ແບບຮຽນພາສາລາວ ມ1

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97

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98

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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99

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100

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101

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X@? lhk’lt,af4trk[.odkog[y’j c]t dko2a’

102

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດlt,fa 4trk[.odkog[’jy c]t dko2’a wfch dmj da lt sn^ 7;k,lk,kf.odkoI[a lkof;h p;my u
g[y’j sn^ 2a’ grnvj gIaf.shdkog[y’j dko2a’,uxtlyfmyrk[ c]t xtlq[7;k,leg]af 8k,95fxtlq’
muj;k’w;hD

X#? lhk’lafmk.o8q;z6hlq’j lko
4kh zIh6 [a lkog-vjn \oA c]t ,lu fa mk.o8;q zlh6 ’jq lko c]t lkoc];h 9tgIfa .sgh dfu 7;k,loq .9
c]t lk,kfg[y’j 2a’wfhIa[zqofu ,u9yf.99qf9+ c]t z6hIa[lko8hv’,u7;k,g-nvj \Ao;kj dkog[y’j
c]t dko2a’oAork.shgduf7;k,Ia[I6hwfhD
X$? dkolhk’madltmk’rklk
1kd.shdkog[y’j c]t dko2a’.shwfhzqofuoAo z6hIa[lko8hv’,umadltmk’rklk]k;fug-oaj G
dkovkj oF dko0PoF dkog;Qk c]t dko.-hrklk gxao8QoD .zMd=8k,mujvkj os^kpF 0Pos^kp
c]t g;kQ wffh u 9tgIfa .smh da ltdkog[’jy c]t dko2’a wffh gu -oja fP;doa grkt;kj g,vjn ,7u ;k,Ifh6 kh o
rklkfuc]h; g;]kIa[lkod=9tIa[wfhfuD
X&? la’gdfz6hlq’j lko
la’gdfz6hlq’j lko c,oj dkogvqk.9.l8j yf8k, s^n 9a[lP’F lu|hkmkj mk’F dy]ypkF vkdko
8kj ’M0v’zlh6 ’jq lko 9tgIfa .sgh Ikq I[a lkowf4h nd8vh ’7[q 4;h oD
X*? dkog[’jy c]t dko2’a 8vh ’oewxldj6 ko9fq 9eg]vjn ’]k; c]t oegvkq wx.-gh xoa xt3spfwfDh
dkog[y’j dko2a’9t8hv’9qf9eg]nvj ’.shwfh dkomuj9t9qf9eg]nvj ’.shwfh d=8hv’g0Qk.9lko
muIj a[F lts^5[g]nvj ’wfh c]t 4hkgxaog]nvj ’mu1j .6j o7;k,lqo.9d=7;o9qf[aombdw;hD
X(? dkog[y’j c]t dko2a’mujfu 8hv’oewxl6dj ko7Qo7yfmujfu
dkog[’yj dko2’a mufj u 8vh ’oewxldj6 ko7oQ 7yfmufj u7nG lk,kf8fa lyog]vnj ’8kj ’M c]t xtg,uo
75o7jk0v’lko 8ts^vfg4y’[5d7qomjugIqklnjlkooeoAo 9tgIaf.shz6hIa[lkolk,kfg0Qk.976jlqo
mtokwf;h kj ,[u d5 7t]dy dtrk[F ofy wl.97= c]t 7;k,Ilh6 db odb 7fy gxoa co;.fD dkoxtg,ou 7o5 7kj
[5d7qooAo 9tlk,kfxtg,uowfh9kdly’j mugj 0qkg;Qk s^n ltcf’vvd,k g-’yj gxaodkoltcf’7;k,
leobd sn^ ly’j mu,j u1.6j o.90v’[5d7qooAoD

$? myfmk’0v’dkorafmtokmadltdkog[y’j c]t dko2a’ln8j kj ’M

dkog[’jy dko2’a l8jn kj ’M gxoa dfy 9tdem,uj ;o,tof5 g7pu xt8[y fa ,kgxoa xdq dt8y \kp7;k,
;kj dkowfgh [’jy c]t dkowf2h ’a l8jn kj ’Mgskjq^ ooA 9trk.sgh dfu xt3spfsk^ p sn^ |vh pgmkjq .f pvj ,0oB
1dj6 [a mda lt7;k,Ih6 7;k,lk,kf0v’zIh6 [a lko g-’yj 9egxoa 8vh ’,du korfa mtok.s,h xu tlfy mry k[
l6’l5f 3fp,umyfmk’le7aof’aj oUG

103

!? dkog[y’j dko2a’lnmj u.j sh7;k,I6h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

govN sklk]tm.uj s7h ;k,Ih6 [k’g]vjn ’9tgxoa dkolerkfF [k’g]vjn ’9tgxoa [fq 7;k,F [k’
g]vnj ’9tgxoa g]vnj ’g]kjq F [k’g]vnj ’gxoa dkolts^[5 gsfdko zIh6 [a lko8vh ’xt8y[fa f’aj oUG

X!? 7;oI6h;kj g[y’j s^n 2a’g]nvj ’spa’ g-y’j vkf9tgxao[qf7;k,F [qflerkfF dkog]kqj g]nvj ’F
lts^5[gsfdko c]t c,oj .zgxaoz6hlq’j lkoF z6hlerkfF z6h.shlerkfF z6h0Po[qf7;k,F
.zlts^5[ s^n g]qkj g]nvj ’ sq;0=hoAog\ktlq, c]t ,u75o7kj sn^ [+D

X@? 8vh ’g[’jy s^n 2’a f;h p7;k,8’A .9 c]t 7;og[’jy sn^ 2’a g]vjn ’.s9h [q F 9[a .97;k,le7oa .sh
wfFh ry9k]tokgoNv.o0v’g]vnj ’;kj g;kQ g4y’g]vnj ’.f zIh6 [a lkomulj k,kfI[a lkowfgh ]yd
g-y’j 9tlk,kf8u7;k,lkowfhfu c]t 9a[.97;k,le7aowfh7q[4h;oD

