ແບບຮຽນພາສາລາວ ມ1

c[[IPo

rklk]k;

-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk xumu !

IP[IP’3fp G ok’ lq,g\kt xaopk;q’
d;fcdh3fp mkj o lurvo l5oaomk
g0kQ |kh 3fp
G mkj o IlD fiD [5op= rq,,t[5f
mkj o fiD vvj ocdh; o;oot;q’

G ok’ lu;yw] cdh;,tou;ao

dt-;’lbdlkmydko
lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk

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xB,c[[IPorklk]k;-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu ! oU wfhIa[dkoIP[IP’0Bo8k,s^adl6f.\j
g-y’j dt-;’lbdlkmydkowfhIa[Iv’ c]t vto5pkfoe.-hD

dko7oQ 7;kh c]t IP[IP’x,B c[[IPorklk]k;-oA ,fa mtp,q ldb lkgs,A^ oFU 7totIP[IP’
wfvh ’u .lgj vdtlkom’a rkp.o c]t 8kj ’xtgmf 3fpwfIh [a dkoI;j ,,9n kdoda ;-y kdkos^kprkd
l;j og-aoj G 9kd,tsk;ymtpkw]cs’j -kfF rtcodlbdlkmydkoot7vos^;’;P’9aoF dq,dv’
8kj ’M c]t oad;y-kdkovk;53l[eoko9eo;o|’bj D

dvj o|kh oFU x,B c[[IPorklk]k;;oa ot7tf1u -j6 oA ,fa mtp,q ldb lk8vo8oQ wf9h fa r,y w;.h o
gs^A,fP;dao-n;j kj c[[IPorklk]k; c]t ;aoot7tfuF c8dj korafmtokxa[x5’.\.j ogmnvj oU
wfh cpdc[[IPo c]t 7,6j 7n 6 m’a @ ;-y kgxoa gs,A^ .z,oa grvjn 7;k,ltf;d.odko.-lh vpF lt|v’
7;k,I6hfhkomyfltfuF 8q;1kj ’ c]t dkog/ydmadltfhkodko2a’F g;QkF vkj o c]t 0Po musj ^kd
sk^ pD

37’lhk’c[[IPorklk]k;-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlkxumu ! oU xtdv[fh;p $ rkd7nG rkdmu !
dkovkj oF rkdmu @ dko0Po}safc8’j F rkdmu # dko2a’ c]t g;QkF rkdmu $ s^addko.-hrklk
s^n w;pkdvoD

s^a’9kdwfhIPo8k,s^adl6f c]t goNv.omu[j ao95.oc[[IPorklk]k;-Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk
xumu ! oUc]h; oadIPo9twfhIa[7;k,I6hc8]j tmadltrNo4ko7nG

dkovkj oG oadIPo9twfhg0Qk.97;k,\kp c]t xtgrf0v’dkovkj o lk,kfvkj ovvd
lP’ c]t vkj o.o.94dn 8vh ’8k,sd^a dko rvh ,m’a ,,u k]tpkfmfuj .u og;]kvkj o1sj6 vh ’IPo c]t
svh ’lt\f5 D

dko0Po}safc8’j G 0Pom;qj wx oadIPo9twfhg0Qk.97;k,\kpF s^addko c]t ,k]tpkf
.odko0Pomujfu lk,kf0Poltdqf7e8k,lP’mujwfhpyo c]t 7emujdeoqfw;h.os^adw;pkdvo
wf4h dn 8vh ’D sfa c8’j 9twfgh 0kQ .97;k,\kpF 37’Ikj ’ c]t v’q xtdv[0v’[fq sfa c8’j F lk,kf
vtmy[kp .97;k,le7aomu[j ao95.orkdgxufg]nvj ’F gfuog]nvj ’ c]t lts^5[g]nvj ’D lk,kf0Po[qf
rao]tok7qoF rao]toklafF rao]tokmy;mafme,t-kf c]t ly’j 0v’mu7j 6deoqf.shF sp=h7;k,
9kdg]vnj ’mwuj fhvkj o c]t 8,nj 0=h7;k,.lIj kj ’c[[2v,8kj ’Mmwuj fhIPoD

dko2’a c]t g;kQ G lk,kf[vd7;k,\kp0v’dko2’a c]t g;kQ F 2’a zvh6 ojn g;kQ f;h p,k]t
pkfmufj u c]t 9a[.97;k,.og]nvj ’mu2j a’wfhF lk,kfcotoe8qogv’F cotoemyfmk’F c9h’0kj ;
8kj ’M c]t g;Qkmk’3m]tla[fh;p,k]tpkfmufj uD

sda^ dko.-rh klkG lk,kf[vd7;k,\kpF xtgrf c]t dkooe.-vh da lvowfFh ;k’rtpoa
-totF lts^t c]t ;oa otpf5 4nd[vj o.og;]k0Poltdqf7eF oe.-h7evvdlP’ ] I c]t 7evonj M
rvh ,m’a g7vjn ’\kp;da 8vomdju eofq .osd^a w;pkdvo4dn 8vh ’D lk,kf[vd7;k,\kp0v’dk[F
s^addkolezaf c]t c8’j dk[c[[’kj pMwfhD

7totIP[IP’x,B c[[IPorklk]k; 0v’lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lk s;’a
1kj ’p’jy ;kj govN .omxju [a x’5 c]t IP[IP’w;.h oc[[IPorklk]k;gs,A^ oU 7’q 9t.s7h ;k,dt9kj ’
c9’h cdzj Ih6 Pogxoa l;j os^kpF 4kh ;kj p’a ,u[vj o.f[+4nd8vh ’-fa g9o 1kdxtdv[l;j o.odkocdwh 0
0.= smh kj oz-h6 ,q .-dh t]o5 kl’jq 07h= fy gsoa c]t 7e8-y ,q wxp’a lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;my tpklkfdkoldb lkF
4t|qo,t3slqfF ot7vos^;’;P’9aoF 86h xo *(F 3m]tla[}c2ad W@! @!#!*!D

lt4k[oa 7oQ 7;kh ;ymtpklkfdkoldb lk
@W!W

lk]t[ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

|hk

rkdmu I dkovjko

[qfmu ! G dkovkj o c]t xtgrf0v’dkovkj o......................................... !
[qfmu @ G s^addkovkj o c]t ,k]tpkf.odkovkj o ..................................!_

rkdmu II dko0Po}safc8j’

[fq mu # G dko0Po......................................................................#!
[fq mu $ G xtgrf0v’dko0Po .........................................................$!
[fq mu & G dko0Po[fq roa ]tok;fa 4l5 ’yj 0v’...........................................&*
[fq mu * G [fq roa ]toklfa ...............................................................*!
[fq mu ( G [fq roa ]tok7oq ...............................................................*(
[fq mu ) G [fq roa ]tokmy;mfa ...........................................................(*

rkdmu III dko2a’ c]t dkog;Qk

[qfmu _ G 7;k,\kp0v’dko2a’ c]t dkog;Qk .....................................)*
[qfmu !W G s^addko0v’dko2a’ c]t dkog;Qk ........................................._*

rkdmu IV s^addkooe.-hvadlvo

[qfmu !! G vda lvo]k; ................................................................ !W(
[qfmu !@ G dkoxtl,q vda lvo ......................................................... !!&
[qfmu !# G sd^a dko0Porklk]k;.s4h dn .............................................. !@$
[qfmu !$ G ;my .u -gh 7vjn ’\kp;da 8vo ................................................... !#W
[qfmu !& G dkoc8’j dk[ .............................................................. !$$

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ rkdmu I dkovjko

[qfmu !
dkovjko c]t xtgrf0v’dkovjko

!D 7;k,\kp0v’dkovjko

dkovkj o \kpg4y’dkocx8q;vadlvovvd,kgxao7;k,g;Qk s^n 7;k,7yf c]t ,u7;k,
\kple]a[.-hln7j ;k,7yf]ts;kj ’z6h0Po c]t z6hvkj oD dkovkj o9t8hv’9a[.97;k,le7ao0v’
0=h7;k, grnvj lk,kfz6dgxaog]nvj ’wfh1kj ’4nd8hv’ c]t z6hvkj o9t8hv’lhk’,t3ork[0Bo,k .o
0totmduj e]’a vkj o1oj6 oA D

@D 7;k,le7ao0v’dkovjko

dkovkj o ,7u ;k,le7oa gmkjq d[a dko2’a grkt.odkovkj ogrvjn sk0,h= o6 c]t 0kj ;lko8kj ’M
gIqk9t.-hdkovkj os^kpd;kj dko2a’D dkovkj o,u7;k,le7ao c]t ,u7;k,9egxaos^kp.o-u;yf
xt9e;oa grvjn 9twfIh mh6 oa gsfdkomxju Pj ocx’wx 3fpltgrkt.oxfa 9[5 oa gxoa pd5 0v’dkolljn kowIh
r,q cfo Xpd5 3]dkr;y fa ? gIfa .smh oa 8+7;k,dkh ;|kh mk’fkh o;my tpklkf c]t g8da 3o3]-.u \Mj F
gIaf.shgIqkwfhIa[7;k,I6h 7;k,g0Qk.9 grvnj oe,k-;j p.odkocdhw0[aosk8kj ’Mmguj duf0BoD

