Testing: 1D Consolidation Test The frame is designed to load the specimen through a lever arm assembly and one of three alternative beam ratios as 9:1, 10:1 and 11:1. The beam is fitted with a counterbalance weight and beam support jack. PURPOSE : The consolidation attributes of soils of low permeability can be determined with the Onedimensional Consolidation test. Consolidation test or one-dimensional compression test, is a classical laboratory test that allows characterizing the soil stress-strain behaviour during one-dimensional compression or swelling. Tests are performed on specimens prepared from undisturbed samples or compacted disturbed samples. STANDARDS BS 1377: 1990: Part 5 G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G OEDOMETER EQUIPMENT 43
Testing: Direct Shear Test BS 1377: 1990: Part 7 The ELE Direct Shear Apparatus accepts specimens 60 mm, 100 mm square or 2.5 inches in diameter. A return to start datum provides a positive means of reversing the shear box when either preparing for a new test or continuing with residual testing procedures. The apparatus is enclosed in a robustly constructed case, has been designed for floor mounting and is supplied complete with carriage, loading hanger and 10:1 lever loading device. PURPOSE : The Direct Shear Test is used for determination of the consolidated drained (or undrained) shear strength of soils (silty or sandy soil). The test is performed by deforming a specimen at a controlled rate on or near a single shear plane. To achieve reliable results, the test is often carried out on three or four samples of undisturbed soil. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G MOTORISED SHEAR BOX 44
Testing: Unconfined Compressive Strength Test (UCS) BS 1377: 1990: Part 7 Compact bench mounting load frame designed for performing laboratory CBR, unconfined compression, Quick Undrained Triaxial and Marshall Stability Tests. Has a variable speed of 0.5 to 50.8mm per minute and features rapid approach of platen. PURPOSE : The primary purpose of the Unconfined Compression Test is to quickly determine a measure of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks or fine-grained soils that possess sufficient cohesion to permit testing in the unconfined state. The UCT can be conducted on rock samples or on undisturbed, reconstituted or compacted cohesive soil sample. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G TRIAXIAL LOADING FRAME 45
Testing: Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Test (UU) BS 1377: 1990: Part 7 Compact bench mounting load frame designed for performing laboratory CBR, unconfined compression, Quick Undrained Triaxial and Marshall Stability Tests. Has a variable speed of 0.5 to 50.8mm per minute and features rapid approach of platen. PURPOSE : It is performed on cohesive soil samples to determine the undrained shear strength of the core sample. It has no saturation or consolidation stage and is a short-term test to determine shortterm engineering problems. It only has a shear stage. Unconsolidated undrained compression test is used to determine the mechanical properties of soil by subjecting the soil sample to varying levels of stress and drainage conditions. The saturated specimen is subjected to confining fluid pressure in a triaxial cell. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G TRIAXIAL LOADING FRAME 46
Testing: Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test (CU) BS 1377: 1990: Part 8 Compact bench mounting load frame designed for performing laboratory CBR, unconfined compression, Quick Undrained Triaxial and Marshall Stability Tests. Has a variable speed of 0.5 to 50.8mm per minute and features rapid approach of platen. PURPOSE : The consolidated undrained test is compression test, in which the soil specimen is first consolidated under all round pressure in the triaxial cell before failure is brought about by increasing the major principal stress. The consolidated undrained (CU) test is the most common triaxial procedure, as it allows strength parameters to be determined based on the effective stresses (ϕ΄ and c΄) whilst permitting a faster rate of shearing compared with the CD test. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G TRIAXIAL LOADING FRAME 47
Testing: Consolidated Drained Triaxial Test (CD) BS 1377: 1990: Part 8 Compact bench mounting load frame designed for performing laboratory CBR, unconfined compression, Quick Undrained Triaxial and Marshall Stability Tests. Has a variable speed of 0.5 to 50.8mm per minute and features rapid approach of platen. PURPOSE : The Consolidated drained' test the sample is consolidated and sheared in compression slowly to allow pore pressures built up by the shearing to dissipate. The rate of axial deformation is kept constant, i.e., strain is controlled. The consolidated drained (CD) test on the other hand is applicable to describing long-term loading response, providing strength parameters determined under effective stress control (ϕ΄ and c΄). STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G TRIAXIAL LOADING FRAME 48
