Abstracts of FYP July 2021

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Analysis of Playing Pattern that Led to Try in Six Nation Championship 2021

Muhammad Izzat Hussin1 and Mohd Faridz Ahmad1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Rugby can be categorized as a contact sport in which two teams (15 vs 15 players) were
competing against each other. In this sport, "try" is a scoring method that can distinguish
between winning and losing teams. The purpose of this study was to identify the playing
patterns that lead to try in Six Nation Championship 2021. A total of 15 matches (n=15)
were being analysed among the teams that compete in Six Nation Championship 2021.
The playing patterns that lead to try had been divided into open play, line-out, scrum,
kicking and turnover. Hand notation analysis was used to distinguish between types of
playing patterns that preceded a try and was been analysed using one-way ANOVA. The
result showed that there were 86 tries were produced throughout the tournament. There
was a significant difference between scrum and line-out, scrum and open play, line-out
and kicking, line-out and turnover, kicking and open play and lastly between turnover
and open play. As conclusion, it was found that open play and line-out were highlighted
as common approaches in scoring try. Therefore, coaches and analysts can design and
implement efficient open play and line-out tactical using the information provided by
the cluster analysis as a framework. Future study can improvise the analysis of playing
pattern that led to try by analyse the possession zone which is the field position of the
initial try source and the number of phases before the try been scored.

Keywords: open play, line-out, scrum, kicking, turnover

51

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review of Small-Sided Games Effectiveness on Cardiovascular Endurance
among Soccer Player

Muhammad Izzat Nabil Azmi1 and Mohd Faridz Ahmad1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Small-sided games (SSG) is one of the most popular training methods. The modification
of pitch area, number of touches and number of players might beneficial in improving
cardiovascular endurance. Therefore, this study aims to review the impacts of SSG
training towards cardiovascular endurance among soccer players. A comprehensive and
structured search of journal and article were performed using the Google Scholar,
Science Direct, ResearchGate and PubMed. All databases were searched using
combinations of the following keywords that are “small-sided games”, “cardiovascular
endurance”, “Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)” and “maximum heart rate”. There
were only 34 (n=34) related journals with inclusion and exclusion criteria were used that
consists of 18 journals related to size pitch area, 5 journals related to number of touches
and 11 journals related to rules number of players. All this journal articles were found to
have a significant improvement towards cardiovascular endurance among soccer player.
As conclusion, this review may assist coaches in developing an appropriate training
programmed for soccer players based on modification of pitch area, number of touches
and number of players as to enhance cardiovascular endurance. Future study can focus
on the effects of number of touches in SSG training towards cardiovascular endurance.

Keywords: small-sided games (SSG), pitch area, number of touches, number of
players, cardiovascular endurance

52

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review of Core Training Effectiveness on Throwing Velocity towards
Performance among Male Handball Players

Muhammad Irfanzarif Norhisham1 and Mohd Faridz Ahmad1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Handball is a sport that emphasis on upper body movement including throwing skills.
Throwing velocity can be improve through the application of core training among
handball players. Therefore, this study aims to review the effect of core training on
throwing velocity in order to improve performance among male handball players. A
database searches were conducted by using Google Scholar and PubMed. All databases
were searched using the combinations of the following keywords that “core training”,
“throwing velocity”, “core muscle”, “core strength training” and “core stability training”.
There were only 15 (n=15) related journals with inclusion and exclusion criteria were
used that consists of 10 journals demonstrate a substantial significant difference or
increment while another 5 journals showed no significant difference in throwing velocity
among handball players. As conclusion, this review may assist the coaches in developing
an appropriate training programmed based on core training as to enhance throwing
velocity among handball players. Future study can focus on the similar variables towards
female handball players.

Keywords: core training, throwing velocity, handball players

53

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Analysis of Goal Scoring Pathway in UEFA Champions League Competition
among Winning Team

Nur Alia Mohd Zukhi1 and Mohd Faridz Ahmad1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

In football, goal scoring become as the main factor in distinguishing between the
winning and losing teams. Passing pathway is one of the most important factors of a
football team's attack success, as it has been linked to a higher associated favourably of
winning matches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the pathway
characteristic before scoring goal for the winners in UEFA Champion League
competition from 2015/2016 until 2019/2020 edition. A total of 63 matches from 5
winning teams in UEFA Champion League competition were being analyse. The
pathway of goal scoring had been divided into short passing sequence, long passing
sequence and dribbling. All the data have been recorded by using hand notational
analysis and were analysed by using one-way ANOVA. A total of 169 goals were scored
throughout the competition where there were 50 goals were coming from short passing
sequence, 78 goals from long passing sequence and 41 goals were coming from
dribbling. The result indicated that there was no significance different had been found
on passing sequence toward successful goal. As summary, this literally means that the
winners were equally used all types of pathway in goal scoring. Coaches can benefit
from the knowledge produced from this study as the findings had been drawn from the
winning team in UEFA Champions League. In future, this study suggests to compare
between the competitions as it might produce more findings.

Keywords: goal scoring, short passing sequence, long passing sequence,
dribbling, UEFA champions league

54

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Analysis of Goal Scoring for Winning Team in Top European League
Competition 2019/2020

Danish Rosli1 and Mohd Faridz Ahmad1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

European League competition is one of the most viewed soccer competitions in the
world. Soccer matches had been divided into 2 half and towards the end of the match,
the winners can be distinguished through the number of goals scored. Therefore, the
objective of this study was to analyse and compare the goals scored between first half
and second half period among the winners for each top European League 2019/2020
competition. A total of 406 goals from 175 matches had been analysed from the official
website and highlights from the YouTube by using Mann-Whitney U test. Majority of
the winners scored more goals during second half that were Real Madrid, Spain (La
Liga), Juventus, Italy (Serie A TIM), Bayern Munich, Germany (Bundesliga) and Paris
Saint-German, France (Ligue 1 Uber Eats) while only Liverpool, England (Premier
League) showed more goals had been scored in first half. The results indicated that, there
were significant differences in goals scored between first and second half period in La
Liga and Serie A TIM. As conclusion, Real Madrid and Juventus were totally fully
utilized the disadvantages of their opponents to score a goal to win a match and
competition. As the time moving towards an end of the match, player’s fitness
components, mental aspect and team tactical become as a main factor to distinguish
between the team. In future, this study suggests to compare the goals scoring within
different continents.

Keywords: soccer, goals, first half, second half, European league competition

55

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Muscle Endurance and Power
Among Male Adults.

Muhammad Haziq Jamil1, Syed Shahbudin Syed Omar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a type of exercise that involves short bursts of
physical activity followed by rest intervals or low-intensity rehabilitation exercises. HIIT
is primarily utilized with aerobic exercise, such as jogging on a treadmill or cycling on
an ergo-meter. This systematic review aims to study the effectiveness of high intensity
interval training (HIIT) on muscle endurance and power among male adults. This study
used 15 journals that follow several criteria which are the article or journal is written in
English, peer-reviewed journal or article, and focused on effect of high intensity interval
training (HIIT) on muscle endurance and power among male adults. Despite the fact that
the majority of research do not explicitly state that HIIT is one of the methods for
increasing muscular endurance and power, all studies demonstrate that HIIT has a
favorable effect on the participants. Other than HIIT some journals have also shown a
positive effect improves participant’s cardio respiratory fitness and tends to lower the
risk of cardiovascular disease. HIIT is a major method for male adults to enhance their
muscle endurance and power. HIIT, on the other hand, has numerous benefits, including
improved physical fitness, improved cardio respiratory fitness, a fun and time-efficient
training regimen, and improved blood pressure.

Keywords: high intensity interval training, muscle endurance, power, male
adults

56

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Determining Knowledge Transfer Problems from Sport Science to UiTM Coach
Practice on Influence of Knowledge Perspective.

Safwan Bin Hasan1, Siti Jameelah Md Japilus1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The professionalisation of sports has increased global desire for competitive advantage.
All of UiTM's sports coaches were eager for the edge. Coaches must be able to keep up
with global sporting trends in order to make educated judgments about their players in
order to fulfill performance demands. The aim of this study is to determine the ability of
UiTM’s sport coaches to derive knowledge from sports science is successfully
transferred and integrated into daily coaching practices and what barriers and limitations
coaches encounter during this process. A total of 259 UiTM’s sports coaches, individual
sports (N=93) and teams sports (N=166) were selected through purposive sampling to
participate in this study. A questionnaire from article titled ‘The integration and
influence of sports science knowledge in coaching practices of high-performance
coaches’ was used in data collection process. The relationship among variables were
determined using t-tests. Results showed that both sports coach types reported high score
rating where the overall mean scores given by individuals sports M=6.0645, while teams
sports M=6.0161. The study found that there was no significant difference between how
team and individual coaches perceived the knowledge transfer, knowledge influence,
understanding of sport science knowledge, learning intent and cultural organisational
with p=value >0.05. But there was a significant difference between how team and
individual coaches perceived the sport science research accessibility with p=value <0.05.
The study also found that barriers of sport science research accessibility to be the major
problems in knowledge transfer from sport science to UiTM coach practice. To be
concludes sports science knowledge plays an important role for the UiTM’s sports
coaches in order to make a successful knowledge transfer in coach practices. Further
research is recommended to give this questionnaire face to face rather than online
questionnaire

Keywords: knowledge transfer, coaching practices, barriers, sports science
knowledge.

