Wheelock's Latin

Numerals; Genitive of the Whole; Genitive and Ablative with Cardinal Numerals; Ablative of Time 103

The following table lists some Romance cardinal numbers derived
from Latin.

Latin Italian Spanish French

Gnus unto) un (0) un
duo due dos deux
tres tre tres trois
quattuor quattro cuatro quatre
qUInque cmque Clllq
sex sel C1l1CO
septem sette SIX
octo otto selS
novem nove siete sept
decem dieci ocho huit
iindecim undici nueve neuf
duodecim dodici diez dix
centum cento once onze
mIlle mille dace douze
ciento cent
mil mille

In the readings 3. cult, culture, agriculture, horticulture (hortus, garden), colony. 7. pas-
serine.-"pipe," both verb and noun, an onomatopoetic (imitative) word
widely used; e.g., Gk. pipos, a young bird. and pipizein or peppizein, to peep.
ciJiT1), Ger. piepen and pfeifen, Eng. "peep;' Fr. piper. 9. ton-
sorial, tonsure.-barber, barb, barbed, barbate.-capillary, capillaceous.
"Cyrus": credo, creed, credible, credulous (see Vocab., Ch. 25). "Fabian":
cunctation.-component, etc. (Ch. 27).-salutation, salutary; cf salvere.

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTILlS!

Salvete! Quid novi, mei amici amicaeque? Latin has other types of numer-
als, besides the cardinals and ordinals, which you will encounter later in
your study of the language and many of which are already familiar. "Roman
numerals" developed from counting on the fingers: I = one finger, II = two,
etc., V = five (the hand held outstretched with the thumb and index fmger
making a "V"), VI = a "handful of fingers" plus one, etc., X = two V's, one
inverted on the other, and so on. There were also "distributive" numerals,
singuli, -ae, -a (one each); bini, -a (two each), terni, -ae, -a, etc., and
"multiplicatives," simplex, simplicis (single), duplex (double), triplex, etc.; like-

wise numeral adverbs, semel (pnce), bis (twice), ter (three times), etc. All these

words have numerous (pardon the pun) Eng. derivatives!
"Me, I believe in grammar, but I did not really know about it until I

learnt a little Latin-and that is a gift, an absolute gift." -Margaret
Thatcher. Id est bonum consilium, whatever your politics. Valete!

16

Third Declension Adjectives

Latin has two major categories of adjectives. You are already quite fa-
miliar with those having first and second declension forms like magnus, -a,
-urn (Ch. 4) and the small sub-category of first/second declension adjectives
that have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular (Ch. 9).

Adjectives of the second major group generally have third declension
i-stem forms and are declined exactly like i-stem nouns of the third declen-
sion, exeept that the ablative singular of all genders (not just the neuter)
ends with -i.

Adjectives of this group fall into three categories that differ fi'om each
other in simply one respect. Some, called "adjectives of three endings," have
distinct forms of the nominative singular that differentiate each of the three
genders, just as magnus, magna, and magnum do (e.g., acer M" aCl'is F., and
acre N.); those of "two endings" (the largest eategory of third declension
adjectives) have a single nominative form for both masculine and feminine,
and another for the neuter (e.g., fortis M. and E, forte N.); and those of
"one ending" do not differentiate the genders at all in the nominative singu-
lar (e.g., (lotens is the M., E, and N. nom. sg. form). In all other respects
the adjectives of all three categories are the same, with the masculine and
feminine endings differing from the neuters only in the accusative singular
and the nominative (= vocative) and accusative plural.

Paradigms are given below, with the distinctive i-stem endings in bold;
the nouns civis and mare are provided for comparison (review Ch. 14, if
necessary) and to show that there is very little new to be learned in order to
master third declension adjectives.

104

Third Declension Adjectives 105

I-Stem NOllns Reviewed Adj. of 2 Endings

fortis, forte, strong. brave

M.orF. N. M.&F. N.

Nom. elvis mare f6rtis f6rte
Gen. elvis maris f6rtis f6rtis
Dat. elV! marT f6rtl f6rtl
Acc. elVen1 mitre f6rtem f6rte
Ab!. elve marl f6rti f6rti

Nom. elves milria f6rtes f6rtia
Gen. elvium marium f6rtium f6rtium
Dat. c1vibus maribus f6rtibus f6rtibus
Acc. elves I maria f6rtes' f6rtia
Ab!. maribus f6rtibus f6rtibus
elvibus
Non/.
Gen. Adj. of 3 Endings Adj. of 1 Ending
Dat.
Acc. acer, acris, acre, potens, gen. potentis,
Ab!. powerful
keen. severe, .fierce
Nom.
Gen. M.&F. N. M.&F. N.
Dat.
Acc. acer, acris acre p6tens p6tens
Ab!. acris acris potent is potentis
acrT acrY potentT potentI
acrem acre potent em p6tens
acri acri potenti potenti

acres acria potentes potentia
acrium acrium potentium potentium
acribus acribus potentibus potentibus
acres l acria potentes' potentia
acribus acribus potentibus potentibus

OBSERVATIONS

Note carefully the places in which the characteristic i appears,' as in-
dicated in the paradigms:

(1) -I in the ablative singular of all genders.
(2) -iul11 in the genitive plural of all genders.
(3) -ia in the nominative and accusative plural of the neuter.

I Remember that i-stem nouns and adjectives have an alternate -is ending in the acc.
pI. (the regular ending until the Augustan Period), but it will rarely be used in this book.

2 A few third-declension adjectives of one ending are declined without this char-
acteristic i in one or more of the three places; e.g., vetus, veteris, old: vetere (ab!' sg.),
vctcrum (gen. pl.), vctera (neut. nom. and acc. pl.). The forms of comparatives and pres-

ent participles will be taken up later.

106 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 16

Note also that an adjective of the third declension can be used with a
noun of any declension just as an adjective of the first and the second de-
clensions can. In the following illustrations omnis, -e, every, all, is used as
the example of an adjective of two endings.

ornnis an11cus or homo acer amIcus/homo potens amIcus/homo
Olnnis regIna or mater acris regIna/mater potens regIna/mater
omne bellum or animal acre bellum/animal potens bellum/animal

For the sake of practice, study and analyze the forms in the following
phrases:

omnT rormae in omut fOrma omnimll fOnnaru1l1
ornnT animo in omnI animo omnium animonul1
omnT hamin} in omnI homine omnium hominum
omnI urbI in 0111111 urbe Olnniu.111 urbiu.l11
omnI marT in 0111111 lnar!
OlTIlllUlll lllarIUlll

The vocabulary entries for adjectives of three endings (-er words like
acer, some of which retain the -e- in the base, some of which drop it) and
two endings (of the -is/-e variety) list the different nominative endings; the
base can be determined from the feminine or neuter form. For adjectives of
one ending (many of these end in -us or -x) the genitive is provided so that
you can determine the base (by dropping the -is ending, e.g., potens,
potent-is).

USAGE

Third declension adjectives function in the same ways as other adjec-
tives: they modify nouns (omnes agricolae, all thej(lrmers, sometimes called
the "attributive" use); they can serve as "predicate nominatives" (viri erant
acres, the men werefierce) or "objective complements" (virtiis reeit viros for-
tes, virtue made the men brave); they can take the place of nouns (fortiina
fortes adiuvat, fortune helps the brave, sometimes called the "substantive"
use). Remember, too, that attributive adjectives usually follow the nouns
they modify, except those that denote size or quantity, demonstratives, and
any that are meant to be emphasized.

VOCABULARY

aetas, aetatis, C, period of life, lije, age, an age, time (eternal, eternity)

auditor, auditoris, m., hewn; listenel; member oj' an audience (auditor,

auditory, auditorium; cpo audiO)

clementia, -ae, f., mildness, mercy (clement, clemency, inclem-

ent, Clement, Clementine)

mens, mentis, f., mind, thought, intention (mental, mentality, mention,

demented; Minerva [?]; cpo mind)

Third Declension Adjectives 107

satura, -ae, f, satire (satirist, satirical, satirize)

acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eagel;' severe, fl'erce (acrid, acrimony, acri-

monious, eager, vinegar)

brevis, breve, short, slJJall, brief(breyity, breviary, abbreviate, abridge)

celer, celeris, celere, swili, quick, rapid (celerity, accelerate)

difficilis, difficile, hard, difficult, troublesome (difl1culty)

didcis, dulce, slveet; pleasant, agreeable (dulcify, dulcet, dulcimer)

facilis, facile, easy, agreeable (facile, facility, facilitate; cpo faciii)

fortis, forte, strong, brave (fort, forte, fortify, fortitude, force, comfort)

ingens, gen. ingentis, huge

iiiciindus, -a, -um,plcasant, dehgh(fid, agreeable, pleasing (jocund)

longus, -a, -urn, long (longitude, longevity, elongate, oblong, prolong;

Eng. "long" is cognate.)

omnis, omne, all (omnibus, bus, omnipresent, omnipotent, omni-

scient, omnivorous; cpo omnino, Ch. 40)

polens, gen. potentis, pres. part. of possum as an adj., able, pOlveljid,

mighty, strong (potent, impotent, omnipotent, potentate, potential)

senex, gen. senis, adj. and noun, old, aged; old man (senate, senatOl; se-

nescent, senile, seniority, ,)'il; sire)

quam, adv., how

rego, regcrc, rexi, rectmn, to rule, guide, direct (regent, regime, regiment,

regular, regulate, correct, direction, rectitude; cpo rex, regina)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Fortes vir! et le111inae ante aetatem nostram vlv6bant.
2. Eas centmll senes miseros ab Italia trans maria difIicilia herT mittebat.

3. lllI duo virI omnes cupidiUites ex se eiecerunt, nam natiiram corpo-

ris timuerunt.

4. Potens regina, quoniam se dllexit, istos tres vltavit et se cum CIS num-

quam iunxit.
5, Haque inter e6s ibi sUibam et signum cum anlmo forti diu exspec-

tabam.
6. Celer rumor per ora auresque omnium sine mora currebat.
7. VIs bellI acerbl autem vItam eius pauels horIs mfltavit.

8. QuInque ex nautis se ex aqua traxerunt segue Caesar! potenti COI11-

mIserunt.
9. Caesar n6n poterat suas copias cun1 celeribus c6piIs regis iungcre.
10. Themistoc1cs omncs elves oJim appellabat et nomina eorum aerl me-

moria tenebat.
11. In caelo sunt multae nubBs et anilnfl.lia agricolae tempcstate mala

non valent.
12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two

sweet daughters.

108 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 16

13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.
14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?
15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Quam dulcis est lIberUis! (Phaedrus.)
2. Labor omnia vIcit. (*Virgil.)
3. Fortilna fortes adiuvat. (Terence.)
4. Quam celeris et acris est mens! (Cicero.)
5. Polyphemus erat m6nstrum horrendum, fnfOrme, ingens. (Virgil.·--

monstrum, -i.-horrendus, -a, -um.-intOrmis, -e,formless, hideous.)

The blinding q{ Polyphemus
Hydriaf;'om Caveteri, 525 B. C.
Musco Nllzionale di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy

6. Varium et miitabile semper !emina. (*Virgil.-Order: !emilla semper
lestl varium et miitiibile,-varius, -a, -urn, varying, fickle. -miita-
bilis, -e, changeable; the neuters varium and miitabile are used to
mean "a fickle and changeable thing.")

7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrfbere, sed librum scrfbere difficile
est. (*Martial.-elligramma, -matis, n., short poem, epigram.--belle,
adv. from bellus, -a, -urn,)

8. Ira furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace.-furor, -roris, madness.)
9. Ars poetica est non omnia dIcere. (*Servius'-Iloeticus, -a, -urn.)
10. Nihil est ab omnI parte beatum. (*Horace.)
11. Liber meus homines priident! consilio alit. (Phaedrus.-priideus,

gen. priidelltis,)
12. Mater omnium bonarum artinm sapientia est. (*Cicero.)
13. Clementia regem salvum [acit; nam amor omnium cIvium est in-

expugnabile miinImentum regis. (Seneca.-inexpugnabilis, -e, im-
pregnable. -mfinimentum, -I, fortification, defense.)
14. VIta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)
15. Breve tempus aetiUis autem satis longum est ad bene vIvendum.
(Cicero.-vivendum, living, verbal noun obj. of ad,fm:)
16. VIvit et vIvet per omnium saeculorum memoriam. (*Velleius Pa-
terculus.--saeculum, -I, century, age.)