Testing: Static and Dynamic Triaxial-Consolidated Undrained (CU), Consolidated Drained (CD) BS 1377: 1990: Part 8 The GDS Enterprise Level Dynamic Triaxial Testing System (ELDYN) is an entry level dynamic triaxial system, based on an axiallystiff load frame with a beam mounted electromechanical actuator. PURPOSE : Cyclic triaxial test is a laboratory testing method used to determine the cyclic strength (sometimes called the liquefaction potential) of saturated soils in either intact or reconstituted states by the load-controlled cyclic triaxial technique. The cyclic triaxial modulus or damping test provides parameter that may be considered for use in dynamic, linear and nonlinear analytical methods. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G FULLY AUTOMATIC DYNAMIC TRIAXIAL TESTING (CYCLIC TRIAXIAL) 49
Testing: Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil Test (UNSAT) BS 1377: 1990: Part 8 Double wall triaxial cell, inner wall made from glass, complete with access ring for transducer cables. The cell has to be completed with the base pedestal with High Entry Stone. PURPOSE : Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil (UNSAT) is an extension to traditional triaxial testing, in that soil from above the water table may be tested under conditions approaching the in-situ stress state and degree of saturation or partial saturation. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G DOUBLE WALL TRIAXIAL TESTING 50
Testing: Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is widely known as the relationship between matric suction and water content. It is used as a tool to determine the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils and to predict soil water storage. 15 Bar Pressure Plate Extractor, is used to analyzer the water-holding characteristics of soil samples throughout the pressure range of interest in most agricultural applications. PURPOSE : G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G 15 BAR CERAMIC PLATE EXTRACTOR 51
Testing: Particle Size Distribution Test ( Wet & Dry ) Laser diffraction particle size analyzers are used to measure the sizes of particles in a material. Particle size is calculated by measuring the angle of light scattered by the particles as they pass through a laser beam. Performance Laser Diffraction Analyzer. The LA-960V2 uses Mie Scattering (laser diffraction) to measure particle size of suspensions or dry powders. The speed and ease-of-use of this technique makes it the popular choice for most applications. PURPOSE : G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G LASER PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER (HORIBA) 52
Testing: Permeability Test BS 1377: 1990: Part 5 The Wooden Stand is fitted with 3 glass Manometer Tubes of each 1500 mm long with inside diameters. All tubes have connection valves. The Soaking Reservoir Tank is produced from plated steel with an over-flow tube and is used for containing the permeability cell during the test. De-Airing tank with in-let and a flow outlet. PURPOSE : The falling head permeability test involves flow of water through a relatively short soil sample connected to a standpipe which provides the water head and also allows measuring the volume of water passing through the sample. The diameter of the standpipe depends on the permeability of the tested soil. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G FALLING HEAD CELL 53
Testing: Permeability Test BS 1377: 1990: Part 5 Constant Head Test refers to an apparatus where the same relative elevation of the top of the water column (head pressure) remains over the sample throughout the test. It is a valid test for soils with a high rate of flow like sands and gravels but also some clay soils. PURPOSE : The constant head permeability test is a laboratory experiment conducted to determine the permeability of soil. The soils that are suitable for this test are sand and gravels. Soils with silt content cannot be tested with this method. The test can be employed to test granular soils either reconstituted or disturbed. STANDARDS : G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G CONSTANT HEAD 54
Testing: Liquid Limit BS 1377: 1990: Part 2:4:4 This method is applicable to a wide range of soils. The apparatus is fitted with a 150mm diameter dial indicator for direct reading of penetration. Supplied complete with 30deg, 30mm long test cone. Manufactured from stainless steel and includes adjustable levelling feet. PURPOSE : The Liquid Limit Penetrometer apparatus is used to determine the moisture content at which clay soils pass from a plastic to a liquid state. The moisture content corresponding to cone penetration of 20 mm is taken as the liquid limit of the soil. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G CONE PENETROMETER 55
