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48

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55

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56

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58

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59

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60

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.omujl5fd=c,jo38[jk’]Q;vklk,kIhv’d6dgvqk0;aook’’k fh;p]yfgff.o]Uo0v’,aoD
zuohvp,k[vdvhkpderhk[+.shxjvpok’’kF 8qo9tskmk’-j;pgs^nvD 8qddk’gfyd0v’7no|bj’
38[kj ’]qh;d=,kIhv’d6d1s6j q;gInvoD lP’0v’,aofa’;;uj vo;kj G <,kg1uok’okfs^hkok’gduf.o’k
.shg9Qkg,nvmP,0hk’rtpkc4o7qocsocsDj DD<D ok’’kovos^a[16lj tf5h’8noj Ihv’wshgs^u.s^ma’7u’
d=IhvoI5j,M0BoD mhk;derhk7t]kf]5d3-,v5h,gvqkg,pma’Ihv’ma’x5d c8j[jk’d=Ihv’d6dgvqk
0;oa ok’’k0Bob g,nvg,nv’2kh d=Ivh ’f’a ;;ju vo,kvud;kj G

<.shg9Qkg,nvdyog0Qkc-[vjvog,nv’c4oF g,nv4ncs;og’yocs;o7e16j.og,nv’2hkDDD
,kg1uok’gvup<D [kj ’Ihv’l5f[qfmulk,0;aook’’kd=vvd9kdIkj ’]vp0bholgj6 ,nv’c4oxvj p.sh
derkh Ivh ’wsdh vfIkj ’7u’g,pf;h p7;k,glp.9D

mk’rtpkc4oovh pg,vnj wf0h ;oa ok’’k
d9= fa rmy [u klcu 8’j fv’F 8vh oI[a F g-ou pkfroju vh ’
,kg8Qk3I,daoD vhkp[kj ’]Q;wfhIa[]k’;aogxao
czoj crg’oy 7egxoa voa ,kdF ,oa doy gskhq^ g,kq vk
sko9qo7ko]ug]nvg,nv[hko[+wfhD rtpkc4o
ovh pgsoa co;ooA 9'jb 4k,\gj6 lok;kj G <.z9tgvkq
[jk’7eg,nv[hkoK< vhkpzuohvp0kovklkg9jp
38[kj ’g,nvl’jq [kh oF ]ts;kj ’mk’zuovh pwf1h f5
rda c];h 8fa w,lh ko0vh ’D

61

[kj ’]Q;4k,;kj G <gIuhp,b’gIafspa’L< ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
zuohvp8v[;kj G <lko0hk’[vj ’.shvkfpko’aj lt[kpK<

g,njvlko0hv’c]h; zuohvpd=9a[[jk’]Q;pafg0Qk0hv’vaf/kg-nvds;kp,af1jk’fuc]h;
]q’,ksk vhkpderhkmguj ,nv’7qoD

zuovh pgvkq 0vh ’.l[j kj ’];Q .sdh erkh g[’yj c];h g;kQ ;kj G
<vhkpgvupF ,nhc]’oUgIqkvjv,[jk’]Q;dyodaomhvoK< [k’]Q;-;kf8njowfhpyo7eg;Qk
0v’zuohvp9'bj Ihv’0=gvqk-u;yfoederhkD derhk[vd.sh,aod6dgvqk0;aook’’k,kc8gj ,nv’c4oD
[kj ’];Q 9’jb Ivh ’dd6 0ohb ;kj G
<,kg1uok’okfwmh ok’gduf.o’k ok’lufk ok’okfs^hk.shg9Qk8kj ;7no,kDDD 7no,kg1uK
zq;gdqkj g9Qkv6h,g8a,\ad zq;gdqjkg9Qkpa’[+maog-qkwshoE8kws^167j y’j c7aj’ovoc]h’16gj xqkj 7v’4hk
g9kQ d[a ,kDDD ,kg1uok’gvupK<
[kj ’Ivh ’lf5 lk,gmvjn F 7’u ok’’kvoj5 7on ,k,on 8k]d5 0oB o’ja xkdg;kQ 9kd[a z;q 7on wf7h gn dkjq D
vhkpzuohvp9v[vvp[jk’]Q;;jkG <.l]Uo;yglf0v’,b’oAo0=g[yj’cfjK< [jk’]Q;c][]Uoc’j,
vvd.shg[’yj F zuohvp9'bj gvqk,ufluoxkp]Uo,ao4yh,D oa[c8oj aho,kF [kj ’]Q;9'bj [+lk,kfIhv’d6dgvqk
0;ao7qowfhF ,ao|ug0qhkwx16.j oxkj wdz6h7qoD lj;ozq;g,pderhk c]t ok’’kd=wfh16Ij ;j ,dao,u]6d
g8,a [kh osk^ og8,a g,vn ’l[n 8+doa ,k9oq gmkhq g4’y md5 ;oa ochu ]D

7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsaf

!D oymkovaflt9ao,u7;k,\kp c]t degouf0tspkp8q;co;.fL
@D oymkovaflt9ao,ugoNv.olvj ’cl’g4y’spa’cfLj
#D dkoxtfyfc8’j oymkogryoj .-hly]txtvao.fcfLj
$D 9q’j vkj ooymko <derhkzuohvp< grnvj ;yrkd[qf
&D g]vnj ’derkh zuovh p,ugoNv.og;kQ g4y’sp’a L
*D 8q;]t7vog]nvj ’oU,u9ad8q; 7n8q;.fcfLj
(D 9’qj vkj og]nvj ’mhk;g9afwsF r6,t3]’{r6[k9P’F derhkztspkfuF gxaffvosq;0P;