TiJird Declension Adjectives 109

/UVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SA TIRE

Semper ego audItor era? Est turba poetarum in hac urbe-ego igitur
era poeta! Sunt mIlia vitiorum in urbe-de istIs vitiIs scrIbam! Difficile est
saturan1 n6n scrlbere. S1 natUra me adiuvare non potest, faeit indignati6
versmTI. In libra mea erunt omnia facta hominum-timor, Ira, voiuptas,
culpa, cupiditas, Insidiae, Nunc est plena copia vitiorum in hac miserii
urbe R61nae!

(Juvenal, Saturae 1. Iff; prose adaptation from the opening of luvenal's pro-
grammatic first satire.-indignatiO, -onis.-versus, verse, poetlY)

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND
Difficilis facilis, iilcundus accrbus-es Idem:
nee tecum possum vlvere nee sine teo

(*Martial, 12.46; meter: elegiac couplet.)

In the readings ETYMOLOGY

5. monstrous.-horrendous.-informal, inform (adj. with neg. prefix
in-) 6. variety, variegated, vary, unvaried, invariable. 8. furor. 11. priidens,
syncopated form ofpriividens as seen in "providence," "providential." "Juve-
nal": indignation, indignant.-verse, versify, versification.

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTlLlS!

Salvere! Quid agitis? Quid hodie est tempestas? Here are some possible
answers, many of which you can again recognize from Eng. derivatives:
frigida (tempestas is fem., as you recall ti'om Ch. 15, hence the fem. adj.,
from frigidus, -a, -um); calida (Eng. "scald" is a derivative); nimbosa (from

nimbus, which means the same as nubes, + the common suffix -osus,

-um,full of, hence "cloudy"-cpo Eng. "cumulonimbus clouds"); ventosa (an
identical formation from ventus, \vind); solliice!, the sun is shining (cp. "so-
lar," "'translucent"); pluit, raining ("'pluvial," "pluviometer"); ningit, it:)
snowing (Eng. "niveous" from Lat. nivens, -a, -urn is related).

Well, enough of the weather. Here's an omnibus of omni- words and
phrases to delight you all: If you were "omnific" (from facere) and "omni-
present" (-sent froll1 sum) and your appetite "omnivorous" (vorare, to eat,
cpo "carnivorous," "herbivorous") and your sight were "omnidirectional"
(see rego in the Vocab. above), then you might potentially be "omnipotent"
and even "omniscient" (scire, to know). But as a proverbial saying from Vir-
gil reminds us, non onllles possumus omnia. (By the way rego, mentioned
above, does NOT mean to go again nor should regit be translated leave, and
this lime I mean it!)

Valete, omnes amici ct amicae meae, et seml)cr amate Latinam!

17

The Relative Pronoun

The relative pronoun qui, quae, quod, as common in Latin as its English
equivalent who/which/that, ordinarily introduces a subordinate clause and
refers back to some noun or pronoun known as its "antecedent"; the relative
clause itself has an adjectival function, providing descriptive information
about the antecedent (e.g., "the man who was from Italy" ... = "the Ital-
ian lnau").

The forms of the relative pronoun are so diverse that the only practical
procedure is to memorize them. However, it is easy to see that the endings
of the genitive cllills and dative cui are related to those of illius and illi; and
it is easy to identify the case, the number, and orten the gender of most of
the remaining forms.

Qui, QUAE, QUOD, who, which, that

Singular N. Plural F. N.
M. F. M.
quae quae
qui quae quod qui quarum quorum
cuius cuius quorull1 quibus quibus
cuius ' cui quibus quas quae
cui l quam Cll! quos quibus quibus
qua quibus
quem quod
quo
quo

USAGE AND AGREEMENT

Since the relative pronoun (from La!. refero, referre, rettoll, reHitum, eh.
31) refers to and is essentially equivalent to its antecedent (ti'om alltecedere,

I For the pronunciation of the ui in cuins (as if spelled cui-yus) and in cui, cpo huius
and huie (Ch. 9) and see the Introd., p. xli.

110

The Relative Pronoun 111

to go before, since the antecedent usually appears in a preceding clause), the
two words naturally agree in number and gender; the case of the relative,
howevel; like that of any noun or pronoun, is determined by its use within
its own clause. The logic of this can be demonstrated by analyzing and
translating the following sentence:

The woman whom you are praising is talented.

I. The main clause of the sentence reads:
The woman . .. is talented. Femina ... est docta.

2. Whom introduces a subordinate, relative clause modifying woman.

3. Woman (temina) stands before the relative whom and is its antecedent.

4. Whom has a double loyalty: (I) to its antecedent, temina, and (2) to
the subordinate clause in which it stands.

a. Since the antecedent, temina, is feminine and singular, whom in
Latin will have to be feminine and singular.
b. Since in the subordinate clause whom is the direct object of (you)
are praising (laudas), it must be in the accusative case in Latin.
c. Therefore, the Latin form must be/eminine and singular and accu-
sative: quam.

The complete sentence in Latin appears thus:

Femina quam laudas est docta.

Again, succinctly, the rule is this: the gender and the number of a relative
are determined by its antecedent; the case of a relative is determined by its
use in its own clause.

Analyze the gender, the number, and the case of each of the relatives in
the following sentences:

I. DIlig6 puellam quae ex !talia venit, I admire the girl who came jimn
Italy.

2. Homo de quo dlcebiis est amIcus carus, the man about whom you were
speaking is a dear/i-iend.

3. Puella cui librum dat est fortilnata, the girl to whom he is giving the
book isfartunate.

4. Puer cuius patrem iuvabiimus est fortis, the boy whose father we used
to help is brave.

S. VItan1 meatn comlnittam els virTs quorum virtutes laudabas, I shall
entrust my life to those men whose virtues you were praising.

112 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 17

6. Timeo idem perlculum quod timetis, I fear the same danger which
youfeal:

In translating, be sure not to introduce words li'OI11 the relative clause
into the main clause or vice versa; c.g., in the third sentence above, puella
should not be mistaken as the subject of dat. Note that a relative clause is a
self-contained unit, beginning with the relative pronoun and often ending
with the very first verb you encounter (cui ... dal in the third sample sen-
tence); in complex sentences, like S.A. 3 below, you may find it helpful first
to identify and actually even bmcket the relative c1ause(s):

Multi Clves aut ea perlcula [quae imminent] non vident aut ea [quae
vident] neglegunt.

Begin next to read the rest of the sentence and then, as soon as you have
translated the relative pronoun's antecedent (which very often precedes the
relative pronoun immediately), translate the relative clause.

VOCABULARY

Iibelills, -i, m., little book (libel, libelous; diminutive of Iiber)

qui, quae, quod, reI. pron., who. which, Ivlwt, that (quorum)

caecus, -tIIn, blind (caecum, caecal, caecilian)

levis, I<\ve, light; easy; slight, trivial (levity, lever, levy, levee, Levant,

leaven, legerden1ain, alleviate, elevate, relevant, irrelevant, relieve)

aut, conj., or; aut . .. aut, either . .. or

cito, adv., quickly (excite, incite, recite; cpo recitO, below)

quoque, adv., also, too

admitto, -mittere, -missum, to admit, receive, let in (adlnission, ad-

missible, inadmissible, admittedly)

coepi, coepisse, cOl\ptum, began, defective verb used in the perfect system

only; the present system is supplied by illcipiii (below).

cupio, cupere, cuplvi, cupltum, to desire, wish, longfi)r (Cupid, cupidity,

concupiscence, covet, covetous, Kewpie doll; cp, eupidiHis, cupido,

Ch, 36, cupidus, Ch. 39)

deleo, delevi, deJetum, to destroy, wipe out, erase (delete, indelible)

desldero (1), to desire, 10ng./iJl; miss (desiderate, desideratum, desidera-

tive, desire, desirous)

incillio, -cipere, -Celli, -ceptum, to begin (incipient, inception; cpo capiii)

navigo (1), to sail, navigate (navigation, navigable; cpo nauta)

Jl(\glegii, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum, to neglect, disregard (negligent,

negligee, negligible; cpo lego, Ch, 18)

l'I\cito (1), to read aloud, recite (recital, recitation, recitative)

The Relative Pronoun 113

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Patens quoque est VlS artiu111, quae n5s sen1per alunt.
2. Miseros homines, autem, secum iungere coeperant.
3. Nam ilia aetate pars popun in !talia inra elvium numquam tenuit.
4. Incipimus veritatem intellegere, quae mentes nostras semper regere

debet et sine qua valere non possumus.
5. Quam difficile est bona aut dulcia ex bello trahere!
6. Centum ex virls mortem diu timebant et nihil clementiae exspec-

taban!.
7. Puer matrelTI timebat, quae eum saepe negiegebat.
8. Inter omnia perIcula illa lemina se cum sapientia gessit.
9. Haque celer rumor acris n10rtis per ingentes urbes cucurrit.
10. Quoniam memoria factorum nostrorum dulcis est, beaU nunc sumus

et senectutem faciIen1 agemus.
11. M ulU audltores saturas acres timebant quas paeta reciHibat.
12. They feared the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.
13. We began to help those three pleasant women to whom we had given

our friendship.
14. We fear that book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.

SENTENTIAE ANTiQUAE

I. Salve, bone amlce, cui filium meum herl commls!. (Terence.)
2. Dionysius, de quo ante dIXI, ii Graeciii ad Siciliam per tempestiUem

niivigabat. (Cicero.-Sicilia, -ae, Sicily.)
3. MultI elves aut ea perlcula quae imminent non vident aut ea quae

vident neglegunt. (Cicero.-imminere, to impend, threaten.)
4. Bis dat qUI cito dat. (Publilius Syrus.-bis, adv., twice.)
5. QUI coepit, dlmidium facti habet. Incipe! (Horace.-··dlmidium, -ii,

half·)
6. Levis est fortlina: id cito reposcit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus.-

repiiscii, -ere, to dernand back.)
7. Fortuna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat. (Publilius Syrus.)
8. Non solum fortuna ipsa est caeca sed etiam eos caecos facit quos

semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)
9. Bis vincit qUI se vincit in victoria. (*Publilius Syrus.)
10. SilTIUIatio delet veritaten1, sine qua nomen amlcitiae valere non

potest. (Cicero. -simuliitiii, -onis, pretense, insincerity.)
11. Virtutem enim il1Ius virI amavI, quae cum corpore non periit. (Cic-

ero.-""l1crco, -ii, -itum, to perish.)
12. Turbam vIta. Cum hIs vlve qUI te meliorem facere possunt; illos

admille quos tli potes facere meliores. (Seneca.·-·melior, better:)

114 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 17

ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE

Estne amor in senectiite? Voluptas enim minor est, sed minor quoque
est cupiditas. Nihil autem est clira nobis, SI non cupimus, et non caret is qUI
non deslderat. Adulescentes nimis deslderant; senes satis amoris saepe ha-
bent et multul11 sapientiae. Cogito, igitur, hoc tempus vitae esse iiicundum.

(Cicero, De Senectale 14.47-48.-minol', less.-carel'e, to lack, want.)

IT'S ALL IN THE DELIVERY

Quem recitas meus est, 0 Fldentlne, libellus;
sed male cum recitas, incipit esse tuus!

(*Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac a fellow who had publicly

recited some of Martial's diminutive of Iiber, is the delayed

antecedent of quem; in prose the order would be libellus quem recitas est meus.-

male, adv. of malus.-cum, conj., when.)

A Readingj;'om Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadenw, 1885

Philadelphia Museum o/Art: The George W. Elkins Collection

ETYMOLOGY

The Lat. reI. pron. was the parent of the following Romance forms: It.
chi, che; Sp. que; Fr. qui, que.

If the sull1x -sco shows a Latin verb to be an "inceptive" verb, what
force or meaning does this ending impart to the verb?-tremii, tremble;
tremesco = ?

The Relative Pronoun 115

In medieval manuscripts many texts begin with an "incipit"; e.g., liber
primus EpistuHirum Plinii incipit.

To Latin aut can be traced It. 0, Sp. 0, Fr. 011.

In the readings 3. imminent. 10. simulation, simulatOl; dissimulation. 11. perire: Fr.

perir, perissant: Eng. "perish." 12. ameliorate. "Old Age": minority.-caret.

LATiNA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTlUS!

