country through education and training. It has been operating a number of technical and
vocational institutions established. We don’t have to depend on foreign countries for basic
and medium level technical manpower. There are several medical, engineering, nursing,
forestry, agriculture, computing, management and so on colleges established throughout
the country. They have been producing capable manpower to meet the needs of the country.
Secondary level education has also started to impart in technical subjects like computer, civil
engineering, agriculture etc. in some government school for the purpose of preparing skilled
human resources. Skilled manpower available in the country is not getting appropriate work
opportunity here. Hence, some skilled people are going abroad or lack enthusiasm to work.
It is the urgent need of the country to focus on the production of skilled manpower. Such
manpower can get employment in different fields within the country. They can also get
honourable job outside the country as well. Similarly, these people can be self-employed
starting their own business and enterprises. He can be a great help for the unemployed
ones because they can generate some newer opportunities for others. Nepal is backward in
development but has several possibilities. Hence, they can unfold the fate of the nation by
utilizing available resources.
Word Meaning
• innovative : creative
• adequate : sufficient
• lessened : reduced, lowered
• aviation : anything related to aircraft, airplanes,
• enthusiasm : interest
Points to Remember:
"" Human beings are important resources for development.
"" The two types of resources are human resource and natural resources.
"" Skilled manpower is the foundation of national development.
"" People having high level knowledge and technical skill are called skilled human
resources
"" People having low level knowledge and skill are semi-skilled manpower.
"" Employment simply refers to any economic activity that people involve in to earn
for their livelihood.
"" Nepal has not been able to produce adequate number of competent skilled
manpower.
Social Studies Book 10 51
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. Show the interrelationship between natural and human resources in a sentence.
b. What are the resources available in Nepal?
c. List out some activities that can help people to raise their living standard.
d. Developed countries have high literacy rate whereas Nepal’s literacy rate is very
low. What do you think is the role of educated people for national development?
Write in a sentence.
e. Suggest any two ways to produce semi-skilled human resource.
f. How is the skilled human resource an infrastructure of development? Write in a
sentence.
2. Short answer questions
a. Differentiate between skill human resource and semi skilled human resource.
b. Nepal is rich in natural resources. However they are unutilized. Suggest some
ways for their optimum utilization.
c. Explain different ways to produce skilled human resource.
d. Why is Nepal in need of skilled human resource?
e. 'We want computer operator, not an engineer'. Explain this statement in the
present context of Nepal.
f. Mention some ways that can help people raise their living standard in Nepal.
g. Why are our skilled people leaving the country? Give reasons and solutions.
h. The number of job searching manpower is greater than job creating manpower in
Nepal. Mention any four ways to attract them towards self-employment.
i. What are the characteristics of skilled human resource?
j. Why is it easy to skill people to find a good job in their own country?
k. What profession would you like to choose for yourself in future and Why?
3. Community Work
a. Visit your community. Find the number of skilled and unskilled workers.
Compare their family status on the basis of the given conditions.
(i) monthly income (ii) convenience of job
(iii) educational status of their children (iv) housing status
(v) life style
52 Social Studies Book 10
4 Goals of Contemporary
Development and Nepal
Lesson
In September 2000, the meeting of the U.N. General Assembly concluded a historic note, with
the adoption of the Millennium Declaration goals. This Declaration collectively committed
their governments to work to free the world of extreme poverty. The eight goals of MDGs
comprise 8 targets and 21 indicators. It clearly sets the time period for attaining the goals with
taking the 1990 as baseline and 2015 as the ending period. Including Nepal, 189 countries
have signed their commitments towards its goal.
Millennium Goals and Nepal's achievements
SN Millennium Nepal's Goals Nepal's achievement Source
Goals 2015 (with a
1990 baseline)
1 End poverty and Reduce population 23.8 % NPC 2013
starvation under poverty line
to 21 %
Achieve Provide primary Total enrollment in primary
2 universal primary education to all level 96.2 % and literacy 88.6 NPC 2013
education children % (age between 15- 24 yrs)
Promote gender Equal access to Based on primary education
equality and school enrollment enrollment of boys and
3 empower /end gender girls 1.03 and women's MoE 2015/
women inequality involvement in non- CBS 2011
agricultural sector 44.8 %
4 Reduce child Reduce child 38 children per 1000 CBS 2014
mortality mortality rate by (below 5yrs age)
1/3 (54 per every
1000 children)
5 Improve Reduce maternal 258 (per 100,000 in every UNO 2014
maternal health death by ¼ (213 safe birth)
per every 100,000
safe birth)
6 Combat HIV/ Halt and reverse 0.2% of infection in NPC (fourth
AIDS, malaria, spread of disease teenagers between-15 -24 periodic
and other diseases year-olds report)
Social Studies Book 10 53
7 Ensure Area covered by Forest area 39.6% and MFSC 2015
environmental forest 40% and drinking water facility to MoF 2015
sustainability drinking water to 83.6 %
73%
Develop a global Develop a global Total foreign aid used
8 partnership for partnership for 55.3%
development development
Goals of Sustainable Development (2016-2030)
Sustainable Development has
been a global agenda since the
last 25 years. The Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)
based on Millennium Declaration
in the year 2000 by the United
Nations (UN) has set foundation
for Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) to be achieved by
2030. The UN Conference on
Sustainable Development held in
Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, and
UN General Assembly (UNGA) Immunization in Nepal
held in September 2014 prepared
solid foundation for SDGs and finally agreed in the UNGA held in September 2015. Nepal, as
a member of the UN, is a part of this global initiative.
Sustainable development continues to be in-built in Nepal's socio-economic development.
Nepal's efforts for the successful implementation of the MDGs have also opened new avenues
for the implementation of SDGs planned for 2016-2030. It contains 17 goals and 169 targets.
Nepal is also aspiring to rise up from the least developed country (LDC) by 2022; and thus
the SDGs indicators set by the Government of Nepal (GoN) will help in achieving these
novel goals.
Nepal aspires to emerge as an inclusive, equitable, and prosperous middle-income country by
2030 with the spirit of a welfare state. The country aims for sustainable poverty reduction and
human development with low vulnerability and higher human security.