Testing: Specific Graviti (SG) BS 1377: 1990: Part 2:8:2 The Pycnometer method is used to determine the specific gravity of clays, sand and gravel of size smaller than 10mm. Specific gravity is the ratio of weight to volume of a specific material in air and in water at a constant temperature. Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisturesensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for another use. PURPOSE : Specific gravity of solid is very important physical property. It is used to determine other basic properties of the soil. To determine the specific gravity of solid in the laboratory pycnometer method is used.The specific gravity of whole mix is the average specific gravity of all solid particles present in that mix. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G PYCNOMETER 56
Testing: Moisture Content (MC) BS 1377: 1990: Part 2:3:2 Heating and drying ovens are used for simultaneously heating and drying samples. Features include gravity or mechanical (forced air) convection, capacity, achievable temperature, programmability, and scheduled on/off cycles. PURPOSE : The moisture content of soil also referred to as water content, is an indicator of the amount of water present in soil. Moisture content is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the pore spaces of soil to the solid mass of particles in that material, expressed as a percentage. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G FALLING HEATING DRYING OVEN 57
Testing: Loss of Ignition (LOI) BS 1377: 1990: Part 3:4:3 A furnace is a device in which heat is generated and transferred to materials with the object of bringing about physical and chemical changes. The source of heat is usually combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel, or electrical energy applied through resistance heating (Joule heating) or inductive heating. PURPOSE : Loss on ignition (LOI) is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry and soil science, particularly in the analysis of minerals and the chemical makeup of soil. It consists of strongly heating ("igniting") a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change. This may be done in air, or in some other reactive or inert atmosphere. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G FURNACE 58
Testing: Relative Density BS 1377: 1990: Part 2:8:2 The vibrating table is used for compacting concrete cubes and cylinders. The vibrations are imparted by means of off-balance masses rotating on a shaft of a vibrator clamped to the underside of the table top. PURPOSE : Relative density is the measure of compactness of cohesionless soil. Relative density or density index is the ratio of the difference between the void ratios of a cohesionless soil in its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference between its void ratio in the loosest and densest states. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G VIBRATING TABLE 59
Testing Particle Size Distribution of Soil (Dry Sieve) BS 1377: 1990: Part 2:9:2 Sieve shakers are used for separation and size determination of particles. A typical sieve shaker separates particles by passing them through a series of chambers with mesh filters and agitating the sample in order to obtain complete separation. PURPOSE : Determine Particle Size Distribution of Soil by sieving the soil is sieved through a set of sieves. The material retained on different sieves is determined. The percentage of material retained on any sieve is given by Where = mass of soil retained on sieve ‘n’ M= total mass of the sample. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G MOTORIZED SIEVE SHAKER 60
Testing: Compaction Test (Proctor) BS 1377: 1990: Part 4:3:3 Solid and compact design allow uniform and correct compaction of Proctor and CBR sample. These machines automatically compact specimens eliminating the laborious hand compaction method. The height and weight of the rammer are adjustable to suit test requirements. An automatic blow pattern ensures optimum compaction for each layer of soil in compliance with the standards. PURPOSE : The Proctor or Modified Proctor Test, determines the maximum density of a soil needed for a specific job site. The test first determines the maximum density achievable for the materials and uses this figure as a reference. The soil reference value is expressed as a percentage of density. These values are determined before any compaction takes place to develop the compaction specifications.. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G AUTOMATIC SOIL COMPACTOR 61
Testing: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test BS 1377: 1990: Part 4:3:4 Solid and compact design allow uniform and correct compaction of Proctor and CBR sample, these machines automatically compact specimens eliminating the laborious hand compaction method. The height and weight of the rammer are adjustable to suit test requirements. An automatic blow pattern ensures optimum compaction for each layer of soil in compliance with the standards. PURPOSE : The California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR Test) of soil is a penetration test. This test is used for evaluating the bearing capacity of sub grade soil for design of flexible pavement. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G AUTOMATIC SOIL COMPACTOR 62