1

dkovkj o,u7;k,le7ao8+z6hvkj of’aj oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
{ dkovkj ogxoa g7vjn ’,ln e7oa .odkoltcs;’sk7;k,Ih6 grkt;-y k7;k,I8h6 kj ’M 1.j6 o3]d
o,hu 1u kj ’s;^ ’sk^ pF gsfdko8kj ’M c]t dkog7vjn ows;9kdmd5 ,,6 3]d gIkq 9tIwh6 f9h kddkovkj o
dkovkj o9’jb 9egxoa le][a md5 grfmd5 w;D
{ -;j p.s,h ou fy wlIda dkovkj o dkovkj ogxoa roN 4ko.odkoIPo;-y k8kj ’M7Gn gIfa .szh vh6 kj o
lk,kfg/yddkovjko.sh7jv’c7h; xt1afg;]k.odkovjko c]t lk,kf9a[.97;k,le7ao
0v’goNv.owfDh
{ dkovkj o-;j p.sgh xoa zmh6 ,ju 7u ;k,Idh6 ;kh ’wd zvh6 kj o,mu fa ltot7t8my fju u lk,kfoe7;k,Imh6 ju
wfIh [a 9kddkovkj owx.-xh t3spf8kj ’Mwfgh -oja G oewxrfa mtokdkoxtdv[vk-[u 8kj ’M gxoa 8oQ D
{ dkovkj ogxoa dfy 9tde-;j p.sgh dfu 7;k,lt|d5 lt|kogrfu grou [g+ s’kq grkt|’a lmn cju 8’j
w;h1jk’fu 9tgIaf.shz6hvjkowfhIa[7;k,,j;o-njo 9kddko.-h4hvp7erk.shgduf7;k,-k[-B’
ltgmvn o.9 c]t grfu grou .98k,9oy 8tokdko0v’zch6 8’j 7;k,xtm[a .9gxoa 7o5 7kj mk’vk],q
c]t gxaoly’j 9egxao.o-u;yfD rhv,oAopa’gru,j xtlq[dko.sh,u;ywlmaf vaod;hk’wdD
{ dkovkj od+.shgduf75o7kj mk’la’7q, grktz6h0Po s^n z6hxtraopvj ,[aombdly’j fu,uxt3spf
vaogxaoco;mk’-j;p.shdkorafmtok75ootrk[-u;yf gIaf.shz6hvjkowfh,u-u;yf7;k,gxao16jmujfu
g,vnj wfhIa[I6h9kddkovkj o c]t oewxrafmtokxa[x5’75ootrk[-u;yf.shfu0BoD

#D xtgrf0v’dkovjko

dkovkj oc[’j vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG dkovkj o.o.9 c]t vkj ovvdlP’D

#D! dkovjko.o.9

dkovkj o.o.9 \kpg4’y dkovkj ogrvjn 9[a gvkq .97;k, .og]vjn ’mwju fvh kj o1kj ’,fy ’P[ 3fp[+
wfhvvdlP’ 7n.-hlkp8kd;kfwx8k,g]njv’mujgIqkde]a’vjkoF z6hvjko9t8hv’,u7;k,lk,kf
fhkorklk c]t 7;k,7yfD dkovkj o.o.9mu,j uxtlyfmyrk[ 7;o,u]adltotfa’j oUG

!? dkovkj owfhw;
dkovkj owfhw; \kpg4y’dko.-hg;]k|hvp c8vj kj owfhs^kp g-y’j ,u;ymufa’j oUG
{ vjko3fpry9k]tokd5j,7;k,7yf c,jodkovjkoltgrkt0=h7;k,muj.sh7;k,7yfgsao

gmkjq ooA grvjn -;j p.sgh 0kQ .9govN g]vjn ’wf1h kj ’w;;k X3fpltgrkt.og]vjn ’mzju vh6 kj o,7u ;k,Irh6 oN 4ko
16cj ]h;? gxao8Qoc,oj dkovkj og]nvj ’lAoF ot;toypkp c]t [qf7;k,D

2

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ;k]tlko c]t |a’lnry,

{ vkj o0hk,grnvj 9a[.97;k, .-hg0Qk.odkovkj o[qf7;k,F ;k]tlkoF |a’lnry, s^n vkj o
grnvj g]nvdxB,.os=lt\5fD 4hkgxaoxB,d=.shry9k]tokl;j ole7ao7nG sq;g]nvj ’F lk]t[ko c]t
7;k,7yfs^adS 4hkgxao0=h7;k, s^n ;k]tlko.shvkj osp=h|hkmevyf s^n gxufsq;g]vnj ’F vkj oxt3spd
mevyf0v’m5dMsp=h|hk c]t vkj oxt3spdl5fmhkp0v’sp=h|hks^a’D

{ vjkow;grnjv-vdsk7e8v[ -vdvjkoltgrkt7e8v[muj8hv’dkoF vkfgxao-nj[5d7qoF
lt4komujF ;aomu s^n 0=h7;k,lAoM lj;o0=h7;k,muj[+8hv’dko.shg[yj’0hk,wxD dkovjkoc[[oU
,uxt3spf.odko7Qosk7e.oxB,[k’xtgrfg-oja G ;af9toko5dq,F lk]ko5dq,F |a’lnvhk’vu’DDD

@? dkovkj o9[a .97;k,
dkovkj o9[a .97;k,7ndkovkj omluj k,kf9[a .97;k,le7oa c]t 9[a .97;k,]tvPfwfDh
{ 9[a .97;k,le7oa \kpg4’y dkome7;k,g0kQ .9d[a govN .o];,0v’l’jy mvju kj og-’jy zvh6 kj o

lk,kf8v[7e4k,.o.9wf;h kj g]vjn ’0v’.zF dPj ;d[a sp’a F gdfu 0oB 1.j6 lF g;]k.f c]t gxoa co;.fD
{ 9[a .97;k,]tvPf \kpg4y’dkome7;k,g0kQ .9d[a goNv.o0v’l’yj mvuj kj o1kj ’]tvPf

g-’yj z6hvkj o9t8hv’ry9k]tok7eF rklkF leo;oF vk]q,9yfDDD 8ts^vfg4y’g98tok0v’z6h0Pomuj
-vh oc/’1.j6 oooA vdu f;h pD

3

8q;1jk’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

3I’\=g-f4kmy]kf 8’A 1oj6 t7vos^;’;P’9oa c,oj 3I’\=cs’j mevyf0v’ lkmk]tot]fa
xt-kmxy tw8 xt-k-oq ]k; wflh eg]fa dkozkj 8fa dt3sd^ s;q 0v’7oq g9[a m,ju gu ]vn f8dq 7kh ’1gj6 pvjn s,h5
lt\v’ vaogovnj ’,k9kd4nddtmq[1kj ’cI’ phvogdufv5[afgsf8k,mhv’4t|qoD

g;]k !! 3,’ #W okmu 0v’ ;aomu @( d=]tdqf wfh,u7qog9a[,kxoyj xq;136j I’\=g-f4kmy]kfF
7qog9a[faj’dkj ;4ndv5[afgsf]qf8eD rkps^a’dkoljv’w22hkc]h; wfhrq[gsaodhvog]nvf8qd7hk’
16.j olt\v’D ,kg4y’;aomu @ gfnvo ly’skoU7qog9a[wfhg0QkIa[dkozkj 8afdt3s^dsq; c]t ,k
g4’y ;oa mu # gfvn o l’y sk7oq g9[a 9’jb 1.j6 oltrk[xdq dt8y 3fpvkdkof0u oB c]t lk,kfdoy g0kQ wfDh

zoq leg]fa f’ja dkj ; gxoa l’jy 1’A 1on .sgh soa 7;k,lk,kf 0v’rtoda ’kocrf]k;mwju fgh vkq .9
.ldj v[d6h-;j pgs^nv-u;yf0v’7qog9a[ c]t 7;k,dhk;|hk.o;q’dkocrf]k; 3fp[+9egxaowx
xyoj xq;186j kj ’xtgmf c]t ma’xt1af]kp9kj pvudfh;pD

T .97;k,le7oa g;kQ g4’y zoq leg]fa 0v’crf]k; .o3I’\g= -f4km]y kf mwuj fzh kj 8fa dt3sd^
s;q 0v’7oq g9[a pvh ogdfu v[5 fa gsf8k,mvh ’4t|oq .og;]k !!3,’ #W okmu 0v’;oa mu @( d]= tdfq D

T .97;k,]tvPf dko.-7h erklkmduj tmfa Ifa g0kQ .9’kj p grvjn .szh v6h kj oI[a Ig6h 4’y g98tok
0v’zh60Pomuj1kdx5d]tfq,.sh7qo]k; wfhIa[Ih6g4y’7;k,lk,kf0v’crf]k; g-yj’r;dgIqk[+
9egxao9twxxyoj xq;16xj tgmfvonj D

#? dkovkj o8u7;k,
dkovkj o87u ;k, gxoa dkovkj o1kj ’r9y k]tok7;k,7fy F 7;k,Ilh6 db sn^ g98tok0v’z0h6 Po

m-ju vh oc/’1oj6 vdg|vn wx9kdgovN g]vjn ’ gxoa 0oA 8vodkovkj ol’6 0oB d;kj dkovkj o;gy 7ktD
dko87u ;k,[+9egxoa 9td’q doa ltg\wu x vkfc8d8kj ’doa 8k,7;k,Ilh6 db c]t xtl[q dko