57

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Auditory Effect and Physical Activity Status on Motivational Music
Application on Training- Survey Analysis

Syarifah Nur Nabiella Syed Zulkifle1, Azzura Kamarudin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch,Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Music is an art that is organized in time in its medium. Pitch, rhythm, dynamism and the
sound quality of timbre and texture are common elements of music. Interest in the effects
of motivational music helps athletes improve performance. Music of auditory relaxation
during exercise and rehabilitation from exercise. Regular physical activity provides
significant physical, mental, and social health benefits to most athletes. The objective of
this study is to determine the different music genre application on the physical activity
status and motivation on training and to measure the relationship between physical
activity status and motivational music application on training. This research study will
be conducted on active athletes in the northern region. Therefore, there will be 50
respondents, 25 respondents will be female and another 25 respondents will be a male.
The data collected were analysed by using Statistical Package for The Social Science
(SPSS) Version 25.0. The hypothesis was statically analysed using ANOVA and the
General Linear Model (univariate). The results of ANOVA correlation were significant
when f = .672 with p = .615 and prove that there were significant effects between music
and physical activity. The result of the General Linear Model (univariate) test was used
to analyze between preferred music and physical activity status; the result corrected
model for the test between subject effect f = .672, p > 0.05 = .615. This subject effect
shows that intercept =.000. As a result, we accept the hypothesis and conclude that
preferred music influences physical activity status. Aside from that, music has
tremendously positive influences and may improve one’s quality of life. In conclusion,
this study shows that music can have a positive effect on physical activity status.

Keywords: auditory effect, motivational music, physical activity, training.

58

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Prevalence of Nutritional Knowledge in Individual Sports Among UiTM
Perlis Athletes

Maziera Md Zaid1, Al-Hafiz Abu Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Nutritional knowledge among athlete is associated with their dietary behaviors and that
knowledge can also have an important effect on athletic performance. Athletes should
always consider the importance of nutrition in their growth and development. There is
limited study on nutrition knowledge toward individual sports. The objective of this
study was to determine the difference in prevalence of nutritional knowledge between
genders among individual sport athletes in UiTM Perlis. The sample size that required
as respondents of this study was 117 athletes that play in individual sport for UiTM
Perlis. All respondents completed the questionnaire use “True” and “False” Component
of Nutritional Questionnaire. The question consists of 30 questions which test the
nutrition knowledge. This questionnaire will divide into two sections that consist of
section A will be covered demographics questions and section B on the nutritional
knowledge questions. The study found that the mean nutrition knowledge score of
female athletes (18.98 ± 2.64) slightly higher compared to male (18.78 ± 2.27), (p =
0.065). There were no significant different in the prevalence of nutritional knowledge
between genders among individual sports in UiTM Perlis athletes. These findings
reported that both female and male have moderate of level nutrition knowledge probably
because most of our athletes are from faculty of sports science and recreation. This study
concludes athletes have sufficient knowledge on nutrition to create an environment that
can result successfully in improved performance and good health.

Keywords: nutritional knowledge, individual sports, UiTM Perlis athletes

59

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Factors Influence Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Endurance
Performance:A Systematic Review

Nadia Md Noor1, Al-Hafiz Abu Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

It was documented that mouth rinsing of CHO had ergogenic effect in exercise
performance. The mechanism behind CHO mouth rinse has been widely supported by
a novel energy signaling mechanism that can enhance exercise efficiency can be
triggered by the occurrence of CHO in the mouth. However, only two study that do
systematically review of CHO mouth rinse in endurance performance but in general
factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study to provide the systematic review of factors
influence carbohydrate mouth rinse on endurance performance. A systematic review
was carried out by used online database (Google scholar and Scopus), as well as perhaps
a conference proceeding related papers, were reviewed. The journal had been screening
33 studies that related with CHO mouth rinse, however only 28 studies that eligibility
accepted for reviewed in qualitative synthesis. The result found that 28 studies were
submitted to experimental research. The findings observed three main factors which
criteria of athlete, intervention and concentration that influenced CHO mouth rinse
during endurance exercise performance. It been showed, the suitable criteria of athlete
that can be used in experiment were used elite and trained athlete. Both cycling and
running canbe used as intervention in CHO mouth rinse, as long as the speed and watts
adjustment in automated function. While 6 - 6.4% of concentration in CHO shown a
good enough to enhanceexercise performance. Analyses all three factors that been
reviewed can improved and providea better data in experimental of CHO mouth rinse
for future study.

Keywords: mouth rinse, mouth wash, endurance performance

60

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Factors Influence Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Endurance
Performance: A Systematic Review

Nur Ainaa Nasuha Mazlan1 and Al-Hafiz Abu Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

CHO mouth rinse is believed to work because of a novel energy signaling system that
can be triggered by the presence of CHO in the mouth. This mechanism can improve
endurance performance efficiency and has received a lot of support. Despite, only two
studies that comprehensively examine the CHO mouth rinse on endurance performance
but not for general characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to provide the
systematic review of the factors that influence CHO mouth rinse on endurance
performance. The systematic review was conducted by using following databased:
PubMed and Google Scholar. The methodology used include the identification,
screening, eligibility that involved the inclusion and eligible criteria to choose
appropriate data. 28 studies were classified as a final appropriate result. The finding
identified three main factors that influenced CHO mouth rinse during endurance
exercise performance which in duration of mouth rinse, number of mouth rinse and fed
or fasted state. Overall, the duration of mouth rinsing indicating the appropriate
response used for athletes to rinse fluid around their mouth was 10s. Repeated CHO
mouth rinse was carried out with 5 times show the improvement on endurance
performance. CHO month rinse can help athlete perform better in endurance
performance on fasted state/overnight fast. Based on the present systematic analysis
can help other researchers that required data on previous studies in experimental that
used CHO mouth rinse on endurance performance. While it also depends on other
factors than those stated in improving exercise performance by using CHO mouth rinse.

Keywords: carbohydrate mouth rinse, carbohydrate mouthwash, endurance
performance, exercise performance

61

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Relationship between Chair Aerobic Exercise and Mood State Profile Among
Students

Nur Izzati Binti Roslan1, Azzura Binti Kamarudin1 1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Chair aerobic exercise are aerobic activities done while sitting in a straight-back chair
while listening to music. It is an effective way to change bad moods and decrease anxiety
and stress. Even though chair aerobic exercise is an effective technique for mood state,
less study done by the previous researcher does on chair aerobic exercise to find the
emotional disruption among students. The purpose of this study is to investigate the
relationship between chair aerobic exercise and mood state profile among students. The
study will evaluate the students UiTM Perlis mood state profile with a random selection
of 120 respondents to answer the questionnaire at a range of age 19-25years old. The
data collected were analysed by using Statistical Package for The Social Science (SPSS)
Version 25.0. The hypothesis statically analysed using Pearson correlation at p ≥ .05
level of significance. The result of Pearson correlation there was negative correlation
when r = 0.325 with p = 0.00 and proved that there was no significant difference in the
chair aerobic exercise and mood state profile among students on UiTM Perlis students.
The students were mostly aware of chair aerobic exercise but they were unclear of the
mood state profile can be changed while doing the chair aerobic exercise. It is possible
to conclude that examining the effectiveness of chair aerobic via questionnaire survey
did not give the benefit to the student’s mood state profile and both of them are unrelated.
For future researchers, it is highly recommended to use training intervention methods to
examine the emotional disruption that link with chair aerobic exercise and mood state
profile.