Testing: Cherchar Abrasivity Test ASTM D7625-10 & ISRM In the original CERCHAR design, both the stylus and deadweight are made to move across the stationary rock surface. PURPOSE : The CERCHAR abrasivity test is a laboratory method to quantify the rock abrasivity. It allows to determine an index called CERCHAR Abrasivity Index (CAI) for the rock's abrasivity which can be used for evaluate the wear of excavation equipment in different application such as mining, tunnelling and drilling. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G CHERCHAR ABRASIVITY 63
Testing: Direct Shear Test for Rock ASTM D5607-16 & ISRM The shear box consists of two halves, the upper being connected to two rams for reversible shearing action and the lower connected to a ram for normal load application. The loads are recorded by Bourdon tube load gauges or by pressure transducers (in this case external datalogger is needed). The normal loading system is complete with an adjustable low friction pressure maintainer to absorb volume changes of the specimen during the shearing action and to ensure a constant vertical stress. PURPOSE : A direct shear test is a laboratory or field test used by geotechnical engineers to measure the shear strength properties of soil or rock material, or of discontinuities in soil or rock masses. Shear strength is defined as the maximum resistance that a material can withstand when subjected to shearing. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G SHEAR BOX FOR TEST ON ROCK JOINT 64
Testing: Point Load Test ASTM D5731 & ISRM They consist of a load frame for applying loads, on which a manual hydraulic jack is mounted. The applied load is measured by a high precision electric load cell with a digital display unit range 0-56kN. PURPOSE : The Point Load Test Machine is used to determine the strength values of a rock specimen both in the field and in the laboratory. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G POINT LOAD APPARATUS 65
Testing: Brazillian Test They consist of a load frame for applying loads, on which a manual hydraulic jack is mounted. The applied load is measured by a high precision electric load cell with a digital display unit range 0-56kN. PURPOSE : The Point Load Test Machine is used to determine the strength values of a rock and concrete specimen both in the field and in the laboratory. STANDARDS ASTM D5731 & ISRM G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G POINT LOAD APPARATUS 66
Testing: Slake Durability Test The device consists of a double-ended motor drive unit that rotates two 5.5x3.9in (140x100mm) dia. sturdy wire mesh drums at 20 revolutions per minute in water tanks. In the test, samples are alternately tumbled in mesh drums through a water medium and oven-dried for two cycles. PURPOSE : Slake durability is a simulated weathering test to determine abrasion resistance during wetting and drying cycles of shale and similar soft rocks as used in embankments and other construction-related applications. The slake durability index (SDI) test is widely used to determine the disintegration characteristic of the weak and clay-bearing rocks in geoengineering problems. STANDARDS ASTM D4644-16 & ISRM G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G SLAKE DURABILITY 67
Testing: Rebound Hammer Test The instrument firmly held perpendicular to the test surface and gradually pushed toward the test surface until the hammer impact. After impact, the pressure is maintained on the instrument. The rebound number is read on the scale to the nearest whole number and recorded. PURPOSE : A Schmidt hammer measures the compressive strength and elastic properties of concrete and rock. A Schmidt hammer is also known as a rebound hammer or a Swiss hammer.The compressive strength test that is conducted with the aid of a Schmidt hammer is also known as a rebound hammer test STANDARDS ASTM D5731 & ISRM G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G SCHMIDT HAMMER 68
Testing: Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Compressive strength test, mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. Automatic Compression Machines are used to determine compressive, splitting and flexural strengths, usually applied to materials of high compression but low tensile strength, in which the specimen is subjected to increasing compressive forces until failure occurs. PURPOSE : The Unconfined Compression Test is a laboratory test used to derive the Unconfirmed Compressive Strength (UCS) of a rock specimen. Unconfirmed Compressive Strength (UCS) stands for the maximum axial compressive stress that a specimen can bear under zero confining stress. STANDARDS ASTM D2938 & ISRM G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (TINIUS OLSEN) 69