X#? g/yd9ecod0=h7;k,gxao9y’ 0=h7yfgsao grnvj lk,kf8aflyo.9wfh;kj goNvsklk]t|hk
g-nvj 4nwfh s^n [+D

X$? xtg,uo75o7jk0v’lkomjuwfhIa[9kddkog[yj’ c]t 2a’;jk,uxt3spf ,u75o7jks^kp
|hvplO.fD

X&? ry9k]tokdko.-4h vh p7e.olko;kj 4nd8vh ’ gxoa 8kg[’yj 8k2’a .-lh eoP’lP’g;kQ dy]y
pkmkj mug\ktlq,s^kp |hvplO.fD

X*? dko9fq dkj pgrvjn [oa mdb 7;k,Ih6 8ts^vfIvfdko9fq govN .o[oa sk grvnj -;j p7;k,99jn e
9tgIaf.shz6hIa[lko,u7;k,lk,kfmq[m;olyj’mujwfhg[yj’ c]t wfh2a’,koAowfhfu g-yj’
lk,kf-;j p.sgh duf7;k,7yfs^kp1kj ’ s^kpco;cdzj Ih6 [a lkogv’D

@? dkog[y’j c]t dko2a’lnmj uj96’.9

goNv.o0v’dkog[y’j dko2a’lnmj u9j 6’.9 gxaog]nvj ’mujgIaf.shz6hIa[lkogduf,u7;k,,;j o-noj F
zvj o7kpvk],q F gduf9yo8tokdko c]t 7;k,-k[-B’ vkf9tgxoa dkog[’yj 3m]trk[F g[’yj I[6
g’qkF 2a’gr’F 2a’0a[]e8kj ’MD dkog[y’j dko2a’c[[oU9t-;j ppqd]tfa[9yf.90v’z6hIa[lko
.shl6’0Bo 3fp,u[k’;ymumulj e7aof’aj ouhG

X!? 8hv’I6h;kj de]a’g[y’j sn^ 2a’g]nvj ’spa’g-oaj G .shwfh0=h7yfF .shwfh7;k,grufgruoD
X@? 8hv’,u7;k,g0Qk.9goNvsklk]t.ol’jy muwj fhg[’yj wfh2a’;kj ,u75o7kj fhko.fD
X#? d=]tougxaolxnj tgrf[aogmu’ 7;oxvj p9yf.9.shzvj o7kpwx8k,g]vnj ’mugj [’yj sn^ 2a’D
X$? ry9k]tok7;k,l,q gsfl,q zoq 0v’lkoD
X&? ry9k]tokrklkmuj.-h;kj g\ktlq,da[I6[c[[goNv.o c]t z6hIa[lko s^n [+D
X*? oegvqk0=h7yf 0=hltg|ucotwx.-h.shgdufxt3spf.odkofegouo-u;yfD

104

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#? dkog[y’j dko2a’lnmj uj-ad-;o9yf.9

g]nvj ’muj-ad-;o9yf.9oAo vkf9t,k9kddkog[’yj dko2a’9kdl,nj ;o-qoF lngj vg]ad38ioyd
sn^ dkog[’yj 37ltokd=wfh goNv.olko-ad-;o9yf.9oAovkf9t,u95fxtlq’grvnj -;og-vnj F x5d]tfq,
37ltokS grvjn gIfa .s7h oq s’^q g0kQ .9zfy F [k’7’A 9tgxoa dko37ltokloy 7kh sn^ -da -;o.sgh Ifa l’yj .f
l’yj |’bj rk.sh9yf.97hvpwx8k, -Nlyo7hk3fp[+wfhry9k]tok75ootrk[ s^n 4nds^vd];’9kddko
g;kQ -da -;o g-’jy 9tgxoa zoq glpD f’ja ooA F zIh6 [a lko8vh ’.-;h 9y k]totpko.odkog[’jy dko2’a l8jn kj ’M
mu-j ad-;o9yf.9 g-’yj ,u0=hcotoef’aj oUG

X!? l’a gdfdko.-lh P’0v’zlh6 ’jq lko;kj ,gu 98tok8z+ Ih6 [a lkoc[[.f I[u Ivh o .szh Ih6 [a lko
g-nvj 4n7hvp.9wx8k, sn^ xt8y[afc[[.f c]t lkooAogxaog]nvj ’vao.fD

X@? .-hlt8yxaopk7Qo7yf8bd8v’ ;kj goNvsklk]t sn^ lkooAo7;og-nvj wfh s^n [+ s^kp|hvp
lO.fD

X#? 8hv’ry9k]tokg[y’j ;kj lkooAo,uxt3spfs^kp |hvplO.f skdoewxxt8y[af9tgduf
zqofu zqoIhkpcd8j qogv’ sn^ z6hvnoj s^n [+D