Keywords: chair aerobic exercise, mood state profile, music, students

62

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Kinesiology Tape on Ankle Balance Abilities: A Systematic
Review

Nurnazurah Jalaludin1, Al Hafiz Abu Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries and is often associated
with the instability of the ankle which limiting range of motion (ROM) and affecting
balance abilities. Thus, treating and preventing ankle sprain or chronic ankle instability
is crucial. Kinesiology tape (KT) is an elastic tape that widely used to support and
stabilize the ankle joints and muscles without restricting the ROM. There is limited study
on reviewing the effect of KT application on ankle in improving balance abilities
focusing on taping technique and duration of application. Therefore, the purpose of this
study is to review the existing literature on evaluating the effectiveness of kinesiology
tape on ankle improving balance abilities, focusing on KT application taping technique
and duration of KT application. A search was conducted in electronic databases (Scopus
and Web of Science) from 2011 to 2021 using the terms “kinesiology tape”, “ankle” and
“balance”. A total of fifteen articles were selected from sixty-eight total articles. The
results of each study were summarized and compared. As a result, thirteen articles
showed significant improvement of KT application in individuals with and without ankle
instability. Hence, it is recommended that ankle balance taping (ABT) technique and
lateral ankle sprain taping technique in individuals with and without ankle instability.
Moreover, it is suggested that KT application for individuals with ankle instability more
than 24 hours while individuals without ankle instability immediately before performing
activities. This indicated that KT application will help in treating and preventing ankle
injuries in individuals with and without ankle instability. This systematic review
provides evidence that KT application have the advantages in balance abilities in
individuals with and without ankle instability based on previous and current studies.

Keywords: kinesiology tape, ankle sprain, chronic ankle instability, balance,
range of motion

63

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Level of Nutrition Knowledge Among UiTM Perlis Athletes in Difference
Types of Sports and Gender

Nurul Amira Md Said1, Al-Hafiz Abu Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Nutrition knowledge is vital in determining the pattern of food intake of a particular
individual in daily life. There is a limited study on nutritional knowledge between
gender, individuals and teams’ sports athletes. The objective of this study was designed
to investigate the nutritional knowledge among UiTM Perlis athletes between gender
and type of sports. The respondents of this study are 218 UiTM Perlis athletes that
represent 18 and above 24 years old. The data for this study were collected using a
Google form and a questionnaire. This questionnaire had been authorized that consists
of nutritional knowledge which 30 questions which could be choose as “true” or “false”
adopted from (Rosenbloom, 2002). For review of statistics, table were prepared to show
mean, standard deviation and percentage values. In order to evaluate the nutritional
knowledge of athletes, the independent t-test was used for gender and type of sports. The
independent t test has been used for nutrition knowledge to assess the nutrition
knowledge of athletes. From the result, there was no significant different between
nutrition knowledge among gender male, M =.16.48, SD = 2.85 and female athletes, M
= 16.86, SD = 3.24, t (216) = -.912, p = 0.363 (two-tailed). There was significant
difference in nutritional knowledge for team sport, M =17.23, SD = 3.23 and individual
sport, M = 16.10, SD = 2.67, t (216) = 2.784, p = 0.006 (two-tailed). The overall mean
score of nutritional knowledge in UiTM Perlis athletes was found in moderate level.

Keywords: nutritional knowledge, gender, type of sports

64

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review Effects of Compound Exercises on Muscular Strength and Muscular
Endurance in Grappling Sports

Muhammad Amirul Fahmi Ismail Latif1, Tham Yin Choong1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Physical strength and muscle endurance are critical in grappling-based combat sports.
This is because this type of sport, such as Brazilian Jiu-jitsu (BJJ), uses a lot of wrestling
moves and other techniques, and the length of the competition necessitates a lot of
muscular strength and muscular endurance. Compound exercises are claimed to be
required for gaining muscular strength and endurance, depending on the type of training
that an individual does. This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of compound
exercises on muscular strength and muscular endurance performance in grappling sports.
A systematic literature search of journals and articles about the effect of compound
exercises on muscular strength and muscular endurance in grappling sports was
performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and SpringerLink. Nineteen studies were
extracted that met the inclusion criteria were analysed. Seven studies shown significant
findings of the effectiveness of compound exercises on both muscular strength, and
muscular endurance, 11 studies revealed that compound exercises have improved
muscular strength and one study shown improvement in muscular endurance. The
existing literature provided sufficient evidence that supports the use of compound
exercises to enhance muscular strength and muscular endurance performance in
grappling sports. Compound exercises are one of the necessities in strength and
conditioning for grappling sports to enhance muscular strength and muscular endurance.
Larger longer-term and more elaborate high-quality studies which repeat some of the
current protocols would provide more insight into the body of literature are
recommended for future study.

Keywords: compound exercises, grappling sports, muscular strength, muscular
endurance.

65

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review of the Effects of Pilates Training on Muscular Strength and Flexibility
among Healthy People

Aiman Zikri Hamdan1, Tham Yin Choong1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Pilates training has become a well-known method of exercise for improving muscular
strength and flexibility. Previous and existing research on the effect of Pilates training
on muscular strength and flexibility is ambiguous and lacks strong evidence. The
purpose of this paper is to review the literature on the effects of Pilates training on
muscular strength and flexibility in healthy people. The PubMed and Google Scholar
search engines were used to conduct a systematic literature search of journals and
articles. Inclusion criteria consist of articles in English that evaluated the effects of
Pilates training on muscular strength and flexibility performance among dancers.
Exclusion criteria such as articles that are not in English will be excluded. A stepwise
process will be used to identify articles to be selected for inclusion in this review.
Eighteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were chosen and analysed. Most of the
literature review showed that Pilates training improved muscular strength and flexibility
significantly. Only one study found no statistically significant improvement in flexibility
after the Pilates intervention. The existing literature provided sufficient evidence that
supports Pilates training contributes to improvements in muscular strength and
flexibility. This review confirmed that Pilates training has positive effects on muscular
strength and flexibility in healthy people. For future research, more high-quality
elaboration of these review studies that repeat some of the current protocol would
provide more insight into the body literature.

Keywords: pilates training, muscular strength, flexibility

66

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review Effects of Kinesiology Taping on Speed and Power Performance among
Athletes

Wan Ahmad Amin Noor Ahmad Bustamam1, Tham Yin Choong1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

There are many published systematic reviews completed on the effect of Kinesiology
taping (KT) on sporting performance. Most of the reviews stated that KT does not limit
sports performance while in some reviews declared that KT increases muscular
performance. Even with the number and range of reviews on KT, the results of the
research are inconclusive. This review aimed is to investigate the effectiveness of
kinesiology taping on muscular performance specifically on speed and power. Two
online databases, PubMed and Google Scholar were systematically searched. The
inclusion criteria such as healthy athletes, sports performance and randomization were
applied. The PEDro scale was used to grade the risk of bias, the methodological quality
and internal validity of the articles. Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria with PEDro
scale scores ranging from 3 to 8 of 10 points. The sports performance such as a 20-meter
sprint, 5-10-5 speed test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ), and Sargent vertical
jump test were included. From the sixteen studies that has been reviewed, only six
studies that shown the significant findings of the effectiveness of KT on speed and power
performance. Two studies revealed that KT has improved in speed performance while
another four studies shown the effectiveness of KT on power performance. The other ten
studies on speed and power shown no significant effects of KT. Based on this review,
there was insufficient evidence to support the use of kinesiology taping to enhance the
speed and power performance among athletes. Further research is needed to investigate
the effectiveness of kinesiology taping on functional performance using vary
involvement of high-level performance of the athletes and recreational athletes.

Keywords: kinesiology tape, speed, power, PEDro scale

67

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Comparison of Unilateral and Bilateral Leg Strength on Squat Performance in
Recreational Athletes: A Review

Khairul Aizuddin Zulkefli1, Tham Yin Choong1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Both unilateral and bilateral squats are commonly used to activate lower limb muscles
strength in a resistance training program. Little has been reported regarding muscle
activation in unilateral squats in comparison to bilateral squats. This review aimed to
compare the effects of unilateral and bilateral squat strength on lower limb muscles
among recreational athletes. A systematic review was conducted according to preferred
reporting tools for systematic review by using Google Scholars search engines. Fifteen
research that matched the inclusion criteria were extracted and analysed. The results of
the review indicated that there is significantly greater activation of the quadriceps and
erector spinae during a bilateral squat in comparison to a unilateral squat. However,
unilateral squats with the same external load per leg produce significantly higher barbell
velocity than bilateral squats as well as significantly greater peak vertical ground
reaction forces. This review showed both bilateral and unilateral squat training improved
the lower limbs muscle strength performance. Unilateral squats produced greater peak
vertical ground reaction forces than bilateral squats, which is associated with the rate of
force and strength development. Future research should focus on larger, longer-term,
and more elaborate high-quality studies that duplicate some of the current methods for
new knowledge.