Iterum salvete! There are a couple of Eng. abbreviations from qui, quae,
quod which you may have seen: q.v. = quod vide, I"hich see (i.e., "see this

item"), and Q.E.D. = qllod erat demiinstrandum, that which was to be proved

(used, e.g., in mathematical proofs-for the verbal form, a "passive peri-
phrastic;' see eh. 24). Less common are q.e. = quod est, Ivhich is. and
Q.E.F. = quod erat faciendum, which lVas to be done. You are beginning to
see that for a truly literate person Latin is sine qua nlin (indispensable. lit.
something without which one can not manage), and that's a point we needn't
"qnibble" over (a diminutive derived li'om the frequent use of quibus in le-
gal documents).

The root meaning ofrecitare, by the is to arouse again (cp. "excite,"
"incite"); when we "recite" a text, we are quite literally "reviving" or bring-
ing it back to life, which is why we-just like the Romans-should always
read literature, especially poetry, aloud!

Here's some good advice on doing your translations: semller scribe sen-
tentiiis in tabella luii (your notebook). An ancient proverb tells you why: qui
scribit, bis discit! And here's an old proverb with the new Vocab. item cito:
cito matiirum, cito putridum, quickly ripe, quickly rotten. So let's not go too
fast: valete!

18

first and Second
Conjugations: Passive Voice
of the Present System;
Ablative ofAgent

FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATION:
PRESENT SYSTEM PASSIVE VOICE

In Latin as in English there are passive verb forms and passive sentence
types, in which the subject is recipient of the action (rather than pel:iorming
the action, as in the active voice). The rule for forming the passive of first
and second conjugation present system passives (i.e., passives of the present,
future, and imperfect tenses) is an easy one: simply substitute the new pas-
sive endings (-r, -..is, -tur; -mUI", -mini, -ntllr) for the active ones learned in
Ch. I (-OI-m, -s, -t; -mus, -tis, -nt). The few exceptions to this rule are high-
lighted in bold in the following paradigms.

PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF Laudo and Moneo

PASSIVE laLld-or moneor I am (am being) praised, warned
ENDINGS lauda-ris monens you are (are being) praised, H!(lrned
lauda-tur 1110netur he is (is being) praised, warned
I. -r
2. -ris
3. -tur

116

First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent 117

1. -mur landa-111ur l110nemur we are (are being) praised, warned
2. -minT lauda-minI n10neminI you are (are being) praised, warned
3. -ntur lauda-ntur monentur they are (are being) praised. wa/"l1ed

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE iwas (being) warned.
u5,'ed to be warned, etc.
iwas (being) praised. monebar
used to be praised. etc. monebaris
1. lauda-ba-r monebatur
2. lauda-ba-ris
3. lauda-ba-tur monebamur
moneba111inI
1. lauda-ba-mur l110nebantur
2. lauda-ba-minT
3. lauda-bit-ntur

FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE i shall be warned
monebor
i shall be praised moneberis
1. lauda-b-or monebitur
2. laudtl-be-ris
3. lauda-bi-tur

1. lauda-bi-mur monebimur
2. lauda-bi-minT monebin1inI
3. lauda-btl-ntur monebimtur

The exceptional forms. highlighted in bold above, are few: in the first
person singular, present and future, the -r is added directly to the full active
form (with the -0- shortened before final -r); -bi- is changed to -be- in the
future second person singular. Notice, too, that the stem vowel remains
short in laudantur/monenlur but is long in laudatur/monetur (review the rule
in eh. 1: vowels are generally shortened before nt in any position but only
before afinal -m, -r, or -t, hence laudat but laudatur). You should note the
existence of an alternate second person singular passive ending in -re (e.g.,
laudabere for laudaberis); this ending is not employed in this book, but you
will certainly encounter it in your later readings.

THE PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE

The present passive infinitive of the first and the second conjugations is
formed simply by changing the final -e of the active to -T.

laudar-T, to be praised moner-I, fa be warned

118 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 18

THE PASSIVE VOICE
When the verb is in the active voice (from ago, agere, egi, actum, to act),

the subject performs the action of the verb. When the verb is in the passive
voice (from patior, pati, passus sum, to undergo, experience) the subject is
acted upon: it suffers or passively permits the action of the verb. As a rule,
only transitive verbs can be used in the passive; and what had been the
object of the transitive verb (receiving the action of the verb) now becomes
the subject of the passive verb (still receiving the action of the verb).

Caesarem admonet, he is lVarning Caes([/:
Caesar admonetur, Caesar is being warned.
Urbem delebant, they were destroying the city.
Urbs delebiitur, the city was being destroyed.
Patriam c6nservubit, he )vill save the country.
Patria c6nservabitur, the country will be saved.

ABLA TlVE OF PERSONAL AGENT

The personal agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed
is indicated by ab and the "ablative of agent"; the means by which the action
is accomplished is indicated by the "ablative of means" without a preposi-
tion, as you have already learned in Ch. 14.

DI Caesarcm admonent, the gods are warning Caesm:

Caesar a dIS admonetur, Caesar is warned by the gods. (Agent)

Caesar hiS pr6digiIs admonctur, Caesar is warned by these omens.
(Means); pr6digium, -iI, omen,

Mall vir! urbem delebant, evil men were destroying the city.
Urbs ab maiis virIs delebatur, the city was heing destroyed by evil men.

(Agent)
Urbs fiammIs delebatur, the city lVas being destroyed byflames. (Means);

fiamlna, -ae.
HT elves patriam conservabunt, these citizens lvill save the country.
Patria ab hIS c1vibus ciinservabitur, the country will be sm'ed by these

citizens. (Agent)
Patria armIs et veritate conservabitur, the country will be saved by arms

and truth. (Means)

In summary, and as seen in the preceding examples, an active sentence
construction can generally be transformed to a passive construction as fol-
lows: what was the direct object becomes the subject, the recipient of the

First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent 119

action; what was the subject becomes an ablative of agent (remember to add
this to your list of ablative uses), if a person, or an ablative of means, if a
thing; and the appropriate passive verb form is substituted for the active.

VOCABULARY

flfnnen, flu minis, n., river (flume; cpo fluo, below)

genus, generis, n., origin,' kind, type, sort, class (genus, generic, genitive,

gender, general, generous, genuine, degenerate, genre, congenial; cpo

gens, Ch. 21, ingenium, Ch. 29)

hostis, hostis, m., an enemy (of the state): hOslE's, -ium, the enemy (hostile,

hostility, host)

ludus, -i, m., game, ,'port; school (ludicrous, delude, elude, elusive, allude,

allusion, illusion, collusion, interlude, prelude, postlude)

probitas, (ll'Obitihis, E, uprightness, honesty (probity; ep. llrobiire, Ch. 27)

scientia, -ae, C, knOlvledge (science, scientific; cpo seiii, Ch. 21)

cHirus, -3, -urn, clem; bright,' renmvned, famous, illustrious (clarify, clarity,

claret, clarinet, clarion, declare, Clara, Clarissa, Claribel)

mortalis, mortale, mortal (mortality, immortality; cpo mors)

cur, adv., why

deinde, adv., thereupon, next, then

fluii, flllere, fluxi, fluxum, tv jiOlI' (nuid, nuent, nux, influx, atnuence,

effluence, influence, confluence, influenza, flu, mellifluous, super-

fluous)

h\gii, legere, legi, lectum, tv pick VlIt, choose; read (elect, elegant, eligible,

lecture, legend, legible, intellect; ep. intellego, neglego)

misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum, to mix, stir up, disturb (miscellanea,

miscellaneous, miscellany, miscible, meddle, meddlesome, medley,

melee, admixture, intermixture, promiscuous)

moveo, movere, movi, mofum, to move,' arouse, qfleet (mobile, motion,

motive, motor, COlll111otion, enlotion, remote, locomotive, mutiny)

videoI', videri, VISUS SUIll, pass. of video, to be seen, appear

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Multi morte etiam facilT nimis terrentu!'.
2. Beata memoria amIcitiarum dulciun1 numquanl delebitur.
3. lIla fCmina caeca omnia genera artium quoque intellexit et ab amlcls

iUcundls semper laudabatur.
4. Pater senex vester, a quo saepe iuvabamur, multa de celeribus perI-

culTs ingentis maris herI dIcere coepi!.
5. Mentes nostrae memoria potent} illorum duorum fact5rum cito

moventur.
6. Consilia reginae illo tertio bello longo et difficilT delebantu!'.

120 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 18

7. Itaque mater mortem quarti filiI exspectabat, qUI non valebat et cu-
ius aetas erat brevis.

8. Bella difficilia sine consilio et clementia numquam gerebamus.
9. Te cum novern ex aliis miserIs ad Caesarem eras trahent.
10. Regem acrem, qUI officia neglexerat, ex lube sua ciecerunL
II. llle poeta in tertio libello saturarum scrlpsit de hominibus avarls qUI

ad centum terrus alias navigare cupiunt quod pecuniam ni111i8 desI-
derant.
12. Mercy will be given by them even to the citizens of other cities.
13. Many are moved too often by money but not by truth.
14. The state will be destroyed by the powerful king, whom they are
beginning to fear.
IS. Those ten women were not frightened by plans of that trivial sort.

SENTENTIAE ANTiQUAE

1. Possunt quia posse videntur. (*Virgil.-quia, conj., becallse.)
2. Etiam fortes virl subitis perlculIs saepe terrentur. (Tacitus.-subitus,

-a, -urn, sudden.)
3. Tua consilia sunt clara nobIs; teneris scientia horum cIviU111 0111-

nium. (Cicero.)
4. Malum est consilium quod mutarlnon potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)
5. Fas est ab haste docer!. (Ovid.-fiis est, it is right.)
6. Eo tempore erant circenses ludl, quo genere leVI spcctaculI num-

quam teneor. (Pliny.-circenses liidi, contests in the Circus.-As here
with genere, the antecedent is often attracted into the rel. clause.-
spectiiculum, -I.)

Relief Ivith scene of
Circus Maximu,l,'

Museo Archeologico

Foligno, Italy

7. Haec est nunc vIta mea: adn1itt6 et salUto bonos viras qUI ad me
veniunt; deinde aut scrIbe aut lege; post haec omne tempus corpori
datur. (Cicero.-salutare, to greet at the early morning reception.)

8. Nihil igitur mars est, quoniam natUra ,mimI habetur mortalis. (Lu-
cretius.)

First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System; Ablative of Agent 121

In the readings 9. Amor miscerl cum timore non potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)
10. Numqllam enim temeritas cum sapientia comnliscetur. (*Cicero.-

tcmeritas, -Hitis,
II. Dlligemus eum qui pecunia non movetur. (Cicero.)
12. Laudatur ab his; culpatur ab iIns. (*Horace.)
13. Probitas laudatur·-et algel. (*luvenal.-algere, to be cold, be l1e·

gleeted. )

ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSIS

o genus hfllnanum, quod mortem nl1nium timet! Cllr perlcula mortis

timetis? Omnia mutantur, omnia fluunt, nihil ad veralll mortem venit. Ani-
mus errat et in alia corpora miscetur; nec ll1anet, nec easdem :ffinnas servat,
sed in :ffirmas novas mfltatur. Vita est fl-umen; tempora nostra fugiunt et
nova sunt semper. Nostra corpora semper mfltantur; id quod fuimus aut
sunlUS, non eras erimus.

(Ovid, Metamorphoses 15.153-216; prose adaptation.-The ancients had some
imaginative views on the transmigration of souls.)

ETYMOLOGY

Hostis lneant originally stranger and then enemy, since any stranger in
early times was a possible enemy. From hostis, enemy, steIns our "host" in
the sense of "army." Hospes, hospitis, which is an ancient compound of
hostis, strangel; and potis, having power ovel; lord of(cr. Russ. gospodin, lord,
gentleman), means host (one who receives strangers or guests) and also
guest; cpo "hospital," "hospitality," "hostel," "hotel" (Fr. hotel), and Eng.
cognate "guest."

6. circus.-spectatOl; spectacle, specter; spectacular. 10. temerity (con·
trast "timidity").

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET OnllS!

Salvete! Wondering how the same verb, legere, can mean both to pick
out and to read? Because the process of reading was likened to gatheriug
and collecting the words of a text. What a splendid metaphor: we are all of
us (especially Latiu students) "word collectors"! "Gather ye rosebuds while
ye may" ... and also the delights of language.

Remember the special pass. meaning of videor introduced in this Vocab.;
here it is in the pres. pass. info form, also newly introduced in this chapter:
esse quam vidOrl, 10 be rather than 10 seern, the state motto of North Caro·
lina. Scientia also turns up in several mottoes: scientia est potentia, knowl-
edge is POH'Cl: is one favorite, and another is scientia sOl mentis est, knowledge
is the sun of the mind (molto of the University of Delaware). Valete, discipu-
lac discil'ulique!