0v’c8j]t7qoF 7;k,pkd’jkp0v’dko8u7;k, ,u7;k,leraoda[xtgrf c]t ;ymu.odko
0Po0v’g]nvj ’muwj fhvkj oD z6hvkj olk,kf[vdwfh;kj 0=h7;k,muvj kj ooAo\kp7;k,;kj co;.f g-y’j
vkf9txt8y[aff’aj oUG

{ vkj ogovN g]vjn ’.s]h tvPf rtpkpk,me7;k,g0kQ .9g]vjn ’.s4h dn 8vh ’9tc9’h F 9kdooha 9’jb
9a[xtgfaole7ao.shwfhD

{ 0totvkj ortpkpk,7fy skgsfzoq c]t 8db 8v’;kj 07h= ;k,ooA ,7u ;k,\kp;kj co;.fD

4

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ rtpkpk,me7;k,g0Qk.94hvp7e s^n xt3spdmugj sao;kj ,u7;k,le7aoD
{ IP’7;k,4vh p7em9uj t.-[h oa pkp.s,h u7;k,\kp9tc9’h D
{ 9[a .97;k,le7oa 0v’g]vnj ’ooha f;h p.9gxoa dk’[+,uvt7t8yD
8q;1kj ’G dkovkj ogrvnj 8u7;k,

oymkog]njv’G <glnv da[ wdjxjk<
.oxk’dvj opa’,uwdxj kj 38|b’j vkwl16.j oxkj c7,[hkocs’j |b’j F r=Ivf0hvo7no ,aoraf0ao
ddq 8kj ’\Sj6 Ivf0oa dk’,oa rfa 0oa c[[.\vj ud c]t g;]k0oa g]up ,oa rfa 0oa 8kj ’wxvudD ,N|’jb glnv
wfdh kpwx[vj omwuj dxj kj 0oa 1oj6 oA c];h 4k,;kj G
<gxaospa’ 7no.fg9Qkd=vhkxkdvhk’lP’0Bo7n9’ja Iv,-y8kpc]h;[=L g9Qk[+.sh.zovo9adfU <D
wdgj ]pu 8v[glvn ;kj G
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me,kskdyo<D
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,uc8]j q[d;o;5ho;kp7qoma’s^kpF g9Qkd5dd;o7qos^a[ 7qoovoF gIaf.sh7qoma’s^kp]adw]sj 6 c]t
x;flt\v’cmFh gIkq -y9ud38g9kQ dyofP;oUK<D
<mkj oglnvgvupK 0=oemhvo1kj 2hk;9uddyo380hvpmhvoF 3zf0hvpw;h.sh,u-u;yfcfj grnvj .sh0hvp
me75oxt3spf.shcdj-k;[hkoD 4hk0hvp[+0aogIafco;.fg0qkg9Qk 9bj’9tI6hpk,me,kskdyoD
2’a oghu fKu 4kh 0vh p0oa ddq F wm[kh o[vddoa <ovovdu dvj oF skd= 0vh o7on <D 4kh 0vh p0oa dk’F wm[kh o]d5
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I3h6 ]f;kj ,+-yc9’h c];h g0kq g9kQ d=vvdwxme,kskdyo<D
wm[hkor;,ovos^a[ g,njv.fwdj0ao0hvoc9h’F g0qkg9Qkd=2hk;wxgIaf;Pd’koD g,njvco,
wxc7,xkj g]upgsaoglnvr;,-y75[dyowdxj kj mu,j u75o7kj .shcdgj 0qkg9QkD wm[hkod=xkj ;g8nvodaodP,
svds^k;cs^,w]vj vh , 0kh glnv38ooA 8kpmoa muD

X7af9kdxB,;aootde ,afmtpq, ! lk,aolbdlk dt-;’lbdlkF dy]k c]t me,tdko !_()?

T 9kddkovkj oomy koxtgfoa le7oa .og]vjn ’ g;kQ g4’y 7;k,,;j ovvo-voF 7o5 xt3spf0v’
lP’0oa wdxj kj c]t 7;k,3vvh ;fwI7h ;k,gxoa meF gvkq c8.j 98oq gv’0v’glnv .omulj f5 /kj pvtme
d4= dn ]’q 3mfD

T xt3spd c]t 4hvp7emujle7ao7nG
{ dkog;kQ c[[3vvh ;fgvkq c8.j 98oq gv’0v’glnvD
{ ;ymug;Qkc[[vvj os;ko c]t ,ugsfzqo0v’wdxj kj D

5

$? dkovkj o0tspkp7;k,
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6

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7

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8

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9

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10

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11

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12

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-k-oq ]k;3fpd’q c]t lt4kxtok lkmk]tot]fa xt-kmyxtw8 xt-k-oq ]k; g-’jy c,oj ]fa muj
gxoa 8;q cmo voa cm9h y’cs’j zoq xt3spf 0v’xt-k-oq gzkqj 8kj ’MD

.o8ts^vfs^kply[xucs’j dkooerkdkoxt8y;af wfh1bf\Aoco;7yf4ngvqkxt-k-qogxaodqdF
glu,0tspkp[qf[kfgxaog9Qk0v’xt-k-oq 1kj ’l5f0ufF vu’.lxj t-k-qog-vnj \oA 1kj ’|adc|oh .o
de]’a xt-k-oq D mkj oxtmko wdlvo r,q ;sy kowfgh vkq .9.l1j kj ’[]+ fq ]t;Pd’ko soa ]’q Ikd4ko
.s|h da c|oh g0,A c0’Iv[fkh o grvjn lkh ’7;k,lk,da 7xu v’fv’]ts;kj ’xt-k-oq gzkjq 8kj ’M c]t
oegvqk7;k,16gj 1aogxaol5d,k.shxt-k-qoF gryoj wfh4ngvqkdkolbdlkvq[Iq,7qoI5oj |5,j F dkolhk’
rtoad’ko|,5j ohvpgrvnj ln[mvfrk]tdyf0v’rad c]t 0v’-kfD

X7af9kd|a’lnry,xt-k-qo lt[a[;aomu _}!@}@WW)?

@D 9q’j vkj ovvdlP’oymko8+wxoU.sh4nd8hv’F 15fradlP’8k,]efa[0Bo{]q’F l6’{8ej D
{ g]nvj ’oU,ugoNv.og;Qkg4y’spa’L

oymkog]njv’ <]k-kg7nv<
3fpG ;yglf ltcs;’lbdlk

s^kp2hks^kpxu,kc]h;DDD 1f6j q’|kxkj 8b[cs’j |b’j F g7nvxhv’dkj o X8k,-n7j qoc4[oAogvUo?
c]t d=sphkwfh8qd]q’xq’.9 cIdlPj ; c]t lk[kooedao;kj G

<9tIda doa \kp\oA lkpleroa [+cs’h sPj ;
7aoc,oj .zskd[Ph ; .sgh ;odPh ;dPj ;lt|v’3]fgo<u
c8]j t,NF g7nvw,h c]t d=sphkd=gdNvd5o-;j pgs^nvdao 7qo]tw,h]t,nD g7nvxhv’dkj o,ug]qk7u’
dq,dhP’F lk,kf]kdg]nvwxwfhm5dsqom5dcs’j [+;kj 9tgxaoIvj ,sh;pr6g0qkD fa’j oAoF 9b’j Ia[|hkmuj
-vdskvksko c]t xhv’daog;opk, [+.shlaf86\6lj afg0Qk,kme]kpF l;j od=sphkoAo,uIkd-5,
-p5 1’ja g]dy ]’q roN foy F ,|u kh m1ju 1j6 kh ;g/kQ gIvn oF 8kh omkortp]5 ,q cf’[.+ slh Pj ;g7vn rfa x;y wxm;jq m[u D
,cnh ];h ,gN ]kjq F g7vn w,h c]t ds= pkh 1Ij6 ;j ,IP’7P’lv’[+9,jq ;kj [+gIfa co;[kfvdq [kf.9doa
9da gmvjn D

13

1,j6 k,N|’jb F .o0totmguj 7nvxvh ’dkj or;,g]nv-vdskvksko1vj6 vh ,cv,h d=wz1j oj6 oA F d=r=fu[’a ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gvou mkh ;dt8kj psr6 ’b ,krDh= ,oa 1on l’Y -v,g7vn w,1h gj6 s’y g8[u 9’jb gvohu 4k,f;h plP’s;ko9vh pM;kj G