54 Social Studies Book 10
Nepal's Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Development Goals Main Targets
Goal 1 - End poverty in all its forms Eradicate, by 2030, extreme poverty for all people
everywhere everywhere (including those who earn less than
1.25 dollar per day)
Goal 2 - End hunger, achieve food End hunger by 2030 and ensure access by all people
security and improved nutrition and safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round.
promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and Reduce, by 2030, the global maternal mortality
promote well-being for all at all ages: ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
Goal4-Ensureinclusiveandequitable Provide complete free, equitable and quality
equality education and promote primary and secondary education leading to
lifelong learning opportunities for all relevant and effective learning outcomes to all girls
and boys including physically challenged people.
Goal 5 - Achieve gender equality and End all forms of discrimination against all women
empower all women and girls and girls everywhere. Ensure their full and
effective participation and equal opportunities
for leadership at all levels of decision-making in
political,economic and public life.
Goal 6 - Ensure availability and Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
sustainable management of water and affordable drinking water, hygiene and sanitation
sanitation for all for all and declare all communities as open
defecation free.
Goal 7 - Ensure access to affordable, By 2030 achieve universal access to affordable,
reliable, sustainable and modern reliable and modern energy services.
energy for all
Goal 8 - Promote sustained, inclusive Sustain and achieve per capita economic growth
and sustainable economic growth,full with at least 7 percent GDP growth per annum.
and productive employment and
decent work for all
Goal 9 - Build resilient infrastructure, Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient
promote inclusive and sustainable infrastructure, including regional and trans-border
industrializationandfosterinnovation infrastructure, to support economic development
and human well-being.
Goal 10 - Reduce inequality within Achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom
and among countries 40 percent of the population at a rate higher than
the national average.
Social Studies Book 10 55
Goal 11 - Make cities and human Access for all to adequate, safe and affordable
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient housing and basic services, and upgrade slums.
and sustainable
Goal 12 - Ensure sustainable Ensure sustainable development and lifestyles in
consumption and production patterns harmony with nature.
Goal 13 - Take urgent action to Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity
combat climate change and its impacts to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
Goal 14 - Conserve and The SDG 14 targets are not relevant for Nepal.
sustainable use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable
development)
Goal 15 - Protect, restore and Ensure, by 2020, the conservation, restoration and
promote sustainable use of terrestrial sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater
ecosystems, sustainable manage ecosystems and their services, in particular forests,
forests, combat desertification, and wetlands, mountain sand dry lands, in line with
halt and reverse land degradation and obligations under international agreements.
halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16 - Promote peaceful and Significantly reduce all forms of violence and
inclusive societies for sustainable related death rates everywhere, and end abuse,
development, provide access to justice exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence
for all and build effective, accountable against and the torture of children. Reduce
and inclusive corruption and bribery in all their forms.
Goal 17 - Strengthen the means of To boost taxes and revenue regulations and
implementation and revitalize the implement aid, investment and financing for the
global partnership for sustainable development of the LDCs.
development
Word Meaning
• committed : resolve to do, perform something
• baseline : a starting point used for comparisons
• enrollment : getting admission
• combat : fight against
• equitable : fair
• resilient : the ability to cope with change, able to return to the original form
• foster : to help (something) grow or develop
• slums : a thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by
poor people
56 Social Studies Book 10
Points to Remember:
"" There are eight millennium development goals
"" Eliminating poverty and starvation is the primary goal of MDGs.
"" Nepal has been successful in achieving Millennium goal in primary education
with 92.6% between the age 15 – 24 yrs.
"" The number of child mortality has declined to38 children per 1000 (below 5yrs
age).
"" Nepal has been able to protect 39.6% of it forest area.
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. Who created the Millennium development goals and When?
b. How many millennium development goals are there?
c. What does the first goal state?
d. Which goals include issues that have to do with children?
e. State any one goal that we have met as we stand currently.
f. Which year is the “baseline” year used for measuring progress on the MDGs?
g. What is the current rate of HIV/AIDS infection in teenager between-15 -24 year-
olds?
h. How many children die in Nepal per 1000 (below 5yrs age)?
2. Short answer questions
a. What was Nepal's Millennium Goals on improving maternal health by 2015?
b. What was Nepal's Millennium Development Goals for improving maternal health?
c. Which goals seems having the most trouble achieving it and why?
d. What are the best ways to solve maternal health problems in Nepal? List any four
ways.
e. The SDG 14 targets are not relevant for Nepal. Explain.
3. Community Work
a. Consult the HIV/AIDS report of Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal and find
out how many people in your community are infected by the disease. Prepare a
short report of how your community can be freed from this disease.
Social Studies Book 10 57
Lesson 5 Formulation of Development
Proposal at Local Level
A plan is a pre-feature of a programme. Similarly a development plan is devised to achieve
target development goal within a place in a specific time. In other words, a development plan
is a systematic plan of development activities in which various aspects of a place are taken into
consideration. The development plans can be of short term or long-term depending on the
goals, vision and availability of resources.
Development plans in a country are made at different levels i.e. national, provincial/state
and local. National level development plans have broad aims and objectives. They are
formulated for the whole country. Such plans are mainly prepared by the central government.
Similarly provincial government mechanism prepares such plans at state level keeping the
need and necessity of the people living in the particular province/state. Moreover, the local
government prepares development plans for the benefits of people in the particular place.
The contribution of Nepal has clearly envisaged these levels of government in the country
i.e. federal, provisional and local. The country now is working for the restructure of state and
distribution of power among them. This practice is based on the principle of decentralization.
The process of decentralization makes the local governments more responsible and powerful
in making decisions and mobilizing local resources. The aim of the local government is to work
for the direct benefits of its residents. The local government is made more responsible towards
the needs of local people such as drinking water, health care, transportation, education, peace
and security, conservation of resources, promotion of art, culture, language and tradition etc.
Moreover these autonomous bodies are responsible to make development plans, policies and
implement them effectively.
The concept local governance is most democratic and participation oriented system because
the local people have direct access to the local executive bodies where they can put forward
their voice and opinion for the development of their locality. We have Rural municipality
(Gaun Palika) and Municipality (Nagar Palika) as the autonomous local authorities. They are
autonomous local agents with full authority to identify their needs and purpose and plan for
their implementation.