Keywords: unilateral squat, bilateral squat, resistance training

68

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Assessing Youth’s Athletes Confidence and Competence Among Endurance
Athletes in Sports

Intan Suhaila Mahfuzah Abdul Malek1, Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate confidence and competence among endurance athletes
in sports. Although past research has observed the athletes have high levels of self-
confidence associated with ability that is perceived as useful to sports, the relationship
between confidence and competence is still needed to explore. A total of 118 participants
(Male n=59, Female n=59 among endurance youth athletes was volunteered and
participated in answering a questionnaire set of Revised Competitive State Anxiety-2
(CSAI-2R) and Sport Competence Inventory (SCI). Results showed there was a
moderate, positive correlation between competence and confidence (r=0.584, n=118,
P<0.01). Next, confidence and competence show no significant difference between
types of sports. Further, t-test analyses revealed that there was no significant difference
in competence among endurance athletes in sports between genders. Whereas, there was
a significant difference in confidence among endurance athletes in sports between
genders. In conclusion, to achieve sporting excellence, it is generally believed that
athletes need to possess a high degree of self-confidence and feel competent. Assessing
the confidence and competence among endurance athletes are necessary as researchers
discovered that a lot of emotion is a central point of coping strategies concerning positive
affect during and following an event.

Keywords: confidence, competence, endurance athletes, types of sports, genders

69

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Personality Characteristics of Male and Female Youth Athletes in Team and
Individual Sports

Siti Norhaliza Idris1, Ahmad Fikri Mohd Kassim1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Although multiple studies have investigated the role of personality on sport-related
outcomes, studies analyzing its role in the actual team and individual sports within
genders are scarce. Athletes’ success and participation in sports may be determined by
personality traits. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the Big Five personality
traits among individual and team sports athletes. A total of 176 youth athletes (Male
n=88) and (female n=88) from individual and team sports completed a self-report
questionnaire rating their personality characteristics. The athletes were complete the
NEO-FFI-3 questionnaire that consists of 60 item instruments. The results revealed that
there was no significant difference between individual and team sports on the five-factor
model of personality (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience,
agreeableness, and conscientiousness). However, the male athletes scored significantly
higher on extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness than female athletes.
In conclusion, personality characteristics among the athletes were shown a significant
difference between genders. However, there was no significant difference between
individual and team sports. The findings of the present study extend the personality
characteristics literature by furthering our understandings of antecedents and outcomes
of personality characteristics in individual and team sports.

Keywords: personality, NEO-FFI-3, gender, team and individual, youth athlete

70

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

A Review of Plyometric Training Effectiveness on Dynamic Balance among
Volleyball Players

Israfil Bin Ibrahim1, Syed Shahbudin Bin Syed Omar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Plyometric Training has been used in many sports to improve athlete’s performance
especially in sport that majorly use explosive movement. Volleyball is a great example
of a sport that significantly benefit from Plyometric Training where the sport majorly
uses explosive movement in performing serves, blocks and spikes. This systematic
review aims to study the effectiveness of Plyometric Training on vertical jump among
volleyball players. This study used 15 journals that follow several criteria which are the
article or journal is written in English, peer-reviewed journal or article, and focused on
plyometric training increases vertical jump among volleyball players. The articles and
journals have shown significant improvement of vertical jump performance among
volleyball players using plyometric training. Other than vertical jump performance some
journals has also shown a positive effect on body composition, speed and agility. Several
studies have also shown that Plyometric Training could be performed in multiple surface
such as grass, wood, synthetic and concrete but no significant difference could be
identified between the different surface. Vertical jump performance also could be
increase when performing Aquatic Plyometric Training. Plyometric Training surely has
a significant positive effect on vertical jump performance among volleyball players, but
future studies could be carried out using Plyometric Training in discovering the effects
on other skills such as balance.

Keywords: plyometric training, volleyball, explosive movement, vertical jump

71

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Mass Index and Fat
Percentage Among Overweight Male Adults

Azim Zulhelmy Kamarul1, Syed Shahbudin Omar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This systematic review aims to study the effectiveness level of High-Intensity Interval
Training (HIIT) on body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage among overweight male
adults. The effect of HIIT is the independent variable and BMI and fat percentage among
overweight male adults is the dependant variable. A total of 48 peer-reviewed journals
were collected and analysed in order to complete this study. Most of the journals training
program participants were overweight male adults which is related with this particular
study. The results found that HIIT is not a primary medium for overweight male adults
to improve their body mass index and fat mass. This result is based from 20 journals
which have been used to find the outcomes about the effectiveness of HIIT and 11
journals out of 20 shows that there is no significant change for the dependant variable
during post-HIIT. Nevertheless, HIIT was proven to produce other positive results such
as improving physical fitness, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, enjoyable and time-
efficient workout routine and improves blood pressure.

Keywords: HIIT, BMI, fat percentage

72

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Interaction of Brain Activation with Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing: A Review

Azizul Azmi1, Harris Kamal Kamaruddin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The goal of this review was to find research that looked at the effects of carbohydrate
mouth rinse on brain activity (MR). The primary processes behind the possible
performance advantage of CHO mouth rinse were also investigated. The following
electronic databases were searched without restriction: PubMed, SciELO, Science
Direct, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
Trials). The results of five investigations were compiled and compared once they were
categorised as suitable. Three of them obtained data using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), while the other two utilised electroencephalography (EEG) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A proposed physiological mechanism responsible
for the increased performance with CHO mouth rinse is the stimulation of oral receptors
and, as a result, brain regions linked with reward (insula/operculum frontal, orbitofrontal
cortex, and striatum). In the insula and operculum, there was an increase in the region of
brain activity. Because of the varied data collection methods used in the five
investigations, the increase in brain activity area occurred in different locations. The
considerable variation across the studies might be explained by differences in the time
of fasting before the experiment, the duration of mouth rinse, the kind of activity,
exercise regimens, and sample size.

Keywords: carbohydrate, mouth rinse, brain, performance

73

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Exercise Performance and
Psychological State: A Systematic Review

Faisal Mohd Fouzi1, Harris Kamal Kamaruddin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch,
Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Despite the increased number of studies investigating the effects of carbohydrate (CHO)
mouth rinse on exercise performance and psychological state, the systematic review was
inconclusively explained to allocate effectiveness of the CHO mouth rinse on endurance
exercise (time trial (TT) or time to exhaustion (TTE)). The objective of the review was
to provide review related the effects of CHO mouth rinse on exercise performance and
psychological state. The review was conducted by using following databased: PubMed
and Google Scholar. The methodology used include the identification, screening,
eligibility that involved the inclusion and eligible criteria to choose appropriate data.
Twenty studies were classified as final appropriate results. The results shown that
usually endurance exercises (~1 h duration, intensity ~75% VO2max) were performed
(cycling, running), except intermittent exercise and maximal incremental exercise.
Mostly studies involved only male participants, while two studies for both gender and
one study for only female (n= 224). There was a large variation in mouth rinse protocols
between the studies including: (1) duration of mouth rinse normally 5-10s; (2) the
concentration of the CHO solutions basically 6.4% but in certain studies (3% - 16%);
and (3) CHO solutions basically used maltodextrin (MALT) in their studies, but certain
studies have been used sucrose, glucose, dextrose, and other design CHO solution
appropriated towards the studies. Seven studies shown no effects or improvement
towards exercise performance by rinse the CHO while the others shown improvement
(+1.5% - 29%). For psychological state, RPE was used as the most famous measurement
during all the studies. Surprisingly, majority studies shown no enhancement of CHO
mouth rinse towards RPE. Four studies shown that RPE influenced (+0.7% - 25%). FAS
and FS were used within three studies while POMS and GI rarely used only in two
studies. FAS (15.4%) and FS (44%) increased in one study respectively for both
indicators. Only one study does not measure psychological indicator at all. Researchers
have their own arguments for the effectiveness of CHO mouth rinse either positively or
negatively. In conclusion, the present review clarified that CHO mouth rinse gave
ergogenic benefits normally positively, it also can be negatively towards exercise
performance.

Keywords: carbohydrate, mouth rinse, brain, performance, psychological

74

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of High-Intensity Functional Training for Muscular Endurance
Among National Football DevelopmentProgramme Athlete (Nfdp)

Farhan Kamaruddin1, Syed Shahbudin Syed Omar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch,Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the level of effectiveness of High
Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on strength and body composition in young, well
trained football players. But there has small significant problem where there don’t have
much result on young well-trained footballer to review and studies. The effect of HIFT
is the independent variable, while strength and body composition among young, well-
trained football players are the dependent variables. In order to complete this study, 36
peer reviewed journals were collected and analysed and according to the findings, HIFT
is one of the best mediums for young trained footballers to improve their muscular
endurance, strength, speed, and power. This result is based on 13 journals that were used
to determine the effectiveness of HIFT, and two journals out of twenty show that there
is no significant change for the dependent variable during post-HIFT. HIFT, on the other
hand, has been shown to produce other positive results such as improved physical fitness,
improved cardiorespiratory fitness, an enjoyable and time-efficient workout routine, and
improved blood pressure in the significant study that have been reviewed. More research
is needed to strengthen the evidence based on previous studies because it can help us
find differences and obtain more results on the effectiveness of high intensity functional
training on performance in young football players.