19

Perfect Passive System of
All Verbs; Interrogative
Pronouns and Adjectives

THE PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM

The construction of the forms of the perfect passive system is quite
simple: a verb's perfect passive participle (the fourth principal part) is com-
bined with sum, erii, and cram to form the perfect, future perfect, and plu-
perfect passive, respectively. The same pattern is employed for verbs of all
conjugations; thus, in the following paradigms, monitus, actus, auditus, cap-
tus, or any other perfect passive participle could be substituted for laudatus.

PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE I was praised, have been praised
you were praised, have been praised
1. laudtltlls, -a, -um sum he, she, it was praised, has been praised
2. laudAtus, -a, -lIm es
3. laudtltus, -a, -urn est we were praised, have been prai5;ed
you were praised, have been praised
1. IaudatI, -ae, -a Sll111US they lVere praised, have been praised
2. laudau, -ae, -a estis
3. laudau, -ae, -a sunt

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE

I shall hape been praised, etc. I had been praised, etc.
1. lauclatus, -a, -um eran1
1. laudatus, -a, -urn era 2. laudatus, -ct, -um eras
3. laudatus, -a, -um erat
2. Iaudatus, -a, -urn eris
3. lautHltus, -a, -um erit

122

Perfect Passive System of All Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives 123

1. laudatI, -ae, -a erimus 1. laudatI, -ae, -a eramus
2. laudatl, -ae, -a critis 2. laudatI, -ae, -a eratis
3. laudatl, -ae, -a erunt 3. laudatI, -ae, -a erant

USAGE AND TRANSLATION

Although sum + the participle function together in Latin as a verbal

unit, the participle in essence is a type of predicate adjective; i.e., puella
laudata est = puella est landata, cpo puella est bona. Consequently, and logi-
cally, the participle agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case.

Just as Latin uses the present, future, and imperfect of sum, esse to form
these perfect system passive verbs, so English uses the present, future, and
past tenses of the verb 10 have as perfect system (active and passive) auxilia-
ries: laudatus est, he has been pmised (or, simple past, IVas praised); laudatus
erit, he Ivill have been praised; laudatus erat, he had been praised. I Be careful
to avoid such common Inistranslations as is praised for laudatus est and was
praised for laudatus era! (caused by looking at the forms of esse and the
participle separately, rather than seeing them as a unit).

The following examples illustrate these rules of form, usage, and trans-
lation:

Puella laudata est, the girl has been (or was) praised.
Puellae laudatae erant, the girls had been praised.
Puellae laudatae erunt, the girls will have been praised.
PuerY monitI sunt, the boys have been (\Vere) warned
PerIculum non vIsum erat, the danger had not been seen.
PerIcula non vIsa sunt, the dangers IVere not seen.
Litterae scrIptae erunt, the leller will have been \)I/'itten.

THE INTERROGA TlVE PRONOUN

As with the English interrogative pronoun (who, whose, whom? what,
which?), the Latin interrogative pronoun quis, quid asks for the identity of a
person or thing: e.g., quid legis? what are you reading! and quis ilium libl'um
legit? Ivho is reading that book? In the plural the forms of the Latin interroga-
tive pronoun are identical to those of the relative pronoun; in the singular,
also, it follows the pattern of the relative with two exceptions: (1) the mascu-

I The perfect system tenses arc sometimes (and with greater clarity, in fact) called
the present perfect, future perfect, and past perfect; from the use of present, future,
and past tense auxiliaries discussed in this chapter, you can see the appropriateness of
this terminology.

124 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 19

line and the feminine have the same forms, (2) the nominative forms have
their distinctive spellings quis, quid (and quid is also, of course, the neut.
acc, form),

Nom, Singular N. Plural F. N.
Gen, M.&F. M.
Dat, quid quae quae
Ace, qUls cuius quI qlUlrum
Abl, cuius quorum gUlbus quorum
CUI quibus qUllS
CUI quos gUlbus quibus
quid qUlbus quae
quem quo qUlbus
quo

THE INTERROGA TlVE ADJECTIVE

As with the English interrogative adjective (which, what, what kind of),
the Latin interrogative adjective qui, quae, quod asks for more specific identi-
fication of a person or thing: e,g" quem Iibl"llm legis? which (or lvhat) book
are you reading? and quae remina ilium librum ]egit? which WOl1Ul11 j,s reading
that book? The forms of the interrogative adjective are identical to those of
the relative pronoun, in both the singular and the plural.

THE INTERROGATIVES AND RELATIVE DISTINGUISHED

The forms quis and quid are easily recognized as interrogative pronouns,
but otherwise the interrogative pronoun, the interrogative adjective, and the
relative pronoun can only be distinguished by their function and context,
not by their forms. The following points will make the distinction simple:

the relative pronoun usually introduces a subordinate clause, has an ante-
cedent, and does not ask a question (in fact, relative clauses answer
questions, in the sense that they are adjectival and provide further infor-
mation about their antecedents: e.g" Iiber quem legis est meus, the book
which you are reading is mhw);

the interrogative pronoun asks a question about the identity of a person
or thing, has no antecedent, and often introduces a sentence with a
question mark at the end (an exception is the "indirect question;' intro-
duced in eh, 30); and

the interrogative adjective asks for more specific identification of a per-
son or thing and both precedes and agrees in gendel; number, and case
with the noun it is asking about.

Perfect Passive System of AI/ Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives 125

Consider these additional examples, and determine whether a relative pro-
noun, an interrogative pronoun, or an interrogative adjective is used in
each one:

Quis librum tibi dedit? Who gave the book to you?
Vir qui librum tibi dedit te laudavit, the man who gave the book to you

praised you.
Quem librum tibi dedit? Which book did he give you?

Cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit? Whose book did Cicero give to you?
CUiDS librf fuit Cicero auctor? Of which book was Cicero the author?
Vir cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit te laudavit, the man whose book Cicero

gave to you praised you.

Cui amico librum dedisti? To which Fiend did you give the book?
Cui librum Cicero dedit? To whom did Cicero give the book?
Vir cui Cicero librum dedit te laudavit, the man to whom Cicero gave the

book praised you.

Quid dedit? What did he give?
Quod praemium dedit? What reward did he give? (praemium, -ii.)
Praen1imTI quod dedit erat magnum, the reward which he gave was large.

Aquo prael11iulTI datm11 est? By whom was the reward given?

Vir a quo praemium datum est te laudavit, the man by whom the reward
\Vas given praised you.

Quo praemi6 ille matus est'? By which reward was that man motivated?

VOCABULARY

argfimentum, -I, n., proof, evidence, argument (argul11entation, argumen-
tative)

auctor, auctoris, m., increase1;· aut/1OI; originator (authority, authorize)
beneficium, -iI, n., benefit, kindness; ft/vor (benefice, beneficence, benefi-

cial, beneficiary; cpo facio)
familia, -ae, C, household, fillnily (familial, familiar, familiarity, famil-

iarize)
Graecia, f., Greece
iUdex, iudicis, m.,judge, juror (judge, judgment; cpo iiidicium, below, iiis,

iniiiria, Ch. 39, iUStllS, Ch. 40)
iiidicium, -ii, n., judgment, decision, opinion; tried (adjudge, adjudicate,

judicial, judicious, injudicious, misjudge, prejudge, prejudice)
scelus, sceIeris, 11., evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
quis? quid?, interrog. pron., who? whose? whom? what? which? (quiddity,

quidnunc, quip)

qui? quae? quod? interrog. adj., what? which? what kind 0/7 (quo jure)

126 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 19

certus, -3, -um, definite, sure, certain, reliable (ascertain, certify, cer-
tificate)

gravis, grave, heavy, lveighty; seriolls, important,' severe, grievous (aggra-
vate, grief, grievance, grieve, grave, gravity)

immortalis, immortale, not subject to death, immortal (cp. mors)
at, conj. but; but, mind you; but, YOIl say; a more emotional adversative

than sed

nisi, conj., if . .. not, unless; except (nisi prius)
contra, prep. + ace., against (contra- in compounds such as contradict,

contrast, contravene, contrapuntal; contrary, counter, encounter,
country, pro and con)
iam, adv., 1'101)1, already, soon
delectii (I), to delight, charm, please (delectable, delectation; cpo delec-
tatiii, Ch. 27)
llbcrii (l), toji'ee, liberate (liberate, liberation, liberal, deliver; cpo liber,
Iibertas)
parii (1), to prepare, provide; get, obtain (apparatus, compare, parachute,
parapet, parasol, pare, parry, repair, reparation, separate, several)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

I. Quis IIbertiHem eorum eo tempore delere coepit?
2. Cuius IIbertas ab isto auctore deinde deleta est?
3. Quos libros bonos poeta caecus herI recitavit?
4. Feminae libros difficiles eras legent quos mlsistI.
5. Omnia flii.1nina in mare fluunt et cun1 eo miscentur.
6. Jtaque id genus lild6rum levilllTI, quod a multIs familils laudabatur,

nos ipsi numquam cupimus.

7. PuerI et puellae propter facta bona a matribus patribusque lauda-

lae sunt.
8. Cur istI veritiUem timebant, qna multI adiutI erant?
9. Hostis trans ingens fiumen in Graecia deinde navigavit.
10. QuI vir fortis clarusque, de quo legistI, aetiUem brevem mortemque

celerem exspectabat?
II. Quae studia gravia te semper delectant, aut quae nunc deslderas?
12. Who saw the six men who had prepared this?
13. What was neglected by the second student yesterday?
14. We were helped by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.
1S. Whose plans did the old men of all cities fear? Which plans did

they esteem?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

I. Quae est natilra animI? Est mortalis. (Lucretius.)
2. Illa argumenta vIsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Perfect Passive System of All Verbs; Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives 127

3. Quid nos facere contra istos et scelera corum debemus? (Cicero.)

4. Quid ego egl? In quod perlculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

5. 6 dl immortiUes! In qua urbe vlvimus? Quam clvitatem habemus'?

Quae scelera videmus'? (Cicero.)

6. QUI sunt bonI elves nisi el quI beneficia patriae memoria tenent?

(Cicero.)

7. Alia, quae pecunia parantur, ab eo stult6 panlta sunt; at mores eius

veros amIcOS pat'are non potuerunt. (Cicero.)

THE AGED PtA YWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

Quam multa senes in mentibus tenent! Sl studium grave et labor et prob-
itas in scnectute remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria, scientia, sapi-
entiaque.

Sophocles, sCrIptor ille Graecus, ad sumn1,U11 senectutem tragoedias le-

cit; sed propter hoc studium familiam neglegere videbiitur et a filiIs in iudi-

cium voditus est. Tum auctor eam tragoediam quam secum habuit et quam
prOXilne scrlpserat, "Oedipum Co16neum," ifldicibus recitftvit. Ubi haec tra-
goedia recitata est, senex sententiIs iudicum est lIberatus.

(Cicero, De Senectate, 7.22.-summam, extreme.-tragoedia, -ac; the diphthong

oe has become e in the English adv., shortly befbre.-"Oedipus

at Colonus.")

Sophocles

Roman copy, 4th century B. C.

Alluseo Gregoriano Pndl{110

Vatican Vatican State

128 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 19

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

Vale, puella·-iam Catullus obdilrat.

15 Seelesta, vae te! Quae tibI manet vIta?
Quis nunc te adIbit? Cui videberis bella?
Quem nunc al11ubis? Cuins esse dlceris?
Quem basiabis? Cui labella mordebis?
At til, Catulle, destinatus obdilrit

(*Catullus 8.12,15-19; meter: eholiambic. See LA. I, below (and cp. the adap-

tation of this passage in Ch. 2). obdiiral'c, to be hard.-scelestus, -a, -urn, Ivicked,

accursed. ----vae te, woe to YOli.-Quae, with vita.-adihit, IFm visit. -diceris, Jllill

you he said. -basiare, to kiss. -cui, here = cuius.-labellmu, -I, Ill). -morderc,

10 Mfr:. -a, -urn, resolved, firm.)

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

Selectos nisi das mihI libellos,
admittam tineas trucesque blattas!

(*MartiaI14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic.-selectus, -a, -urn, select, care}i"ly cho-
sen.-tinea, -ae, maggot, bookworm. -trux, gen. t..ucis, fierce, savage. -blatta,
-ae, cockroach.)

In the readings ETYMOLOGY

"Catullus": obdurate, mordant, mordent-destine, destination, destiny.
"Sophocles": sum! SU111111ary, constlmmate"-proximate, approximate. "Mes-
sage": truculent.

