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48
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50
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51
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53
54
ສະຫສງວ.ວນ.ລສຂິ ະສດິ
55
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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu *
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62
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64
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ.o[qfrao]tok[qfoU wfhgoAo|addko.-hleo;ogrnjvrao]tok c]t xP[mP[g-jaoG
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65
[qfg/ydsaf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
!D 9’jq roa ]tok7;kp38|’jb f;h pxkdgxkjq D
@D 9’jq roa ]tokwdcj ,]j d6 vvj or;,rk]d6 skdyogspvjn f;h pxkdgxkjq D
#D 9’jq 0Po[fq roa ]tok\k38|’jb D
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66
ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu (
[qfrao]tok7qo
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dkoroa ]tokD
67
@D ;ymuc8j’[qfrao]tok7qo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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Ilh6 db odb 7yfF dkodtme g-’yj lk,rkdl;j ooU,udkor;q roa 1kj ’lt|yfc|oh oedoa grkt;kj oyfwl
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obd7yf s^n 9tgoAo|adwxmk’fhkodkodtmeD
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dkorao]tokI6[Ikj ’rkpovd [+9egxao8hv’]q’g]ydm5dM0=hxudpvj p 7;orao]tokc89j 5f
le7oa 8kj ’Mmgju foja rgy lfltgrktgmkjq ooA F c8]j t7oq ];h oc8,j 9u f5 rgy lfltgrkt8kj ’doa 7Gn 8kF xkdF
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8q;1jk’G [qfrao]tok <ok’crf[q;dPo<
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68
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c]t g0,A c0’F ,lu gu ovN fecf’g[’jy .[|kh g7’ja 0,b xtl,q d[a 0oq 7;U voa fdq \kD xou ]U ’5 mv’lk,vu kp5
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9adglAo groyj 9’qj |;fd’qj g0qk7;kp,ulufe f’aj fP;da[zq,D
]’5 mv’lkpgxoa 7oq .9fu-lnj fa [+,da g;kQ s^kp c8gj Ifa ;Pdwfsh ^kp1kj ’D groyj ,da o’j5 g7vnj ’pvh ,
fh;poEoyo c]t ,ad7Posq;fh;pzhk0k;,hk g[y’j pk,.fd=7n9a’j ;kj dP,rhv,vvdl6mj q’j ok16lj t
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goNv7;k,dkorao]toklv’[qf0hk’gmy’ohu ]h;oc8cj ,oj dkorao]tokI6[Ikj ’rkpovd
0v’7oq g-’jy g],jy 8oQ f;h pdkoroa ]tokI[6 Ikj ’];,M c];h 9’jb dkh ;g0kQ g4’y dkoroa ]tok9f5 rgy lf
0v’c8]j t7qog-aoj G ;kfdko16dj yo c]t o5’j 4n gIqkd=9tgsaowfh;kj ]ts;kj ’grfpy’da[grf-kp,u
ly’j mucj 8d8kj ’dao16cj ]h; c8mj k’.oco;7;k,7yfd=py’j ,uvaomucj 8d8kj ’daoD .ooUr;dgIqkd=gsao
c9’h c];h ;kj I[6 Ikj ’rkpovd0v’c8]j t8;q ]t7vo d,= 9u f5 rgy lf0v’.z,oa g-oaj ;kj G ok’[;q dPo
gxoa 7oq 7’u [k’Ikj ’ovh pF l;j o]’5 mv’lkprfa gxoa 7oq .sp]j eloa DDD g[’jy rP’c8Ij [6 ovdgIkq dI= 3h6 ]f
;kj m’a lv’7oq ,u;y-kvk-u[c8d8kj ’doa D
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c]t dkodtme0v’8q;]t7voD [k’gmvnj 7;k,g;Qk c]t dkodtmerafdq’dao0hk,da[co;7yf
9yf.9d=,uD fa’j oAoF 9b’j g;Qkwfh;kj dkorao]tokoyfwl.97= c]t 7;k,I6hlbd0v’8q;]t7vo 9b’j ,u
7;k,sp5h’pkdD 4hk1kdrao]tokoyfwl.97= c]t 7;k,I6hlbdobd7yf0v’8q;]t7vowfhfu d=,uc8j