Keywords: HIFT, strength, power, young athlete

75

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Benefits of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling and Running
Performance: A Systematic Review

Fatin Fazliyana Marzuki1, Harris Kamal Kamaruddin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing consistently provides a positive central
activation system via mouth receptors, improving exercise performance. Despite an
increasing number of researches demonstrating the benefits of CHO mouth rinsing on
exercise performance, a limited summary review has been conducted to elucidate the
evidence of CHO mouth rinse effects on exercise performance, such as type of solution
and beverage concentration. Therefore, this summary review aimed to identify the
studies investigating the effect of CHO mouth rinsing on exercise performances, type of
solution used and beverage concentration. Specifically focused on the main outcome of
the studies such as time trial (TT), time to exhaustion (TTE) and mean power output. A
summary review was conducted to assess the effect of CHO mouth rinsing on running
and cycling performance within 1-hour duration of exercise time. The literature search
was conducted using specific keywords (carbohydrate mouth rinse, performance,
cycling and running exercise) on the following electronic database: PubMed, Google
Scholar and Web of Science. The result of the search identified 85 studies and 5 studies
manually inserted of which 22 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, then each
study was summarized and compared. The overall effect of CHO mouth rinsing on
exercise performance was 7.5% ±10%. Sevens studies investigated the effectiveness of
CHO mouth rinsing in running exercise performance (TT and TTE) with performance
benefit of 1.5% to 29% (N = 4) While 15 studies were performed in moderate to high
intensity cycling exercise with 1.1% to 39% (N = 10) performance improvement.
Maltodextrin was commonly used as CHO solution (N = 12), while others utilized the
use of glucose, electrolyte beverages, dextrose, or sucrose. The solution concentration
was varied between studies ranging between 3% to 16% concentration; however, 6.4%
(N = 12) was commonly used in CHO mouth rinsing intervention. A possible mechanism
of CHO mouth rinse in improving exercise performances was the stimulation of the oral
receptors, leading to brain region (insula/operculum frontal, orbitofrontal cortex, and
striatum) activation related to reward and motor control behaviour. Variability between
studies involving fasting period prior to trial, duration of mouth rinse, type of
activity/exercise protocol and sample size were also investigated. This review
summarizes the current knowledge regarding the effect of CHO mouth rinsing, exercise
performance, solution concentration and solution type within different exercise
modalities (TT vs TTE).

Keywords: mouth rinse; exercise; physical performance; maltodextrin

76

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Individual Achievement Orientation Among UiTM Perlis Athletes

Muhammad Nor Ikhmal Aziz1, Mohd Syafiq Miswan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
In sports, achievement orientation has been divided into three distinct but related
constructs: competitiveness, win orientation and goals orientation. However, the
achievement orientation can be different based people and sometime athletes can also
have low achievement orientation in sport. This study examines the achievement
orientation of UiTM Perlis athletes. There were 18 items on this questionnaire which
divided into three section which is competitiveness, win item and goal item. Subjects
consist of male and female athletes (n=176) that were selected from UiTM Arau, Perlis.
To identify the different between male and female athletes, the analysis that used is
Independent T-test. The result showed there was a significant different between male in
competitiveness, win, and goal (p<0.05) where male athletes have higher achievement
in all three factors than female. Further research is warranted to investigate especially
on qualitative method to gain more information about the athlete’s achievement
orientation factor such as competitiveness, win items and goal items and perhaps it can
contribute to add new variables to be tested.

Keywords: achievement orientation, competitiveness, winning, goals, athletes

77

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Sport Nutritional Knowledge Competency among Coaches

Mohammad bin Abdullah Hanan1, Masshera Jamaludin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

As the science of sports nutrition has progressed, the target audience has expanded
beyond elite athletes to include all levels of athletes who wants to improve their
performance. The majority of research on this subject revealed that athletes' nutritional
needs were complex. The purpose of this study was to assess the sports nutritional
knowledge of among Kedah state coaches, identify the key areas of sports nutrition in
which the subjects need more education, and identify the main sources of nutritional
information. A total of 36 coaches under Kedah State Sports Council consisting male
and female completed the questionnaire that involved demographic and five sub
categories of Sports Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire. The outcome of this study
has demonstrated there was majority of the coaches has inadequate Sports Nutritional
Knowledge (<75%), and only two coaches from this study have demonstrated adequate
Nutritional Knowledge (>75%). In addition, General Nutrition sub-categories has
recorded the highest mean score which was 70% and followed by hydration, timing of
intake and supplement that has the mean score of 60%. Then, weight sub-categories has
the lowest mean score which was 41%. However, the resulted of the study were able to
identified which parts of the sports nutrition knowledge that coaches are lacking. This
data might be useful for Kedah State Sport Council in order to improve the sport nutrition
knowledge of their coaches.

Keywords: general nutrition, hydration level, food intake, supplement
knowledge

78

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Prevalence of Sport Injury Prevention Knowledge and Management among
UiTM Female Athletes

Mohammad Syamirul Danial Mohd Shaharudin1, Nurul Afiqah Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Sport injuries have been identified as one of the major adolescent health problems.
Sports promote the physical and mental health of adolescents; however, the loss would
be greater than the benefit if one accidentally gets injured and gets worse when they
don’t know how to manage the injury. This study investigated the current level of
knowledge of Sports Injury Prevention and Management (SIPM) among female athletes
at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus. The respondents include
a total of 103 UiTM female athletes who volunteer to participate in the survey and were
selected using purposive sampling. The participants were given a SIPM questionnaire
through Google form. The results of the study demonstrate that knowledge for
prevention and management of sports injuries did not differ significantly by age,
previous level of participation and current level of participation, but it differed
significantly by level of education between Degree and Diploma (p=0.007) for
prevention and management of sports injuries. In addition, this study found that
Diplomas have significantly better scores of the knowledge of sport injury prevention
and management. We suggest that the higher risk group of sports injuries, such as college
athletes, will be deprived of learning more about sports injury prevention and
management. The entire study population considered training for "Prevention and
Management of Sports Injury" highly needed, indicating athletes who were more
acquainted with "Prevention and Management of Sports Injury" had higher needs for
more knowledge.

Keywords: sport injury, female athletes, knowledge, SIPM questionnaire

79

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Health-related Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Behaviour among UiTM
Students

Muhammad Faizal Ismail1, Masshera Jamaludin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviour are an important part in establishing and
sustaining health. Unhealthy eating habits, such as eating nutrient-deficient foods,
skipping meals, and failing to follow normal eating patterns, have been linked to a
variety of health issues and nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to identify the
correlation between health-related nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviour among
UiTM students. A total of 361 participants consisting of male and female university
student completed the questionnaires including demographics, nutrition knowledge
questionnaire and dietary behaviour questionnaire. Overall result showed that 100%
student scored below than 14, which showed a poor of nutrition knowledge. Then, the
result for dietary behaviour showed that 54.3% of students scored medium while 19.4%
was low score. Also, there were no significant correlation between health-related
nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviour among university students (p > 0.05). This
study stated that all students got poor nutritional knowledge and half of them were
average in dietary behaviour. The development of university programmers should focus
on nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviour to help students increase their
knowledge. The lack of nutritional knowledge may affect the personal dietary behaviour.

Keywords: nutritional health, nutritional behaviour, health issues

80

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Coaching Behaviour on Team Cohesion and Collective Efficacy
Among UiTM Perlis Athletes

Muhammad Fikri Bin Mohd Yusop1, Zulkifli bin Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
People exist by enveloping themselves in a social psychology and persuading it to
connect with one another. The purposes of this study were to examine (i) the differences
of leadership style that UiTM Perlis athletes most prefer about their coach, (ii) the
differences on coaches’ reaction about their athlete’s performance and play, (ii) the
differences of leadership style that relevant with group environment among athletes and
(iv) relationship of collective efficacy in UiTM Perlis athletes’ perceptions, (v)
relationship between collective efficacy and team cohesion. A series of questionnaires
were administered to 120 UiTM Perlis athletes in the degree programs only because they
might have more experiences in their sports. The result showed athletes’ perceptions of
coaching behaviour and team cohesion were differences with perceptions of their coach
exhibiting higher levels of positive feedback and social support (Z = -8.009, p < 0.001),
and between punishment-oriented feedback and positive informational feedback (Z = -
9.357, p < 0.001) and Group Attraction to Group Task and Group Integration Task (Z =
-9.399, p < 0.001). A significant positive relationship also found in collective efficacy
and team cohesion among UiTM Perlis athletes. As conclusion, any coach's behaviour
can influence an athlete's performance and play.