LATiNA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTILlS!

Salvete!-quid agitis? We've been seeing quid in that idiom (how are you
doing? not what are you doing?) ever since eh. 2, and do you recall quid novI,
I"hat'· new?, trom the discussion of the gen. of the whole in Ch. IS? Even
before beginning your study of Latin you'd likely encountered the common
phrase quid pro quo, one thing in return Jar another (= "tit for tat"-quid
was often equivalent to the indefinite something) and you may even have run
into quidnunc, a "busybody" (lit, what-now?!). The interrogative adj. has

also come into Eng.: quo jure (= classical ifire), by what (legal) right, quo
animo, with I"hat intention, and quo modo, in what manneJ:

You learned iacio, iaccl'c, ieci, iactum in eh. 15: you can now recognize
the perfect passive form in Julius Caesar's famous dictum, alea iacta est, the
die has been cast, a remark he made when crossing the Rubicon river in
northern Italy in 49 RC and embarking upon civil war with Pompey the
Great Discipuli discipulaeque, valete!

20

Fourth Declension;

Ablatives of Place from

Which and Separation

FOURTH DECLENSION

The fourth declension presents fewer problems than the third and con-

tains fewer nouns; most are masculine, with the nominative singular in -us,
but there are some feminines, also in -us (manus, hand, and domus, house,
appear in this book), and a very few neuters, with the nominative singnlar

in -n.

As with all nouns, in order to decline, simply add the new endings pre-
sented below to the base; note that the characteristic vowel u appears in all
the endings except the dative and ablative plural (and even there a few nouns
have -ubus for -ibus) and that, of all the -us endings, only the masculine and

feminine nominative singular has a short -U-.

friictus, -us, 1l1. cornu, -us, 11. Endings
horn M.&F.
N.

Nom. I'riktus cornu -us -u
frllctns
Gen. li'llclu! comus -fls -Us
frllCtum cornu
Dat. frikW cornu -Ul -fl
Ace. c6rnu
Ab/. -um -u
-u -u

129

130 Wbeelock's Latin: Chapter 2IJ

Nom. ii"llCliis c6rnua -us -ua
Gen. fructuum cornuum
Dat. fructibus -uum -uum
Ace. li'uctiis cornibus -ibns
Abl. friktibus -ibus -ua
cornua -ibns
cornibus -us

-ibus

Remember that there are also -us nouns in the second and third declen-
sions, e.g., amicus and corpus; it is a noun's genitive ending, not the nomina-
tive, that determines its declension, so it is imperative that you memorize
the full vocabulary entry for every new noun you encounter. Remember, too,
that a noun and modifying adjective, though they must agree in number,

gender, and case, will not necessarily have the same endings, hence fructus
dulcis, fructUs dulcis, etc., sweet ji'uit; manus mea, maniis meae, etc., my hand;
cornu longum, cOI'nus longi, etc., a long horn,' etc,

ABLA TlVES OF PLACE FROM WHICH
AND SEPARA TlON

The ablatives of place from which and separation are two very common
and closely related constructions (which should be added now to your list
of ablative case uses). The principal difference is that the former, which you
have in fact already encountered in your readings, virtually always involves
a verb of active motion from one place to another; nearly always, too, the
ablative is governed by one of the prepositions ab, de, or ex (pwayfi'om, down
fi'om, out of):

GraecI a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt, the Greeks sailed/i'om their
011111 country to Italy.

Fh1mcn de mantibus in mare fluxit, the river flowed down .li'om the moun-
tains into the sea.

Multi ex agrls in urben1 venient, many will come /i-om the country into
the city.

Cicero hastes ab urbe mlsit, Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

The ablative of separation, as the terminology suggests, implies only that
some person or thing is separated from another; there is no active movel11ent
from one place to another; and sometimes there is no preposition, particu-
larly with certain verbs meaning "to free," "to lack," and "to deprive," which
commonly take an ablative of separation:

Cicero hostes ab urbe prohibuit, Cicero kept the enemy away j/'OI11 the
city (cp. the similar example above).

fourth Declension; Ablatives of Place from Which and Separation 131

Eos timore IIberavit, heFeed them jimn fem:

Agricolae pecunia saepe carebant, the jimners a/ten lacked money.

VOCABULARY

coniiirati, -orum, m. pl., conspirators (conjure, conjurer; cpo coniiira.tio,
conspiracy, conjuration)

cornu, corniis, n., horn (corn-not the grain, but a thick growth of skin;
cornea, corner, cornet, cornucopia, unicorn)

fructus, tructiis, m., Fuit; profit, benefit, enjoyment (flUctify, fructose,
lhlgal)

genii, geniis, n., knee (genuflect, genuflection; knee and genii are cog-
nates)

manus, maniis, f, hand; handwriting; band (manual, manufacture, manu-
mit, manuscript, elnancipate, manacle, manage, Inanic1e, maneuver)

metus, -iis (= metUs; subsequent 4th dec!. nouns will be abbreviated in
this way), m.,jem; dread, anxiety (meticulous; cpo metuii, eh. 38)

mons, montis, m., mountain (mount, mountainous, Montana, at110unt,
catamount, paramount, surmount, tantamount)

senatus, -fis, In., senate (senatorial; cpo senex)
sensus, -fis, In., feeling, sense (sensation, sensory, sensual, sensuous,

senseless, insensate, sensible, sensitive; cpo sentio)
servitiis, serviti'itis, f., servitude, slavery (cp. servo)
spiritus, -iis, m., breath, breathing; .I])iril, soul (spiritual, spiritous, con-

spire, inspire, expire, respiratory, transpire; cpo spirare, to breathe)
versus, -iis, m., line of verse (versify, versification; cpo vertii, eh. 23)
communis, commune, com111on, general, ofIfor the community (comlllU-

nal, conl111une, COl111TIUnicate, comnllmicable, communion, comlllU-
nism, COn11TIUnity, excomnlunicate)
dexter, dextra, dCxtrum, right, right-halld (dexterity, dextrous, ambidex-
trous)
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left, Ie/i-hand; harm/it!, ill-omened (sinister,
sinistral, sinistrodextral, sinistrorse)

careo, carere, carui, cariturum + abl. of separation, to be without, be

deprived oj; want, lack; be/i-eeFom (caret)
dHimdii, -fendere, -fendi, -fellsum, to ward ojf defend, prolect (defendant,

defense, defensible, defensive, fence, fencing, fend, fender, offend)
discedii, -cMere, -cessi, -cessum, 10 go away, deparl (cp. cedo, eh. 28)
odi, iidisse, iisul'Um (a so-called "defective" verb, having only perf. sys-

tem forms and a fut. act. participle), to hate (odious; cpo odium, eh.
38)
prohibeo, -hibe..e, -hibui, -hibitUIII, to keep (back), prevent, hinde,; restrain,
prohibit (prohibitive, prohibition, prohibitory; cpo hnbeo)

132 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 20

pronlmtiO (I), to proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce (pronounce-
ment, pronunciation; cpo niintius, messengel; message)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

I. Etiam senes fructibus sapientiae et consiliis argumenUsque cerUs
saepe carent.

2. Aut ingentes montes aut fiumina celeria quae de montibus fiuebant
hostes ab urbe prohibebant.

3. Quoniam nimis forti a facta facieba!, aetas eius erat brevis.
4. IlIa medica facere poterat multa manu dexlra sed sinistra manu

pauca.
5. Veritas nos metU gravi iam IIberabit quo diu tcrriU sumus.
6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrorum illae duae cIvItates deletae

sunt?

7. QUI mor!iilis sine amlci!ia et probitate et beneficio in alios potest
esse beatus?

8. Pater pecfmiam ex Graecia in suam patriam movere coeperat, nam
familia discedere cupivit.

9. A qui bus studium difficilium arlium eo tempore neglectum est?

10. Ubi versus illius auctoris clarilecU sunt, audItores delectiiH sunt.
II. Se cito iecerunt ad genua iudicum, qUI autem nullam clementiam

demonstraverunt.
12. We cannot have the fruits of peace, unless we ourselves free our

families from heavy dread.
13. Those bands of unfortunate men and women will come to us from

othcr countries in which they are deprived of the benefits of citi-
zenship.
14. The old men lacked neither games nor serious pursuits.
15. Who began to perceive our common fears of serious crime?

SENTENTIAE ANTiQUAE

1. Cornua cervum a periculls defendunt. (Martial.--·cervus, -I, stag.)
2. Oedipus duobus oculis se privavit. (Cicero.-privare, to deprive.)
3. Themistocles bello Persico Graeciam servitUte IIberavit. (Cicero.--

Persicus, -a, -lim, Persian.)
4. Demoslhenes multos versus uno spiritU pronuntiabat. (Cicero.)
5. Persicos apparatUs od.. (Horace.-apparatus, -iis, equipment, dis-

play. )
6. Iste communI sensu caret. (Horace.)
7. SencctUs nos prlvat omnibus voluptiitibus neque longe abest a

mor!e. (Cicero.-Ionge, adv. oflonglls.-absum, to be away.)
8. Nullus accusiitor caret culpa; omnes peccavimus. (Seneca.-acciisa-

tor, -toris.-pecdire, to "';n.)

Fourth Declension; Ablatives of Place from Which and Separation 133

9. Nulla pars vItae vacare officio potest. (Cicero.-vaciirc, to be Fee

Fom. )
10. PrIma virtUs est vitio carere. (Quintilian.)
11. Vir scelere vacuus non eget iaculIs neque arcG. (Horace.-vacuus,

fi'ee fi·0111. -egere, to need. -iaculum, -I, javelin. -arcus,
-iis, bo1V.)
12. Magnl tumultUs urbem eo tempore miscebant. (Cicero.-tumultus,
-iis.)
13. Litterae senatuI populoque Allobrogum manibus coniuratorum ip-
sorum erant scrIptae. (Cicero.-Allobroges, -gum, m. pI., a Gallic
tribe whom the Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against
Rome.)

CICERO URGES CAT/LINE'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME
Habemus senatGs consultun1 contra te, CatilIna, vehemens et grave; acre

iudicium haMmus, et vIres et consilium cIvitas nostra habet. Quid est, Cati-

11na? Cur remanes? 6 dI immortiiles! Discede nunc ex hac urbe cum mala

manu sceleratonu11; magno metfl me ITherabis, SI O111nes istos coniuratos
tecum educes. Nisi nunc discedes, te cito eiciemus. Nihil in cIvitate nostra
te delectare potest. Age, age! Deinde CUlTe ad Manlium, istum amIcum ma-
lum; te diu desIderavil. Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cIvitatem! BrevI tempore
te on1nesque tuos, hostes patriae, vincelllus, et omnes vos poenas graves sem-
per dabitis.
(Cicero, In Calilrn{[m 1.1.3tT; see the readings in ehs. II and 14 above, and
"Evidence and Confession," Ch. 30.-collsultum, -I, decree.-vehemcl1s, gen. ve-
hementis.-sceleratos, -om, adj. from sceluso----Manlius was one of Catiline's
principal fellow conspirators.)

Cicero
Museo Capitohno, Rome, Italy

134 Wheelock's Latill: Chapter 20

ETYMOLOGY

The ROll1an senate was in origin a council of elders, hence the connec-
tion with senex.

If one knows the derivation of "caret," one is not likely to confuse this
word with "caraL"

In the readings 5. peach (Persian apple). 7, absent. 9. vacant, vacuous, vacate, vacation,
vacuity, evacuate. 11. arc, arcade, 12. tumult, tumultuous. "'Cicero": consult,

vehemence,)

LATiNA EST GAUDIUM-ET UTlllS!

Salvete! This chapter's Vocab. provides some "handy" items: can you
explain the etymologies of "manmnit," "manuscript," and "ll1anufacture"?
A "manual" is the Latinate equivalent of the Germanic "handbook:' Then
there's the old Roman proverb manus manum lavat (Iavare, to bathe, gives us
"lavatory"), one hand washes the othe!: You can see the right-handed bias in
the etymologies of "dexterity" and "sinister" (from the ancient superstition
that bad signs and omens appeared to one's left) and even "ambidextrous"
(from ambo, both, tIVO: is having "two right hands" better than having two
left hands?),

And speaking of hands, how about fingers? The Latin word is digitus,
-I, which gives us "digit," "digital," "prestidigitation" (tor a magician's quick
fingers), and even "digitalis;' a heart medication li'om a plant whose flowers
are finger-shaped, These appendages are also handy for counting (nume-
rare): primus digitus, secundus digitus, tertius, , , etc, (Potestisne numerare
omnes digitiis vestriis, disciplIli et discipulae? If not, look back at Ch, 15 and
review your f1umeri!) The Romans had special names for each of the fingers,
beginning with the thumb, pollex, then index (from indicare, to point), medius
(middle) or inmmis (inj(Il110U,I; evil-not all our body language is new!),
quartlls or anuliirius (where they often wore allllli, rings: see "Ringo," Ch,
3]), and minimus (the smallest) or alll'iculiirius (the parvus digitus, and so
handy for scratching or cleaning one's aures!), Valete!