Testing: Triaxial Rock Test ISRM Compressive strength test, mechanical test measuring the maximum amount of compressive load a material can bear before fracturing. Automatic Compression Machines are used to determine compressive, splitting and flexural strengths, usually applied to materials of high compression but low tensile strength, in which the specimen is subjected to increasing compressive forces until failure occurs. PURPOSE : A triaxial test is performed on a cylindrical core soil or rock sample to determine its shear strength. The triaxial test attempts to replicate the in-situ stresses (stresses in the original place the soil sample was taken) on the core soil or rock sample STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (TINIUS OLSEN) 70
Testing: UPV ASTM C597 & ISRM The instrument gives data concerning the homogeneity of the concrete or rock, by generating pulses of sound into the concrete or rock and measuring the time the sound to travel from the transmitter probe to the receiver probe through the material. PURPOSE : Ultrasonic velocity measurements of compression and shear waves in asphalt, soil, rock, & concrete specimens. STANDARDS G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G ULTRASONIC VELOCITY TEST 71
Testing: Mackintosh Test It consists of a 27.94 mm diameter cone with a 30˚(apex angle) 12.7 mm diameter solid rods and a 4.5 kg dead weight with standard drop height of 300 mm. It is a lightweight and highly portable tool. PURPOSE : Mackintosh Probe is a tool used for research purposes especially for soil investigation. Mackintosh Probe test is carried out to determine the bearing capacity which is the strength of the soil. The result obtain from the test provides a rough estimation of the soil layer at a point. G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G MACKINTOSH PROBE APPARATUS 72
Testing: Electrical Resistivity Tomography An instrument used to carry out resistivity surveys that usually has a current transmitter and voltage-measuring circuitry. A conductor planted into the ground through which current is passed, or which is used to measure the voltage caused by the current. PURPOSE : Electrical resistance surveys (also called earth resistance or resistivity survey) are one of a number of methods used in archaeological geophysics, as well as in engineering geological investigations. In this type of survey electrical resistance meters are used to detect and map subsurface archaeological features and patterning. G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G RESISTIVITY SURVEY EQUIPMENT 73
Testing: Seismic Refraction Method The seismograph is triggered by ground vibrations created by a controlled energy source. By recording the time it takes for the seismic waves to reach geophones connected to the seismograph, it is possible to estimate the depth and properties of subsurface features. PURPOSE : ABEM Terraloc Pro is a versatile seismograph designed for a wide range of applications including; geological mapping, determining depth to bedrock, bedrock quality, soil stability and finding fractures and weak zones. Seismic survey is mainly used for oil and gas exploration, but on land they help in locating mines or even to find ground water. G E O T E C H N I C E Q U I P M E N T T E S T I N G SEISMIC SURVEY EQUIPMENT 74
FKA | 1ST EDITION Staff TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY Coordinator Dr. Mohd Zul Hanif bin Mahmud [email protected] 013-8077173 Head of Laboratory Staff Encik Mohd Izwan Bin Mohd Nazari [email protected] 017-5987166 Technical Staff Mr. Azman Bin Rajab Mdm. Ros Erianti Binti Saidin Mr. Suhaimi Bin Sulaiman Geotechnic Laboratory Block D03 Faculty of Civil Engineering UTM Johor Bahru. 75
Transportation Laboratory is one of five laboratories in the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Formerly known as Highway and Traffic Engineering laboratory, the Transportation Lab was established in 1975 in Kuala Lumpur before moved to Skudai Campus in 1988. Aimed at fulfilling part of the civil engineering disciplines, Transportation Lab has been a major focus in the faculty providing laboratory experiments for highway materials evaluation and traffic studies. The lab has 3200 m2 space for teaching and research equipped with a wide range of the latest state of the art testing facilities. Besides emphasizing academics, Transportation Lab also provides consultancy services to highway related agencies such as JKR, municipalities, contractors etc. with reasonable fees. The services include road material lab evaluation and in-situ testing for road construction. INTRODUCTION OUR MISSION OUR VISION OUR OBJECTIVE To be a world class laboratory for education and research in Highway and Traffic Engineering To spearhead excellence in academic and technology development through creativity i. To produce quality graduates excel in Transportation Engineering that meet market demand ii. To enhance and provide professional expertise in Transportation Engineering iii. To extend the strategic relationship with highway related industries. 76