<3mK rtpkg7nvgvupF c,oj g9Qk,ugsfIhvoxtdkol’yj vao.f 9’bj wfhgfuowr|kf;j o,kg4y’rUL<
g7nvxhv’dkj o’;kdxaJ[ -vdskg9qhk0v’lP’D .osq;vqdI6hlbdfu.9 c]t mtoq’dPfD oa[c8j
gdfu ,k d,= oN chu ];h m,ju zu ,h6 kIPd8oq ;kj <rtpk< g,vjn ,k[gsoa dt8kj p|kh cs,^ F /kj pg7vn dl= tcf’
|hk[kog[’aj c8h,mkwxfh;pIvppY,D
<gvu dt8kj p[=L gIqk,k-vd1s6j kdyoohu]t< g7nvxhv’dkj o8v[D
mhk;dt8kj ps6rb’F r=wfhpyod=memkj 8onj p5[ c]h;g;Qk;kj G
<3vpDDD [+7;o9adfuhmmuj kj ortpk9t8hv’]e[kddkdde,k05fsq;g]qk gdqksq;sphksk]hP’
xkd]hP’mhv’co;oUD rtpk,u]e7u’dq,dhP’ 1Pfpk;l5flkp8kF gxao]k-k.oxjkfq’rq’wr
cs’j oU<D
<gIqk-vdskvksko grvnj gIqkgv’ c]t grvnj lPj ;sphk<D
g7nvxvh ’dkj o8v[wxD dt8kj p4k,lP’8onj MD
<sbL c,oj spa’gdkt rtpkgvqkd=sphkgxaolPj ;DDD d=sphk|hk8ej MsAootL<
<c,joc]h; r;dgIqk0vfljP;oedao Ij;,l5dIj;,m5doedao,kwfhs^kp2hks^kpxuc]h;<
g7nv8v[1ED r=2a’l5fF mhk;dt8kj pd=,h;osk’-5,-5pgvqk,ko’aj Iv’dQo dvj o9t0ko8v[rtpk
g7vn D
<[|+ kh g-vjn fvd0kh ovh pF mkj ortpk,gu ]kq 7’u d,q dPh ’pk;1Pf7zn sh6 da^ lda .spFj ,]u klFu gsf.f
9’bj p5[pv[]q’,k0vflPj ;da[d=sphk|hk8ej M mkj ortpk7;o9t]5d1no0bho.shl6’95g,dF l6’d;kj
ddq 9yd ddq I’a roh5 <D
g;kQ c];h mkh ;dt8kj pd=skp;[a g0kQ xkj D c8,j NooA gxoa 8oQ ,k g7nvxvh ’dkj og],uj 7yf|da D
<[da dt8kj p gvoU gIkq ;kj rtpk;kj gIkq ,gu ]kq 7’u d,q dPh ’7zn sh6 da^ lda .spj ItIkDDD c];h gIkq -gy xoa
[hk,k0vflPj ;da[[add=sphk8ej g8hp8yffyo -ygxao[=L gIqk9t8hv’]5d1no0Bo.shl6’lts’kj lq,gxao
rtpk<D
;kj c];h g7vn xvh ’dkj od]= d5 310h oB c8,j oa d]= ,Q vk[2k[]’q F ,oa ]d5 0oB vdu rtpkpk,gxoa Ivh p
gmnvj raogmnvj c8,j aod=8hv’ovos’kpmhv’16hrNofyoD ohvp[+oko 7;k,7yf.\Mj d=c]oj g0Qksq;
g7vn xvh ’dkj oD
<7yfvvdc];h ]tF d-6 yxuo0Boddq |k,cm’j F d86 vh ’l’6 lts’kj d;kj .zm’a \fq l,q d[a gxoa mkh ;
rtpk<D

14

,oa xou 0oB xkpddq |k,cm’j wflh ,q f’ja .9\kp c8,j oa p’a gsoa ;kj [l+ ’6 lej xkpddq cdc7,s;h p

oE.lD

fa’j oAoF ,ao9b’j 8aflyo.9xuo0BoxkpcdD ,aopY,F zy;xkds;vfMF [k’7ah’d=xvj plP’gxao

meov’gr’vvd,kD [+r=7k; mhk;dt8kj p38oAod=pkj ’,kg-qkgvqkcI’1I6j ,qj cd ,aog’up|hk0Bo

m;h ’g7vn xvh ’dkj oD

<w-3pK w-3pK lq,c]h;mu\j qfxkj fq’;q’dqfcs’j oU pqd.shmkj ogxaortpk c8Dj DD mhk;dt8kj p

15fdnooE]kp c8Dj DD rtpkpa’fhvp.shdqd9yd dqdIa’D 0hkohvp0=0k[ltg|u.shmkj ortpkxuo0Bo

wx1v’16jxkp8Qopk’ c7,wIj[hko0hkohvpr5ho< dt8jkpma’g;Qkma’-U,nwx2kdsh;pg[Nv’oAoD

g-kQ ,8N w+ x dt8kj ppkj ’vvd|kh l;j og7vn xvh ’dkj oooA g]vn wx8k,s’a^ D rI= vf8oQ pk’.splj ’6 gdvn [

95g,dF g7nvxhv’dkj od=Iu[g]nv0Bo g]nv0BowxF gIafsq; -qd’qd1x6j kppk’D

<-,q g-pu K -,q g-pu KF g9kQ rtpkz,h6 ;u kflt|k9’ja c,oj l,q gxoa g9kQ 2kh ,tskdtlfa F 7,h5 [kh o7v’

g,nv’ .sh[kj ;wr]j kltfvo1g6j 1aogxaol5d<D

dt8kj pg;QklP’vhvpvyoj D g7nvxhv’dkj ofu.99qoxkd[+vvd c8,j aod=rtpkpk,gxa’j lP’wx

g[vN ’ds= pkh ;kj G

<]kdvj ogou [ad[hk sphk8ej 9efyoDDD fP;oUd6gxaortpkDDD 7kj l6’rP’2hkF c8oj U8+wx,b’8hv’
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gvUod6;kj rtpk<D

lkp],q wfsh v[sU;gvkq lP’g7nvxvh ’dkj o]’q ,kskd=spkh D d=spkh gs^nvf8kwxg[Nv’xkp8oQ

pk’c]h;9,qj .o.9;kj G

<[ad]n,-kf ,N|’bj fvd,b’-ywfhgvqkoE8kg-afsq;g0kqj 4hkg[y’j [+g-nvj 7;k,d6<D

]tf/6 oq sp[a .dgh 0kQ ,kp’ja ,FN 7on |’jb rtp]5 ,q cf’wfrh fa zkj oF \kdgs[a |;j pIk;w0wj dsj ;kj o

]’q 7[a xkj vdu -;jq r[a 8k8,+ kd,= lu P’f’a 7,N ]’q [da cI’MD g-kQ ;oa .\dj [a ,kvdu c];h .[spkh g-’jy 4dn

oE/oq I;pIe.o7on dvj o8kj ’dr= kdoa lfq -ojn F 8oQ w,9h eo;ommju kj ;g-wx8k,cI’],q dr= kdoa ,kp

7’u d[a llj6 trk[gf,u D c8cj xdmcju o,[g+ soa ;cju ;;0v’8oQ pk’l’6 g8;g;;8oQ ooA D ovh p[o+ kods= pkh

d=wfph yolP’xy;,kc8wj dD ,oa gxoa lP’7;o7k’0v’zlh6 Yos;’a D

<3vp-;j pcfKj -;j pgIqkcflj Pj ;sphkgvupK 8Qopk’,ao]Q,ma[gIqk<D

lPj ;sphkltgfnvdI6hmaomu ;kj ,aogxaolP’0v’z6hm=]tpqfD f’aj oAo g]up8v[7nowx;kj G

<;kj 9tIda doa \kp\oA lkpleroa [+cs’h sPj ;

[afoU ,b’skd[hP; g;og]updPh ;dPj ;lt|v’ l,q gfK<

X7af9kdxB, oqdvhP’0U8k7;kp 3I,g]nvj ’lAolextxy-u;yf0v’7;k,gxao7qo?

15

#D 9’qj vkj o7;k,gxoa ,k0v’d]y k-gu d, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
{ s^a’9kdvkj oc]h; 9q’j vkj o7novud.shw;mulj 5fgmqkj mu9j tw;wfh c]h;la’];,goNv.ole7aog;Qk
g4’y sp’a L

dy]k-ugd, XSEA GAMES?

d]y k-gu d, XSEA GAMES? gxoa ,tstded]y k0v’d,j5 xtgmfvk-Po g-’jy g,vjn dvj ogvoU ;kj G
-P[gd, XSEAP GAMES? gxoa g7vn 0kj p0v’dkoc0’j 0oa 3vc],a xdy c]t wfzh fa xPj odoa gxoa g9kQ
rk[m5dM @ xu ]Po8k,]efa[8q;vadlvo]k8yo7nG

{ 7A’mu ! gvUo;kj G <cs^,mv’}-P[gd, XSEAP GAMES?< 9af16[j k’dvdF xtgmfwm
]ts;kj ’;aomu !@{!( mao;k xu !_&_F ,u * xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !@
xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @ 9af16[j k’dvdF xtgmfwm ]ts;kj ’;aomu !!{!* mao;k xu !_*!F ,u ( xtgmfg0Qk
I;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !# xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu # 9af16jrtoq,gxaoxtgmfdex6g9p xu !_*#D c8gj ,nvj g4y’deoqfdex6g9p[+lk,kf
9fa dkoc0’j 0oa wfDh govjn ’9kd,gu sf0fa 0vh ’mk’fkh odkog,vn ’9’jb 8vh ’g]vjn odkoc0’j 0oa vvdwx
vdu 7’A |’jb D ltooA F xtgmf,kg]g-p I[a gxoa g9kQ rk[ dkoc0’j 0oa wf9h fa 0oB mdju ’5 d]6 k]egxFu xtgmf
,kg]g-p]ts;jk’;aomu !${@$ mao;k xu !_*&F ,u ( xtgmfg0QkIj;,dkoc0j’0ao
,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !$ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu $ xtgmfwmgxaog9Qkrk[ mugj ]nvj o,koAo9afcmoxtgmfdex6g9p gonvj ’9kd;kj
dex6g9p xt8yglfdkogxaog9Qkrk[8k,7;[ dkoc0’j 0aoF dkoc0’j 0ao9af0Bo1]6j ts;kj ’;aomu
_{!* mao;k xu !_*(F ,u * xtgmfg0QkI;j , dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !* xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu & 9af16j1k’d5’F xtgmf,Po,hk ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu *{!# mao;k xu !_*_F ,u * xtgmf
g0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !& xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu * 9af16jd5’d6]k]egxuF xtgmf,kg]g-p ]ts;kj ’;aomu !!{!) mao;k xu !_(!F ,u (
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !& xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu ( 9af16jxtgmfly’dt3x ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu !{) mao;k xu !_(#F ,u ( xtgmfg0QkI;j ,
dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !* xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu ) 9af16[j k’dvdF xtgmfwm ]ts;kj ’;aomu _{!* mao;k xu !_(&F ,u $ xtgmfg0Qk
I;j ,dkoc0’j 0oa govjn ’9kd;kj xtgmfg9kQ rk[[+lk,kfl’jq lkog-ou .ssh ;Pfok,F ]k; c]t
dex6g9pwfhD phvogsfzqomk’fhkodkog,nv’F ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