Keywords: coaching behaviours, team cohesion, collective efficacy, UiTM
athletes

81

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effectiveness Between Manual Therapy and Therapeutic Modalities Towards
Pain, Flexibility and Disability on Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Muhammad Fakhri Yusof1, Nurul Afiqah Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical help, both in regular
care and in emergency rooms. There are a few types of therapy that physiotherapist use
to treat patient which is using Manual Therapy and Therapeutic Modalities. However,
among these two therapies which is more effective to use in the future. In our research,
we tend to see which therapy can give more benefit or improvement toward any back-
pain injury. The manual therapy will consist of McKenzie, Core Training, Massage,
Stretching and Bed Rest, while the Therapeutic Modalities will be Transcutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Infrared, Electro-Acupuncture, Hydrotherapy, and
Ultrasound. A search of all journals which have investigated the treatment of back pain,
were examined with no publication date or language limits. The search encompassed the
following electronic databases: NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information),
PubMed (National Library of Medicine U.S.), and Science Direct with using Google
search engine to get all the journals. The systematic review procedures consisted of four
steps: (1) to read the titles of the studies; (2) to verify duplication; (3) to read the papers
fully; and (4) to check for exclusion criteria carried out by three independent researchers
and complete a double check on reference lists. Each study was further categorized
referring to authors, year of publication (reference), type of activity/exercise protocol,
sample size (n), intervention, duration of intervention, experimental design, results, and
main conclusions. For the conclusion, Therapeutic Modalities and Manual Therapy both
a good option to use for treatment because both can reduce pain and give improvement
towards back pain. Both have their own pros and cons.

Keywords: manual therapy, therapeutic modalities, pain, flexibility, disability

82

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Offensive and Defensive Team Performance: Relation to Successful and
Unsuccessful Participation In 2019 Women FIFA World Cup

Muhammad Nazril Iqhwan bin Azman1 and Zulkifli bin Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The primary factor determining a football team's performance is goal scoring. Due to the
rarity of goals in the match, it is vital for teams to consistently create scoring
opportunities while preventing their opponents from doing the same. The purposes of
this study were to assess (i) the impact of selected offensive and defensive performance
indicators on team success (ii) the first goal effect on the match outcome (for the team
scoring the goal: win, draw, or lose) in the 2019 Women FIFA World Cup. The sample
consisted of 52 matches from the tournament's group and knockout phases. The
performance indicators were: total shots, shots on goal, shots off goal, % shots on goal
from total shots, % shots off goal from total shots, offensive and defensive effectiveness
1 (goals/total shots) and offensive and defensive effectiveness 2 (goals/shots on goal).
The results indicated that, successful teams had better values (p < 0.05) in all offensive
and defensive performance indicators than unsuccessful teams, except for % shots on
goal for, % shots off goal, % shots on goal against and % shots off goal against. During
the group stage, the team scoring the first goal had 86.7% of win, 6.7% of draw and 6.7%
of defeat (p < 0.001). In the knockout stage, the first goal effect had a stronger influence
in game’s outcome than in the group stage (p < 0.001) since in 100.0% of the cases the
team scoring first won the match and 0% for defeat. Successful teams appear to perform
better across the board in terms of offense and defence. This finding provides pertinent
input for developing goal scoring practices in football.

Keywords: soccer, post-match analysis, winners, losers, analysis of difference

83

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Analysis of Goal Scoring Pattern in The FIFA 2019 Women World Cup

Muhammad Nur Fakhri bin Norizan1, Zulkifli bin Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Goals scored are the aspect that being key to derived achievement of teams in sports
competitions as the first characteristic aspects for analysis in all tournaments. The
purpose of this study to analyze the goalscoring pattern and trends of the goals scored in
FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019. The sample consisted of 146 goals scored in FIFA
Women’s World Cup 2019. The performance indicators are; (i) how the goal was scored
(open plays and set pieces) (ii) nature of scoring the goals (shots, header, penalty kick,
own goal) (iii) distance from the goals (inside goal area, penalty area, outside penalty
area, own goal), (iv) timing of the goals (1-15min, 16-30 min, 31-45 min, 46-60 min,
61-75 min,75-90 min, 90 min, 91-105 min, 106-120 min) (v) who scored the goals
(strikers, midfielder, defender, own goal). The results indicated that more goals from
open play (75.34%) than from set pieces (24.66%); most goals came via shots (64.4%)
rather headers (19.2%) strikers scored majority of the goals (58.9%), followed by
midfielders (27.4) and defenders (9.06%) more goals were scored in the second half
(55.5%) rather than first half (44.5%) more goals were scored from within the penalty
area (43.20%) than outside area (12.30). There was statistically significant between open
play (M=2.0) and set pieces M=0.0), (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study reveals some
tactical ideas and the most recent playing style at the top level of women's soccer
tournaments, which will be useful to the coaches

Keywords: scoring goal, soccer, playing pattern, match analysis

84

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Prevalence of Sport Injury Prevention and Management Knowledge Among
Various Levels of Participation

Muhammad Nur Ramdan Siddiq Abdulah1, Nurul Afiqah Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The knowledge on prevention and management of sport injuries is important for every
athlete and coach. However, the level of knowledge can be difference regarding various
types of people and sometimes athletes also can have a low level on this type of
knowledge. This research examines the prevalence of sport injury prevention and
management knowledge among various levels of participation. There are 25 items on
this questionnaire like principles of preventing of sports injuries, identification of sports
injury tapes, management principles of sports injury, limb supporting methods, Skills of
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), guideline for hot or cold compress, management
of heat-related illnesses in sports, management bleeding wounds and management of
sports related shock. This quantitative study uses a Descriptive Analysis to identify the
level of knowledge among various level of athletes. This study also used a correlation
method to find the correlation between the participation level and the level of knowledge.
Subjects consist of various level of athletes (N = 175) that were selected from UiTM
Arau, Perlis Campus. The results showed that only 49.1% of the subjects reached the
standard with minimum of 15 correct answers. This had showed that various level of
athletes at UiTM Arau, Perlis Campus have a low level of sport injury prevention and
management knowledge. This study also showed there wasn’t a significant on the
participation level 1 (r = 0.092, p = 227) of the subject with the level of knowledge. This
mean that participation level of the subjects will not affect the level of knowledge.

Keywords: knowledge, sport injury, athletes

85

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Offensive and Defensive Team Performance: Relation to Successful and
Unsuccessful Participation in The UEFA Champions League 20/21

Muhammad Qasri Hakim bin Khairul Anwar1, Zulkifli bin Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The primary factor determining a football team's performance is goal scoring. Due to the
rarity of goals in the match, it is vital for teams to consistently create scoring
opportunities while preventing their opponents from doing the same. The purpose of this
study was to assess (1) the impact of selected offensive and defensive performance
indicators on team success (2) the first goal effect on the match outcome (for the team
scoring the goal: win, draw, or lose) in the UEFA Champions League 20/21. The sample
consisted of 152 matches from the tournament's group and knockout phases. The
performance indicators were: total shots, shots on goal, shots off goal, % shots on goal
from total shots, % shots off goal from total shots, offensive and defensive effectiveness
1 (goals/total shots) and offensive and defensive effectiveness 2 (goals/shots on goal).
The results indicated that, successful teams had better values (p < 0.05) in all offensive
and defensive performance indicators than unsuccessful teams, with the exception of
shots off goal for, % shots on goal against, shots off goal against and % shots off goal
against. During the group stage, the team scoring the first goal had 71.1% of wins, 15.6%
of loses and 13.3% of draws (p < 0.001). In the knockout stage, the first goal effect had
a stronger influence in match’s outcome than in the group stage (p < 0.001) since in
81.3% of the cases the team scoring first won the match, versus 6.3% of defeat and
12.5% of draws. Successful teams appear to perform better across the board in terms of
offense and defence. This data directly impacts coaches, as it provides pertinent input
for developing goal scoring practices.

