERVQUAL
questionnaire. The questionnaires consist of five elements, namely tangible, reliability,
responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The data was analyzed using Pearson
Correlation. Findings indicated that there was significant relationship between the five
dimensions of service quality (tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and
empathy) and students’ satisfaction. The findings generally indicated that most students
are satisfied with the sport facilities provided by UiTM Perlis Branch. It was suggested
that future studies focus on service quality and students’ satisfaction for further
understanding as to how and why these service qualities play such influential roles.

Keywords: service quality, SERVQUAL, student satisfaction

48

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Communities' Insights on the Impacts of Sports Tourism Towards Economic,
Environment, and Social Status of Pulau Langkawi

Umi Nasuha binti Ismail1 and Khor Poy Hua1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Sports tourism is recognized as an important platform in helping the destination
community. Past related studies of Pulau Langkawi focused specifically on the effects of
economic and social factors towards the host destination communities. This study
included the variable of environmental factor. Thus, this study identified communities’
insight on the impacts of sports tourism towards economic, social, and environmental
status of Pulau Langkawi. Questionnaire were distributed to a total of 384 samples
randomly selected among the communities (stall operators, hotel staff, and residents). The
data collected were analysed using SPSS. The Independent Sample t-Test were used to
test the hypotheses, at a significance value of .05. The communities reveal that sports
tourism has high impacts towards the social status, followed by economic, and
environmental status. In detail, the communities aged 18-30 years experienced higher
economic, environment, and social impacts compared to communities aged 31 years and
above. Future research can include other impact variables of sports tourism towards other
destination communities to gain a better understanding of this issue. It is fair to state that
these findings could be of reference to the operators of sports tourism, travel agencies,
and scholars in developing plans and strategies for the sports tourism industry. It could
also provide opportunities to the destination communities to acknowledge the positive
and negative benefits of sports tourism towards the destination's lifestyle.

Keywords: sports tourism, economic impacts, social impacts, environmental
impacts

49

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

50