vkwl;ymudkol’a gdff’ja oUG
{ l’a gdfg[’jy xkdfq dkom7ju oq zoh6 oA ltcf’vvd3fpzkj oI[6 Ikj ’F .[|kh c]t ;kf-’q dko
1dj6 oy d7= dn koo’j5 4Dn
{ la’gdfg[’yj g7vnj ’.-hlvpF dy]ypkmkj mk’F dkodtme c]t dkoxkdg;QkDDD
{ l’a gdfg[’yj 7;k,-yog7up.o-u;yfxt9e;oa 0v’g0kq D
g,vnj rao]tokoyfwl0v’8q;]t7vooAoF d=8hv’I6h9adg]nvdgvqk95f.f95f|’bj mguj xoa xkdfq dko
8Qo8=F le7ao c]t gxaorNo4kod;kj \6j l;j o95fleIv’mguj xaoxqddt8yoAo[+rao]tokd=wfhD
69
g;kQ ];,c];h g4’y ;kj 9troa ]tokofy wl.97d= 8= k,F g,vnj cotoevkpF5 I[6 Ikj ’loa 4koF g]kq ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
7u’DDD c]h;z6hc8j’pa’9t8hv’rao]tok I6[Ijk’rkpovd0v’8q;]t7voc[[gzuoMglpdjvo
c];h 9’jb dkh ;g0kQ roa ]tokoyfwl.97= voa gxoa l;j ole7oa 0v’[fq D c8dj vj o9troa ]tokwfch o;ooA F
d=8hv’zjkodkola’gdf.sh]tvPf;jk oyfwl.97=0v’8q;]t7vomujgIqk9trao]tokoAoltcf’
vvd.odkodtmeco;.fF ltcf’vvd.odkog;kQ 9kxkwlco;.fF ltcf’vvd.odkoxtrfb 8+
7qovnoj co;.f c]t .o|hkmuj;Pd’koco;.fD
8q;1jk’ !G
<DDD ok’cl’9oa gxoa 7oq gxfu gzpu F 7fy co;.fok’dg= ;kQ vvd,kco;ooA D g,vjn les;^ fd;fdk
xt9evkmyf s^n xt9egfnvo.zgIafzyf s^n gIaf4nd]k;d=g;Qk1kj ’dq’wxdq’,k rhv,ma’-Ugsfzqo
3fp[g+ d’.9.zD pvh oco;ooA 9’jb [,+ .u z7Pf.soh k’cl’9oa grkt;kj ]k;[g+ 7pu ,ou fy wl.97m= [ju f+ 8u \+ j6
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8q;1jk’ @G
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g4’y c,oj ;kj 7;k,7fy gsoa 0v’]k;9tzfy sn^ 4dn ]k;dg= ;kQ wx8k,m]ju k;lk,kfF ]k;gxoa 7oq ,da
gIfa cmmh e9’y D 9kd7;k,dkh sko0v’]k; 9’jb gIfa .s]h k;gxoa 7oq m,ju ou fy wl,da oe|kh rkmk’\7j6 j6
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gryoj [+vevP’8+ly’j mugj ryoj I6hgryoj gsao gryoj 7vp8adg8nvo[vdlvoco;fuco;’k, .shruoj hv’-k;
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gxoa ofy wl.97= c]t 7;k,odb 7fy 0v’g0kq cmDh ltooA F g,vjn roa ]tokofy wl0v’8;q ]t7vo 8vh ’I9h6 da
70
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dko oAogxaooyfwlle7aoF 8hv’ltcf’wfh;kj oyfwlgxao95fc8d8kj ’\6j l;j oxkdqfdkoleIv’[+
9egxoa pdq ,kroa ]tokd=wfDh
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;Pd’ko.f|’bj c]t g;]k.f|’bj 0v’0v[g0fltrk[c;f]hv,mguj xao9y’D
f;h p7;k,gxoa 9’y 0v’;Pd’ko c]t g;]km1ju .j6 oltrk[c;f]vh ,ooA F gIkq d8= vh ’7fa 9vh o
0=hxudpvj p.shg\ktlq,da[8q;]t7vo.og;]krao]tok 9’bj 9tlk,kfltcf’.shgsaooE.9F mkj mu
c]t mkfcmh0v’g0qkwfhD 8hv’g]nvdg2Aogvqkdkog7njvows;8jk’M muj,u]adltot8q;cmo
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8q;1jk’G
g,vnj roa ]tokdkog7vnj ows;0v’oda IPoz|h6 ’jb gIkq vkf9tg]nvdgvkq ltrk[1.j6 osvh ’IPo
s^n .odkovvdcI’’ko];,1.j6 o3I’IPoF g;]kIej IPo s^n gr,jy ro6 zt]fy zoq 8kj ’MDDD dkodtme
vkf9tc,oj w]ptgIfa [fq g/dy sfa F 8v[7e4k,0v’7F6 dkovtokw,.osvh ’ sn^ gfoju 3I’IPoF dko
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da[mafltotmkj muF oE.9Ia[zyf-v[ c]t ]tfa[7;k,lk,kf.odkoIej IPo s^n dkovvdcI’
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82
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86
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87
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88
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