21

Third and Fourth
Conjugations: Passive Voice
of the Present System

The pattern of substituting passive endings for active endings, which
you learned in eh. 18 for the present system passives of first and second
conjugation verbs, generally applies to third and fourth conjugation verbs
as well; the only exceptions are in the second person singular present tense
(set in bold in the following paradigms) and the present infinitive of third
conjugation verbs.

PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE

1. agor audior capior
2. ageds audIris caperis
3. agitur audltur capitur

1. agimur audlmur c{lpllllur
2. agiminl audl111inI
3. aglll1tur audilll1tur capiIninI
capilmtuf

FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVE

1. agar atidiar capiar
2. aghis audieris capieris
3. agetur audietur capietur

135

136 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 21

1. agemur audiemur capiemur
2. agemini audieminl capieminl
3. agentur audientur capientur

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE

1. agebar audiebar capiebar
2. agebaris audiebaris capiebaris
3. agebiltur audiebatur capiehatur

1. agebamur audiebamur capiebamur
2. agebaminl audiebaminI capiebaminl
3. ageb<intur audieb<intur capiebclI1tur

Be careful not to confuse the second person singular present and future
third conjugation forms, which are distinguished only by the vowel quantity
(ageris vs. ageris). Note that capiO and audiO are identical throughout the
present system active and passive, except for variations in VS. -i- (in the
present tense only) and the second singular passive caperis vs. audlris. Re-
member that the perfect passive system for third and fourth conjugation
verbs follows the universal pattern introduced in eh. 19.

PRESENT INFINITIVE PASSIVE

The present infinitive passive of the fourth conjugation is formed by
changing the final -e to -i, as in the first two conjugations; but in the third
conjugation, including -iii verbs, the whole -ere is changed to -I.

audlre, to hear audlrl, to be heard (cp. laudarl, monet-I)
agere, to lead agl, to be led
capere, to take capT, to be taken

SYNOPSIS

To test your ability to conjugate a Latin verb completely, you may be
asked to provide a labelled "synopsis" of the verb in a specified person and
number, in lieu of writing out all of the verb's many forms. Following is a
sample third person singular synopsis of ago in the indicative mood:

Pres. Fut. Impf. Perf. Fut. Perf. Plupf.

Act. agit aget agebat egit egerit egerat

I:lass. agitur agetur agebatur actus est ktns hit actus erat

Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System 137

VOCABULARY

casa, -ae, f., house, cottage, hut (casino)

causa, C, cause, reason; case, situathm,' causa, abI. with a preceding

gen.,for the sake oj; on account o[(accuse, because, excuse)

fe""slra, -ae, f., window (fenestra, fenestrated, fenestration, fenestella,

defenestration)

finis, finis, In., end, limit, boundary; purpose; fines, -ium, boundaries, terri-

tory (affinity, confine, define, final, finale, finance, fine, finesse, finial,

finicky, finish, finite, infinite, paraffin, refine)

gens, gimtis, 1'., clan, race, nation, people (gentile, gentle, genteel, gentry;

cpo genus, ingenium, Ch. 29)

mundus, -I, m., world, universe (mundane, demimonde)

navis, navis, C, ship, boat (naval, navy, navigable, navigate, nave; cpo navi-

gare, nanla)

saliis, salutis, f., health, safety; greeting (salubrious, salutary, salutation,

salute, salutatorian, salutatory; cpo salveo, salvus)

Troia, -ae, f., Troy

viclnus, -I, m., and viclna, -ae, C, neighbor (vicinity)

vulgus, -I, n. (sometimes m.), the common people, 1110b, rabble (vulgar,

vulgarity, vulgarize, vulgate, divulge)

asper, aspera, aspel'llm, rough, harsh (asperity, exasperate, exasperation)

atque or ac (only before consonants), conj., and, and also, and even

iterum, adv., again, a second time (iterate, iterative, reiterate, reiteration)

contineo, -linere, -tinni, -tentum, to hold togethe/; contain, keep, enclose,

restrain (content, discontent, lnalcontent, continual, continuous, in-

continent, countenance; cpo teneo)

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, to bid, orde1; command (jussive)

labOro (I), to labOl;' be in distress (laboratory, laborer, belabor; cpo labor)

rapia, rapere, rapui, niptum, to seize, snatch, carry away (rapacious,

rapid, rapine, ravage, ravine, ravish; cpo el'ipiO, eh. 22)

relinquo, -linquere, -llqui, -lictnm, to leave behind, leave, abandon, desert

(relinquish, reliquary, relict, relic, delinquent, dereliction)

scio, scire, sclvi, scltum, to know (science, scientific, conscience, con-

scious, prescience, scilicet; cpo scientia, nescio, Ch. 25)

tango, tangere, tetigl, tactum, to touch (tangent, tangible, tact, tactile,

contact, contagious, contiguous, contingent, integer, taste, tax)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. Laus autem nimis saepe est neque certa neque magna.
2. Senes in gente nostra ab miTs numquam neglegebantur.
3. Quis tum iussus erat Graeciam metU Iiberare, familias defendere,

atque hostes ii patriii prohibere?

138 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 21

4. SalGtis communis causa eos coniUrat6s ex urbe discedere ac trans
fiumen ad montes dud iussit.

5. AliI auctores coeperunt spIritus nostros contra ifldicium atque argfl-
menta senaiiis iterum movere, quod omnes meW. novo territI crant.

6. Omnia genera servitutis nobIs vidcntur aspera.
7. Rapieturne igitur Cicero ex manibus istorUll1?
8. QuI finis metus atque servitutis in ea dvitate nunc potest vider!?
9. At senectutis bonae causa iam bene vIvere debemus.
10. In familia eonun erant duae miae atque quattuor miI.
II. Casa vldnI nostrI habuit paucas fenestras per quas videre potuit.
12. Quando cornu audlvit, senex in genua cecidit et dels immortalibus

gratias pronuntiabat.
13. Propter beneficia et sensum communem tyrannI, paucI eum oderunt.
14. The (ruth will not be found without great labor.
IS. Many nations which lack true peace are being destroyed by wars.
16. Their fears can now be conquered because our deeds are understood

by all.
17. Unless serious pursuits delight us, they are often neglected for the

sake of money or praise.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

I. Numquam perlculum sine perIculo vincitur. (Publilius Syrus.)

2. Novius est vlcInus meus et manu dextra tangY de fenestrIs meIs

potest. a personal name.)

3. Nonne iudices iubebunt hunc in vincula ducI et ad mortem rap!?

(Cicero.--""niinne introduces a question which anticipates the answer

"yes"; see Ch. 40.--vinculurn, -I, chain.)

4. Altera aetas bellIs dvIlihus teritur et Roma ipsa suls vlribus deletur.

(Horace.-civilis, t)'ivi, tritum, to wear out.)

5. At amIcitia nullo loco excluditur; numquam est intempesUva aut si-

nistra; multa beneficia continet. -ere, to shut

(Jut. -intempestivus, -a, -um, untimely.)

6. Futura sclrI non possunt. (Cicero.---futiirus, -a, -urn.)

7. Prlncipio ipse mundus deorum hominumque causa factus est, et

quae in eo sunt, ea pat"ilta sunt ad fructum hominum. (Cicero.)

8. Quam copiose a Xenophonte agrlcultura laudatur in eo libro quI

"Oeconomicus" Inscrlbitur. (Cicero.-copiOse, adv., cpo

Xcnophiin, -ere, to entitle.)

9. Vulgus vult decipI. want (irreg.

to deceive.)

10. Ubi scientia ac sapientia inveniul1tur? (Job.)

II. Veritas nimis saepe laborat; exstinguitur l1umquam.

stinguii, -ere.)

Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System 139

VIRGIL'S MESSIANIC ECLOGUE

Venit ian1 l11agna aetas nova; de caelo mittitur puer, qui vItam deorum
haMbit de6sque videbit et ipse videbitur ab illls. Hic puer reget mundum
cui virtutes patris pacem dederunt. Pauca mala, auten1, remanebunt, quae
homines iubebunt laborare atque bellu111 asperum gerere. Erunt etiam altera
bella atque iterum ad Tr6iam magnus mittetur Achilles. Tum, puer, ubi iam
longa aetas te virum lecerit, erunt nullY lab6res, nulla bella; nautae ex navi-
bus discedent, agricolae quoque iam agr6s relinquent, terra ipsa omnibus
hominibus omnia parabit. Currite, aetates; incipe, parve puer, scIre 111atre111,
et erit satis spIritus mihi tua dicere

(Virgil, Eclogae 4; written ca. 40 B.c., the poem from which this reading is
adapted was taken by many early Christians as a prophecy of the birth of
Christ.-altel'3 bella, the same w(lrs over again.-scire matrem, i.e., to be born.)

temple o/Fortun(l Pr;;l1;genia, Praeneste

1st century A.D., Museo Pio Clementino. Vatical1 VCltical1 State

140 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 21

ETYMOLOGY

Exempli causa was Cicero's equivalent of the somewhat later exemplI
gratia, whence our abbreviation e.g.

Romance derivatives from some of the words in the vocabulary:

Latin Italian Spanish French

causa cosa cosa chose
finis fine fin fin
gens gente gente gent; gens (pl.)
continere continere contener contenir
l11undus mundo monde
l11ondo

In the readings 3. vinculum (in mathematics). 4. civil; cpo elvis, civitas.-trite, contrite,

contrition, attrition, detriment. 5. ex + claudo (-ere, clausi, clausum, to shut,

dose): conclude, include, preclude, seclude, recluse, clause, close, closet,

cloister.

LATiNA EST GAUDIUM-ET GTlLlS!

Salvete, discipulae atque discipuli! Quid novi? Well, how about some
more well-known Latin phrases and mottoes related to the verba nova in this
chapter's Vocab.? First, for you Godfather fans, there's It. eosa nostra, from
causa nostra (shh!). Vestra causa tota nostra est is the motto of the American
Classical League, one of our national professional organizations for teach-
ers of Latin, Greek, and classical humanities. The University of Georgia's
motto is et docere et rerum exquirere causas, both to teach and to seek out the
causes of things (i.e., to conduct research·-for rerum, see the next chapter).
Here are some others: finis corona! opus, the end crowns the work; gens to-
gata, the toga-clad nation (a phrase Virgil applies to Rome, where the toga
was a man's formal attire); tangere ulcus, to touch a sore spot (lit., ulcer); sic
transit gloria mundi, so passes the glory of the lVorld (Thomas it Kempis, on
the transitory nature of worldly things-some comedian who shall forever
remain nan1eless has offered an alternate translation, to wit, "Gloria always
gets sick on the subway at the beginning of the week"!!!); and the abbrevia-
tion sc., meaning supply (something omitted from a text but readily under-
stood), comes from scilicet, short for scire licet, lit. it is permittedfor you to
understand. Hie est finis: valete!

22

Fifth Declension; Ablative
of Place Where; Summary
of Ablative Uses

THE FIFTH DECLENSION

This chapter introduces the fifth and last of the Latin noun declensions.

The characteristic vowel is -e-, and -ei or -ei is the genitive and dative ending

(the gen./dat. -e- is long when preceded by a vowel, short when preceded by

a consonant; cpo diei and rei below); to avoid confusion, the genitive form

will be spelled out in full for fifth declension nouns (as they are with third

declension nouns) in the chapter vocabularies. Nouns of this declension are

all feminine, except dies Velay) and its compound meridies (midday), which

are masculine.

To decline, follow the usual pattern, i.e., drop the genitive ending to find

the base, then add the new endings.

res, rei, t: thing dies, diei, m. day Case Endings

NOln. res dies -es
Gen. reI diei
Dat. diei -ci', -eT
Ace. reT diem -Ct, -eT
Abl. die -em
rem -e

re

Nom. res dies -es
Gel1. rennn dierulll
Dat. rebus diebus -erun1
Ace. res dies
Abl. rebus diebus -ebus

-es

-ebus

141

142 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 22

OBSERVATIONS
Notice that the genitive and dative singular are identical (true of the

first declension also), as are the nominative singular and the nominative and
accusative plural (the vocatives, too, of course), and the dative and ablative
plural (true of all declensions); word order, context, and other cues such as
subject-verb agreement will help you distinguish them in a sentence.