.o[qfvkj ogru,D

62

[qfvjkogruj,
oymkomhk;g9afws
8vomu ! [hkogduf0v’mhk;g9afws

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

[fa o9uh da dkj ;dE xk’dvj og,nv’9exk dvj oc];h
ds= kdgxoa rk]k I’j5 gIvn ’xt4,q g7kQ
sk^ pgzkjq r’q roa g-vhn gokq dtgl,u Ida I;j ,
,u]k;0v,l;j orhv, 9k,3-hrvj ’]tc;
0v’zkj owso^ v’
,udtcllkpoeh \xj6 t-kmP;7kh
g,nv’9exk8’A 1cj6 7,/’ja 0v’ wx,k9vfc;j
,ou k;k9vozkh p glvN zkh grfa rvpD
,ul’yj 0v’g7vnj ’7kh

63

r;dzlh6 k;lej ovh p ]vpvk[otmu0v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
l’jq lP’ov’lP’ooa vtgIpju s;q 9kdPh ;
r;dzmh6 P;0kp7kh dkp,kgvohu .lj
vkh p0]= ’q vk[oE oeohv’wfh[+o=L
g-ou vkh pc;gj -kq 1k,
r;dzlh6 k;dkj ;g;kQ 1kdI;j ,ok’vk[oE
skd,.u 9lgy |sk .sgh 1oa .9skpg,vnj p
g-ou vkh p]’q ]vpgsoA^ g-ou g,nv[kh oI;j ,c]’D
skdxtl’q okfovh ’ dghu dkjq g,vn ’9exk
-lnj r5 kdtlfa g-nvh
,oa skdgxoa f’ja ohu skf-kp2v’ovh ’rju
,urtpk7v’g,nv’ d5,,kow;hln[ltd5o
9kdcfog|vn ot7vod;kh ’ co;|+dtlfa 8k
rtpk,]u d6 ovh p .splj ’6 ln[g-vnh
rtpk]k;dghu dkjq
voa ;kj [k[o5 mkh ; ltdo5 g9kQ r+rtpk
,du kpk]e7’u cfofkj og,nv’9exk
9kdcfog|vn ddq g7kQ rfa 8kj ’7oq m’a 7kh p
-]nj k;dkj ;groyj g;kQ [7+ 7n oq .orohn czoj
]dn vh ’4ojy wd
,kxdq 7v’wr2j kh
.sdh egoufd,5 ,ko,k
doy g0kQ sk^ pgsvn^ ]oQ
dyog0Qkg9afs;fF oEg9afws8+,nh

64

8vomu @ mhk;g9afws.ow;IPo

7oq m’a s^kp9’jb wfh gvuho;kj [kg9afs;fF g9afws ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
s^n gvuhoc8[j kg9afws 99nj e7emhkp
[kg9fa ws,ude]’a s^kp]oQ gdou 7oq .orohn czoj
IPog;f,oq lkf8tlyorej rvh , oeg9kQ rt]fa lu
g4y’-k;xuc];h g0kQ [;f
r=g,vnj vkpm5 kh ; 7v’g7kQ cs’j l’q
gxoa rdy 0p5 fb \oA ;ywol’q 7fa g7’ja
Iej IPortw8xufdq rvh , gsoa c9’h cdoj me
o’aj ;yxafltokde,t4koI’5j Ih6 lk,0;[roa lk
m’a ;ywol’q 7vj6 oa rP’rvh ,
[kg9afws[;f1w6j fh 7k4kf7u o5 7kj
IPome,txk]u dI= Powffh ’ja \kp
d[a m’a vk7,q dkh ]kgrf[oa rt-k
,oq ,tskde]’a gd’ja dkh .s\h 7j6 oq gsoa Ih6
gxoa rtpkcmor+
g,vnj [kg9afwswfh 3]7kIkh p[+l;kj ’g-kq
wfhltcf’vk7q,
l,q m0ju oB 7v’[kh o
zgh6 rojy g9[a x;j pw0h

65

8vomu # mhk;g9afwsmqf]v’;y-kvk7q,

,n|h ’jb [kg9fa wss^dq 8oQ w,h c7o.spcj 7,mk’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
gvqkwx;k’w;hc7,oE0v’ mkj ltgrkq mP;7kh
rg= ,vjn ok;kzkh p dkp,k9vfc;j
r;dgrojy 0oq g7vjn ’0v’xPdoE glvhn zkh czoj cr
d’yj ’kj c7os^;’
8kd9qol5f]ew,h [kg9afwswxvk[ohe
.d8h kg;oa 8dq foy s^;’s^kp8kd.lj
wfch ]gsoa glvhn zkh c7o8oQ .sppj k;
9oq lf5 ddq ’kj w,h glvhn zkh vvd9kd0vo
wxgIfa 2on |’hb g0kQ
[kg9fa ws[vdr;dgrojy dh6 ltgrkq s^;’gvouh .lj
-gy vkq 9voc[d|u ]ew,h.sppj k;
r;d\/j6 ’6 -k;7kh l[a rtl’jy gmy’lk0k
skd[kpdq c[dwfh 7kj clog4’y ]kh o
p=4ts;kppdq pojn
.sgh 9kQ gvkq wxmvh o .sh,kws;hoq[me
,;oglvhn zkh cr;kzon
r;d0vh p-ygmmvf.sh
skd[kc[d[+wfh

66

8vomu $ mhk;g9afws-totdkomhkmkpda[glf4u

mkh ;g9fa wspyo7emkh -k;ltgrkq spk,1P[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
xP[f’ja w2]d5 d,h5 l,5 w\1h -6j ;’
[k9’jb pdq pkj ’pkh p wxp’a [vj oc7o0vo
[vd.s-h k;ot7vogxoa lda 0u cs’j dkortooa mkh
[kwfph =gvkq w,h c7opk;0Bo.l[j kj
rhv,ma’cr c]t zhk 8kdw;hm;qj ]e
pdq pkj ’pkh p0oB 8t/’ja d[a g,vn 3I’
-k;ltgrkq wfrh kdoa 1no’’q d’A 3d[c]oedoQ
r+7kh .spoj kpltgrkq
loq ]t;oq s^kpcmh 3vpj 7k’m’a Ivh ’
dkj ;glpvdq glp.9 m’a -lnj P’d=8dq 8ej
glpg7vn ’0v’wx\fq dPh ’ m’a gppuh vtgIpju s;q
x;’xt-kd=fkj -eh c7oh 7’ja .o,t3o
gvkq w;;h oa 0kh ’|kh
glf4ucd;h d[a 8kj ;[kh o 4kh 7vpf-6 y3vvh kj ;
3mK3mK3mK[kg9fa ws m’a Ivh ’3vpj 7k’
d86 vh ’skmk’lh6
gvqk.sh,aowfho’aj wsh