Model of Development Proposal Preparation at Local Level
Rural municipality and Municipalities have their own different income sources such as
land revenue, forest, agriculture, housing tax, vehicle tax, trade etc. Besides, the central and
provincial government provide some capital resources for the development of local areas.
The local governments are both of these income sources for the local development. The local
governments follow the following procedures while formulating development plans.
58 Social Studies Book 10
i. Need Identification
They identify the needs of the people through community participation. The utmost
focus is given or the urgent needs of the local people such as drinking water, school
building construction, road construction, forest conservation, etc.
ii. Selection of Specific Needs
Firstly, the needs are based/arranged in priority basis. Then, the most urgent need of
the local people is given topmost priority.
iii. Preparation of Proposal
A proposal is prepared on the basis of the selected needs. While preparing the proposal,
the following things have to be kept in mind.
a. introduction
b. objectives
c. affected area and number of families
d. cost
e. contribution of local people
f. location
g. starting date and duration
h. means and resources
i. implementation
j. expected benefits
k. name list of the consumer's group
The proposal prepared including all these above details is forwarded to the rural
municipality or municipality office concerned.
iv. Estimation of Source of Investment
It includes the financial support of the local people and the local authorities concerned.
v. Agreement
The agreement is made between the consumer's group and the local government
concerned and then it is approved.
vi. Execution
The development programme is executed according to the existing policies of the
government and the expected goal of the programme.
vii. Monitoring and Evaluation
The target locals monitor and supervise the ongoing programme and evaluate where it
has followed accordingly and provides needy directions for the work.
Procedures of Drafting Local Plans
a. Relation Establishment : Informal relation is established through discussions and
interactions between the individuals, local consumer groups and other stakeholders
related to the plan.
b. Situation Study : Situation of livelihood and natural resource management of the
catchment area is studied.
Social Studies Book 10 59
c. Prioritization of Problems : Problems are prioritized on the basis of appropriate cost,
output, means and resources, mandate and concern of the stakeholders and solution
measures.
d. Agreement and Contract: Agreement and contract is made by clearly mentioning the
ownership, contribution, partnership, responsibility, and work plan of the community
towards the plan.
e. Documentation and Presentation: Plan is finally documented mentioning the
procedures of its formulation, estimation of its achievement, development of
monitoring mechanism, etc, along with the final approval of the programme.
Steps of Implementation of Local Plans
The following steps are to be followed while implementing the development programmes.
a. The assembly of the people of the catchment area is organized.
b. The problems of people are recorded and they are listed in priority basis.
c. The budget required for the work concerned is managed.
d. The development plans are presented in the Rural municipality or Municipality for
approval.
e. The consumers group is formed.
f. The agreement is made for the implementation of the plan.
g. The programmes are put into practice and recorded after completion.
h. The consumers group is thanked for the successful implementation of the programme.
i. The certificate is provided to the consumers group.
Word Meaning
devised : prepared
broad : wide
autonomous : self-governing
implementation : the act of putting into practice
Points to Remember
"" A plan is a pre-feature of programme.
"" Development plans in a country are made at different levels.
"" The concept of local governance is most democratic and participation oriented.
"" The local governments make development plans for local level.
60 Social Studies Book 10
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. What is a development plan?
b. Write down any two development programmes needed to your community.
c. What is consumers group?
d. Why are rural municipality and Municipalities autonomous authorities?
2. Short answer questions.
a. Good beginning is half done. Justify.
b. Is it possible to develop a place without a prior plan? Give your opinion is four points.
c. Imagine you are going to construct a road in your village. Now prepare a model of
development proposal and also mention the steps for its effective implementation.
d. Why is the participation of local people necessary for the development of a place?
Explain.
3. Community Work
Play the role of the members of a Rural Municipality and discuss the implementation
of a development plan in your area.
Social Studies Book 10 61
UNIT Our Traditions, Social
Values and Norms
3
In this unit, you will learn the following subjects:
• Our National Heritages
• Folk Songs of Nepal
• Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal
• Our Folk and Classical Dances
• Our National Days: Our Pride
• International Personalities
• Universal Brotherhood
• Responsibilities towards Senior Citizens
62 Social Studies Book 10
1 Our National
Heritages
Lesson
Heritage simply means property. It includes all the valuable natural, cultural, religious,
architectural, historical and traditional objects, features, resources and symbols. They
were inherited, protected, preserved, promoted, and handed down to us by our previous
generations. They have a significant role in our life and civilization. They are our history,
identity and pride.
There are two types of heritage. They are natural and cultural. Natural Heritages are solely
the gifts of nature. They are not man-made. They include, wild life, wind, plants, reserves,
mountains, gorge, etc. On the other hand, cultural heritages refer to the things related to
our culture, tradition, religion and civilization. They include arts, architectures, sculptures,
paintings, monuments, palaces, religious sites, books, designs, cultures, religions, traditions,
customs, and so on. They are all closely associated to our life. All the heritages of Nation are
national heritages.
Nepal is rich in such heritages. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) enlists the places having historical, geographical, cultural and
religious places in the world heritage sites. It has included altogether ten places of Nepal in
this list. The places enlisted in the UNESCO world heritage site are Chitwan National Park,
Sagarmatah National Park, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Bouddhanath Stupa, Changunarayan
Temple, Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, Lumbini, Patan Durbar Square, Pashupatinath
Area and Swayambhunath Stupa. Among them two are natural sites and eight are cultural
sites.
These places are described in brief below.
Chitwan National Park
Chitwan National Park is located in Chitwan district, in
Bagmati Province. It covers the area of 932 sq km. It is
the first national park of Nepal. It is the home of many
rare species of birds and animals. It is famous for one
horned rhinoceros and the Bengal tigers. Besides these
animals, there are several other animals, birds, reptiles Chitwan National Park
such as elephants, crocodiles, peacocks, leopards, bears,
gharials, salaks, hornbills etc. in this park. There are elephant and crocodile breeding centres.
They are the star attractions among the visitors here. This national park was enlisted in the
World Heritage Site in 1984 AD. It is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Nepal.