ABLA JIVE OF PLACE WHERE AND SUMMARY
OF ABLA JIVE USES

You have thus far been introduced to these specific ablative case uses:
ablative of means, manner, accompaniment (Ch. 14), ablative with cardinal
numerals and ablative of time (Ch. IS), ablative of agent (Ch. 18), place
from which and separation (Ch. 20).

You have in fact also encountered frequently the construction known as
ablative of "place where:' which consists most commonly of the preposition
in, in/on, or snb, under, plus a noun in the ablative to describe where someone
or something is located or some action is being done:

In magna casa vIvunt, they live in a large house.
Navis sub aqua fuit, the ship was under wate}:

Some of these case uses require a preposition in Latin, others do not,
and in some instances the practice was variable. A case in point, and some-
thing to be carefully noted, is that in the ablative of manner construction,
when the noun is modified by an adjective, cum is frequently omitted; if cum
is used, it is usually preceded by the adjective (e.g., id magna ciira fecit and
id magna cum ciira fecit, both meaning he did it with great care).

The following summary reviews each of the ablative uses studied
thus far:

I. THE ABLATIVE WITH A PREPOSITION
The ablative is used with:

1. cum to indicate accompaniment
Cum amIco id scrIpsit, he wrote it with hisji-iend.

2. cum to indicate manner; cpo 11.2 below

CU111 curu id scrIpsit, he wrote it lVith care.

Magna cum cura id scrlpsit, he wrote it with great care.

3. in and sub to indicate place wilere
In urbe id scrIpsit, he wrote it il1 the city.

Fifth Declension; Ablative of Place Where; Summary of Ablative Uses 143

4. ab, de, ex to indicate place/i'om which
Ex urbe id mlsit, he sent it .li·om the city.

5. ab, de, ex to indicate separation; cpo II. 4 below
Ab urbe eos prohibuit, he kept them /i'Oln the city.

6. ab to indicate personal agent
Ab amlco id scrIptum est, it was written by his/riend.

7. ex or de following certain cardinal numerals to indicate a group of
which some part is specified
Tres ex navibus discesserunt, three of the ships departed.

II. THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION

The ablative is used without a preposition to indicate:

1. means
Sua manu id scrlpsit, he wrote it with his olVn hand.

2. nwnnel; when an adjective is used
Magna cflra id scrlpsit, he wrote it with great care.

3. time when or within which
Eo tempore or una hora id scrlpsit, he wrote it at that time or in one
hour.

4. separation, especially with ideas of freeing, lacking, depriving
MeW eos IIberavit, he Feed them fi'om.le{[/:

VOCABULARY

dies, diei, m., day (diary, dial, dismal, diurnal, journal, adjourn, journey,

meridian, sojourn)

ferrum, -I, n., iron,· slvord (ferric, ferrite, ferro-, farrier)

fides, fidei, f., .lilith, trust, .lidelity; promise, guarantee,

protection (confide, diffident, infidel, perfidy, fealty)

ignis, ignis, m.,jire (igneous, ignite, ignition)

modus, -I, In., measure, bound, limit; mannel; method, mode, way (model,

moderate, modern, modest, modicum, modify, mood)

res, rei, f, thing, mattel; business, ({flair (real, realistic, realize, reality,

real estate)

res publica, ret publicae, C, state, coml11omvealth, republic (Republican)

StIeS, speT, f., hope (despair, desperate; cf. spero, eh. 25)

aequus, -a, -um, level, even; calm; equal, just; fin,orable (equable, equa-

nimity, equation, equator, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equity,

equivalent, equivocal, inequity, iniquity, adequate, coequal)

felix, gen. fellcis, 11Icky,fortunate, happy (felicitate, felicitation, felicitous,

infelicitous, felicity, infelicity, Felix)

incertus, -a, -U1n (in-certus), uncertain, unsure, doubtful (incertitude)

Ladnus, -a, -um, Latin (Latinate, Latinist, Latinity, Latinize, Latino)

144 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 22

ormedius, -a, -om, middle; used partitively, the middle media urbs, the

middle of the city (mediterranean, medium, median, mediate, mean,

medieval, meridian, demimonde, immediate, intermediary; cp,

cris, Ch. 31)

quondam, adv.,fimnerly, once (quondam)

{dtra, adv. and prep. -I- ace., on the other side oj: beyond (ultra, ultra-

sonic, ultrasound, ultraviolet, outrage, outrageous)

protinus, adv., inuneellate!y

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, to distinguish, discern, perceive (discern, dis-

cernible, discreet, discrete, discretion; cpo decerno, Ch. 36)

eripio, -ripel'e, -ripui, (e.-rapio), to snatch mvay, t(lke away; rescue

illquil, defective verb, he says or said, placed after one or more words of

a direct quotation but usually translated first

tollo, tnilere, siistuli, subIatum, to raise, Idi up; take away, remove, des/roy

(extol; cpo lotero, fern, Ch. 31)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

1. VICinI nostrl se in genua protinus iecerunt ct omnes deos in mundo
laudaverunt.

2. Gentes Graeciae ingentibus montibus et parvIs fTnibus contine-
bantur.

3. Quis iussit il1am rem pUblicam serviWte aspera IIberarI?
4. inquit, "sceleribus suIs brevI tempore tolletur."
5. Contra alias manus malorum cIvium eaedem res iterum parabuntur;

rem publicam defendemus et istI cito discedent.
6. SenectUs senes a mediIs rebus saepe prohibet.
7. At res graves neque VI neque spe geruntur sed consilio.
8. SI versus horum duorum poetarum neglegetis, magna parte R6-

manarum litterarum carebitis.
9. E6dem tempore nostrae spes salUtis commfmis vestra fide altae sunt,

spiritUs sublat! sunt, et timores relict! sunt.
10. Nova genera seeIerum in hac urbe inveniuntur quod multI etiam

nunc bonIs moribus et sensu communI carent ac mlturam sinis-
tram habent.
II. Vulgus multa ex fenestrls casarum eiciebat.
12. Great I1delity can now be found in this commonwealth.
13. His new hopes had been destroyed by the common fear of uncer-
tain things.
14. On that day the courage and the faith of the brave Roman men and
women were seen by all.
15. With great hope the tyrant ordered those ships to be destroyed.
16. He could not defend himself with his left hand or his right.

Fifth Declension; Ablative of Place Where; Summary of Ablative Uses 145

SENTENTIAE ANTiQUAE

1. Dum vIta est, spes est. (Cicero.)
2. Aequum animum in rebus difficilibus serva. (HOI·ace.)
3. Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla res publica. (*Cicero.-pliine,

adv., clearly.)
4. Fuerunt quondam in hac re publica virimagnae virtutis et antiquae

fidel. (Cicero.)
5. I-janc rem publicam salvam esse volumus. (*Cicero.-volumus, we

wish. )
6. Spes coniuratorUl1l mollibus sententils multorum clvium alitur. (Cic-

ero.·-mollis, -e, soji, mild.)
7. Res pflblica consiliis meis eo die ex igne atque ferro erepta est.

(Cicero.)
8. Quod bellum oderunt, pro pace cum fide laborabant. (Livy.)
9. DIC mihi bona fide: tfl eam pecflnial1l ex eius manti dextra non eripu-

istI? (Plautus.)
10. AmICUS certus in re incertii cernitur. (Ennius.)
II. Homerus audItorem in medias res rapit. (Horace.)
12. FelIx est quI potest causas rerum intellegere; et fortiinatus iIIe qUI

deos antiquos dnigit. (VirgiL)
13. StoiCllS noster, "Vitium," inquit, "non est in rebus sed in animo

ipso." (Seneca.-Stoicus, -I, a Stoic.)
14. Et l1lihi res subiungam, non me rebus. (Horace.·--subiungo, -ere, to

subject. )
15. Est modus in rebus; sunt certi fines ultra quos virWs invenlri non

potest. (Horace.)
16. Hoc, Fortlina, tibi videtur aequum? (*MartiaL)

A VISIT FROM THE YOUNG INTERNS

Languebam: sed tli comitatus protinus ad me
venisti centum, Symmache, discipulIs.

Centum me tetigere manus aquilone geHitae:
non habul febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo!

(*Martial 5.9; meter: elegiac couplet.-Ianguere, to be weak, sh'k.---comitatus,

-a, -urn, accompanied (by).-Symmachus, a Greek name, used here for a medical

school professor.-centllm ... discipulls, abi. of agent with comitiitus; the prepo-

sition was often omitted in poetry.-tetigere = tetigerunt; for this alternate end-

ing, see Ch. 12.-,-aquilo, -lOllis, 111., the north wind.-geHitus, -a, chilled,

here modifying centum ... manus; cpo Eng. gel, gelatin.-febris, febris, f.,feve!:)

146 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 22

ON AMBITION AND LITERA TURE, BOTH LA TIN AND GREEK

Poetae per litteras hominibus magnam perpetuamque famam dare pos-
sunt; multI virI, igitur, litteras de suTs rebus serTbI cupiunt. TrahilTIUr omnes
studio laudis et multI gloria dHeuntur, quae aut in lilteds GraecIs aut LatlnIs
invenIrI potest. QUI, autem, videt multum frHctum gloriae in versibus LatlnIs
sed non in GraecIs, nimium errat, quod litterae Graecae leguntur in omnibus
fere gentibus, sed Latlnae in finibus suIs continentur.

(Cicero, Pro Archii'i 11.26, 10.23.-fer;;, adv., a/most.)

ETYMOLOGY

Connected with dies is the adj. diumus, daily, whence come the words
for "day" in Italian and French: It. giorno, Fr. jour, journee; cpo Sp. dia. In
late Latin there was a form diurnalis, from which derive It. giornale, Fr.
journal, Eng. "journal"; cpo Sp. dial'io, English "dismal" stems ultimately
from dies malus.

The stem of fides can be found in the following words even though it
may not be immediately obvious: affidavit, defy, affiance, fiance. Eng.
"faith" is from early Old Fr. feit, feid, from Latin fidem.

Other words connected with modus are: modulate, accommodate, com-
modious, discommode, incommode, it Ia mode, modus operandi.

In the readings 6. mollify, emollient, mollusk. 13. The Stoic philosophy was so called
because Zeno, its founder, used to teach in a certain stoa (portico) at Athens.
14. subjunctive.

LATINA EST GAUDIUM-ET OTILlS!

Salvete! Now that you've encountered merIdies, you understand a.m.
and p.m., from ante and post merIdiem. Your physician might prescribe a
medication diebus altemis, every other day, or diebus tertiis, every third day,
or even b.Ld. or !.i.d., bis in die or ter in die (if you've thought about those
last two twice or thrice and still can't figure them out, look back at Ch. IS!).
Other items you might encounter one of these days: diem ex die, day by day;
dies felix, a lucky day; the legal terms dies juridicus and non juridicus, days
when court is and is not in session; and the Dies Irae, a medieval hymn
about the Day of Judgment, part of the requiem mass. And surely you follow
Horace's advice every day and carpe diem (an agricultural metaphor, since
carpo, carpere really means to pluck or harvest from the vine or stalk-so
your day, once seized, should be a bountiful cornucopia).

Now you know, too, what is meant by the common phrase, amicus certus
ill re illcertii; a bOlla fide agreement is made with gaadFJith (recognize the abl.
usage?); and if your "friend indeed" is your trusty dog, you should consider
dubbing him "Fido." Carpite omlles dies, discipuli discipulaeque, et valete!

23

Participles

Like English, Latin has a set of verbal adjectives, i.e., adjectives formed
from a verb stem, called "participles." Regular transitive verbs in Latin have
four participles, two of them in the active voice (the present and future),
and two in the passive (future and perfect); they are formed as follows:

Active Passive

Pres. present stem + -ns (gen. -ntis)

Perl participial steH1 + -urus, partie. steIn + -us, -a, -urn
Fut. pres. stem + -ndus, -nda, -ndum

-lira, -iirumI

It is important to know the proper stem for each participle as well as
the proper ending. Note that the present active and the future passive are
formed on the present stem, while the perfect passive and future active are
formed on the so-called "participial stem" (found by dropping the endings
from the perfect passive participle, which is itself most often a verb's fourth
principal part: i.e., laudiit- from laudiitus, -a, -um). This pattern can perhaps
best be recalled by memorizing the participles of ago, in which the difference
between the present stem and the participial stem is sufficient to eliminate
any confusion. It is also helpful to note that the base of the present participle
is marked by -nt-, the future active by -iir-', and the future passive, often
called the"gerundive," by -nd-.