X$? lkoltg|ucotoeco;mk’ lko-ad-;o.shgIaffu 8hv’ry9k]tokfh;pgsfzqo;jk
,7u ;k,g\ktl,q sn^ [+ gxoa wxwfh sn^ [F+ dkodtmeooA 9tgdfu zoq fu zoq Ikh pco;.f8w+ x.o
;ao0hk’|hk sn^ [+ c]t g]nvj ’oAolt|v’7;k,8hv’dko0v’z6hIa[lko sn^ [+ 4hkgxao
dkolt|v’7;k,8hv’dko dkodtmeoAogxao;ymudkomu4j nd8hv’ s^n [+D

lts^5[

dkoIa[lko3fpdko.-hmadltdkog[y’j c]t dko2a’ grnvj .shgdufzqo.omk’lhk’laooAoF
zIh6 [a lko8vh ’vkwlxfa w98kj ’M.odkog[’jy dko2’a grvjn .sdh koI[a lko,xu tlfy mry k[mfuj u g,vjn I[a
lko,kc];h 8vh ’r9y k]toklkoF 9ecod07h= ;k,le7oa c]t lts[5^ sk.97;k,0v’lko ;gy 7kt
c]t 8]u k7k7o5 7kj g-’jy gIkq 9t8vh ’wfvh kwl7;k,f\5 oja g/dy /oq gxoa xt9e 9’jb 9t-;j p.szh Ih6 [a lko
lk,kfoelkomujwfhIa[oAowx.-h.shgdufxt3spf .odkofegouo-u;yf1kj ’,uxtlyfmyrk[ g-y’j lk
,kfla’];,wfhf’aj oUG

!? zgh6 ;kQ lts^[5 7;k,8vh ’me7;k,g0kQ .9goNv.omulj ts^[5 gxoa 1kj ’fuD
@? lts^5[goNv.ole7ao.shlAoF dtmafIaf c]t r=fuda[g;]kD
#? 9afgoNv.omulj ts^5[w;h.shgxaowx8k,]efa[D
$? rklkmuoj e,k.-8h vh ’gxoa 7eg;kQ 0v’zgh6 ;kQ gv’D
&? vkf9t.-hv5xtdvo[k’ly’j [k’1kj ’xtdv[g0Qkda[dkog;Qklts^5[ grnvj -;j p.shz6h2a’

g0Qk.9wfhw;0BoD

105

*? g,vnj lts^5[c]h; 7;o.sh3vdkfcdzj 6h2a’-ad4k, grvnj z6h2a’9twfhg0Qk.91kj ’g]ydg-y’j 8n,j D

vtmy[kpla[G

lt,kmy G 7;k,8A’.9\Aocs’j 9yfF dkola’];,.9.sh\AomPj ’ co;j coFj
dko,u9yfgr’j g]’a co;j co1j .6j oly’j .f|’jb D
lt,af4trk[ G 7;k,lk,kf.o|kh mu;j Pd’koD
lafmk G 7;k,g-nvj F 7;k,gs^Nv,.l.ortmeD
xtlyfmyrk[ G 7;k,lk,kfmguj Ifa .sgh dfu zoq .odko’koD
;y9k]totpko G xoa pkvoa gsoa c9’h .ogsfzoq F xoa pkmIuj 6h s^n .sgh sfzoq m4uj dn 8vh ’D
vad0ts^t G 38|a’lnF 7eF lP’F rtpao-totD

7e4k,

!D s^addko0v’dko2a’ ,uspa’cfLj
@D xtlyfmyrk[.odko2a’ ,uspa’cfLj
#D s^da dko0v’dkog;kQ ,u9da sd^a dkoF c8]j ts^da dkoooA gIkq 7;ogIfa co;.fL
$D dkog;Qklts^5[7;k,9kdg]nvj ’mujwfhg[y’j c]t wfh2a’8hv’gIafco;.fL
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
[qfg/ydsaf

!D 9’qj g/ydmda ltdko2’a xtdkfc9’h dko dPj ;d[a g]vnj ’.fg]vnj ’|’jb 9kd]kpdko;ymtp5
dt9kplP’cs’j -kf sn^ ]kpdko;ymtp5mhv’4oyj 0v’8qo c]h;oe,kg]kqj .sh\.6j oshv’
0v’8oq 2’a D

@D 9’jq g/ydcv[mda ltdkog;kQ dPj ;d[a g]vnj ’lk]t|kh Ilh6 ’yj .fl’yj |’jb l\j6 2j6 ’a D

106

rkdmu IV
s^addkooe.-hvadlvo

[qfmu !!
vadlvo]k;

rklk]k;,u8q;vadlvo.-hle]a[0Po c]t vkj o7nda[rklk0v’-kfvnoj M.o3]dD 8q;vad
lvo]k;c[j’gxaolk,\;f7nG rtpao-totF lts^t c]t ;aootp5fD grnjv0Po7eg;Qk7e|bj’
9t8vh ’.-8h ;q vda lvos^kp8;q ,kxtdv[g0kQ doa D

8q;1kj ’G 7e;kj <cdh;< wfh,k9kd cV c,oj lts^tF d c,oj rtpao-totcdo sn^ gvUo;kj
rtpoa -tot8;q vvdlP’F ; c,oj 8;q ltdfq c]t Vh c,oj ;oa otpf5 D ltooA F .odkoIPoIrh6 klk]k;
9bj’,u7;k,9egxao8hv’IPoI6h 8q;vadlvo]k; c]t dko0Po8q;vadlvo.sh4nd[jvo0v’,ao
9’bj 9tlk,kf0Po7eg;Qk c]t xt3spd7eg;Qkwfh1kj ’4nd8hv’D

!D rtpao-tot l- pfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
xz /r
rtpao-tot]k;];,,u ## 8q; fa’j oUG ;s vI
d0 7 ’ 9 s;
84 m o [
2, 1 i ]
s’ sp | \ s^

.o9eo;ortpoa -tot]k;oU p’a wfch [’j vvdgxoa lv’xtgrf7Gn rtpoa -totg7kQ c]t rtpoa
-totxtlq,f’aj oUG

!? rtpoa -totg7kQ

rtpoa -totg7kQ g-’jy c,oj rtpoa -tot8;q gf,u mpju ’a [m+ oa wfxh tl,q d[a 8;q vojn D rtpoa -totg7kQ ,u
@( 8q;fh;pdao7nG

d0 7 ’ 9 l - pf
84 m o [ x z /r
2, 1 i ] ; s vI

rtpao-totg7Qkpa’c[’j vvdgxaolk,\;f7nG vadlvol6’F vadlvodk’ c]t vadlvo8O
f’ja oGU

107

{ vda lvol’6 c,oj 9er;dvda lvomu,j ulP’soa 0Bo9kd8Oskl’6 g-’yj ];,,u * 8;q f;h pdoa 7nG
0l 4 z / s