16

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ{ 7A’mu _ wfhxPj o-n9j kddy]k <-P[gd, XSEAP GAMES?< ,kgxaody]k<-ugd, XSEA
GAMES?< gxao7A’mevyf0v’dkoc0’j 0ao9af16jd6]k]egxuF xtgmf,kg]g-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu
!_{@* rt9yd xu !_((F ,u ( xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !W 9af16j9kdk8kF xtgmfvyo3fgog-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu @!{#W daopk xu !_(_F ,u (
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !! 9af16j,kou]kF xtgmf2u]y[xuo ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu *{!& mao;k xu !_)!F ,u (
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !@ 9af16jxtgmfly’dt3x]ts;kj ’ ;aomu @) rbfltrk{* ,u45ok xu !_)#F ,u )
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !# 9af16j[k’dvdF xtgmfwm ]ts;kj ’;aomu ){!! mao;k xu !_)&F ,u ) xtgmfg0Qk
I;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k !) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !$ 9af16j9kdk8kF xtgmfvyo3fgog-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu _{@W daopk xu !_)(F ,u )
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @_ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !& 9af16jd6]k]egxuF xtgmf,kg]g-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu @W{#! ly’sk xu !_)_F ,u _
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @$ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !* 9af16j,kou]kF xtgmf2u]y[xuo ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu @$ rt9yd{& mao;k xu !__!F ,u
_ xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @_ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !( 9af16jxtgmfly’dt3x ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu !@{@W ,u45ok xu !__#F ,u _ xtgmf
g0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @_ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !) 9af16j-P’.\Fj xtgmfwm ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu _{!( mao;k xu !__&F ,u !W xtgmf
g0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @) xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu !_ 9af16j9kdk8kF xtgmfvyo3fgog-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu !!{@W 85]k xu !__(F ,u !W
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k #$ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @W 9af16jxtgmf[i6wo ]ts;kj ’;aomu ){!( daopk xu !___F ,u !W xtgmfg0Qk
I;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k @! xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @! 9af16jd6]k]egxuF xtgmf,kg]g-p ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu ){!( daopk xu @WW!F ,u !W
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k #@ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @@ 9af16jxtgmfs;Pfok, ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu &{!# mao;k xu @WW#F ,u !! xtgmf
g0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k #! xtgrfD

17

{ 7A’mu @# 9af16jxtgmf2u]y[xuo ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu @( rt9yd{& mao;k xu @WW&F ,u !! xtgmfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
g0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k $@ xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @$ 9af16jot7vo]k-tlu,kF xtgmfwm ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu *{!& mao;k xu @WW(F ,u !!
xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k $& xtgrfD

{ 7A’mu @& 9af16jot7vos^;’;P’9aoF xtgmf]k; ]ts;kj ’ ;aomu _{!) mao;k xu @WW_F ,u
!! xtgmfg0QkI;j ,dkoc0’j 0ao ,udkoc0’j 0aody]k $@ xtgrfD

le]a[xtgmf]k;gIqk wfhg0QkI;j ,dy]k <-ugd, XSEA GAMES?< g]uj,8A’c8j 7A’mu !{(
c]t 7A’mu !&{@& .odkog0QkI;j ,c0’j 0aody]k-ugd, 7A’mu @&F oaddy]k]k;gIqklk,kfpkfwfh
s^Pos^kpd;kj m5d7A’mujzkj o,k7nG wfh ## s^Po7eF @& s^Pog’yo c]t &@ s^Pomv’D

18

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu @
s^addkovjko c]t ,k]tpkf.odkovjko

!D 95fxtlq’0v’dkovjko

dkovkj od=gxao[aoskmu9j egxao8hv’wfhg/ydcv[ grktdkovkj ogxao;ymumulj e7aole]a[\qf
md5 7oq g-oaj G

{ vkj ogrvnj 7Qo7;hklbdlksk7;k,I6h.\Mj g-oaj G dkovkj o8e]k;y-kIPoF 8e]k;y-kdko
8kj ’MD

{ vjkogrnjvIa[I6h0jk;lko7;k,gxao9y’ s^n sk7e8v[.olyj’mujgIqklq’wlg-ajoG dkovjko
cotoe ;ymudko.-h1kF dkovkj oxtdkfc9h’dko8kj ’MF dkovkj o|a’lnry,gxao8QoD

{ vkj ogrvjn 7;k,[oa gm’y sn^ 7;k,,;j o-ojn g-oja G dkovkj oot;topy kpF g]vjn ’loA F lk]t7tfFu
[fq gr’F dt;uoyroq gxoa 8oQ D

{ vkj ogrvnj -vdskgxQk\kp s^n -vdsk95fxtlq’.f|’bj g-oaj G -vdsk-Fnj ;aoF gfnvoF xu s^n 0=h
7;k,9egrktg9kt9q’ grnjv-vdsk0=h7;k,muj8hv’dko.-hgxao0=hvhk’vu’S grnjv-vdskco;
7;k,7yf0v’lyj’mujgIqkvjko1jk’g]aj’]af ;jklyj’oAog;QkdjP;da[spa’ c]t grnjvmq[m;o7nolyj’
mguj Ikq g7upwfvh kj o,kc];h D

19

{ vkj ogrvnj rafmtok8qogv’ c]t rafmtokvk-u[ gxaodkovkj ogrvnj gr,uj r6o7;k,I6h c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
.-h7;k,Ih6,krafmtokvk-u[0v’8qogv’g-jaoG -k;dtlydvovjko8e]kdkox6dgsafg2nv’F
c,7j ;q vkj o8e]kgIfa vkskoF c,gj Invovkj o|’a lnc,gj Invomoa ltw\gxoa 8oQ D

dkovkj o,xu t3spfooA 8vh ’vkj o.s4h dn F vkj owfgh ovN 7;k,F wf7h ;k,Ih6 c]t 7;k,7fy 8,jn m’a
-;j p.s,h udkoltcs;’sk7oQ 7;kh D ovdooA p’a I;h6 ymu.-sh vh ’lt\f5 vudf;h pD g,vnj 1kdgIfa wfch o;
oAo 8hv’safvkj orklk]k;.sh7vj ’c7h;F vkj ow; c]t 4nd;ad8vo0v’,ao7adcoDj

@D s^addkovjko

{ o’ja vkj o s^n 1on vkj o.omkj mlju t[kp[+o’ja gIfa s’^a 7fq s^n .s|h ’a l.n dlh kp8ks^kpgdou wx c]t
[+7;oovovkj ogrkt9tgIfa .sgh s’kq ovo [+,ult,kmy.odkovkj oD

{ 9[a xB,vkj o.s4h nd8vh ’8k,;ymu7nG |kh xB,8vh ’skj ’9kd8kxt,ko #W -’a 8uc,fa 1lj6 tg\uD
{ vkj of;h pvkdkoxdq dt8gy -oja G [.+ -,h -n 3U 8|’a lcn 8]j t38F [.+ sxh kdg|’a 8’u wxoe c]t I9h6 da
d;kflkp8kg[’yj 38|’a ln.o0totr;,vkj oD
{ vkj o|a’ln.oshv’ s^n lt4komuj mu,j ucl’lts;kj ’rP’r=D
{ g,vjn 9[a |’a l0n oB ,kvkj o zvh6 kj o7;ovkj oles;^ fdvj o;kj x,B s;q o,U -u gjn ]vjn ’co;.fF .zgxoa
z6hc8’j F ry,g,nvj .fF 9eo;ogmqkj .fF c]h;vkj o7eoegrnvj .shI6h;kj z6hc8’j ,u95fxtlq’co;.fF vkj o
lk]t[kogrvnj .shI6h;kj .oxB,sq;oU,ugoNv.ovao.fcfmj |uj hklqo.9D
{ vkj o7oQ sk07h= ;k,m8ju vh ’dko sn^ 9[a .97;k,1kj ’;vj ’w; [v+ kj ogmvjn ]t7e8vh ’d;kflkp
8kvkj ogxaod5,j 7eF ;t]u s^n xt3spdD
{ 4kh [+g0kQ .97;k,\kp0v’l[a pkd8vh ’7oQ sk7;k,\kp9kd;fa 9tokod5 ,q s^n lk]k
od5 ,q D
{ [+7;o.-hoY;,n-U8q;vadlvoF [+ra[|a’ln s^n ;k’|a’ln0;E]q’c87j ;o.-hg9hp[k’M0Aow;h
g,vjn p’a vkj o[+9[q D
{ g,vjn vkj o9[q rtpkpk,9[a .97;k, sn^ 87u ;k,g]vjn ’mvju kj o.sgh 0kQ .9;kj g]vjn ’]k;gxoa co;.f
\kp7;k,;kj co;.f 0=h7;k,muvj kj o,uxt3spf s^n 75o7kj co;.f z6h0Po,ug98tokco;.fD
s^addkovjkomuj4nd8hv’oAowfhc[j’vvdgxao @ xtgrf7nG s^addkovjkovvdlP’ c]t
sda^ dkovkj o.o.9D