Social Studies Book 10 63
Sagarmatha National Park
Sagarmatha National Park is located in
Solukhumbu district in Province 1. It was
established in 1976 AD. It occupies the area
of 1148 sq km. This national park is named
after the name of the highest peak of the world
Sagarmatha. It conserves varieties of Himalayan
flora and fauna. Rhododendron, fur trees,
bhojpatra, musk deer, red panda, yaks, bears, Himalayan Musk Deer
snow leopards, etc are some of the animals, birds
and plants found here. This place is the most popular destination for adventurous trekking
and mountaineering. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
It is in Bhaktapur district in Bagmati Province.
It is about 15 km east of Kathmandu. It has
the historical and religious importance. It was
the palace of the Malla Kings of Bhaktapur. It
consists of the old palaces and several temples.
It is famous for our ancient architecture. They
are the fifty-five windows palace, the Golden
Gate Temple, the Nyatpol Temple, Dattatraya Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Temple, statue of Bhupatindra Malla, National
Art Gallery, and several other shrines built in
pagoda and shikhar styles. This heritage site is visited by a large number of domestic and
international tourists every year. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
Bouddhanath Stupa Bouddhanath Stupa
It is in Kathmandu district. It is nearly 7 km away
from Ratnapark. It is the biggest stupa in Nepal.
It is one of the holiest places of Buddhists. It is
believed to be built in around 5th century. There
are more than 45 other Buddhist monasteries in
this area. This stupa contains valuable inscription.
Large number of pilgrims and architecture lovers
visit this place everyday. It was enlisted in the
World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
64 Social Studies Book 10
Changunarayan Temple
This heritage site also lies in Bhaktapur district.
This place is is located to the north of Bhaktapur
Durbar Square. It is about 22 km to the east of
Kathmandu city. It is the oldest temple in Nepal
It was built during the time of the Lichhavi
King Mandev, in the 5th century. It is built in
the pagoda style. There are some small shrines
around the temple. The idols and statues of Lord
Vishnu with 10 heads and 10 arms, different Changunarayan Temple
birds and animals at the entrance doors of the
temple are excellent works of art and architectures. There is also a small museum. Inscriptions
on stone, wood and metal found there tell the history of the ancient Nepal. It was enlisted in
the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
Hanumandhoka Durbar Square
It is located at the centre of the national
capital, Kathmandu city. It was the centre of
administration of the country in the past time.
At first the Malla Kings and then the Great King
Prithivinarayan Shah ruled over the country from
this palace. There is a statue of Hanuman in front
of this palace, established by Pratap Malla, so it is Hanumandhoka Durbar Square
called Hanumandhoka. Besides the palace, there are some masterpieces of Nepali art and
architecture like the Basantapur palace, Taleju temple, museum, Kumari house, Kasthmandap,
a large traditional bell, a kettle drum in this area. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in
1997 AD.
Lumbini
This heritage site is in Rupandehi district in Lumbini
Province. It is the birth place of Lord Buddha, the
founder of Buddhism and apostle of peace. There
is the Ashok pillar erected by Emperor Ashoka in
245 BC. Mayadevi temple, Puskarini pond, and
several splendid stupas, research centre, library and
monasteries are the special features of this place.
13 countries including Nepal formed Lumbini Eternal Flame - Lumbini
Development Committee in 1970 AD, which started the Lumbini Development Master Plan.
The development of Lumbini has been taking place according to this plan. Many countries like
China, Myanmar, Japan, Germany, France, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand
have constructed monasteries. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1997 AD.
Social Studies Book 10 65
Pashupatinath Area Pashupatinath Area
This place is another World Heritage Site located
in Kathmandu district. It is situated on the bank
of the River Bagmati. It is one of the holiest places
of the Hindus. This place includes Deupatan,
Jayabageswori, Gaurighat, Kutumbahal, Gausala,
Pingalasthan and the area of the Shleshmantak
forest. There are nearly 492 temples, chaityas,
sattals etc. mostly built in the pagoda style.
There are also about 1000 Shivlingas. Pashupati
Development Trust (PDT) is entrusted to take
care of this area. It was enlisted in the World
Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
Patan Durbar Square
This heritage site is in Lalitpur district in Bagmati
Province. It was the palace of the Malla Kings
of Patan in the medieval Nepal. This place has
some masterpieces of Nepalese ancient art and
architectures. The most famous Krishna mandhir,
built with only stones in the Shikhar style, Bhimsen
temple, Biswanath temple, Jagatnarayan temple,
Bangalamukhi temple, Mahabouddha, Kumveswor Patan Durbar Square
Mahadev temple, Rato Machhindranath temple, a statue of Yognarendra Malla, Patan museum,
and the courtyard are the attractions of this square. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site
in 1979 AD.
Swayambhunath Stupa
It is another World heritage Site located in
Kathmandu. It is situated on top of a small hill
overlooking the Kathmandu Valley. This stupa is
believed to be built during the 5th century. Several
shrines, monasteries and idols are located around
the stupa. It is regarded as the symbol of religious
tolerance and national unity because an idol of
Manjushree located here is worshipped as the
goddess Saraswati, the goddess of learning and Swayambhunath Stupa
education by Hindus. Recently, one of the biggest Buddha statues has been built near this
stupa. It was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
66 Social Studies Book 10
These places enlisted in the UNESCO world heritage site are our invaluable assets. They
are the source of our glory and fame. They show our unique social and cultural tolerance,
geographical uniqueness and historical identity. Moreover, they all have been the popular
destinations among internal and international visitors. Hence, we must work for the
conservation of environment in those areas. If the country makes enough efforts for their
conservation, timely renovation and proper advertisement, the country can gain economic
prosperity through tourism development. The sites aren’t only the pride and property of
Nepal;they also belong to the whole world.
The earthquake of 2072 B.S. brought about a great disaster in Nepal. Many buildings, temples,
historical monuments, etc. were entirely damaged. Many of the buildings located in the
heritage sites described above were entirely destroyed. Therefore, it has been the entire need
and the prime duty of the government to take immediate steps to do the timely reconstruction
and renovation of the buildings without distorting their original structures. On the other
hand, it is often heard that UNESCO has warned Nepal to exclude these places from the
World Heritage Site because of the environmental degradation in those areas.