{ vda lvodk’ c,oj 9er;dvda lvom,uj lu P’1.j6 o]tf[a xkodk’ X[l+ ’6 c]t [8+ O? g-’jy ];,,u
) 8q; fh;pdao7nG
d9 f 8 [ x 1 v

{ vadlvo8O c,oj 9er;dvadlvomuj,ulP’16.j o]tfa[8O g-y’j ];,,u !# 8q; fh;pdao7nG
7’ - p m o r 2
,i ] ; I

l;j o8;q i c,oj .-0h Po.o7em[a l[a m,uj k9kdrklk8kj ’xtgmfF rklkgzkqj c]t -ljn tgrkt
X[+oa[rklk[k]u{ laoltdyf? [k’7egmqjkoAo 8q;1kj ’G ikfkF iafg-pF xkiu c]t .-h0Porklk
0v’-oq gzkqj D

@? rtpao-totxtlq,

rtpoa -totxtl,q c,oj rtpoa -totg7kQ lv’8;q mguj vkq ,kxtl,q doa .sgh xoa 8;q fP; g-’jy ];,,u

* 8q;F c8]j t8q;8A’8Qofh;p8q; s mujgxaovadlvol6’c]h;gvqk8q; ’ p o , ] ; mugj xao8q;vadlvo
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
8O,kxtlq,.lj c]t d=,uc8jvadlvo8Ogs^qjkoUgmqjkoAomju.-hxtlq,wfhD g,njvxtlq,.ljc]h; 8q; s

[+vvdlP’ c8,j aogIaf.sh8q;vadlvo8Ogsk^jq oAo zaolP’gxaovadlvol6’7nf’ja ],5j oUG

s xtlq,da[ ’ gxao s’ 8q;1kj ’ G gs’qkF gs’aoF s’kpDDD

s < p < sp < G sphkF spa’F spEDDD
s < o< | < G |kF |adF |uDDD
s < ,< \ < G \kF \6F \uDDD
s < ] < s^ < G s^kF sa^’F cs^,DDD
s < ; < s; < G s;uF s;a’F s;kpDDD

#? rtpao-tot7;[

rtpao-tot7;[ c,jortpao-totmjugvqklP’0v’,aog0Qkwx7;[da[rtpao-tot8q;vnjoD
rtpao-totmuj.-h7;[wfh,u8q; ; ] i c8j.orklk]k;.-h7;[wfh,uc8j8q; ;D \kp7;k,;jk
g,vnj gvqk8q; ; ;k’w;h0hk’sa^’4afrtpao-tot8q;mudj Pj ;0hv’ grvnj gvqklP’0v’,ao7;[g0Qkdao.sh
gxaolP’mu,j u8q; ; 1o6j eF g;]kvkj ovvdlP’8hv’7;[dao s^n vvdlP’rhv,daoma’lv’8q;g-oaj G

d da[ ; 7;[daogxao d; 8q;1kj ’ G cd;’j F d;k’DDD
0 < ; < 0; < G c0;’F 0;koDDD

108

7 < ; < 7; < G 7;kpF c7;hoF 7;k,DDD
’ < ; < ’; < G ’;kdF ’q,’;kpF ’;eDDD
9 < ; < 9; < G w9;hMF 9;kfF 9;Hk[DDD
l < ; < l; < G l;kj ’F l;kpF l;kj olqoDDD
Z]Z

l;j o8q; ]F i c,oj .-h7;[.o7ema[la[muj,k9kdrklk8kj ’xtgmf X[+oa[rklk[k]u{lao

ltdyf? [k’7egmqkj oAoD 8q;1kj ’G

x da[ ] 7;[daogxao x] 8q;1kj ’ G x]kl8ydDDD

/< i < /i < G /ia’j DDD
[< i < [i < G [i6woDDD

Z]Z

$? vadlvocdo c]t 8q;ltdqf

vda lvocdo c,oj rtpoa -totmugj vkq lP’0v’8oq gxoa cdolP’0v’7eg;kQ D

8q;1jk’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

wx 8q; x gxoa vda lvocdo

oda IPo 8q; oF I <
[kh og,vn ’gIkq 8q; [F ,F I <
l;olkmk]tot 8q; lF mF ]F o <
Z]Z

vadlvocdo,uma’\qf ## 8q;F .ooU,u9eo;o|’bj gxaovadlvocdo]h;oM Xgxaovadlvocdo

1kj ’fP;? 9eo;o|’bj vudgxaovadlvocdo c]t gxaoma’8q;ltdqfg-oaj G

X!? 9eo;omujgxaovadlvocdo]h;oM ,u @& 8q;7nG

0 7 9 l - 8 4mx

z / r 2 1 i ]sv

I s’ sp | \ s^ s;

X@? 9eo;omujgxaovadlvocdo c]t gxaoma’8q;ltdqf,u ) 8q;7nG
d ’ p f o [ ,;

8;q ltdfq c,oj rtpoa -totmxuj tdv[1mj6 kh pltst^ c]t ,lu P’xtl,q g0kQ d[a ltst^ m1uj 06j kh ’|kh
grvjn gIfa .slh P’zPh owxD

109

8q;1jk’G
dkDDD dkd dk’ d;o dyo d5, dkpD

8q; dF ’F oF ,F p mu1j 6mj hkpc,oj 8q;ltdqf X8q;muj0ufdhv’? 8q;ltdqfc[’j vvdgxaolv’-toyf
7nG 8q;ltdqfgxao c]t 8q;ltdqf8kpfa’j oUG