FKA | 1st Edition Transportation Laboratory Facilities Example of Testing TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY FACILITIES 77 Faculty of Civil Engineering
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS separation of aggregate according to specific sizes. In a sieve analysis, a sample of dry aggregate of known weight is separated through a series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. Once separated, the weight of particles retained on each sieve is measured and compared to the total sample weight. Particle size distribution is then expressed as a percent retained by weight on each sieve size. Results are usually expressed in tabular or graphical format. DESCRIPTION: describes those tests that refer in some way to the compaction of soils. These include procedures for determining compaction parameters; additional tests for measurement of the limiting densities of non-cohesive soils; and tests which are related to the control and behavior of soil placed in-situ as fill, comprising the CBR test, the moisture condition test and the chalk crushing value test. DESCRIPTION: to determine the bearing capacity of soils as compared to the strength of standard crushed aggregate. relationship between loads and penetration is established when plunger is forced to penetrate. Loads at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm are then divided by standard loads where the results are in percentage known as CBR. DESCRIPTION: CBR test procedure involves 2 stages: 1. compaction test to determine maximum dry density and optimum moisture content 2. CBR test to determine the CBR value at 95 % of MDD. SIEVE ANALYSIS COMPACTION CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) * Include compaction T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 78
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS To evaluate the degree of compaction achieved during the construction process. A field density test is a common test used to determine the field density of the soil or pavement. The replacement of soil excavated materials by the sand, the sand density is known so we can calculate the volume of the sand required to fill the hole. DESCRIPTION: To measure the material’s in-situ resistance to penetration. The test is performed by driving a metal cone into the ground by repeated striking it with an 8 kg weight dropped from a distance of 575 mm. The penetration of the cone is measured after each blow and is recorded to provide a continuous measure of shearing resistance up to 1524 mm below the ground surface. DESCRIPTION: To determine percentage of flaky aggregate. An aggregate is considered flaky when its thickness is less than 0.6 times its average dimension. Aggregate that needs to be tested is between 6.3 mm to 63 mm. Aggregate according to size and weight is recorded. Each aggregate is to be inserted to the specific slot (thickness gauge) and record the weight of passing aggregate. Aggregate passes the slot is considered flaky. DESCRIPTION: FIELD DENSITY * SAND CONE METHOD DYNAMIC CONE PENETROMETER (DCP) FLAKINESS INDEX T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 79
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS Elongation index test of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimensions is greater than 1.8 times their mean dimensions. This test is also applicable to aggregates having size larger than 6.3 mm. For calculating the elongation index of given sample of aggregates first the weight of each fraction of aggregate passing through and retaining on the specific set of sieves is noted down. Each of these pieces is then tried to pass through specified gauge length with its longest side and these elongated particles which do not pass through the specified gauge are separated. Then the elongation index is calculated as the total weight of material retained on various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of sample gauged. DESCRIPTION: To determine the percent of degradation under combination of abrasion or attrition, impact, and grinding. Aggregates weigh 5000 grams are placed in a steel drum with specified number of steel balls. Drum is rotated 500 revolutions at 33 rpm. Then, aggregates are sieved with 1.70mm sieve size. DESCRIPTION: To determine the Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) of aggregates which provides a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. The counter fitted to the machine automatically records the number of blows delivered to the sample, manufactured from heavy duty plated steel to resist corrosion. DESCRIPTION: ELONGATION INDEX LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE (LAAV) AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 80