67

8vomu & mhk;g9afwsrq[da[ok’,t3]’

,nh|’bj g9fa wsmkh ; rvh ,grvnj oltskpgdu ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
rkdoa ]’q ok;k ]vj ’wxmk’.8h
s;’a 9da wxp’a fkh ; fvo30’[’A w2.spj
[o5 [’A w2grojy gvh ’k,]E-kj ]n
grojy g-’hu cs8j k,mk’
,[u ’A w2gxoa Ivh pM cs,j kooa dvh ’
[’A w2clogv’h k, c7o-=]tokfxju
,um’a dv’m’a 7vh ’ lv’0kh ’2kdmk’
,u\7j6 oq ]ej 9vh ’ sk^ p\/j6 ’6 7oq
f’ja vyo8kc8,h
[kg9fa wspkj ’zkj ozkh p lq[lkp8k;kf7vj ’
wxgsoa lk;7oq ’k, d=c]9vh ’f’ja fP;
mhk;wfhco,f6|hk 4k,-onj k,,tdvo
l;j o;kj ok’okfovh ’ -,nj t3]’9y’cmh
,koedoa gxoa grvjn o
m’a lv’wfdh kj ;dhP; -3y ’37’h 8kj ;g,vn
ok’c,lj k;fvo30’
,ulk;lulk;cs^h
,kg[’jy [o5 [’A w2c8gj -kQ

68

[kg9afwswfhdkj ;g;kQ 1kdoewxl’jq g4’y gIvn o gfo=ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
r=wf,h ugrvnj omP; c;1j k,pk,,kruh
ok’,t3]’wfrh kmug;kQ skd1kdwxd=wf1h 6j
skd[+8y;kj g-vnh wroj vh p [+loq -oA |+rtpk
Ihv’.llj tskpgdu
[kg9afws[+wfh-hk grvjn o0v’gIkq ,t3]’ovh ’
,kw;gfu ,kw;gfu -yrkwx1k,gInvo g7s’a s’^a .spj
g,vnj wxg4y’p’a svh ’ ma’g0qhk c]t xk
ok’,t3]’wfIh [a 8vh o ]yo1kpwf,h ;j o-onj
g9afwsmhk;wfhdkj ;9k
,ul]5 kvkskocd,h wf,h kgsoa ovh ’okf
,u7;k,l5d2qf2nho ,t3]’ochu 8zj fh6 P;<
< ,aoc,oj [5o0v’0hk ovh ,|Pj ;ltg|sk
-kfoghu Ikq 0I= da ovh ’ ,da doa .o;oa ohu
wx,k.shg-qkc;j
m’a lv’wfdh kj ;dPh ; ]’5 xkh pkj pkp
8fa loy .9\kpIda 7;k,\kp,kfxkf4t|k
zd6 w,8gu ,vn |kh d[a dkj ;7on g,vn ’[kh o
.shI6h9adr+c,j c]t ruoj hv’ 7;k,leraoohv’ruj
p’a -yd;h k’g,vnj s’^a D
s^a’9kdwfhdkj ;c]h; da[8kj ;g,nv’9exk
[kg9fa ws0=ve]k ;kj dkog,vn ’[kh o
vk;tlkol5f[Ao g9[a mk’.ortpkfgdkjq
[kg9afws c]t ,t3]’w;hm+ouh

g,vnj g9afwsmhk;
wfh-;j p[yfkrtpkg,nv’
pvh ol’a 0ko[fy kwmh

69

8vomu * mhk;g9afwswx7hv’-hk’

gr,uj mt;ug9[a |;j ’okh ; [+moa g4khq -gy ]kjq 8kp lkc];hສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
,nh|’bj [kg9afws wx7hv’-hk’ .dhcfofkj ofvo30’
c;gj -kq 1k,1Ph ,
1kdwxskok’,t3]’ rkplko38.spj
[k9'jb 9[a gvkq -kh ’ wrd;h k’g4vnj ortov,
0Bo0guj 0kQ xkj w,h csocswj xs^kp7oq
csoj e8k,doQ
,uglokrej rvh , ,u/6’d;k’ c]t /6’,a’j
9fa lt[P’vksko c]9vh ’]ej ,v’
1.j6 owrloq d;h k’ dvh ’xkj IPdskdoa
/’6 7kj ’]’u 3vfIvh ’ zvj ’dtmy’l’y -kh ’
dtmkfq’gxafxvj ’
/’6 mto3u Ipj Ivh ’ 7toy’-1h6 [j6 +;kpD
lP’govn ’ooa /’6 lfa rvh ,rej glok
lP’glvn 7k’dkg;kq Ivh ’ [vj orda g-kq dk’fkh ;
pyodfq xnfxf6 Ivh ’