X#? 8q;ltdqfgxaoG c,oj 8q;ltdqfmujzaolP’wx8k,;aootp5fwfh ,u & 8q; 7nG
’po,;

8q;1jk’G
dkh ’ d;h p dojy dvh , dkh ;D
xkh ’ xvj p xPj o xhv, xkj ;
8kh ’ 8vj p 8oyj 8hv, 8kj ;D

X$? 8q;ltdqf8kpG c,oj 8q;ltdqfmujzaolP’wx8k,;aootp5f[+wfh7q[4h;o ,u # 8q;7nG
df[

8q;1jk’G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dda dfa d[a
8da 8fa 8[a
oda ofa o[a

@D lts^t

lts^t c,oj vadlvo|;f|’bj mu.j -hxtdv[.ldj a[rtpao-tot.shvkj ovvdlP’gxaortpk’ s^n

gxao7eg;QkD lts^t.orklk]k;];,,uma’\qf @) 8q; g-jy’.ooAo,uma’lts^tlP’lAo c]t

lts^tlP’pk; 3fp9afgxao !@ 76j c]t lts^tryglf $ 8q; faj’]5j,oUG

lts^tlP’lAo lts^tlP’pk;

Vt gxao76dj a[ Vk

Vy < Vu
Vb < Vn
V5 < V6
gVt < gV
cVt < cV
3Vt < 3V
gVkt < V=

110

gVy < gVu
gVpa < gVp
Vq;t < Vq;
gVvb < gVvn
{ lts^tryglfG lts^tryglf c,oj lts^tmujwfh,k9kddkogvqklts^t Vt xtlq,da[8q;ltdqf
pF ;F ,D lts^tryglf,u $ 8q;7nG wV .V gVqk VeD lts^tma’ $ 8q;oU[+lk,kf.l8j q;ltdqf
wfhvud grkt,ulP’8q;ltdqf.o8q;c]h;D
{ lts^txtlq,G lts^txtlq, c,oj lts^tmujgduf,k9kdlts^tfPj ; @ 8q;xtlq,daoc]h;gxao
lP’.\Dj lts^txtlq,muj9af8k,lP’,u * 8q;7nG gVap gVp Vq;t Vq; gVbv gVnvD

#D ;aootp5f

;oa otpf5 c,oj vda lvo9er;d|’jb le][a .-xh Pj olP’ grvjn .slh eoP’lP’g;kQ c8d8kj ’9kd

lP’0v’lts^t c]t rtpao-totgfu,F grnvj 1kdwfhlP’0Bo]q’.sh7q[4h;o8k,leoP’lP’g;Qk

0v’7qo]k;oAoF g;]k0Pogryjo9bj’.-hg7njv’\kp[a’7a[lP’.shgxaowx8k,7;k,8hv’dkomju

xtlq’1kdg;Qk g-y’j gvUo;kj ;aootp5fD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

8q;1kj ’ 7e;kj <,hkc]oj < g,nvj [+.l;j aootp5f8hv’vvdlP’gxao <,kc]o< g-y’j [+,u7;k,

\kpsp’a D

;aootp5f,u $ I6[ fa’j ]5,j oUG

Vj IPd;kj w,hgvd cx;kj w,hmu|b’j

Vh < w,h3m < w,hmulv’
VH < w,h8u < w,hmulk,
VJ < w,h9af8t;k < w,hmuluj
l;j os^kpgryoj oypq,.-hc8wj ,hgvd c]t w,h3mD dko.-h;aootp5f Vj Vh VH c]t VJ .sh0Po

w;gh m’y mkh p0v’vda lvocdo0v’7eg;kQ ltg\Du

8q;1jk’G
dkj dhk dHk dJk
[kj [hk [Hk [Jk
xkj xhk xHk xJk

phvo,u;aootp5fmju-j;p.shgIqklk,kf0Po7eg;Qk.orklk]k;wfhrP’r=da[dkolnjlko
.omd5 ]tf[a D

111

7e4k,

!D rtpao-totg7Qk c,oj rtpao-totxtgrf.fL ];,,u9ad8q; c]t ,u8q;.fcfLj
@D rtpao-totxtlq, c,oj rtpao-totco;.fL ];,,u9ad8q; c]t ,u8q;.fcfLj
#D rtpao-tot7;[ c,oj rtpao-totco;.fL 9qj’pqd8q;1kj ’g[yj’;kj ,ao7;[daoco;.fcfLj
$D lts^tc,oj sp’a L lts^t.orklk]k;];,m’a \fq ,u9da 8;q L 9fa gxoa lts^tlP’loA ,u9da 8;q L

lts^tlP’pk;,u9ad8q;L lts^tryglf,u9ad8q;L 9qj’pqd8q;1kj ’,k.sh7q[4h;oD
&D ;aootp5fc,oj spa’L ,u7;k,le7aoco;.fL
*D ;aootp5f,u9adI6[ Xw,h? c]t ,u;ymuoe.-hco;.fL

[qfg/ydsaf

!D 9’qj 9af8q;vadlvo8kj ’M],5j oU ,u8q;.fcfgj xaovadlvomuj,ulP’l6’F lP’dk’ c]t lP’8OL
90 ’ l d p - 48o
fm 7 v / ] , I[;
1z x r s 2

@D 9qj’vkj o7edvo]5,j oU ,urtpao-tot7;[ c]t rtpao-totxtlq,16[j vj o.fcfLjສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