Keywords: soccer, post-match analysis, performance indicators, winners and
losers, analysis of difference

86

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Knowledge and Perspective on Sport Massage among Female Athlete

Muhammad Syanizam Md Amin1, Nurul Afiqah Bakar1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Massage has been used in the treatment and injury among health care professionals for
thousands of years. Sport massages have a few of benefit such as alleviate muscle
tension, improve recovery, increase range of motion and relaxing to athlete body.
Therefore, the purpose of this study to measure the knowledge and perception on sport
massage among female athletes. Participants were female athletes from Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Arau Perlis. The Questionnaire has been distributed to a total of 113
athletes who participated in KARISMA and SUKIPT. Descriptive analysis was used to
measure the knowledge and perspective on sport massage among athlete female athletes.
The independent t-test and correlation applied to test the hypotheses between the level
of participation and knowledge and perspective on sport massage among female athletes.
The result showed, the highest frequency where the respondent find out about sport
massage is at an event. Next, the highest frequency does sport massage make
respondents feel temporarily better is “yes”. There was significant difference (p < 0.001)
in the score for recreational athletes (M = 2.2186, SD = 0.83190) lower than and
competitive athletes (M = 2.8487, SD = 0.79744). Pearson product correlation of the
level of participation and the knowledge on sport massage was found to be low positive
and statistically significant (r = 0.362, p < 0.001). From this study, it is concluded that
the knowledge and perception are different among female competitive athletes and
recreational athletes. The findings of this study can give some advantage to female
athletes, coach, teammate, student and lecturer to get knowledge about sport massage.

Keywords: sport massage, sport medicine, sport performance, knowledge,
perception

87

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Skipping Breakfast on Body Mass Index (BMI) among Female
University Students

Nur Syazwani Binti Noor Hisam1, Masshera Jamaludin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Breakfast considered as the first meal of the day, the most important meal throughout
the day. As nutritionist Adelle Davis famously put it back in the 1960s: “Eat breakfast
like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper”. Breakfast is most commonly
skipped meal more than lunch and dinner specifically in the young adult in the university
study period and those who wake up late. The aimed of the study was to investigate the
effect of skipping breakfast on body mass index among female university students. This
study was conducted on 42 students UiTM branch Perlis. The demographic
questionnaire has added the breakfast frequency questions to identify the skippers and
non-skippers breakfast. The questionnaire on the importance of breakfast perceptions
was directly adopted from the previous study. As a result, there was no significant
relationship between skipping breakfast with body mass index (BMI) obtained. Besides,
the age of the people that do not have perception of breakfast was at 20 years old.
Another finding shows that non- skipping breakfast was more likely to have a higher
breakfast perception and significance relationship with body mass index. This study was
important in order to learn about how skipping breakfast effect on body compositions. It
also can encourage people to eat breakfast on a daily basis and encourage new breakfast
habits.

Keywords: breakfast skipper, body composition, breakfast perception

88

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Relationship between Mental Health and Dietary Patterns among University
Students

Syaidatul Afiqah binti Yusof1, Masshera Jamaludin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Mental health is the second-highest form of health problem in Malaysia. Several studies
found that eating well can help with mental health symptoms and improve mental health
wellbeing. Furthermore, university students need to face their mental health problem for
a third to half of the month that can affect their academic and physical life. This study
aimed to identify the prevalence of mental health status and investigate the relationship
between mental health and dietary patterns among university students. A total of 366
participants consisting of male and female university students completed the
questionnaires including; demographics, 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-
12) to assess students’ general mental health status and, Food Frequency Questionnaire
(FFQ) to assess the dietary intake patterns. Overall results showed that 71.3% of the
students scored four and higher, which showed good mental health. However, 28.7% of
students were categorized as poor mental health. It also revealed no significant
differences on mental health status between gender. Also, there was no correlation
between mental health and dietary patterns among university students. Therefore, most
students were indicated to be in a good mental health. However, it may be caused by
other factors contributing to mental health occurrence, including biological and social
factors.

Keywords: dietary intake, food patterns, mental problem, mental wellbeing

89

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Association between Personality Traits among Single and Paired Event in
Malaysian Elite Sailors and Performance Satisfaction

Khairun Hanna Mohd Afendy1, Ellail Ain Mohd Aznan1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Performance satisfaction was deemed an appropriate measure of performance through
personality traits because of the subjective nature of performance and the fact that
environmental factors influence objective performance measures. PURPOSE: The
purpose of this study is to identify the personality trait and investigate the relationship
between personality traits and performance satisfaction among single and paired events
of Malaysian Elite Sailor. METHOD: A total of 15 questionnaires were distributed to
the sailors for both single and paired events. Pearson product movement correlation
analysis was to examine the relationship between personality trait and performance
satisfaction and independent t-test to examine the relationship between toward
performance satisfaction based on single and paired events. RESULT: The result shows
that there is only a strong negative relationship between the personality trait and
performance satisfaction with p<0.05, r=-.758** and a significant difference between
single and paired event based on the performance satisfaction with p<0.05 with single
event M=5.9500 lower than paired event M= 6.1500. DISCUSSION: The understanding
of how traits influence satisfaction sports performance and emotion-related variables
such as personality traits on effectiveness are lacking. CONCLUSION: In conclusion,
not all the personality traits were found to be significant to performance satisfaction
regardless of the operationalization process. The athletes the present study was different
in some important variables such as age, sports experience, knowledge level, training
level, sports complex level and team motivational climate, these factors that influence
on personality trait and satisfaction of performance.

Keywords: personality trait, elite sailing athlete, performance satisfaction

90

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Resistance Training on Insulin Sensitivity: A Systematic Review

Nurul Farah Shafiqa Mahtar1, Ahmad Dzulkarnain Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Despite the increasing number of researches claiming that resistance training (RT) has an
influence on insulin sensitivity, there is still lack of systematic review has been conducted
to determine the degree of evidence. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was
to study the effect of resistance training on insulin sensitivity by examine the available
literature. A search of all published studies that examined the effect of resistance training
on insulin sensitivity were examined using PubMed and Science Direct databases.
Specifically, the keywords used were ‘resistance training, strength training, insulin
sensitivity, insulin resistance’. During the retrieval process, all articles were rigorously
reviewed with any that did not fulfil the criteria being excluded. Initially, 650 articles were
screened and checked for duplication, thus 252 articles remained after exclusion of
duplicated articles. The remaining studies were thoroughly examined by reading the full-
text of the study. As a result, 23 studies met all the inclusion criteria and were eligible for
systematic review. We can conclude that resistance training is an effective way to improve
insulin sensitivity.

Keywords: resistance training, strength training, insulin sensitivity, insulin
resistance

91

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Resistance Training on Diseases: A Systematic Review

Izzulaikha Zainal Akmal1, Ahmad Dzulkarnain Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract
Although more and more research states that endurance training (RT) has an effect on
disease, there are still systematic reviews being conducted to determine the level of
evidence. Therefore, the objective is to compared the effectiveness of resistance training
on diseases which are heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In a randomised
experiment, researchers evaluated aerobic training, strength training, and a combination
of the two to find the best form of exercise for weight loss. Participants were hypertensive,
had a problem with cardiovascular disease, were overweight or obese adults, and had
diabetes, and were randomly assigned to one of two exercise regimens during the study:
resistance training or aerobics (1RM). RT increased lean body mass, more than (p<0.05).
RT decreased of blood pressure with 95%, while increased in peak rate of oxygen (VO2
peak), and increased muscle strength. RT is an effective approach to promote body
composition, promoting a great healthy life-style.

Keywords: resistance training, strength training, disease

92

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Resistance Training on Muscle Mass and Muscle Hypertrophy:
A Systematic Review

Muhammad Arif Daniel Mohd Ropi1, Ahmad Dzulkarnain Ismail1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Among the several physical therapies indicated, resistance training (RT) has been
demonstrated to be a significant strategy for enhancing muscle development, muscle
strength, and power output, as well as functional capacity. Resistance training is the most
prevalent strategy for humans to dramatically improve muscle hypertrophy over the
course of their lives. The purpose of this review was to investigate the available literature
to study the influence of resistance exercise on muscle mass and hypertrophy. Using the
PubMed and Science Direct databases, researchers searched for all published papers that
looked at the effect of resistance exercise on muscle mass and hypertrophy. The keywords
utilized were specifically ‘resistance training, strength training, muscle mass, and
muscular hypertrophy. All articles were extensively evaluated during the retrieval
process, with any that did not meet the criteria being excluded. As a consequence, 16
studies met all of the inclusion criteria and qualified for the systematic review. We can
conclude that resistance training is an effective way to improve muscle mass and muscle
hypertrophy.