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS To determine the percentage aggregate crushed by applying compressive load. Standard size of aggregate is normally used i.e. passing 14 mm and retained on 10 mm sieve size. Place about 3000 gm of aggregate in the mould in three layers and compact with rod 25 times for each layer. Use compression machine to compress the aggregate for 10 minutes with gradually applying load from o to 400kN. Then, sieve out the aggregate using 2.36 mm sieve size and determine the weight passing and calculate the ACV. DESCRIPTION: Can be used to indicate the strength and porosity of aggregate. Aggregate with high specific gravity is expected to have high strength. High water absorption suggests the aggregate needs more time to dry during the mixing process could absorb more asphalt which result in higher cost of production. Aggregate is washed and soaked in distilled water for 24 hours. Weigh in water and record it as C. Remove the aggregate and dry with damp towel and weigh it as B. Then put it in the oven for 24 hours to dry and weigh it as A. DESCRIPTION: To determine the susceptibility of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) to deform under load by measuring the rut depth formed by repeated passes of a loaded wheel at a fixed temperature. DESCRIPTION: AGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (ACV) SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION RUTTING TEST(4 samples / set) T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 81
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS To determine the stability and behavior of a material when put through ordinary stresses. They determine how much strain (load) an object can handle under pressure. Creep machines are most commonly used in experiments to determine how efficient and stable a material is. The machine is used by students and companies to create a creep curve on how much pressure and stress a material can handle. The machine is able to calculate the stress rate, time and pressure. DESCRIPTION: A single number that is used to describe material behavior and to predict pavement performance in many pavement design procedures. Resilient Modulus (Mr) is a fundamental material property used to characterize unbound pavement materials. It is a measure of material stiffness and provides a mean to analyze stiffness of materials under different conditions, such as moisture, density and stress level. DESCRIPTION: CREEP TEST RESILIENT MODULUS T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 82
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS To determine the amount of bitumen that is actually used as binding content in asphaltic pavement or asphaltic concrete recently laid at site. The durability, compatibility and resistance from defects like rutting, bleeding, raveling and ageing of flexible asphaltic roads is highly dependent on the bitumen content used for the coating of the filler aggregates used in the asphaltic matrix. DESCRIPTION: Based on the depth a standard needle will penetrate an asphalt binder sample when placed under a 100 g load for 5 seconds. The test is simple and easy to perform but it does not measure any fundamental parameter and can only characterize asphalt binder at one temperature 25oC (77°F). Penetration grades are listed as a range of penetration units (one penetration unit = 0.1 mm of penetration by the standard needle). DESCRIPTION: This ruggedly constructed machine has been designed to eliminate the laborious process of hand compaction. It automatic compacts the specimen and stops after the preset number of strokes has been completed on the automatic digital display counter. This machine comes with controller compartment unit. DESCRIPTION: BITUMEN CONTENT AND SIEVE ANALYSIS BITUMEN PENETRATION TEST COMPACTION MARSHALL SAMPLE T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 83
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS To determine at what temperature the bitumen start to flash and catch fire. This is more toward the safety at the plant. The Cleveland open cup method is normally used. DESCRIPTION: To identify the particle charge of bitumen emulsions. It has two electrodes that are introduced into the emulsion, connected to a continuous power supply, in which after a time of passing a current through the emulsion, it can be observed which of them has been deposited a binder film. DESCRIPTION: To determine proportion of fine dust or clay like materials in aggregate fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve. Excessive dust or clay in aggregates can contribute to lack in stability or moisture damage and stripping. DESCRIPTION: FLASH POINT TEST PARTICLE CHARGE SAND EQUIVALENT T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 84