<1.j6 o0’q g0fooA lfa l’yj d=,us^kp

,u’;q 7;kpm’a \6 \dj6 tm’y gpvn ’c[h

v=cvg8,a f’q d;kh ’ d;k’2ko,kh ,’ja

,um’a glnvcIf-kh ’ \g6 \oA 7kj ’mtou

dt8kj pc]o]ojy ]U \\u ]j6 ’u gs’oa

/’6 dtg]oa ’g6 sv^n , g8kjq dtc8c,’w,h

wdMroh5 p’5 pv’Ivh ’l’jq

7a[xkj fq’fkj ow,h ltgonvodvh ’wd0j oa DDD<

#D 9q’j -vdskxt3spd7eg;Qk.f|b’j muj,urtpao-totxtlq, c]t rtpao-tot7;[.shwfh

co;]t !W 7eD

$D 9q’j g]nvd7eg;Qkmu.j -hvadlvo[+4nd8k,lP’ 7e.f0Po[+4nd 9q’j cx’.sh,ao4ndfa’j oUG

3-dfuF l;j pgs^nvF r6zkF sjq,w,hF zadrvj oF -t-kpF 0+c0oF ltsq;F 7v[.9F 2hk;2aj’F -6j,NF

0af0hv’F ladg7njv’F lad1kF g7aj’7PfF zaddkfF l;j p]hk’F sqj,zhkD

&D 9q’j 0Po7eg;Qk.sh4nd8hv’ 8k,lP’vadlvol6’ sn^ vadlvo8OD

*D vu’.l[j qf]5,j oUc]h;[vd;kj 8q;.fgxaovadlvocdo c]t 8q;.fgxao8q;ltdqfL

112

<m5dxtgmf.o3]dpvj ,,us^addkoxkdg;Qk c]t 0uf0Po vaogxaosa^drklk0v’8qo grnvj

ltcf’leoP’F ladlu c]t dPf0v’-kf8qo c]t ltcf’7;k,gxaogvdt]kffhko;afmtot

me0v’-kf8qo 7P’7d6j a[dkogxaogvdt]kfmk’fhkodkog,nv’F fhkoglf4tdyf c]t vonj M<.

(D 9’jq vkj oxt3spd c]t d,j5 7e],j5 oU c];h [vd;kj ,ults^tryglf1[j6 vj o.f c]t ,ults^txtl,q

16[j vj o.fL

{ g;]k,7u kj cddj koIOIPoD

{ .sIh da lkxkj w,Dh

{ .ooE,uxk .ook,ug0QkD

{ 7;k,rkd,rPo9trkwxl76j ;k,leg]fa D

{ [+-kj ’xkd glploy

{ [+-kj ’xou 8dq ddq w,h

{ [+-kj ’wsh groyj s;q 0;oa

)D 9q’j vkj o c]t 8n,j ;aootp5f.lxj t3spd7eg;Qk]5,j oUG

<xkj w, ovd9kd9tgxaocs^’lt|v’w,le]a[dkozt]yf c]t dkooe.-h0v’r;dgIqk

c]; pa’gxao[vogry’j rkvkwl0v’lafxkj lafoE okok-toyfmu,u75o7kj skpkd g-yj’.ooaho[k’
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
xtgrfdp= ’a ,1u cj6 8xj tgmfgIkq gmkjq ooa S xkj w,h p’a ,[u fq [kfle7oa .odkoIda lk 7;k,fo6 fPj ’0v’

ltrk[c;f]hv,DDD<D

_D 9’jq c8’j xt3spd sn^ [fq 7;k,loA M dPj ;d[a l’jy .f|’jb 3fpdko.-;h oa otpf5 4dn 8vh ’8k,sd^a D

!WD 9q’j g]nvd8n,j ;aootp5f.l7j eg;Qk]5,j oU.sh4nd8hv’ c]t ,u7;k,\kpG

9exk ’;q xk fk;gInv’ vvp|6

-vodoy ,kh ]kp l,q 3v dtm’y

svowdj 7fa g7kQ ]e.p gs’oa c,;

0su f6 88= kglvn 4;q ]Po v’n 1k’

-k’oe ]oy 9u d;p8[u ,oa fk’

0k’4t|oq loq 8ou oe.l w2w\

odq Iv’ ov’ws gIvn oIko [kh o.d

113

114

ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ

[qfmu!@
dkoxtlq,vadlvo

dkoxtl,q vda lvo c,oj dkogvkq rtpoa -totF ltst^ F 8;q ltdfq c]t ;oa otpf5 xtdv[.ldj oa
.svh kj ovvdgxoa lP’F gxoa 7eg;kQ wfDh dkoxtl,q vda lvo,1u lj6 v’;my 7u Gn dkoxtl,q vda lvoc[[c,j
vtvk c]t dkoxtlq,vadlvoc[[c,lj tdqfma’cxfD

!D dkoxtlq,vadlvoc[[c,jvtvk

!? dkoxtlq,rtpao-totda[lts^t Xr T l?

dkoxtlq,c[[oU c,jodkoxtlq,3fpdkogvqkrtpao-totxtlq,da[lts^t c]h;d=9twfh

rtpk’ sn^ 7ela[|b’j D

8q;1jk’G

l T Vt 9twfh7e;jk lt Xltz,q ?

0 T Vk < 0k Xg9[a 0k? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
- T Vy < -y X-ywx?
v T Vb < vb X\kdv?b
d T Vn < dn X[’Q d?n
7 T V5 < 75 X75.loj E?
r T V6 < r6 Xrz6 k?
8 T gVt < g8t Xg8t[ko?
m T gV < gm XgmoE?
’ T cVt < c’t X’afc’t?
x T cV < cx XcxgIvn o?
8 T 3Vt < 38t X38t7?6
4 T 3V < 34 X34oE?
9 T gVkt < g9kt Xg9ktI?6
o T V= < o= Xo=cIf?
v T gVy < gvy Xltgvy?
/ T gVu < g/u XgloA g/?u

115

vT gVpa < gvpa Xcvovh pgvpa ?
,T gVp < g,p Xz;q g,p?
8T Vq;t < 8q;t X0U8q;t?
sT Vq; < sq; Xg9[a s;q ?
xT gVvb < gxvb Xmkgxvb ?
]T gVvn < g]vn X’g6 ]vn ?