In this context, the following works should be done for the conservation of heritage.
a. The vehicles should not be allowed in those areas.
b. The use of plastic bags, cans and bottles should be strictly banned near by the
heritage site.
c. Aforestation and reforestation programmes should be done there.
d. Local people should be made aware about importance of heritage and they should
be mobilized to keep the place clean.
e. The government should make clear plans and policies to keep these places clean and
implement them effectively.
f. The government should punish those who involve in encroaching, polluting and
violating these sites.
g. Old structures should be repaired, renovated and reconstructed on time without
changing their original structure.
h. Settlements and human activities around these sites should be discouraged.
i. The beggars and hawkers should not be allowed in those areas.
j. There should not be big commercial buildings and activities within the heritage sites.
Nepal is rich in culture, religion, geographical diversity and historical places. Hence, there are
many such places that are worth enlisting in the UNESCO World Heritage site. We can think
of Gorkha Durbar, Nuwakot Durbar,ChhintagBhagawati of Dhankuta, Muktinath Temple
Social Studies Book 10 67
of Mustang, Ram Janaki Temple of Janakpur, Shey-Foksundo National Park, Suklaphanta
National Park, Bardiya National Park,HalesiMahadev of Khotang, Swargadwari of Pyuthan,
Gosainkund of Rasuwa, Pativara of Taplejung, Parsa Wild Life Reserve, KoshiTappu Wild
Life Reserve, Langtang National Park, Rara National Park, etc. These all places have their own
significance. The visitors here can learn about Nepalese art, architecture, history, civilization
and tradition. Moreover, some of them reveal our geographical identity too. Nepal and
Nepalese people really feel proud of having these heritages.
Quake- Damaged Heritages of Kathmandu Valley:-
1. Basantapur Durbar 2. Silu Mahadev
3. Patan Durbar Square 4. Bhaktapur Durbar Square
5. Nyatapola/ 5 Storeyed Temple 6. Bhairavnath Temple
7. Tahafalcha /Long Rest House 8. Watala Mandir
9. Fasidega 10. Dharahara
11. Changunarayan Temple Area 12. Art Gallery
13. Taleju 14. Krishna Mandir
15. Rani Pokhari 16. Kedarnath
17. Chyamasingha Gateway 18. Layako Gateway
19. Bhairavnath Gateway 20. Kasthamandap
68 Social Studies Book 10
Word Meaning
• inherited : acquired, received
• inspiration : encouragement, incentive
• reserves : protected areas
• splendid : magnificent; very impressive.
• apostle : messenger
• renovation : repair
• encroach : take possession or interfere another's property
Points to Remember
"" Nepal is rich in culture, religion, geographical diversity and historical places
"" UNESCO has included two of our Natural Heritages and eight of our Cultural
Heritages in the world heritage list.
"" Heritages were inherited, protected, preserved, promoted, and handed down to us
by our previous generations.
"" National heritage consists of natural and cultural heritage.
"" Swayambhunath Stupa was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD.
"" The government should pass strict laws to punish those who involve in encroaching,
polluting and violating the heritage sites.
"" The earthquake of 2072 B.S. brought about a great disaster in Nepal.
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. What are the types of heritage?
b. What are national heritages? Answer in a sentence.
c. In which province is Chitwan National Park?
d. Name one heritage located in your province.
e. In which province is Lumbini located?
f. If you get opportunity to recommend a new place of Nepal to enlist in the UNESCO
World Heritage List, which one would you prefer and why? Write in a sentence.
g. What kinds of places are enlisted in the UNESCO World Heritage List?
h. What is the total area covered by Sagarmatha National park?
i. Give any four examples of natural heritage.
Social Studies Book 10 69
2. Short answer questions
a. Why are heritages important for us? Explain.
b. Compose and E-Mail to one of your friends living abroad describing one of the
sites of Nepal listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
c. The heritage sites are our inspiration, glory and fame. We must work to conserve
and protect them. Now prepare a dialogue between two friends including this
information.
d. UNESCO has warned Nepal to exclude some of our heritages form the list of
World Heritage Site because of environmental degradation in those areas. Now
suggest some measures to conserve environment there.
e. Name the heritages found in your province and write their importance. Also
mention how your state can be benefitted if the needy advertisement is made
about it.
f. Many historical, religious and cultural buildings and monuments of Nepal
have been entirely destroyed in the earthquake. However, the work for their
reconstruction has not begun yet. Now write a letter to the Minister of Peace and
Reconstruction suggesting him/her to commence the work as soon as possible.
g. What things should we keep in our mind while reconstructing the heritages that
have been destroyed in the earthquake? Explain.
h. If you are asked to recommend a new place of Nepal to enlist in the UNESCO
World Heritage List, which one you will recommend? Why? Discuss.
i. Our heritages are our pride. We must work to conserve and protect them. Now
prepare a list of some ways to conserve them.
j. Name a heritage found in your province and writes its importance. Also mention
how it can benefit your state.
k. What is the role of students and community for the conservation of our heritages?
Make a separate list of each of them.
l. Mention some important features of Bhaktapur Durbar Square.
m. Make a list of earthquake-damaged cultural heritages of Kathmandu Valley.
3. Community Work
Visit a historical, cultural, geographical or religious heritage in or around our place.
And prepare a report under the following sub-headings.
"" N ame and place of the heritage
"" T hings in the heritage site
"" Date of their construction
"" Present condition of the heritage
"" I mportance of the heritage
"" P ossible ways for their conservation
70 Social Studies Book 10
2 Folk Songs of
Nepal
Lesson
Folk Songs
The songs that are sung according to the place,
race, culture, ethnicity, religion, gender or
language at particular time are folk songs. They
are composed at local level. The real composers
of folk songs are not known. They are composed
in local languages and sung in the traditional
ways or tunes. Such songs are supported by
local traditional musical instruments. In the
past times, there was not the availability of the
opportunities for recreation. The people used to
organize Rodhi or some other folk song singing Folk Music
programmes and enjoy in groups. This trend still
exists in some communities today. Moreover, the people sing folk songs with other friends
and co-workers in their work place too.
Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-religious country. Altogether
123 languages or dialects are spoken in Nepal. Similarly, the folk songs sung in the east
is different form that is sung in the western region. Folk songs reflect the life styles, daily
activities, relations, human sentiments and emotions, socio-economic conditions, cultures,
traditions, etc.of the singers. The people sing the songs at various festivals, occasions and
ceremonies.