Keywords: resistance training, strength training, muscle mass, muscle
hypertrophy

93

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

94

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Effectiveness of Resistance Training of Speed and Power on Swimming
Performance: A Systematic Review

Mohd Ajrul Amin Mohd Khairudin1 and Siti Jameelah Md Japilus1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA

Arau Campus, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

The objective of this systematic review was to investigate types of swimming specific
training are most effective in improving swimming performance. In which either specific
strength or power assessments as better predictor of swimming performance. Up to 2020,
an investigation has been done on PubMed and Scopus. A total of 298 has participated in
the studies, with a mix of gender and ages ranged from 13 to 70 years old. The studies
were grouped into three based on the study's objectives: speed, power, and resistance
training. There were found only five studies have indicated a significant difference in
speed, however eight studies had revealed a significant difference in power. The
efficiency of resistance training in sport performance, such as speed and power, was not
found to be significantly different in the other three studies. Resistance training was
shown to be the most effective way for improving swimming performance, with tethered
swimming protocols being the most researched and successful. Furthermore, resistance
training was a reliable way to increase swimming performance, and inertial training, when
combined with regular resistance training, may result in higher gains in both speed and
power capabilities, as well as swimming performance. Resistance training enhanced
performance, according to a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. Finally,
connection forces were shown to have the strongest links with swimming performance,
however the effectiveness of tethered swimming as a resistance training approach is still
to be proven. Further research should focus on the effects of resistance training to confirm
that dry land resistance practices translate better to swimming performance, with inertial
training probably being more effective than standard resistance training.

Keywords: resistance training, speed, power, swimming performance.

95

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Development of Fitness Component Through Weightlifting Training:
A Systematic Review

Muhamad Saufi Bin Azmi1 and Siti Jameelah Bt Md Japilus1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA

Arau Campus, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Weightlifting is a sport that is similar to these sports such as strongman, bodybuilding
and powerlifting which weight training is primary form of training. However, some of
weightlifter’s athletes have trouble when they attempt to get out of a deep squat position
due of their lack of balance. The previous study claims that stability in the sport of
weightlifting appears to increase the chance of keeping control of the barbell in unstable
postures. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review to determines the effect of
weightlifting training on fitness component among recreational athletes. The systematic
review was conducted using the PRISMA method, and material was retrieved from
selected databases (Scopus and Web of Science) (identification and screening process).
A total of 561 participants took part in this study with mix gender and aged ranged 10 –
59 years old. Total of the journal review of this study is 19 studies which covered the
effect of muscular strength and power, cardiovascular endurance, body composition,
balance, and speed. The effectiveness of weightlifting training was found significantly
differences on muscular strength and power, body composition and speed. There is
limited research has been made about weightlifting training on the balance component,
and cardiovascular endurance component. However, previous research indicates a
significant correlation between weightlifting and cardiovascular fitness. In conclusion,
additional research should be conducted to determine the effect of weightlifting training
on the individual abilities and performance of sport athletes.

Keywords: weightlifting training, fitness component, physical fitness

96

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

Factors Influences on Development of Archery Athlete: A Systematic Review

Muhamad Hazim Bin Mohd Kamal1 and Siti Jameelah Md Japilus1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA

Arau Campus, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This paper serves to explain about influences on development of archery athlete based on
strength training. Strength training play an important role to improve archery
performance. This study uses systematic review method to collect all the data. The
objective of this research is to synthesize research on factors influences on development
in archery athlete and examine the key determinant of successful development and high
performance. This research includes a diverse range of participant experiences, with some
studies including athletes with higher levels of performance and others involving
individuals who have just a passing interest in archery sports in general. Participants in
these studies who just engage in archery to build muscular strength are also included in
the study. In this review, all the journals that have been collected for study purpose have
met the included and excluded criteria in order to complete this study. All the studies
involve 372 participants which mix gender and range of age which is between 13 – 30
years’ old. There are many variable exercises finding in this study that can improve
archery athlete performance. This sample of study will use PubMed and Google Scholar
online search. The following keyword was used in online search are strength training,
power training and archery training. Bases on all the journal review, all exercise such as
sit-up, upper limb plyometric exercise and bow training are affected to increase archery
performance. Thus, this research served the theoretical explanation that may affect the
athlete’s performance. Across 13 studies that have been reviewed, all the result is showing
positive about strength training influences on development of archery athlete. Therefore,
future research should focus more on another type of exercise and factors that might
influence on athletes’ performance

Keywords: Strength training, power training, archery performance.

97

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Interaction of Brain Activation with Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on
Exercise Performance: A Review

Anis Anina Samhan1 and Harris Kamal Kamaruddin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan

Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to find research that investigated how carbohydrate mouth
rinsing and brain activation impact exercise performance. The essential processes behind
CHO mouth rinse's potential performance enhancement were also examined. Without
restriction of searches, a systematic review was done in the following electronic
databases: PubMed (National Library of Medicine of the United States), and Scopus. The
results of five investigations were compiled and compared once they were categorized as
suitable. The objective of this study is to provide the systematic review of the interaction
of brain activation with carbohydrate mouth rinsing on exercise performance. Methods
of this study is systematically reviewed randomized solution trials that assessed
carbohydrate mouth rinse effects area of the brain that activate during mouth rinsing and
exercise performance after consuming the solutions. The activation of oral receptors and,
as a result, reward-related brain areas (orbitofrontal cortex, insula/operculum frontal, and
striatum) has been proposed as a plausible physiological reason for better performance
using CHO mouth rinse. However, when muscle and liver glycogen stores are depleted,
this beneficial impact appears to be amplified, presumably due to increased sensitivity of
the oral receptors, and requires additional exploration. Differences in the length of fasting
before the experiment, the duration of mouth rinse, the kind of activity, exercise regimens,
and sample size might explain the considerable variance between the studies.

Keywords: carbohydrate, mouth rinse, brain, performance

98

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Relationship Between Mood State Profile on High Intensity Chair Aerobic
Exercise Among Students.

Fatin Farhanah Binti Nordin1 and Azzura Binti Kamarudin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Chair aerobic exercise is a physical activity of low to high intensity which is performed
while sitting on a chair. Stress and anxiety are reduced, while self-esteem, body image
and self-confidence are improved with the help of chair aerobic exercise. However, there
was a few or no clear data that focus on the relationship between mood state profile on
high intensity chair aerobic exercise among students. Thus, the purpose of this study is to
gain knowledge about chair aerobic exercise that is related to physical fitness among
students, which is the relationship between mood state profile on high intensity chair
aerobic exercise among students. Total number of respondents that were involved to
answer this questionnaire is 128 respondents among students that were chosen at random
at the age range of 18 – 26 years old. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS)
version 26 was involved in analysing the data collection. Independent Sample T-Test was
used to identify the relationship between mood state profile on high intensity chair aerobic
exercise among students. The level of significance is p-value ≤ .05. In terms of mood state
profile on high intensity chair aerobic exercise, the hypothesis was accepted as p-value =
.004. This finding provides the general knowledge, daily physical activities, body
composition and the cardiovascular fitness that related to this exercise. To conclude, chair
aerobics training programs with listening to high intensity music can increase stamina
and give effectiveness on physical performance while it may decrease tension, and result
in improved mood state.

Keywords: Mood state, Chair aerobic exercise, High intensity, Students

99

FYP Abstract July 2021
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation

UiTM Perlis Branch

The Effect of Listening to A Music During Exercise in Physical Performance

Ahmad Izzulfaiz Bin Mohd Zuhairi1 and Azzura Kamarudin1
1Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis

Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract

Music can encourage higher motivation levels, counteract the negative dimension of
mood, and boost motor coordination further. The perceived effort and fatigue of athletes
can be reduced by listening to music. Listening to music between physical attempts could
optimize the period of successive recovery. However, there was a few or no clear data
that focus on the relationship between the effect of listening to music during exercise in
physical performance. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of listening
to music during exercise in physical performance. Total number of respondents that were
involved to answer this questionnaire is 192 respondents among students that were chosen
at random at the age range of 18 – 24 years old and above. The International Physical
Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)
were also used in this study. Statistical Package for The Social Science (SPSS) Version
26 was involved in analyzing the collected data. One Sample T-Test was used to identify
the relationship between the effect of listening to a music during exercise in physical
performance. The data for one sample T-test show that enjoyment (t= 80.04, p > 0.00)
and physical activity categories (t= 29.39, p > 0.00). Hence the hypothesis has been
rejected and we can conclude that there is no significant difference between music and
enjoyment during physical activity performance. To conclude, while listening to music
during physical performance can increase satisfaction, some people are unaffected. This
is because every individual has a unique physical and psychological state.

Keywords: Physical Activity, Music, University Student, Enjoyment

100