[kg9fa wsg0kQ xkj w,h
rw= xg4’y lk]k

70

dr= kdoa g-kq p’A doy g0kQ xkrda zvj o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
[k’rvj ’ovo[k’rvj ’g/kQ g;opk,gmkhq I’j5 vw5 m
pkh pg0kQ xkj skrkpr’a
r8= kg;oa roQ xkpw,h vvdmPj ;doy dk’fkh ;
7qf-tlko.ofq’ g-vn d|’a gm’y -kh ’.spj
[kg9fa ws4ngvkq [;h ’ rkpovh p|,j5 7tov’
0[a -kh ’rtpkg0kQ .dh wf-h kh ’|,j5 Ivh ’gIIoq
8onj 7t3p’s[^q ]hu
3po[;h ’|’a wx7vh ’ g0Qk,k8u-qf-vj p
-kh ’1.6j owrloq w]cj m’-eh \7j6 oq
-hk’.spfj exvfxuh l6h-hk’xkj loq ]t;oq
f’b g-vn d|’a mdq mohn -kh ’f’q 7t3p’g8oA
|8u kpwx.oxkj
[kg9afws[+=wfh-hk 7k’Ivh ’g-vn d9vj ’0k
3\’j gsda^ cs,^ ]’q 4dn s;q m’a ws;rydxoa pkw;
rvh ,m’a czflP’Ivh ’ [+1kh od;q dP,lh6
xt-kh ’rkp|,j5 ovh p moa dkozkj ozkj
fexurh kj p|u
dko7vh ’-kh ’8vh ’,u.9skodkh 9kvvj p7es;ko
voa 8t]kp7’5 8;q ]d5 gfou gsou pkh p
Ish6 kmk’w0cdh I7h6 e7;ko[vdl’ja
7nf’aj [kg9afwsw]-j kh ’ d[a 7on [kh ozkj o;fa r6
ok’okf1kfg,vn ’30’
[kg9fa ws/db -kh ’ovh p ]d6 glf4ucfo.8h
.shI6h7;ko I6h]tsaf c4os^;’c8,h c8’j
Iwh6 x,kdyospkh oE [+,du Egd’jy ok’
c];h 9’ja rkf’5j foA

[kg9afws7bfIvf-6h
-;nj kj ok’,t3]’
’k,f’aj vyo8kwmh
py’1.j6 ocs^’j sk^h

71

8vomu ( mhk;g9afws c]t ok’,t3]’lk[koIadoedao

[kg9fa ws,v[.ssh dq 7;ko-kh ’ d[a 8kj ;g,nv’9exk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
l;j o;kj [kd[a glok wfhf;j owxw;2hk;
0sju ’^a rkplko9kh ; wxfvo30’37’h v;j p
grvnj 9da wf9h v[r=h ,t3]’ovh ’z9h6 vj ’.9
[kh o4ojy foy c7,|v’
rc= 8gj 0kQ wx.dh x6dlk]u c]t c8’-hk’
gxoa l;o0v’ok’,t3]’ gzvn d’kfvdw,xh kj
,uma’05,,aofhk’ c]skovh ’7lj6 tg|
[kg9afwswfh]ej 9vh ’ pvflts’kj vyo0Po IP,gvpu
]fa xkj f’q r’q d;h k’
’k,gf ’k,cmhgfs^hk wfhgsaoc]h;lqf-onj
vkh po;hu Po,ksk [+gsoa |kh 1[j6 g+ xoa ovh ’gvpu
ok’c,oj f;’.9vhkp 9kdkj ;oe,t3]’
l5fsq;.9vhkpc,oj ovh ’ dvh ’I,qj wI.[0P;fqh;
]k’l’a svo8kltg,oja
[kg9afwswfhvvfg;Qk
1lj6 v’7oq .odk’l;o
ok’,t3]’wslh tvohb

72

Ida vkh pg9fa ws.9lt[oA 7toy’vkh p1[j6 +;kp ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
dq;c8xj yfkwmh .-gh ]sj P^j ,mt]kpIda vkh pgvpu
7Pf0,q g7vn ’c7oh
|da .9oe[fy k .oltgrkq dPh ’vvj pIvj p
7;k,g,vjn glpcrzkh g9fa wsc];h 0oj5 g7nv’
glprtooa .svh kh p s^kp1kj ’,k0af0;k’
dkj ;9kd[a [kmkh ;
[yfkwf-h vdg]vnj ’ wxgInvog-kq c;j
[+.s,h t3]’ok’r[q [kvkh pm+.p
[+.sgh 9fa wsg0kQ 9k8+ok’,t3]’
[1+ kdc]g[’jy |kh skd[+wfoh k’,k-vh o
,t3]’ok’gffa fPj ;
[kg9afwswfhdkj ;g;kQ [+,kp,kh ’skj ’gsuo
vkh pou7h ’q ,vo,f5 \kp,kfxkf4t\k
vkh p0=;vortv;oovh ’ [+xPj o.9,kp,kh ’
/oA .9gIkq .sdh vfdPh ; lv’Ik,kgxoa 7j6
.s[h k2kh ;8kj ;g,nv
vkh pdg= ;kQ 8+ovh ’ovh ’dg= ;kQ 8+vkh p g4kQ cd,j k3v,0=
Ida fP;.9fP;m’a lv’Ik ,k0t,k[yfkwmh
skdc,oj voy r,q lkh ’ vt3slyde[+-he8,nj
ok’-]y 1= 4j6 kh ,t3]’ovh ’d=-onj -,q
da[8kj ;g,nv’9exk
.swh x[vd-kfg-nvh ovh ’,t3]’77u vh p
.svh kh pp=0oa 7e 7toy’skvkh ps^n[+
[yfk7q’vtwr.shvhkp [+gsoa |kh 1[j6 g+ xoa ovh ’gvpu
[kg9afwsl5[cs;o7e.loj y;h pvh o1kfoeh 8kws^
Iej 7toy’[+;kpg;oA
[kg9afwswfhf’5j fAo oedoa c8-j kfdvj o [g+ f
sq;.9pa’7toy’sk 7toy’g4’y vkh p[+;kp
3vov= oa ;kj lkp.90vh p roa ;fa lkovh ’d-= [y +xPj o
vkh po.hu 97fy g4’y okfovh ’

ok’,t3]’wfhc8oj voltvohb
7fb g4y’vkh pg9fa ws
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73