People sing and perform Deusi Bhailo at Tihar. Malashree is sung at Dasain. Nepalese hindu
women sing Teej Song at Teej Parva. Ashare Geet and Bethi songs are sung by the farmers
during paddy planting. Similarly, Palam and Hakpare songs are related to Rai and Limbu
people of eastern Nepal. Tamang Selo is sung in Tamang community during wedding and
gathering. Deuda song is sung in mid-western and far-western regions. Hori and Asika are in
Terai region. Kaura songs are related to Magars of Western Nepal.
The folk songs speak the culture, tradition, custom and life style of the singers’ community.
Since these songs are associated to certain occasion and purpose, they tend to promote the
feeling of brotherhood, friendship, and understanding among the people in the community.
The folk songs have appealing lyrics, tunes, witty and humorous expression. They are beautiful,
simple and heart touching. They are our traditional songs. In true sense, folk songs are the fine
examples to reveal rural life and simplicity of the people.
However, folk songs these days have gained a commercial market. Duet folk songs have been
commercially popular. These days, such songs are recorded and reproduced commercially.
They have been source of income and entertainment to many people at home, abroad,
workplace, hotels, restaurants, and during festivals and ceremonies.
Social Studies Book 10 71
Some Popular Folk Songs 3fl] s{ :ofp/L Uofnd/L
Tamang Selo u]ªnf 6q' mf ;fk|/L
This song is sung by the Tamangs of Mid-hill u]ª\ 6q' mftf :ofp/L ;] 9'Os] nflh Rofuf]
region of Nepal especially in the districts of
Bagmati zone. tfdfª ;n] f]
Purbeli Folk Song lxdr'nLsf] lxpsF f] kfgL
ufu] gkftn] lkpFnf xh'/
This is the song sung in the eastern Nepal. olt /fd|f] 9Ns] hf]afg
They sing it while working in the field, ltdLnfO{ g} lbpnF f xh'/
cutting grass and fetching firewood.
k"jn{] L nfs] uLt
Hori Song
ldlynfd] /fd vn] t xf]/L ldlynfd]
This song is sung in the Mithila Region lsgsf s] xfy sgs lkrsf/L
of eastern terai of Nepal. These songs are lsgsf s] xfy caL/ emf]/L ldlynfd] ====
composed based on the character of God /fdhLs] xfy sgs lkrsf/L
Ram and Goddess Sita.
;fo] fhLs] xfy cjL/ emf]/L
Teej Song ldlynfd] =======
Hindu women sing this song at Teej. ldlynfd] /fd ==============
Deuda Song xf/] L uLt
This folk song is sung in the far western cfdf lng k7fplF 5g\ afaf lng k7fpF5g\
region of Nepal in various festivals. dnfO{ lng e/] bfHo} cfpF5\ jl/n}
72 Social Studies Book 10 d}n] vfg] b/ cfdf ld7f] u/L ksfplng\
g}/ uP cfdf slt /f]lng jl/n}
tLh uLt
/fO{ em'df em'df Sof d:Sof ls 5 xf,] /fO em'df
-rfa} GwL 9fsfsf] rfn] f,] l56s\ f] kml/ofsL_@
kftnL 3/ sxfF xf] tD/f] a;}F el/ofsL
d t /fO{ emd' f, emd' f Sof d:Sof ls 5 xf],/fO em'df
bp] 8f uLt
Palam Song l;+3fcf] y'j] sSdf kmfu
ldGyfª\ug] cflg ofDdL ;fu
This folk song is sung by the Limbus of OS;fu]g vfDas] cfwf]v]Nn]
eastern Nepal. lySgfDbft ;f/s cfaf]v]Nn] .
kfnd uLt
Though folk songs are our traditional songs and our identity, they are on the verge of
extinction. The youngsters these days are quite ignorant about our traditional songs. They
are mostly influenced by the western songs and music. If our young generation today does
not know about the folk songs, they will be entirely forgotten in future. Hence, the following
works should be done to conserve them.
a. Folk songs singing competitions should be organized in the community level from
time to time.
b. Our electronic media and print media should give enough space and time for the
folk songs.
c. The youths should be taught about the importance of folk song and music and
discouraged to sing modern, western pop songs.
d. The folk singers or those who work for the promotion of folk song and tradition
should be rewarded by the state.
e. The children at school should be taught about the importance of folk song and folk culture.
Some Famous Folk Songs:-
1. Resham firiri (Sunder Shrestha, Dwarika Lal Joshi)
2. Malai America yei (Pashupati Sharma)
3. Lutna sake lut kanchha (Pashupati Sharama)
4. Chori vanda aama taruni (Kumar Basnet)
5. Wari jamuna pari jamuna(Khem Raj Gurung)
6. Salko pat tapari huni (Bishnu Majhi, Kulendra Bishokarma)
7. Simsime pani (Prem Raj Mahat and Rekha Shah)
8. Katar Katar ma (Ram Thapa)
9. Sa Karanli (Nepathya)
10. Rajamati kumati (Prem Dhoj Pradhan)
11. Bajho khet ma (Prem Raj Mahat, Komal oli)
12. Babari phool ko bot (Pandav Sunwar)
13. Sodha ramalai (Purna Nepali)
14. Hariyo dada mthi (Dharma Raj Thapa)
15. Lekali choya ko doko (Ram Thapa)
16. Aamaile sodhlin ni khoi chhora vanlin ( Jhalak Man Gandarba)
17. Tiriri murali bajyo banaima (Panna Kaji Shakya)
18. Ghas katne khurkera (Buddhi Krishna Lamichhane)
Social Studies Book 10 73
19. Nachyo maichyang (Shambhujeet Banskota, Meera Rana)
20. Asarai mahinama (Chujan Dukpa)
21. Siri ma siri (Narayan Gopal)
22. Saili ra maili poila gayechhan (Udit Narayan Jha, Madhu chhetri)
23. Jhyamma jhyamma (Nanda Krishna joshi)
24. Chyambo hai chyamba (Gopal Yanjan, Gyanu Rana)
25. Sasuralima (Badri Pageni, Sindhu Malla)
26. Bhaisi Ladyo(Daisy Baraili)
27. Galbandi chyatiyo(Prakash Suput, Shanti Shree Pariyar)
28. Taaha macha ganate (Newari)
29. Makhmali choli (Mira Rana)
30. Abiraya holi ( Juju Kaji Ranjt, Rachana G.C )
31. Om mane pembe hom (Buddhism)
32. Teej ko rahar (Nepali film-Kanyadan)
33. Aru kalo relko dhunwale (Lal Bahadure Khati)
34. Mal mal Kiri (Komal Oli)
35. Kati baschhau maitikai kausima (Ram Thapa)
36. Ukalima pani hajur (Tirtha Kumari, Suraj Thapa)
Word Meaning
• folk songs : a traditional song from a particular region
• fetching : bringing
• teej : a three-day-long Hindu festival, dedicated to Lord Shiva
• extinction : disappearance, destruction
Points to Remember
"" Folk Songs are popular in Nepal.
"" Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-religious country.
"" Altogether 123 languages or dialects are spoken in Nepal.
"" The people sing the songs at various festivals, occasions and ceremonies.
"" Thefolksongsspeaktheculture,tradition,customandlifestyleofthesingers’community.
"" Tamang Selo is sung by the Tamangs of Mid-hill region of Nepal.
"" Hori Song is sung in the Mithila Region of eastern terai of Nepal.
"" Palam Song song is sung by the Limbus of eastern Nepal.
74 Social Studies Book 10
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. What are folk songs?
b. Name the folk song sung in your community
c. Which song is sung at Dashain?
d. Where is Deuda song sung?
e. Which song is sung in Mithila region?
f. Who sing Palam song?
g. What does folk song reflect? Answer in a sentence.
h. In which community is Tamangselo popular?
i. Name one folk song popular in your province.
j. In which province is Hori Song popular?
2. Short answer questions
a. Folk songs represent the life of contemporary society. Justify the statement with
examples.
b. There is a dispute among the people whether to invite a folk singer or a foreign pop
singer in a programme organized in your community. Who do you like to invite? Why?
c. Write a folk song popularly sung in your community.
d. The folk songs of Nepal are in the state of decline. It is our urgent need to conserve and
promote them. Suggest some ways for this purpose.
e. What are the seasonal, regional and ethnic based folk songs of Nepal? Make a list of
them.
f. Folk songs promote the feeling of brotherhood, friendship, and understanding among
the people in the community. Discuss.
g. Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-religious country. Explain.
3. Community Work
Form separate group of five students each. Choose a popular folk song of your
community and organize a folk song competition in your class.
Social Studies Book 10 75
Lesson 3 Folk Musical Instruments
of Nepal
Our Musical Instruments
Folk musical instruments are our identity. They are played with folk song. These musical
instruments are related to different culture, place and people. They are played in different
festivals, ceremonies and rituals. Locally available resources are used to make them.
Madal
The Magars are believed to be first to use madal. It is made by making
a piece of log with hollow inside. Its both ends are covered with leather
skin and tightened with leather strings. It is played by both hands.
Sarangi
It is related to the Gandarvas of Nepal. It is generally made up of khiri
wood. Four wires are tightened joining the two ends. It is played by
rubbing a bow against the strings.
Murali and Bansuri
It is made up of Nigalo. It has a number of finger holes. They are played
by blowing air with our mouth and by placing fingers on the holes.
Other Folk Musical Instruments and Their Characteristics
Narsinga
It is also a member of Panchai Baja family. It is made of two copper
tubes and played by blowing air in it with mouth.
Damaha/Nagara
It is a member of Panchai Baja family. Its frame is made up of copper. It
is wrapped with leather and tightened with leather strings. It is played
with a stick called Gajo.
Tyamko:
It is a member of Panchai Baja family. It is smaller than Damaha or
Nagara. It is wrapped with skin leather. It is played with two sticks
called Gajos.
76 Social Studies Book 10
Sahanai
It is a member of Panchai Baja family. It is made up of metal and wood.
It has a number of finger holes and keys on it. It is placed between lips
and played blowing air into it.
Jhyali/Jhyamta/Jhurma
It is also a member of Panchai Baja family. It is made of bronze metal.
It consists of two metal pieces and is played hitting against each other.
Dholak
This instrument looks like a madal but it is bigger. It is made of wood
and wrapped with leather. Its sound is different from of madal.
Kahal
This instrument is made of a copper sheet. It is played blowing air into
it with mouth. It is played in the Gorakhkali temple of Gorkha and
Bhairabi temple of Nuwakot.
Khaijadi
It is made of wood. Either sides of it are covered with deer skin. It is
played holding with one hand beating by another hand.
Damphu
It is related to the Tamang community. It is circular in shape, made of
wood, and wrapped with skin leather.
Tugna
It is found in the Himalayan region. It is made of rhododendron wood
attaching four strings. It is about one meter long.
Yalambar
It is a Kirat community musical instrument. It is made of Bhalu Bans (big bamboo) with
knots on either end. It looks like a Dhungro in shape. It is named after the founder of the Kirat
dynasty, Yalambar.
Urmi
Dhimal people use it. It is made of about half a meter long wood
connected with a coconut shell. It is played by plucking the strings by
fingers.
Social Studies Book 10 77
Dhyangro
It is round in shape with a handle to hold it. It is tightly covered with
skin leather. It is played during rituals by Dhami and Jhankri. It is played
beating it with a curved stick, Gajo.
Hudko
It looks like a damaru. But it is bigger. It is played in the far-western
region of Nepal. On who plays it is called Hudke. It is mainly used at
the fair in Khaptad.
Binayo
Kirat people play this musical instrument. It is made of a piece of Nigalo
by connecting both ends with threads. It is held in mouth and played
by pulling the thread. It makes sound like that of a Murchunga.
Murchunga
It is made of iron. It produces sound like that of a Binayo. It is played
through mouth. It is a popular traditional musical instrument of the
Kirats.
Masak
It is similar to Sarangi. It is found in Bajhang. It is about a meter long
made of wood. It has a number of strings attached.
Dafali
It is made of jack fruit wood wrapping with the leather in one side. This
musical instrument is played western and mid western terai of Nepal.