@D! s^addkovjkovvdlP’

s^addkovkj ovvdlP’,u @ -toyf7nG s^addkovkj ovvdlP’7eIhvpdv’ c]t s^addkovkj o
vvdlP’7eIvh pcd;h D

20

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ!? s^addkovjkovvdlP’7eIhvpdv’
sd^a dkom;jq wx0v’dkovkj ovvdlP’7eIvh pdv’m7uj ;o7eo’b g4y’,uf’ja oUG
{ lbdlk]adltot[a’7a[0v’7extraoc8]j t-toyfm9uj tvkj o .shg0Qk.9c9,j c9h’D
{ vkj o.sh4nd8hv’8k,s^adw;pkdvo c]t 8k,]adltot7extrao-toyfoAoMD
{ vkj ovvdlP’7e.sh9tc9h’F 4nd8hv’3fpltgrkt7emuvj vdlP’ 0 7 z / r 2 I ]

c]t 7emu,j u8q;7;[D
{ [+vkj o7e8+7e 8hv’vkj ogxaoxt3spd s^n s^kp7e3I,daofa’j muwj fh2a’ s^n wfhg;QkD
{ vkj ovvdlP’,u9’a s;t .sgh 0kQ d[a ]da ltot0v’goNvg]vnj ’D
{ vkj ovvdlP’.shfa’r=lq,7;omuzj 6h2a’9twfhpyomq;j g4y’ c]t .shgxaome,t-kf[+8hv’faf

lP’D
{ vkj ovvdlP’.sh4nd9a’s;t c]t meov’ lezaflP’|ad{lP’g[qk 8k,]adltot0v’

7eIvh pdv’ooA MD
{ Ih96 da 1f5 radskp.9 g,vnj 9q[0=h7;k,|’jb MD
{ g,vnj vkj og4y’8vo.dh-y9q[8hv’]kdlP’ c]t 9a’s;t.sh-hk]q’9qo9q[[qfD

lyj’muj7;ogvqk.9.lj.odkovjko7eIhvpdv’
dkovkj o7eIhvpdv’ s^n meov’m,uj ;j o c]t vvo-voxtma[.9z6h2a’oAo,u0=h7;ogvqk.9.lj
dvj ovkj of’ja ],j5 oUG
{ dvj o9tvkj omeov’7eIhvpdv’7;oIadlkl50trk[.shfu ,u7;k,rhv,ma’dkp c]t
.99t -;j p.sh,u7;k,\aho.9s^kp0BoD
{ 8’A lt8.y s\h oA 7’q [s+ ;oja ws;F 8ojn g8oA F 8dq .97;o,lu t,kmmy ’a dvj ovkj o c]t 0totde]’a
vkj o grvnj [+.shgduf7;k,zyfrkfD
{ dvj o9tvkj o7;od;fg[’jy [fq vkj ozkj oM c]t ;vj ’w; grvjn r9y k]tok7epkd sn^ dkozoa
lP’;aootp5f c]t vnoj M grnvj 9twfhvkj o.sh4nd8hv’8k,vad0ts^t;ymuD
{ ry9k]tok[qfm9uj tvkj or=rk’M ;kj dkj ;g4y’g]vnj ’.f grvnj 8aflyo.9g]nvd.lvj k]q,.o[qf
vkj o.sgh \ktl,q lvf7vj ’d[a govhn 7;k, g,vjn rvh ,c];h 9’jb g],ju 8oQ vkj o8k,;my du komgju /dy cv[,kD
{ \ajolbdlk c]t g/ydcv[dkovjkomeov’muj,j;o9kdz6hI6hdjP;da[;ymu8jk’M 16jltg\u
9’bj 9tgIaf.shlk,kfvkj o4ndmeov’wfh1kj ’7vj ’c7h;F ,;j o c]t 9a[vqd9a[.9py’j 0BoD

@? s^addkovjkovvdlP’Ihvpcdh;
sd^a dkom;jq wx.odkovkj ovvdlP’Ivh pcd;h ,uf’ja oGuh
{ djvovjko7;olbdlkg]njv’mujvjko.shg0Qk.93fp]tvPf fh;pdkolbdlkgoNv.ole7ao

0v’g]nvj ’ c]t 0=h7;k,m5d0=h7;k, grnvj 9tc[’j ;ad8vo .odkovkj owfh1kj ’g\ktlq,D

21

{ vkj ovvdlP’f’a rl= ,q 7;o g\ktl,q d[a lt4komju c]t 9eo;oz2h6 ’a .szh 2h6 ’a wfph oy m;jq g4’y ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dao[+fa’ s^n 7vj p9qogduowxD

{ vkj o.sh7vj ’c7h; c]t vvdlP’.sh4nd8hv’8k,vad0ts^t;ymugxao4hvp7e 3fpltgrkt
rtpoa -tot7;[8vh ’vvdlP’.s9h tc9’h D

{ vkj ovvdlP’.sgh xoa lP’g;kQ c[[me,t-kfmluj f5 D
{ gooA lP’ c]t 4vh p7e8k,oE|da 7;k,le7oa 0v’.97;k,.-lh P’ c]t 9’a s;t.sgh xoa
wx8k,govN g]vjn ’g-oja G g[’jy F vvh o;voF 9’y .9F dPf-’a Z]ZD dko.-mh eov’lP’.odkovkj o d8= vh ’
c8d8kj ’doa D 4kh .-vh k],q Ikh pdg= Ifa lP’.sch 0’ c]t vkj ow; 4kh vvh o;vod8= vh ’zvj olP’.svh vj o
]’q vkj o.s-h kh ]’q gxoa 8oQ D
{ vkj ovvdlP’.sgh \ktd[a xtgrf0v’g]vjn ’g-oja G 4kh vkj og]vjn ’m.ju s7h ;k,gxoa 9’y m;jq Mwx
9tvjkovvdlP’me,tfk.sh9tc9h’F 4hkvjkog]njv’muj8hv’.-hvk]q, 9t8hv’I6h9ad.ljvk]q,.sh
g\ktl,q d[a goNvg]vnj ’8voooA M 9’jb 9tgIfa .szh 2h6 ’a g0kQ .99f5 xtl’q gxkQ \kp0v’g]vjn ’wffh uD
{ .o0totmvju kj o 7;od;kflkp8kg[’jy 8;q vda lvo lts[a^ d[a dkog’pu |kh 0oB lda lkp8k.lj
z6h2a’ .o]adltotmugj \ktlq, c]t g[y’j gxaome,t-kfD
{ 4kh vkj o1.6j o[vj oxt-,5 8vh ’1on -’q 8;q .omkj mlu ts’kj zkj gzpu ,9n [a g9ph 1.j6 omkj mrju g= \kt
[+7;opdq g9ph sn^ gvdtlkol’6 gdou wx9oq [’a |kh 8k8oq gv’ c8dj [= +9[a 8ej gdou wx9oq 8vh ’d,Q s;q vkj o
4kh 1.6j o[vj om,uj u],q rfa cI’ 7;o9[a g9ph 8yfd[a g9ph c0’D

@D@ s^addkovjko.o.9

dkovkj o.o.9 gxoa dkovkj ogrvjn 8oq gv’ 9tvkj ofu sn^ [f+ du [= ,+ zu oq dtm[q 8z+ 2h6 ’a D dkovkj o.o.9
7;oxt8y[aff’aj oUG

{ 8’A lt,kmy.s\h oA mPj ’D
{ .-lh kp8kd;kf8;q vda lvo.swh fwh ]ptlkp8kxt,ko &{* 7e.oc8]j t7’A c]t .sdh ;kh ’
gmkqj m9uj td;hk’wfhD
{ [7+ ;ovkj o1vh od[a wxd[a ,k grkt9tgIfa .sgh lpg;]kF .svh kj o9kd-kh pwxsk0;k8tsv^ f
dkovkj oda[,kmk’-hkp.\j grkt7;k,[+co.j 9.o0=h7;k,muvj kj owxc]h; 9tgIaf.shglpg;]k
gxoa zoq ltmvh o.svh kj o-kh c]t l[a loq D [7+ ;ogIfa xkdg|’a dt-[5 dt-[y .o0totmvju kj o grktdko
vkj o.o.9pvj ,.-hxtlkf8k c]t lt\v’ [+7;o.-hxtlkfIy,lq[ 9b’j 8hv’g/yd7;k,w;0v’
lkp8k c]t lt\v’ 9’bj 9tgxaodkog/ydvkj om4uj nd8hv’D