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74

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skf-kp2v’xvj ’ohe

75

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76

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77

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78

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79

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80

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81

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82

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84

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85

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86

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87

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]e[kdD -kp7qooUgduf[qodv’g’yodv’7eF ,ulk;.-h[jk;.-h,kd,kpr=c8jvhkxkd;jk1kd
dyospa’F 1kdwfh spa’d=,u7qogvqk,k.shD

g,njvr+c,jg4Qkcdj-t]k]q’F -kp7qooUd=wfh0Bogxaortpkcmor+8k,meoP,D g,njv0Bo
gxaortpkd=dkpgxaortpkmuj3’j9hk grkt[+g7upgIaf;Pdspa’9adgmnjvD ,N|bj’rtpkwfhIa[lko
9kdxt-k-oq grvjn wxI;j ,2’a dkol[n l;o7tf0u v’oda 3mfD g;]kl[n l;o7tfwu fph oy 9kj lko4k,
oad3mf;jk <[+c,jo,b’0U8q;tg0qk[=L< oad3mf8v[;jk <[+K 0hkohvp[+wfh8q;t< c,jocmh[=L
9kj lko4k,1E7on D oda 3mf1on 1oa ;kj <c,oj cm0h kh ovh p[w+ f8h ;q tK 4kh 0kh ovh p8;q t0.= s0h kh ovh p[k[F
.s0h kh ovh p8kpF .s2h kh zkj skj doy 0kh ovh pdw= fh < rtpko’ja 2’a f;h p7;k,’’q grkt[g+ 0kQ .9;kj 9kj lko
g;Qkg4y’g]njv’spa’D rtpkoaj’7yfsk7e;jk<8q;t< 8q;tc,jospa’L 7yfco;.fd=[+vvd
-vdco;.fd[= w+ fDh d[a 7on g,vn g4’y ]k-t;’a 9'jb gvoU glokvk,kfg0kQ r[q c];h 4k,glokvk,kf;kj
<r;dlI6 86h ;q t[L= 4kh I8h6 ;q tK 8;q t.sdh 26 ’a g[’jy f<6 D glokvk,kf8v[gxoa lP’fP;doa ;kj <r;d0kh ovh p
[+Ih68q;t< g,nvj wfhpyoglokvk,kf8v[;kj <[+Ih6< rtpk9b'j ,u7;k,lqortwmgru,j 0Bo8n,j vudD

,N8+,kF rtpkwfhvvd.[vkpkxtdkf;kj <g4y’[kj ;wr]j kltfvom5dM7qoF 4hkzh6.fIh68q;t
g-uo,k8q;tdF6 d69t.shdhvo7em+|j;p\kd2ad.spj< 9kdoAortpkwfhlaj’.shglokvk,kfwx
xtdkfxkj ;8k,s;q g,vn ’ovh p c]t .sp.j smh ;jq g4’y doa D g;]kzkj owxlk,gfvn oF [kj ;wr]j kltfvo
[+,u.zdhk,kltg|u8q; grktdko8q;trtpkgxaog]nvj ’muzj yfS dko8q;trtpk,tskdtlafpy’j gxao
7;k,zyf|adF 8hv’4nd]q’3mfD faj’oAoF 9bj'[+,u.zdhk,k8q;trtpkF rtpk9bj'laj’.shglokvk
,kfwxxtdkf.shg4y’7qom5d9qo168j k,sq;/kpxkpfkj oF sq;wIsj q;okD ,umhk;derhkzh6|’bj m5d9qo
mulj 5f[+,u[vj ogry’j rkvkwl9b'j wxvkwl16j4P’okohvpcs’j |b’j -b’j skj ’wd9kd[hkoD mhk;derhk
wfhpyo7extdkfd=gda[gvqkwxovo7yf9qo\qf7no.omujl5fd=8aflyo.99twx8q;trtpkgrkt7yf;jk
<8qogxao7qom5d[+,usqomk’.fmu9j tskg’yoskmv’wfhF wx8q;trtpkF 4hk3-dfud=wfhg’yoF 4hk3-d
Ikh pd4= dn ]’q 3mf4dn ]’q 3mfd[= +gxoa sp’a grkt8oq [+,su p’a m8ju vh ’gxoa s;j ’<D

g-kQ 0v’,N8+,kF mkh ;derkh d=vvd9kd4P’okc8gj -kQ M grvnj wxltg|u8;q d[a glokvk,kf
0v’rtpk1j6.o[hkocsj’oAoD glokvk,kfgsaoderhkzh6oUwxltg|u;kj <0=vklkwx8q;trtpk<
glokvk,kfd=fu.92hk;rkderhkwxskg,nv’0v’rtpkD g,nvj 0Bowxg4y’]k-t;a’0v’rtpkF

88

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດglokvk,kfd=rkg0Qkg/QkrtpkS rtpk-k[g]njv’;jk <derhkzh6oU0aovklk,k8q;trtpk<
d=fu.99bj'laj’dko.shglokvk,kf9afshv’ovomujfumujl5f.shcdjderhkD glokvk,kfcxd.9
c8dj 7= fy ;kj gxoa ;my du koxk[xk,7oq 08U ;q t0v’rtpk c]t 7fy oederkh ;kj derkh ,]u fy ,gu ffvoa .f
9bj'dhk,k8q;trtpksk[jvo8kpcmhMD ma’oUd=grkt;jkglokvk,kf[+Ih6;jkrtpk[+I6h7e;jk
<0U8q;t<D

8vo7+k,NoAoF rtpkwfhlaj’.shglokvk,kfdP,9afrkg0Qkfh;pvkskomujv5fq,lq,[6o
grnvj 8hvoIa[derhkD rhv,oAoF d=la’j glokvk,kf;kj <,Nvnoj c8gj -Qk.sh8u7hv’[hk’s^;’IPd3I,
glokvk,kf c]t wrj2hkxt-kdvoma’s^kp,k2a’7e0U8q;t9kdderhk<D 7nooAoF derhk
ovo[s+ [a^ \fq 7on m’a 7fy sk7e8;q tm9ju t,k8;q trtpkm’a 7fy ;kj ,vN ojn ogU xoa ;oa 8kp0v’dF6 c8dj d6 [= d+ oy
c|’spa’grktd6wfhdyovkskomcuj -[ c]t wfhovo[vj oovomfuj umluj 5fc]h;D