@? dkoxtlq,rtpao-totda[lts^t c]t ;aootp5f Xr T l T ;?

dkoxtlq,c[[oU c,oj [+lk,kfxtlq,wfhm5drtpk’ sn^ m5d7e 3fpltgrktc,oj lts^t
lP’lAo c,jo[+lk,kf.ljw,h;aootp5fgrktzaolP’[+wfhD \kp7;k,;jk,uc8jrtpao-tot
xtlq,da[lts^tlP’pk; 9’bj lk,kfzaolP’wx8k,w,h;aootp5fwfhD

8q;1jk’G Vk T Vj 9twfh7e;kj dkj Xxkdkj ? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dT Vk T Vh < dkh Xgsda^ dkh ?
dT gVkq T Vj < g0kjq Xs;q g0kqj ?
0T gVkq T Vh < g0kQ Xg0kQ doy ?
0T V6 T Vj < x6j Xr+x?6j
xT V6 T Vh < x6h Xlt\v’x?6h
xT Vu T Vj < ]uj X]xuj k?
]T Vu T Vh < ]U X]-U vj o?
]T 3V T Vj < 3’j X3’’j kj ;?
’T 3V T Vh < 3lh X3l]h fq ?
lT Vn T Vj < 9jn X9n9j e?
9T Vn T Vh < ,N X,N|’jb ?
,T V= T Vj < 8+ Xc,8j +?
8T V= T Vh < 8=h Xdt8=h?
8T Vq; T Vj < I;qj XgInvI;qj ?
IT Vq; T Vh < IQ; XIQ;l;o?
IT

116

@D dkoxtlq,vadlvoc[[c,jltdqfma’cxf

dkoxtlq,vadlvoc[[c,lj tdqfma’cxfoU lk,kfxtdv[fh;ps^kp;ymu7nG

!? dkoxtlq,rtpao-totF lts^t c]t 8q;ltdqf Xr T l T r?

grvnj 1kdwfh7ela[9eo;o.f|’bj gru,j 0Bo,kF rkps^a’mugj vqkrtpao-tot c]t lts^txtdv[
g0kQ doa c];h d=p’a gvkq 8;q ltdfq 8n,j g0kQ vudD

8q;1jk’G
o T Vk T d 9twfh7e;kj okd Xokd38|b’j ?
l T Vk T f < lkf Xlkfx6ovo?
p T Vy T ’ < py’ Xc,jpy’?
l T Vk T f < lkf Xlkfx6ovo?
7 T V6 T o < 76o X8Qo76o?

@? dkoxtlq,rtpao-totF lts^tF 8q;ltdqf c]t ;aootp5f Xr T l T r T ;?

dkoxtlq,c[[rtpk’|b’j xtdv[,uljurkdlj;o7nG rtpao-totF lts^tF 8q;ltdqf c]t
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
;aootp5fD g,vnj xtdv[g0Qkdaoc]h; d=,u7;k,\kp1kj ’.f1kj ’|’bj D

8q;1jk’G

- T Vu T o T Vh 9twfh7e;jk -Uo X-Uo\6?

[T Vk T o T Vh < [hko X[hko0hvp?
xT Vk T p T Vh < xhkp Xxhkp37ltok?
]T Vy T o T Vj < ]yjo X]yjo38|b’j ?
vT Vv T p T Vh < vhvp X8Qovhvp?

#D ;ymudko.-h8q;ltdqf

8q;ltdqf c,oj rtpao-totmuj16jmhkp7e sn^ rtpk’7nl;j ol5flts^t c]t ;k’16js^a’lts^t

ma’gIaf|hkmju8aflts^t.shgxaortpk’vaf g-jy’lk,kflts5^[gxao8k8t]k’ltcf’c,jltdqf

xtgrf8kj ’Mf’aj oUG

!? c,lj tdqfma’cxfme,tfk

c,oj dkogvqklts^txtlq,.ldj a[rtpao-tot8Qo c]h;8n,j 8q;ltdqfg0Qkoe c8[j +.-h;aootp5f

f’aj mu,j u16.j o8k8t]k’c,lj tdqfma’cxf]5,j oUG

117

c,vj tvk c,vj ad c,jva’ c,wj v c,vj af c,vj ao c,vj a[ c,vj e c,gj vqk
dDltdqf ’Dltdqf pDltdqf fDltdqf oD ltdqf [Dltdqf ,Dltdqf ;Dltdqf
Vt
Vk Vda V’a XVap? wV Vaf Voa V[a XVa,?Veສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດXV;a ?gVkq
Vy Vkd Vk’ Vkp Vkf Vko Vk[ Vk, Vk;
Vu Vdy V’y { Vyf Voy V[y Vy, Vy;
Vb Vdu V’u { Vuf Vou V[u Vu, Vu;
Vn Vdb V’b Vbp Vfb Vob V[b Vb, Vb;
V5 Vdn V’n Vnp Vnf Von V[n Vn, Vn;
V6 Vd5 V’5 V5p V5f Vo5 V[5 V5, {
gVt Vd6 V’6 V6p V6f Vo6 V[6 V6, {
gV gVda gV’a { gVfa gVoa gV[a gVa, gVa;
cVt gVd gV’ { gVf gVo gV[ gV, gV;
cV cVda cV’a { cVaf cVoa cV[a cVa, cVa;
3Vt cVd cV’ { cVf cVo cV[ cV, cV;
3V Vdq V’q 3Vap Vfq Voq V[q Vq, {
gVkt 3Vd 3V’ 3Vp 3Vf 3Vo 3V[ 3V, 3V;
V= Vva d Vva ’ Vavp Vavf Vva o Vva [ Vav, {
gVy Vvd Vv’ Vvp Vvf Vvo Vv[ Vv, {
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gVpa gVdu gV’u gVup gVfu gVou gV[u gVu, gVu;
gVp VPa d VPa ’ { VPa f VPa o VPa [ VaP, {
Vq;t VPd VP’ { VPa f VPo VP[ VP, {
Vq; V;a d Va;’ Va;p Va;f V;a o Va;[ Va;, VaP;
gVvb V;d V;’ V;p V;f V;o V;[ V;, VP;
gVvn gVbvd gVvb ’ gVbvp gVbvf gVbvo gVbv[ gVbv, {
gVvn d gVvn ’ gVnvp gVvn f gVvn o gVvn [ gVnv, {