22

{ [+7;o.-hoU;,nF xkddk c]t l= -uh8q;vadlvogmnvj ]t8q; grkt9tgIaf.shvkj owfh-hkD
{ rtpkpk,9a[.97;k,le7ao0v’g]vnj ’mvyuj kj o.shwfhD

#D ;ymuvjko

#D! ;ymuvjkortpao-totcdo

rtpao-totcdo c,oj rtpao-totmugj vqklP’0v’8qowxgxaocdolP’0v’7eg;QkD ltoAo
g;]kvkj ovvdlP’7eg;kQ 8vh ’rtpkpk,vvdlP’vda lvocdog-oja G

7e;kj G 3I’IPo rtpao-tot I gxaortpao-totcdoD
7e;kj G wdxj kj rtpao-tot d c]t x gxaortpao-totcdoD
7e;kj G shv’dko rtpao-tot s c]t d gxaortpao-totcdoDDD

#D@ ;ymuvjkortpao-tot7;[

rtpoa -tot7;[ ,8u ;q fP;7Gn 8;q ;D rtpoa -tot7;[o.U -;h k’w;mh k’s’a^ 4fa rtpoa -totg7kQ

grvjn gvkq lP’wx7;[d[a lP’rtpoa -tot mdju Pj ;0vh ’c];h ,lu P’8;q ; 7;[1oj6 eD ltooA F ;my vu kj o8vh ’

vkj ovvdlP’7;[daoma’lv’8q;vadlvog-oaj G d;hk’F d;kj F 0;kF 7;kpF 0;k’DDD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
8;q 1kj ’G

7;kp [+c,oj vkj o;kj 7;p 8vh ’vkj o;kj 7;kp

4;kp < 4;p < 4;kp

m;kp < m;p < m;kp

-;kh o < -;h o < -;kh oDDD

• dkovjko c]t dko9qf9elyj’mujwfhvjko
dkovjko,u7;k,9egxaole]a[dkoIPoI6hlyj’.flyj’|bj’ s^n vjkogrnjv95fxtlq’vnjoMc8d

8kj ’doa D c8gj ;kQ ];,c];h dkovkj odc= ,oj grvjn 7;k,1kdIFh6 1kdg0kQ .9 c]t 99jn ewfgh sfdkogovN
g]vnj ’8kj ’Mmwuj fvh kj oD

dkovkj o[r+ P’c8gj xoa dkogrfu grou 8k,7;k,rv= dq r.= 90v’zvh6 kj ogmkjq ooA F dkovkj om9ju t
.sh,uxt3spf.f|’bj 8hv’8A’7e4k, 4k,8qogv’1l6j tg\u;kj G

{ g]vjn ’m8ju oq vkj oodU Pj ;d[a sp’a L
{ ,ul’uj .fm8uj oq gv’8vh ’dko[=L
{ ly’j .fgxaovao.\j c]t gxao8klqo.9L
grvnj 99nj el’yj mwuj fhvkj o 8hv’I6hIy[3I,g]vnj ’oAo3fpsp=hM w;h.o.9ltg\uD

23

$D ,k]tpkf.odkovjko

{ [+.svh kj og]vnj ’l;j o8;q 0v’[d5 7oq vonj g-oja G 9fq \kpF xN,[oa mdb D
{ [+vkj ol’jq lP’f’a ][q d;o[d5 7oq vojn D
{ [+’;kd|kh g0kQ wxvkj ox,B s;q fP;d[a [d5 7oq vojn D
{ [+7;ovkj o|’a ln0v’7qovonj 3fp[+wfIh a[vto5pkfD
{ [+7;ovkj o0totmu1j 6.j o;q’lqomtok s^n dkoxt-5,D
{ [+l’qj lP’fa’.oshv’lt\5f c]t 8hv’xt8y[af8k,]t[P[0v’shv’lt\5fD
{ g,vnj 1,n x,B ,kvkj o8vh ’l’jq 7on moa mu g,vjn vkj o9[q 1kj r[a g9ph sn^ 9du g9ph |kh m8ju vh ’dko 4kh 9e

gxao8hv’.-h7;o9qfdkj p sn^ 0=vafgvdtlkogvqkD
{ 0totmvju kj o|’a l[n 7+ ;ogvkq vksko sn^ g0kQ |,q wxdoy grktvkf9tgIfa .svh ksko sn^ g0kQ |,q

8dq .l3j 8|’a ldn g= xoa wfDh

vtmy[kpla[

;af9toko5dq, G |a’ln]efa[7eF |a’lnle]a[-vdsk7;k,\kp0v’7emu9j afw;h
lk]kod5 ,q 8k,]efa[rtpao-totD

G xB,mumj hvo3I,7;k,I6hm5d0tc|’ s^n ltgrkt0tc|’.f|’bj
g-’yj ,adIP’sq;g]vnj ’ s^n sq;0=hwx8k,]efa[vadlvoD
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7e4k,

!D 95fxtlq’0v’dkovkj o c,oj grnvj spa’L dkovkj omujfu7;ogIafco;.fL
#D 1kdvkj o7eIvh pdv’ c]t Ivh pcd;h .s,h xu tlfy mry k[7;oxt8[y fa 8k,sda^ dko.fcfLj
$D ;ymuvkj o,u9ad;ymuL 7n;ymu.fcfLj
&D ,k]tpkfm7uj ;oxt8y[af.odkovkj o 7;ogIafco;.fL

[qfg/yfsaf

!D 9q’j xPj odaovkj o[qfg]vnj ’],5j oUc]h;la’gdfg[’yj ;kj 4nd8hv’8k,s^addko s^n [+L

g]njv’ <oqd,us6|6,uxud<

c8dj Uc8dj vj oF g9pwfhvkwldyo1dj6 a[/6’oqd c]t ,uoqd8q;|’bj gxaookpD 1,6j k,N|’bj F oqdmguj xao
okpwflh ’ja .srh ;dg9pmgju xoa []= ;y koooA gIfa I’a 1j6 g9pd[= +gIfa 8k,7el’ja S okpodq 9’jb g;kQ 8+g9p;kj G

<gIkq l’ja .sgh 9kQ gIfa I’a 1gj6 xoa sp’a g9kQ [+gIfa L<

24

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<gIqk,us6gIqk[+c,oj 9er;dmkj o c]t gIqkc,oj 9er;d|68kj ’skd<
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|96 ’jb g;kQ ;kj G
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<gIkq gxoa r;dodq <D
/kj podq 9’jb g;kQ ;kj G
<[kH K g9kQ ogU ;kQ d[a |kh d[a s’a^ F g,vjn gIkq l’ja .sgh 9kQ gIfa I’a 1dj6 g= vkq sv6 vd,kv;f;kj gxoa r;d|D6
fP;oUrafgvqkxudvvd,kv;f[vd;kj gxaor;doqdF gIqk[+pv,.sh16oj efvd<D g9pd=da[,ksk|6F
gvkq sv6 vdv;fc];h [vd;kj G
<gIkq c,oj r;d0v’mkj o<D
|96 ’jb g;kQ ;kj G
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gvkq s,6 kv;fc];h [vd;kj gxoa r;dgIkq D g9kQ oU0Ul=sh ^kpgIkq [+pv,.sgh 9kQ 1oj6 efvd<D
g,vjn 7;k,voa oIU wh6 xg4’y okp.sp0j v’odq c]t 0v’|6 m’a lv’/kj p;kj g9posU v^ d];’m’a lv’
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.s.h zr[q xtg9]t9koeF g;]k9tdoy c]t 9tovods= kh ,[.+ sdh oy F [.+ soh vooeF [.+ s1h .j6 soh vog\vn o
oqd c]t |6F .shshvpsq;16sj hvpsq;ovo c]t shk,[+.shvvd,kskdyo.og;]kfP;da[oqd c]t
|6D g9ppv,Ia[3mf8k,7e8aflyo1kj ’g7’aj 7af 9’bj wfhgdkt’kj w,hshvpsq;ovo,kgmkqj m5d;aooUD

X7af9kdxB,;aootde ,afmtpq, ! lk,aolbdlk dt-;’lbdlkF dy]k c]t me,tdko !_()?