,N8+,kF [jk;wrj]kltfvo c]t glokvk,kfwfhcsjdao,kg8Qk3I,1j6gfujo[hko1jk’
7[a 7k|kc|oh grkt.zMdl= oq .9.og]vjn ’ <derkh -8y ;q trtpk< .og;]k]4= kh F glokvk,kf c]t
[kj ;wr]j kltfvowfhlqomtokdaoF [k’7qod=g;Qk;kj <[kfoUc]h;[adderhk-y7=0kf< [k’7qod=
g;kQ ;kj <derkh 7fy 9’ja .f9'jb ,kdkh 8;q trtpksk[vj o8kpcmMh gokt< [k’7oq dg= ;kQ ;kj <g]vjn ’ogU xoa
g]nvj ’mucj xd[+g7up,u.oxts;af0v’rtpk< derhko’aj 2a’ c]t ]=4hkrtpkfh;psq;.98eg0QkD

r=g4y’g;]kF rtpkd=]q’9kds=zklkf]k-t;a’3fp,uglokvk,kfcscj socrodA’,kD
g,vjn rtpk,kg4’y F glokvk,kfwf0h oB xtdkf9f5 xtl’q 0v’dko3I,-,5 o,5 .smh d5 7oq I16h kj ’c9,j
c9h’c]h;g-uoderhk0Bo8q;tD mhk;derhk2hk;]5d0Bopqd,nws;hrtpk c]t glokvk,kf
c]h;dkj ;;kj G <8+wxoU0hkohvp0=vto5pkfdkj ;7e8q;trtpkF 0=.shglokvk,kf c]t xt-k-qo
md5 7oq 9’jq gxoa lda 0ru tpkoD g]vjn ’08U ;q t,1u ;6j kj G r+c,0j v’0kh ovh pgxoa 7oq md5 9oq F wI[j +|kok[+gIfa
md5 M,,N cu 8gj Ifa 8’a wx8fy -kh ’,k0kp<D rtpkloq .99'jb 4k,;kj <grojy gIfa 8’a wx8fy -kh ’co;.fL<D

<3fp0kh ovh pF md5 M,rN c+ ,0j kh ovh pwfvh vd9kd[kh oc8gj -kQ grvjn wxsk8fa 1k’3r1k’wI.swh fh
!W \=h c]t oE,aopk’ # \=h c]h;gvqk,k8Q,0hP;.loj edao.shwfhxt,ko ! \=hS gryoj gvUo;kj \=h8a’
ovd9kdoUF gryoj wfhwx8afw,hwz,j kzkj gxaofY; gryoj gvUo;kj fY;8a’ s^a’9kd8kdfY;8a’csh’ c]t
\=h8a’g1aoc]h;F r+d=c[d\=h8a’lj;oc,jd=c[dfY;8a’pjk’8k,s^a’r+wx.oxjkfq’.spjmuj,u-hk’
vkwl16sj ^kpD r+groyj la’gdfgsaomk’-hk’zkj o s]kp[vj o.f groyj gvqklQofY;8a’g[Nv’|’bj 75hpgvqk
8’a .os,8h= ’a c];h ]kf.lmj k’[vj o-kh ’mP;D g,vjn -kh ’pkj ’,kzkj omk’F 8ou -kh ’wf8h fy 8’a 9oq pkj ’
wx[+wfhD r+0hkohvpd=9a[gvqk-hk’,k]hP’.o[hkoc]h;d=0kp c8j[+g7upwfhg’yogrkt4ndc8j7qo
08U ;q t,k8;q tgvkq -kh ’wx c]t [9+ kj pg’oy .srh 0+ v’0kh ovh pD rc+ ,0j v’0kh ovh p9'jb dkpgxoa 7oq md5 9oq
g]vjn ’0v’,oa dg= xoa co;ocU s^t0kh ovh p<D

89

rtpkoaj’8A’.92a’derhk8q;t9qo[+’a[lq[’a[xkdD s^a’9kdderhkg;Qk\qfrtpkd=v;jkp ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
|hk,kskglokvk,kf c]h;4k,;kj <,ao8q;tcmh[=L< vk,kfpqd,nws;hc]h;8v[;kj <c,oj cmhK
derkh 8;q trtpkcmKh < grvjn 7;k,co.j 9F rtpk’;kd|kh wxsk]kltfvom’a \fq c]t 4k,vdu ;kj
<c,oj ,oa 8;q tcmsh ;tL< ]kltfvom’a s^kpd=8v[gxoa lP’fP;doa ;kj <c,oj c];h K rtpks;q dkd
0oB \fq cI’rvh ,m’a l’ja .sgh lokvk,kf c]t okp7’a s;^ ’wxw0xt8l6 k’g’oy F lk’7egrvjn gvkq dvh o
7em+\kd2da .sp,j k,v[.sdh erkh 8k,loa pkF rvh ,m’a g;kQ ;kj <derkh K ,’b gd’ja s^kp,Nvonj .s,h ’b
,k8q;t.shd62a’vudgfu< derhkpqd,nws;hrhv,ma’8v[;kj <3fp0hkohvpF lkm5F lkm5F lkm5<D

gxaovao;jkF derhkwfhovo16j.o]k-t;a’0v’rtpkvud7no|bj’D s^a’9kdlqj’derhk c]t
rtpkIvf]k-t;a’c]h;F glokvk,kfma’s^kpwfh,koa’j lqomtokdao16jlk]kdk’gfuoj [hko;kj
<rtpk7,n k3’9j kh cmKh derkh 8;q tcmMh dp= ’a gvkq dvh o7e[da .sp.j s,h oa D r;dgIkq gIfa ;Pd.srh tpk
fh;p7;k,-njlaf,kwfhs^kp2hks^kpxuc]h; c8j[+g7upwfhg’yowfh7egxaodhvom+9v,dhvp9adgmnjvD<
vk,kfzh6|b’j g;Qk0Bo;kj <,Nvnoj oUF rtpk8hv’glp7e.shcddj erhkvudD r;dgIqk-ygIafco;.fL<
vk,kfma’s^kprkdaolqomtokc]h;8qd]q’dao;jk <,NvnjooUF r;dgIqkrkdaog;Qk[+rhv,derhkD
derhk8q;tr;dgIqkd=[vdrtpk;jk derhk[+wfh8q;tF ]k;g;Qkvujs^u< 8qd]q’daoIP[Ihvpc]h;F
glokvk,kfm’a sk^ pdr= kdoa g]du ]kd[a [kh o.zgIvn o]k;D