I The ending of the future active participle is very easy to remember if you keep in
mind the fact that our wordfllture comes from futurus, -a, -DIU, the future (and, inciden-
tally, the only) participle of sum.

147

148 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 23

ago, agere, egi, actum, to lead

Active Passive

Pres. agens, agentis, leading actus, -a, -um, led, having been led
Perf agendus, -a, -um, (about) to be led,
Fut. acturus, -a, -unl,
about to lead, going to lead deserving or/it to be led

English derivatives are illustrative of the sense of three of these participles:
"agent" (froll1 agens), a person doing something; "act" (actus, -a, -urn), some-
thing done; "agenda" (ageudus, -a, -urn), something to be done. The partici-
ples of three of the model verbs follow.

Act. Pass. Act. Pass. Act. Pass.

Pres. agens audiens ---,-""-,- capiens
Pelf
Fut. actlhus actus ---"- audltus captus
agendus
audIturus audiendus capturus capiendus

Note carefully that fourth conjugation and third conjugation -iii verbs
have -ie- in both the present active participle (-iCus, -ientis) and the future
passive (-iendus, -a, -urn). Notice too that while Latin has present active,
perfect passive, and future active and passive participles, the equivalents of
praising, having been praised, about to praise, and (about) to be praised, it
lacks both a present passive participle (being praised) and a perfect active
participle (having praised).

DEClENSION OF PARTICIPLES

Three of the four participles are declined on the pattern of magnus, -a,
-urn. Only the present participle has third declension forms, following essen-
tially the model of potens (Ch. 16), except that the ablative singular some-
tinles ends in -e, SOll1etinles -]2; the vowel before -os in the nominative singu-
lar is always long, but before -nt- (according to the rule learned earlier) it is
always short.

M. & F. N.

Nom. agens agens
Gen. agentis agentis
Dat. agent! agent!
Ace. agentem
Abl. agentI, agente agens

agent!, agente

2 The present participle has -i in the ablative singular when used strictly as an attribu-

tive adjective (n Ilatre amanti, by the loving/ather) but -e when it functions verbally (e.g.,
with an object, patre fiUum amante, lvith the/ather loving his son) or as a substantive (ab
amante, by a lover).

Participles 149

Nom. agentes agentia
Gen. agentium agentiull1
Dat. agentibus agentibllS
Ace. agentes agentia
Abl. agentiblls agentiblls

PARTICIPLES AS VERBAL ADJECTIVES

The etymology of the term participle, from participere, to share in (pars

+ capere), refiects the fact that participles share in the characteristics of

both adjectives and verbs. As adjectives. participles naturally agree in gendel;
number, and case with the words which they modify. Sometimes also, like
adjectives, they modify no expressed noun but function as nouns them-
selves: amans, a love1;" sapiens, a wise man, philosopher,· venientes, those
coming.

As verbs, participles have tense and voice; they may take direct objects
or other constructions used with the particular verb; and they may be modi-
fied by an adverb or an adverbial phrase:

Patrem in casa videntes, puella et puer ad eum cucurrerunt, seeing their
father in the house, the boy and girl ran up to him.

In Latin as in English, the tense of a participle, it should be carefully
noted, is not absolute but is relative to that of the main verb. For example,
the action of a present participle is contemporaneous with the action of the
verb of its clause, no matter whether that verb is in a present, a past, or a
future tense; in the preceding sample you can see that it was at some time
in the past that the children first saw and then ran toward their father (seeing
him, i.e., when they saw him, they ran up to him). A similar situation obtains
for the perfect and future participles, as can be seen in the following table:

1. Present participle = action contemporaneous with that of the verb
(the same time).

2. Perfect participle = action prior to that of the verb (time before).

3. Future participle = action subsequent to that of the verb (time after).

Graec! nautae, videntes Polyphemum, timent, timuerunt, timebunt.
The Greek sailo",; seeing Polyphemus, are afraid, were afi'aid, will be

aji·aid.

GraecI nautae, vTsI a Polyphem6, tin1ent, timuerunt, tilnebunt.
The Greek sailor,; (having been) seen by P., are a/i'aid, were aji'aid, will

be aji'aid.

Graed nautae, v!siir! Polyphemum, timent, timuerunt, timebunt.

The Greek about to see Polyphemus, are qji'(tid, were aji'aid, will

be aji'aid.

150 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 23

TRANSLATING PARTICiPIAL PHRASES AS CLAUSES

Participial phrases are used much morc frequently in Latin than in En-

glish, which prefers clauses with regular finite verbs, In translating from

Latin to idiomatic English, therefore, it is often preferable to transform a

participial phrase (especially if it sounds stilted in English) into a subordi-

nate clause.

In doing so you need to consider I) the relationsh ip between the action

in the phrase and the action in the clause to which it is attached, so that

you can then choose an appropriate subordinating conjunction (especially

"when;' "since," or "although"), and 2) the relativity of participial tenses,

so that you can then transform the participle into the appropriate verb tense.

Thus the example given earlier, patrem iu casa viden!es, puella et puer ad

emu cucuneroot, can be translated seeing their lather in the house. the girl

and boy ran up to him more idiomatically, when they saw their father in

the house. the girl and boy ran up to him. Likewise Graeci uautae, visi a Poly-

phemo, timuerunt is better translated when they had been seen [time prior to

main verb] by the Greek sailors were aFaid than the more literal

having been seen by the Greek sailors were a/i·aid. Consider these

further examples:

filium amans, auxilium dat, since she loves her son [lit., loving her
son], the mother gives him assistance.

Pater, fiJian1 vIsflrus, casam parabat, since he was about to see his daugh-
teT; the fCllher was preparing the house.

PueIla, in casam veniens, gaud5bat, when she came into the hOllse [lit.,
coming il1lo the hOllse], the girl was happy.

VOCABULARY

arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold
dux, duds, In., leadel; guide; commandel; general (duke, ducal, ducat,

duchess, duchy, doge; cp. diico)
equus, m., horse (equestrian, equine; cpo equa, -ae, mare)
basta, -ae, f., spear (hastate)
insula, -ae, f., island (insular, insularity, insulate, isolate, isolation, pen-

insula)
iltllS, litoris, 11., shore, coast (littoral)
miles, mllitis, m., soldier (military, militaristic, militate, militant, militia)
orator, oratoris, m., oratOl; .speaker (oratory, oratorio; cp. oro, Ch. 36,

oratio, Ch. 38)
sacerdos, sacerdotis, m., priest (sacerdotal; cpo sacer, sacred)
aliquis, aliquid (gen. alieuius, daL alicui, etc.; cp. decL of quis, quid; nom.

and ace. neut. pI. are aliqua), indef. pron., someone, somebody, some-
thing

Participles 151

quisquis, quidquid (quis repealed; cases other than nom. rare), indef.
pron., whoevel; whatever

magminimus, -a, -urn, great-hearted, brave, magnanimous (magnanilnity)
umquam, adv., in questions or negative clauses, evef; at any time (cp.

n",nquam)
Mudi (1), to bring up, educate (education, educator, educable; do not

confuse with i'diicii, to lead out)
gaudeii, gandere, gavlsus sum, to be glad, rejoice (gaudeamns; cpo gau-

dium, -ii, joy, as in Latina est gaudium!)
ostendii, ostendere, ostend!, ostentum, to exhibit, sholV, display (ostenta-

tion, ostentatious, ostensible, ostensive; cpo tendii, stretch, extend)

peto, petere, petIV!, Iletltum, to seek, aim at, beg, beseech (appetite, com-

pete, competent, impetuous, petition, petulant, repeat; cpo perpetuus)
premo, premere, pressi, pressum, 10 press,' press hard, pursue; -primo in

compounds as seen in opprimii below (compress, depress, express, im-
press, imprint, print, repress, reprimand, suppress)
opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum, to suppress, ovenvhelm, overpOlVel;
check (oppress, oppression, oppressive, oppressor)
verto, vertere, verti, versum, to turn; change; so averto, turn away, avert,
reverto, turn back, etc. (adverse, advertise, avert, averse, convert, con-
troversy, divers, diverse, divorce, invert, obverse, pervert, revert, sub-
vert, subversive, transverse, verse, version, anilnadvert)

PRACTICE AND REVIEW

l. Aliquid numquam ante audItum cerna.
2. Illum oratorem in media senalU iterum petentem finem bellorum ac

scelerum non adiuvistis.
3. CertI fructUs pacis ab territo vulgo atque senatu cupiebantur.
4. Qui vir magnanimus alias gentes gravi melu servitUtis IIberabit?
5. Nemo Hdem neglegens timore umquam carebit.
6. IlIa temina fortfmiUa haec consilia contra eos malos quondam aluit

et salUtis communis causa semper laborabat.
7. Illam gentem Latinam oppressurl et divitias rapturi, omnes viros

magnae probitatis premere ac delere protinus coeperunt.
8. Tolleturne lama huius medicI istIs versibus novls?
9. At vita iIlius modi aequi aliquid iucundi atque !elIcis continet.
10. Quo die ex igne et ferro alque morte certa ereptus es?
11. We gave many things to nalions lacking hope.
12. Those ten men, (when) called, will come again with great eagerness.
13. Through the window they saw the second old man running out of

his neighbor's house and away from the city.
14. He himself was overpowered by uncertain fear because he desired

neither truth nor liberty.

152 Wheelock's Latin: Chapter 23

SENTENTIAE ANTiQUAE

1. VIves meIs praesidils oppressus. (Cicero.-praesidiurn, -ii, guard.)
2. IIlI autem, tendentes manfls dextras, saliitem petebant. (Livy.-

tendo, -ere, to stretch, extend.)
3. Tantalus sitiens ftflmina ab ore fugientia tangere deslderabat. (Hor-

ace.-sitire, to be thirsty.)
4. Signa rerum futflrarum mundo a dIs ostenduntur. (Cicero.)
5. Graecia capta asperum victorem cepit. (Horace.-victor, -toris,

here = Rome.)
6. Atticus CiceronI ex patria fugientI multam peclmiam dedit. (Ne-

pos.--Atticus, a friend of Cicero.)
7. SI mihi eUln educandum committes, studia eius fOrmare ab Infantia

incipiam. (Quintilian.-rorrniire.-infantia, -ae,)
8. Saepe stilum verte, bonum libellum scriptiirus. (Horace.-·stilurn

vertere, to invert the stilus = to use the eraser.)
9. Cflra oratoris dictflri eos audItflros delectat. (Quintilian.)
10. MortI Socratis semper illacrimo, legens Platonem. (Cicero.-Siicra-

tes, -cratis.-ilJacrimare, to weep ovel:-Plato, -tnnis.)
I!. Memoria vItae bene actae multorumque bene factO rum iflcunda

est. (Cicero.)

12. QUI timens vivet, lIber non erit umquam. (Horace.·-qui, as often, =

is qui.)
13. Non is est miser qUI iussus aliquid faeit, sed is qui invItus faeit. (Sen-

eca.-invitus, -a, -urn, unwilling; the adj. here has adverbial force, as
it commonly does in Latin.)
14. Verbum semel emissum volat irrevocabile. (Horace.-sernel, adv.,
once. -e-rnittere,-voliire, to fiy. -irrevociibilis, -e.)

LAOCOON SPEAKS OUT AGAINST THE TROJAN HORSE

Oppressi bello longo et a deis aversi, duces Graecorum, iam post decem
annos, magnum equum ligneum arte Minervae faciunt. Uterum multIs mili·
tibus complent, equum in litore relinquunt, et ultra insulam proximam navi-
gant. TroianI niillas copias aut naves vident; omnis Troia gaudet; panduntur
portae. De equo, autem, Troiani sunt incertI. AliI eum in urbem diid cupi·
unt; alii eum Graecas insidias appellant. Primus ibi ante omnes, de arce

currens, Laocoon, sacerd6s Tr5ianus, haec verba dIcit: "0 miserY elves, n6n

estis sani! Quid cogitatis? Nonne intellegitis Graecos et insidias eorum? Aut
invenietis in isto equo multos milites acres, aut equus est machina belli, facta
contra nos, ventiira in urbem, visflra casas nostrils et populum. Aut aliquid
latet. Equo ne credite, Troiani: quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ge-
rentes!" DIxit! et potentem hashllll magnIs vlribus manus sinistrae in uterum
equi iecit; stetit ilia, tremens.