25

@D 9q’j vkj o.o.9[qf0kj ;8+wxoU c]h;[vd;kj goNv.og;Qkg4y’spa’L
dkode9af0UgspNvc[[,ulj;oIj;,

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gxQk\kp37’dko mujwfhxtdv[lj;o1jk’8A’ g-’jy ,oa wflh kh ’[oa pkdkfvoa 2fq 2oN .o3I’IPo
|hk g0Qk.o0t[;odko9afdko0Ugsphnv grnvj wfgh xoa 1kj ’fuD
lyj’c;f]hv, c]t gIaf.sh0UgspNvdkpgxao
-a[rtpkdvovao,u7jkD 3I’IPol5]ypk8A’16j $? lhk’0t[;odkocpd0UgspNvrkp.o
[kh ort3rFg,vn ’llu fa 8tokdFot7vos;^ ’;P’9oa F 3I’IPo gIaf.shxt]y,ko0UgspNvs^5f]q’9kd
,urtoad’ko 76vk9koma’\qf #W 7qo c]t @W g0h’}vkmyf Xs^5f]q’*W:?D
oadIPoma’\qf @*W 7qo 3I’IPol5]ypk g0Qk
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!@}W_}@WW# g4y’xaf95[aoF g-yj’wfhxt8y[af .odkoIPo{dkolvog-jaoG fvdw,hxtfyfF
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26

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27

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28

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29

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34

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35

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vu gxao8QoD

36

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37

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38

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39

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gsoa ;kj ]Uogxoa co;.fL

40

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu $
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8oq gv’.odko0Po grvjn 4kj pmvfvvd,k.szh vh6 kj oI[a IDh6
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-kj ’7yfF 9qf9e c]t ,u7;k,lk,kf.odko.-hrklk grnvj 9t,kIP[IP’gxaog]nvj ’.shz6hvkj o
g0Qk.9wfh1kj ’9tc9h’D

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8dq 0v[g9ph D
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c]t lts^5[g]vnj ’D dko8A’sp=h|hkc8]j tgmvnj 7;o.sh-dnj aoD
{ dkoc8j’g]njv’8hv’.shvq’xtdv[ma’lk,lj;odjP;gonjv’daoF gxaog]njv’fP;dao8k,
]ef[a govN .oD
{ .-hrklk’kj pM [+.-hla[pkdD
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rklk8ts^kfD
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8hv’.-hvadlvosp=h 8hv’.-hvadlvosp=hmu7j qomq;j wxg0Qk.9 c]t pv,Ia[ s^n oypq,.-hD
{ .-h7e c]t leo;o.shdtmafIafdq’da[7;k,\kp [+25,g2nvp c]t d;,];,gduowxD
{ gooha govN .ole7oa 0v’g]vjn ’3fp.-xh t3spdloA D
{ govN .o8vh ’xtdv[f;h p0,h= o6 mgju xoa 9’y F z0h6 Po7;o7oQ 7;kh g]vjn ’m9ju t0Po.s]h tvPfglpdvj oD

41

!D# vq’xtdv[0v’dkoc8j’g]njv’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

dkoc8’j g]vnj ’ d=7nda[dko0Poxtgrfvnoj M g-’yj xtdv[fh;p # rkdl;j of’aj oUG
!? gxufsq;g]njv’

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0v’z6h0Po8+sq;0=hg]nvj ’ c9h’95fxtlq’grnvj oeg0Qkl6gj oNvg]nvj ’D dko0Pogxufsq;g]nvj ’ vkf9t
0Bo8Qofh;pdkopqd7el5rklyf sn^ 7e7t8yrqf,koeltg|u grnvj gxaodkovtmy[kp7;k,\kpF
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8q;1jk’G
7oq gIkq [c+ ,oj ;kj 9tvkwl8oq gv’wflh tg\wu x 7oq I’ja ,du v= kfpkd9oq ]’q wfFh 7oq c0’cI’dp= ’a
,gu ;]kg9[a x;j pF 7oq ltsk^ fF 7oq c0’cI’ 4kh ,3u ]dwrw0gh 9[a gxoa 3]dve,trkf sn^ xtlkfrdy ko
d=-j;p8qogv’[+wfhD g,njvgxaoco;oAodkomujgIqk9tv;fvqj’mtoq’8qo[+8hv’gryj’rkvkwlz6hvnjo
9’bj gxoa 7;k,xt\kfvoa p’yj .spDj
@? gohnvg]njv’
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7;k,9’y F 7;k,IFh6 7;k,7fy gsoa 0v’z0h6 Pom8ju vh ’dkolljn ko.szh vh6 kj oI[a Ih6 skdgovhn g]vjn ’cpd
gxaoxtgfaopvj pMwfhs^kpxtgfao vkf9tcpd0Pogxaoxtgfao]tsp=h|hkF c8mj 5dxtgfao8hv’dPj ;
govnj ’dao8k,]efa[0v’g;]kF gsfdko c]t ,ugsfzqoD skdgxaog]vnj ’mluj bdlk7Qo7;hk,k8hv’
,su d^a 4kovkh ’v’u D

8q;1jk’G
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wf8h vh ’vkwlzvh6 ojn grkt;kj 7oq gIkq [c+ ,oj 9tIh6 c]t 9tgd’ja \fq md5 1kj ’F oda IPo9tIPogd’ja d8= vh ’
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leg]fa .odkoxt8y[fa ;Pd’ko.f|’bj d=8vh ’vkwlgrvnj oI;j ,’komfuj uF ,u7;k,IFh6 7;k,lk,kf
9’jb 9txtl[q zoq leg]fa mguj xoa |kh gr’jy r=.9D

42

#? lts^5[g]njv’
gxoa dkolts[5^ govN .ole7oa 0v’g]vjn ’m’a \fq .szh vh6 kj owfIh [a IFh6 /kd07h= fy F 3fp.-7h elr5 klfy

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8q;1jk’G

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!? sk0=h,6o c]t xtlq[dkodPj ;da[g]vnj ’m9uj t0Po3fpdkovkj oF dkog[’yj c]t dko2a’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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gxoa sp|=h kh |’jb 0Po.s,h u7;k,leroa 8+govnj ’doa D

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!D& dko;k’37’Ijk’

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xt3spdlAoM f’aj 8q;1kj ’],5j oUG

gIvn o gxoa 7emdju eofq .s7h evojn Mmdju Pj ;0vh ’ !W 7e7Gn rF+ c,Fj ]d6 F 7;k,ld5 F Ida F oEF rda zvj oF
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gInvo gxoa [vj om.uj s7h ;k,ld5 cdgj Ikq

43

gIqkwfhradzvj o wfhdyovksko c]t fn,j oEmugj Invo
r+c,Ij ad]6d c]t ]hP’f6]6d.shl5dlt[kp
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8q;1jk’G

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dp= ’a ,gu ;]kg9[a x;j pF 7oq ltsk^ fF 7oq c0’cI’ 4kh ,3u ]dwrw0gh 9[a gxoa 3]dve,trkf sn^ xtlkf

rydkod=-;j p8qogv’[+wfhD g,nvj gxaoco;oAodkomugj Iqk9tv;fvq’j mtoq’8qo [+8hv’gry’j rkvkwl

zvh6 onj 9’yj gxoa 7;k,xt\kfvoa p’yj .spDj

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vkwl c]t 1kxojy x;q rtpkf [r+ P’c8gj mkjq ooA 7oq gIkq m1ju .j6 ol’a 7,q |’jb M 9t13j6 fffPj ;rP’]er’a [+
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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vkwlIej IPooe7v6 k9koF \gj6 rvjn o c]t [d5 7oq vojn Mm,ju xu tl[q dko,kdvj oF 7oq ,gu ’oy d8= vh ’vkwl

gsnvj cI’F vkwlco;7yf,aolt\v’0v’7qomu,j u7;k,I6h7;k,lk,kfF z6h[=]ysko1kd,u7;k,

leg]fa .odkoxt8y[fa ;Pd’ko.f|’bj d=8vh ’vkwlgrvnj oI;j ,’komfuj uF ,u7;k,IFh6 7;k,lk,kf

9’jb 9txtl[q zoq leg]fa mgju xoa |kh gr’jy r=.9D

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8hv’7eob’g4y’xt3spfl;j o];,gxao.spj grnvj 7;k,16jg1aogxaol5d0v’8qogv’ c]t l;j o];,D

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g4y’xt3spfma’0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’z6hvonj [+.sh0afdaoD

@? ,udko]’q mkh pf;h p[fq lr5 klyfo[a ;kj g\ktl,q mluj f5 D

44

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D dko0Posp=h7;k,

@D! 7;k,\kp0v’dko0Posp=h7;k,

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lq[rq[gsao c]t oe,kg]qkj l6dj ao2a’s^kp1kj ’F c8gj Iqk[+,ug;]ks^kpr=mu9j tvkj o s^n 2a’g]nvj ’oAo
3fp]tvPfD

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8k,2’a s^n vkj o8k,s^’a d=wfDh dko[vd s^n g]kqj ltgrkt.97;k,le7oa d=7ndkosp=7h ;k, skd.9
7;k,le7oa ,su k^ pl;j o sn^ sk^ p.97;k,F zgh6 ]kjq 8vh ’gIfa .sgh ovhn g]vjn ’8fy 8+doa .swh f.h 97;k,loA M
c]t 7q[4h;oD

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.97;k,le7aogmkqj oAoc]h;oe,k0Po7no.\.j shwfh.97;k,lAoM c]t 7q[4h;oD

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c]t 7;k,I6hlbdco;.fL
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spdh= kj ;g4’y D
T 7el[a pkdpk;MxPj ogxoa 7eg;kQ me,tfkm7uj oq m;jq wxg0kQ .9D
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T 4kh ,u7e]k-kl[a .og]vnj ’.shIda lkw;h [+8hv’xPj ocx’D
T 4kh g]vjn ’gdkjq gxoa 7eIvh pdv’8vh ’4vfgxoa 7eIvh pcd;h dvj o c];h 9’jb spgh= xoa Ivh pcd;h D

45

{ vkj omq[m;o.97;k,le7aoma’\qf.\j ry9k]tok;kj 0=h7;k,.fpa’[+lq,[6oF 0=h7;k,.f ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7;o8afvvd s^n 0=h7;k,.fmzuj yfzhPowx c]h;IP[IP’7no.\vj ud7A’|’bj D

{ dvj o0Pog]vnj ’sp=h 8vh ’0Bo8oQ sp=7h ;k,8k,xtgrf0v’g]vnj ’ c];h 0Po.97;k,0v’
g]vjn ’msju pDh=

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46