,N8+,kg4y’g;]kF glokvk,kf c]t [jk;wrj]kltfvod=,kg8Qk3I,dao7ngdqjkD r=rt
pk,kg4y’F glokvk,kfd=0Boxtdkf.sh]kltfvo,yf’P[F 8A’.92a’7e8q;t0v’derhkD
s^a’9kdoAod=g-uoderhk0Bo<8q;trtpk< derhkwfh3vdkfd=]5d0Bodkj ;7elq,,k7k]t;trtpk
c]t glokvk,kfc]h;dkj ;;kj G <,NoUF 0hkohvp0=8q;trtpk8+g]njv’0v’r+c,0j hkohvp4nd8q;t
7;k,9y’0kh ovh p[+1kdpdq gvkq g]vnj ’oU,kg]kjq grkt,oa gxoa g]vnj ’gdkjq c]t foq okozkj o,kc];h S
r;dgryjowfh8kpwx\qfc]h;1hkortpkdjk;;jk0hkohvpgxao7qo[+fupqdgvqkg]njv’zu,kg;Qk,k;jk
[+gxao|hkg-nvj 4n c]t lafmk<D

rtpkwfhpyoco;oAod=g;Qk0Bo;jk <[+gxaospa’derhkF g;Qk,k3]fc,jo.zwx8q;tgvqk
-kh ’0v’r+c,,j ’b 3fp[+9kj pg’oy <D derkh wf3h vdkf9'jb dkj ;0oB ;kj G <03= mfK 0v= twroert pkf;h p
g4UoK r+0v’0hkohvpwfh-hk’38.f,kr+0v’rtpkd=,kgvqk;kj 9tgvqkg’yo,k.shc8[j +g7up,k9kj p
g’yo.shr+0v’0hkohvpr=38g4y’xkooUD< r+c,0j v’0hkohvp c]t r+c,0j v’rtpkd=8kpwxc]h;F
r+c,0j v’0hkohvp-y8kpwfhl’ja w;h;kj G .sh0hkohvp,km;’4k,gvqk g’yo7kj -hk’oertpkD 0hkohvp
9b’j gfuomk’,k4k,gvqkg’yo7kj -hk’0v’r+0hkohvpoertpkoUc]h;D g]nvj ’0v’,aod=gxaoco;oU
cs^t0kh ovh p<D

90

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດs^a’9kdderhkg;Qk\qfF rtpkd=v;kj p|hkwx4k,glokvk,kf c]t [kj ;wr]j kltfvo
m’a \fq ;kj <c,oj derkh 8;q tcm[h L= < glokvk,kf c]t [kj ;wr]j kltfvo.zMd7= fy g0kQ 0kh ’rtpk
[1+ kd.srh tpkglpdvh o7e[da .sp.j sch ddj erkh vdu 9’jb 8v[gxoa lP’fP;doa ;kj <[K+ derkh [w+ f8h ;q t
rtpkF g]nvj ’mudj erhkg]qkj ,kgxaog]nvj ’9y’< rtpkv;j kp|hk,kskderhkc]h;g;Qk;kj <derhkK
,NoUg9Qk[+wfhdhvo7e9kd0hvpgrktg9Qk[+wfh8q;t0hvp< derhkwfh3vdkf9b'j dkj ;;kj G <g]nvj ’oUgxao
g]vjn ’9’y f’ja glokvk,kf c]t [kj ;wr]j kltfvodPj ;1’A 1on ,kooA F rtpk[+wf9h kj pg’oy 7kj 08U ;q t
c88j hv’9kj pg’yo7kj -hk’.shcd0j hkohvp grnvj wxgIaf[5olyodyomko.shr+0v’0hkohvpD 4hk[+f’aj oAoF
r+c,j0v’rtpk9tgxao[k[F 8qdokIqd[+wfh0Bolts;ao-Aofk;;tfy’[+wfhwxgdufwx0ko
g\vn ogrojy g\vn omkj o<D

rtpko’ja ,fy 176j k;|’jb F c];h g;kQ 0oB ;kj <,’b g;kQ ,kg[’jy f;6 kj rc+ ,,j ’b 0kp-kh ’.srh d+ 96 da 38F
38.sp9j ad38F 38ohvp9ad38F gxao]k7kma’\qfgmkjq .fL d69ad9kj pw-h cmo.sh,b’ma’\qf<D derhk
d8= v[;kj <0kh ovh p[I+ ;6h kj ,-u kh ’9da 38F ]k7kgmkjq .fL grkt r0+ v’0kh ovh pl’ja w;;h kj -kh ’0v’rtpk
,u9ad38c,oj 0v’r+0hkohvpma’\qf c]t gryoj [vd;kj ]k7kmu8j qd]q’-N0kpda[r+0v’rtpk-hk’
.sp]j k7klcju lo8e]’b l;j o-kh ’ ovh p]k7klv’clo8e]’b < rtpk|kh cf’0oB c];h l’ja .sgh lok
vk,kf <.shl6wxoa[g[yj’-hk’ma’\qf,u9ad38F 38.spj9ad38F 38ohvp9ad38 c]h;7yfw]jvvd
gxao9adclo8e]b’F .shokp7a’s^;’g[ud9kj p.shderhkma’\qf< r=g;Qkl5f7;k,F rtpkd=dQ,|hk
vvd9kd-5, o5,da[7no]k-t;a’D