\kpgsfG le]a[ Va, xaf95[ao.-h Ve cmo
Vpa < wV <
Va; < gVqk <

118

@? c,lj tdqfma’cxf.l;j aootp5f
c,lj tdqfma’cxf.l;j aootp5f c,oj dkoxtlq,rtpao-totF lts^t c]t 8q;ltdqfg0Qkdao

c]h;.l;j aootp5fD
8q;1jk’G

vda lvodk’

c,lj tdqfma’cxf w,hgvd w,h3m w,h8u w,h9af8t;k
XV?j XVh? XVH? XVJ?

c,j vad Xd ltdqf? { { vaHd {
< va’ X’ ltdqf? v’ja
v’ah v’Ha v’aJ
< wv Xp ltdqf? wvj
wvh wvH wvJ
< vaf Xf ltdqf? {
{ vHaf {
< vao Xo ltdqf? voaj
voA voaH voJa
< va[ X[ ltdqf? {
{ v[Ha {
< ve X, ltdqf? vje ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
vE vHe vJe
< gvqk X; ltdqf ? gvkjq gvkQ gvkHq gvkqJ

c,lj tdqfma’cxf vadlvol6’ vadlvo8O

c,j vad X d ltdqf ? w,hgvd w,h3m w,hgvd w,h3m
< va’ X ’ ltdqf ? X Vj ? X Vh ? X Vj ? X Vh ?
< wv X p ltdqf ?
< vaf X f ltdqf ? {{ {{
< vao X o ltdqf ? l’aj l’A -’ja -’A
< va[ X [ ltdqf ? wlj wlh w-j w-h
< ve X , ltdqf ? {{ {{
< gvqk X ; ltdqf ? loaj loA -oja -oA
{{ {{
lje lE -je -E
glkjq glkQ g-kqj g-kQ

119

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l6’ c]t vadlvo8OoAo gxao7emuj,u8q;ltdqf16j.o8q;0v’,aoc]h;D

c,lj tdfq m’a cxf8;q f’ja mudj kj ;,kooA c[’j vvdgxoa lv’1kj ’7nG ltdfq gxoa c]t ltdfq 8kp
f’ja ],j5 oUG

8q;ltdqfgxao
ltdqfgxao];,,u & 8q;7nG ’ p o , ; fa’j mujwfhdkj ;w;h.o [qfmu !! oAo g,nvj .-hltdqf7e
mxuj tdv[f;h plts^tlP’pk; .o\;fvda lvodk’wx8k,;oa otpf5 wfmh d5 w,Fh .o\;fvda lvol’6
c]t vadlvo8Ozaowfhc8j @ w,h7nG w,hgvd XV?j c]t w,h3m XVh? fa’j ,u.o8k8t]k’0hk’]5,j oUG

vda lvodk’ ltdfq gxoa lts^tlP’pk;

d ’ w,hgvd w,h3m w,h8u w,h9af8t;k
9 p XV?j
f o XVh? XVH? XVJ?
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fuoj 9kh p 9kH p 9kJ p
8n,j foU foHu foJu
g[;j 8N, 8nH, 8nJ,
g[;h g[;H g[;J
Z]Z

lts^tlP’pk;

vadlvol6’ ltdfq gxoa w,hgvd w,h3m w,h8u w,h9af8t;k
XV?j XVh? XVH? XVJ?
0 ’
l p 0kj ’ 0hk’ { {
4 o lkj p lkh p { {
z , 4ojy 4oY { {
/ ; z,jb z,B { {
g/;j g/;h { {

Z]Z

120

vda lvo8O ltdfq gxoa w,hgvd lts^tlP’pk; w,h9af8t;k
XV?j XVJ?
7 ’ w,h3m w,h8u
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m o -kj p {
r , moju 7kh ’ { {
2 ; r,nj -kh p { {
g2;j moU { {
r,N {
g2;h {

Z]Zສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
8q;ltdqf8kp
8q;ltdqf8kp];,,u # 8q;7nG d f [ fa’j mujwfhdkj ;c]h;.o[qfmu !! oAo g,nvj .-hltdqf7e
muxj tdv[f;h plts^tlP’pk; s^n lts^tlP’loA .o\;fvda lvodk’F vda lvol’6 c]t vda lvo8O
zoa lP’wx8k,;oa otpf5 wf[h +7[q 4;h oD
8;q 1kj ’G
!? .-hltdqf7emuxj tdv[fh;plts^tlP’pk; .o\;fvadlvodk’zaolP’wx8k,;aootp5f
wfhrP’c8wj ,hfP;7nw,h3m XVh?D
d ltdqf dkh d 9kh d fkh d 8kh d [kh d DDD
f < dfU 9fhu fUf 8fU [fU DDD
[ < d[N 9[N fN[ 8[N [[N DDD

@? .-lh tdfq 7emxuj tdv[f;h plts^tlP’loA .o\;fvda lvodk’zoa lP’wx8k,;oa otpf5 wfh
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130

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131

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132

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