EQUIPMENT & TESTING DETAILS The test is also known as Ring and Ball test. In this test, bitumen is heated and poured in pair of rings. When the bitumen is hard, placed the rings in a container filled with water at 5C. Two steel balls are placed on the rings and gradually heat the water container. When temperature increases, the bitumen softens thus the balls which act as a weight, start to fall and land on the plate, 25.4 mm below. The temperature at which the ball touches the plate is called softening point. Softening Point (SP) together with Penetration value (P) are used to determine the Penetration Index (PI). PI can indicate the properties of bitumen tested and its suitability. DESCRIPTION: Asphalt core cutting test carried out to confirm the quality of the works like the density of the asphalt, the thickness of the layer, air permeability, asphalt compression strength, asphalt mix test, etc. In this method statement, shown the steps shall be carried out to take the core of asphalt using the core drill machine and measure the core’s depth or thickness using Vernier Caliper. DESCRIPTION: SOFTENING POINT CORING T R A N S P O R T A T I O N L A B O R A T O R Y 85
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY BLOCK C07 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UTM JOHOR. Coordinator Dr. Salmiati [email protected] 019-747 1557 Head of Laboratory Staff Nurul Syuhada Binti Sadikon 017-778 6737 Technical Staff Nur Dalilah Binti Othman Nor Faizal Bin Abdullah Jemahari Bin Hamjah Azrul Bin Tajudin FKA | 1ST EDITION 86
The Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UTM is a laboratory that conducts analysis related to water quality management, water and wastewater treatment, waste management, air and noise quality monitoring. It is equipped with some of the most cutting-edge scientific technology equipment. The laboratory provides teaching and learning (P&P), research, consultation and industrial training. Our laboratory is located at Block C07 and Block M50 in UTM Johor Bahru campus. The laboratory is equipped with various analytical instruments such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy PinAAcle 900T (AAS), Fluorescence Microscope, Gas ChromatographyMass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC), High-Pressure Ion Chromatography (HPIC), Gel Documentation Vilber Quantum CX5, YSI Professional Plus Handheld Multiparameter Water checker and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (AQM65). The Environmental Engineering Laboratory is led by a laboratory coordinator, two assistant science officers, a laboratory assistant and an operations assistant. Each member plays an important role which involves the technical aspects, equipment maintenance related to teaching and learning (P&P), research and consultation, handle the analytical instruments, sampling and ensuring the laboratory is in a safe condition to use. Laboratory of Environmental Engineering currently actively collaborates with various parties in carrying out various activities such as community services, short courses, teaching & learning, research & development and consultancy activities with the School of Civil Engineering, faculties and UTM Research Group, Center of Excellence (COE). Besides, the laboratory actively attaches with consultants, government and private agencies for environmental analysis purposes. The laboratory also rents out survey equipment to researchers, staff, UTM students and external parties. For any inquiries please contact: INTRODUCTION 87 Associate Chair (Facilities) Laboratory Manager Laboratory Coordinator of Environmental Engineering Laboratory
88 LOCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY M50 C07 Faculty of Civil Engineering
Laboratory of Environmental Engineering 89 TEACHING & LEARNING, RESEARCH AND CONSULTATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Faculty of Civil Engineering
90 E N V I R O N M E N T A L E N G I N E E R I N G L A B O R A T O R Y
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy PIN AACLE 900T BUY NOW +123-456-7890 List of Instrument Fluorescence Microscope X80 Stereo Microscope HSZ-600 91 E N V I R O N M E N T A L E N G I N E E R I N G L A B O R A T O R Y Focus until 100x objective lens. Suitable for bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence image. Analysis heavy metals includes flame and graphite furnace techniques. Element for flame: Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn Graphite furnace: Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb Focus until 4x objective lens. Also available to measure length and diameter of selected sample Analytical/ Scientific
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) BUY NOW +123-456-7890 List of Instrument High Pressure Ion Chromatography (HPIC) Arktik Thermal Cycle Eppendorf E N V I R O N M E N T A L E N G I N E E R I N G L A B O R A T O R Y Analysis 7 anions and 6 cations. Instrument is complete with autosampler. For PCR analysis (not suitable for RT-PCR). The instrument comes with GC-FID and autosampler to improve sample injection Anion: F, Cl, NO2, Br, NO3, PO4, SO4 Cation: Li, Na, NH4, K, Mg, Ca 92