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dk[m6ortpk;jk <0=gf-tK rtpkgxaog9Qk derhk[+wfh8q;td=9t9jkpg’yo.shderhk1j6fvds;t<
rtpk8v[fh;plP’1kdIhkp;jk <[+wfh9jkpg’yo7jk8q;td=8hv’9jkpg’yo7jk-hk’grkt,aogxao
7;k,9y’F r;dl6d=1no1ao;kj ,aogxao7;k,9y’[+c,oj s^nL< glokvk,kf,yf [+xkdrhv,ma’pqd
,ngdqksq;pavdMD rtpkgsaofa’j oAo9b'j g;Qk8+;kj <g,nvj gxao7;k,9y’g-aoj oAod=9egxao8hv’wfh9kj p
g’yo7jk-hk’.shcdjderhkD 4hk[+faj’oAoF r+0v’d6d=9twx8qdokIqd\qdw\h[+wfhwxgdufwx0kooe
[hkooeg,nv’groyj D d6l’aj c]h;d=Iu[xt8y[aflkK<

rtpk;jkc]h;F glokvk,kfma’s^kpd=rkdaowxoa[-hk’ma’\qf0v’rtpkc]h;,k
7yfw]jgxao]k7k7ema’\qf<|bj’3dflujclo8e]b’< c]h;,v[7e9eo;oma’\qf.shderhk8k,
7el’ja 0v’rtpkD derkh wf7h esk^ p9oq gvkq wxgIvn o[\+ fq 9'jb wf-h -N kh ’-,N kh ,k8kj ’gvkq 7ed[a [kh o
da[gInvoD 9kdoAo,kderhkd=dkpgxao7qoIaj’,u c]t dkpgxaog9QkrtpkF lj;ortpkd=dkp
gxoa 7oq md5 9oq D

X7af9kdoymkoderhkF rk[ltmhvo0v’z6hfhvp3vdkfF xu @WW

91

g]njv’G <derhkgxaffjvosq;0P;< ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ

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r+8kpxtc8jg;]kvkp5ohv’-kp[+maowfh0;[
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92

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gzvn d’k7e<D g,vjn wfph oy gxfa g;kQ co;ooA F lv’gvvN povh ’dI= l6h db vfa lt9oa .9 c]t df= .u 9 gxoa mlju f5 D

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rkstot.odko9a[laf c]t vkwl05fgznvd,ao,kdyogxaovkskoD

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derhkcxd.9 c]t 7yf.o.9;jk gs’ao38oU7q’9tgxaog9Qkxkj 9bj'8v[gs’ao;kj G <f6]kF rtpk
gs’oa gvpu K 0vh pgfou mk’,kmoju gU rktgsf9egxoa ,k-vdsou dvh o]kh o-kh ’gzvn d’k7e8k,7el’ja
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93

9kdooA F derkh dw= f[h vdgxfa d[a g,vn gIvn o grvjn [vd0kj ;.sgh vvN pI6h c]t d[a g,vn 1g6j Ivn ogxoa ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
grnjvo0v’gvNvpD gvNvp7q’-ygs’qkgrkt7yfg4y’r;dgIqkD dkogfuomk’zjkxjkfq’rq’wrwx
s^kpcs’j vud9'jb wxg4y’lt4komcuj s’j |’jb gxoa xkj f’q .spdj ;kh ’0;k’lf5 lkp8k,us;h poE.lg1oa
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lhk’7;k,75hog7upF Iadcr’lt|yflt|q,da[-hk’fh;p;ymuskvkskom-uj hk’,adg-oaj G dh;pF vhvpF
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g,nvj ,kg4y’g,nv’c]h;F .zMd=Iadcr’-hk’gznvd’k7egrktg-nvj ;kj gxao0v’7E0v’76oF
0v’7[j6 kh o7gj6 ,vn ’D 8w+ xo[U kh og,vn ’0v’r;dgIkq -1y g6j 1oa gxoa ld5 ,7u ;k,9tg]ou I’5j gIvn ’D ltooA F
-k;[hko-k;g,nv’d=,u7;k,fuvqdfu.9 c]t rhv,daorafmtoklhk’lkgIaf.sh [hkog,nv’9tg]uo
c]t 1g6j 1oa gxoa ld5 D l;j ortpkdf= .u 9sk^ p9'jb pdq ]d6 lk;.sgh xoa g,p0v’-kpderkh c]t pdq g,vn ’
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g]kqj 3fpG ]5’-P’3rF [hkomkj g,nv’g2nv’ c0;’;P’9ao
IP[IP’3fpG 7ez5p rqo]n-k

94

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu &
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95

9tc9’h F 8;q ]t7vomgju xoa gxkQ \kp0v’lP’s;q .omoju hu l;j osk^ pc,oj r7+ kh -k;0kpF 7[6 kvk9ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ
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vjkowfhvjko c]t wfh2a’lk,kf9nj9egoNv.o0v’oymkowfhfuF 4hkskdla’gdf];,c]h;oymko
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gIkq ,da 9tg]kjq oymko-;os;q gxoa xt9eD

#D ly]txt.odkoxtfyfc8j’

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1kdsq; c]t ltrk[c;f]hv,mujgxao|hk1kdsq;[qfg]njv’-;osq;9eo;o|bj’wfhgvqkdko
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.shgduf,ulP’sq;g-oaj ;kj G oyfwl0U4Fuj 0U7hkoF 0U8q;tDDD 7npkr+;afg|nvda[pkr+;af.8hD

#D@D .-hly]txt.odkog;Qk3pd
dkog;Qk3pd c,joly]txt|bj’.og]njv’-;osq;F grkt;jkdkog;Qkc,jo;ymudko|jb’muj

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[+4ndda[8q;9y’gmkqj .f lP’sq;d+9tgduf c]t fa’cI’gmkqj oAoD

[k’7’A [oa fkgsfdkoD xkdg;kQ c]t dkoxtrfb 0v’8;q ]t7vomdju kj ;,k.oc8]j tomy ko

96