Fasmuk
Popular musical instrument of the Limbus. It is made by combining
three pieces of bamboo together of different sizes and lengths. It
produces sound like that of different birds.
Dangmen
It is played in Sherpa community. It is made of eight woods and eight wires.
Kakuwayan
It looks like the flute. It is played in Jyapu community. It is made of
bamboo.
78 Social Studies Book 10
Aarbajo
It is the traditional musical instrument of Gandarbha people. Its head has a shape of human.
Gandarbhas honour it as their first teacher. It is their religious and guru musical instrument.
Aarbaja is considered as the male musical instrument where as sarangee is called the female
musical instrument.
Pung
Rai people of eastern Nepal play this musical instrument. It is made by
making a hole at one end of a horn of an ox. It is used during rituals.
Dakkari
It is used in the Mithila region of Nepal. It is made by connecting six wires with a wood.
Irlung Pipari
It is used by Kusunda community. It is played by blowing.
Shringanad
Sages play this instrument while performing Fheriduring Kartik-Mangsir. It is believed that
the sound coming out of this instrument drives away evils and ghosts from our house and
welcomes gods and goddesses in.
Ways to Preserve and Promote Folk Musical Instruments
Though folk songs are related to our social and cultural life, their use is declining day by day
in our society. We must not forget that they are our identity. Hence we must do the following
works to promote and preserve them.
"" organize folk music competitions at schools and colleges.
"" encourage the people to use them compulsorily in the social and cultural ceremonies.
"" broadcast the programmes related to them from the radio and television.
"" commercialize these musical instruments.
"" reward or give incentives to those people who work for their promotion.
"" play them with modern songs.
"" aware the youngsters about the importance of these musical instruments.
Word Meaning
• Gandarbhas : a community which belongs to the central hilly region of Nepal
• Jackfruit : a tropical fruit, Katahar
• Rhododendron : a shrub or small tree with large clusters of bell-shaped flowers
Social Studies Book 10 79
Points to Remember
"" Sarangi is a popular musical instrument of the Gandarvas of Nepal.
"" Dhyangro is played during rituals by Dhami and Jhankri.
"" Aarbajo is the traditional musical instrument of Gandarbha people.
"" There are many instruments in Panchai Baja family
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. What are musical instruments?
b. Name the musical instruments used by your community
c. Which musical instruments are used during weddings in your community?
d. Where is Sarangi popular?
e. Which instruments do you like to play? Give reason in one sentence.
f. Which community uses Damphu?
g. In which community is Irlung Pipari popular?
2. Short answer questions
a. Folk musical instruments represent our culture. Justify the statement with examples.
b. There is a growing trend among the teenage singers to use western musical instruments
like guitars, pianos, etc. while singing a folk song ? What harms and benefits do you see
in such practice?
c. What do you think we should do to preserve our musical instruments.
d. Make a list of all the musical instruments used while singing folk songs in your community.
e. The folk musical instruments of Nepal are slowly becoming extinct. It is our urgent need
to conserve and promote them. Suggest some ways for this purpose.
f. Nepal has unique pieces of folk musical instruments which are rarely found in other
cultures of the world. Explain.
g. What is Panchai Baja? List the musical instruments of Panchaibaja and explain any two
of them.
h. What do you understand by Naumati Baja? List the musical instruments of Naumati
Baja and write any two importance of it.
3. Community work
Visit a Lok Baja Museum in your community and prepare a report and present in the class.
80 Social Studies Book 10
4 Our Folk and
Classical Dances
Lesson
Song, musical instrument and dance are interrelated. A dance is incomplete without song and
music. Folk dances are also our traditional dances which are related to a particular group of
people, community, place and culture. It is normally performed with the accompaniment of
folk music. The people wear different costumes for
such dance according to the community they belong
to. Jhangad Dance, Maruni Dance, Kaura Dance,
Tamang Selo Dance, etc. are the examples of folk
dance. They have a long history in our society.
Classical dances are high standard dance which have
performed from ancient time and carries the story of
god or goddess in certain form or action. They have
been in practice since ancient times. These dances
need special training, instructions and costumes to Folk Dance
the dancers. They are mainly related to religion, gods
and goddesses. Some examples of classical dances areBhairabkali Dance, Manjushree Dance,
Pancha Buddha Dance,etc. These dances are losing their existence in our society these days.
Importance of Folk dance and Classical dance
a. They help in the conservation and promotion of fundamental cultures of the
country.
b. They help in the development of art and skill of the individuals.
c. They promote the physical and mental growth of the individuals.
d. They help in people’s socialization and promote ideal social relation.
e. The dancers may get chances of domestic and international visits.
f. They are recreational activities.
Some Folk and Classical Dances
Tamang Selo: It is associated with Tamang community. Both boys and girls take part in this
dance.
Chhokara Dance: This dance is performed in the far-western region of Nepal.
Khyali Dance: This dance is also called ‘Pangdure’ dance. It is performed with ‘Khyali’ song
by Thakalis, Magars and Gurungs.
Maruni Dance: This dance is popular among Magar community in eastern and mid-hills of
Nepal. Men dress up in women’s dress and dance.
Deuda Dance: It is popular in mid-western and far-western regions of Nepal. In this dance,
both males and females hold each other’s hands, make a circle and dance in a group moving
feet back and forth.
Social Studies Book 10 81
Chaulo Dance: This dance is performed in the hills of far-western region of Nepal.
DhanNach: This folk dance is performed in the Limbu community. In this dance, men and
women hold each other’s hand and dance singing Palams.
Madikhole Dance: This dance is mainly performed in the mid-western region of Nepal.
Phagu Dance: This dance is performed by using sticks during the Holi festival in the Central
and Eastern Terai.
Sorathi Dance: It is a popular folk dance of the Gurung community. In this dance, there will
be a man as Jaising Raja and 16 women as his queens.
Sakela (Chandi) Dance: This is a popular folk dance of the Rai community. It is performed
during the Udhauli and Ubhauli festivals. Chandi songs, Dholand Jhymata support this dance.
Singaru Dance: It is a popular folk dance practiced in the hills of the Mid-Western
Development Region.
Tarbare Dance: This dance is related to Gandarva people.
Bajrayogini Dance: This classical dance popular in the Kathmandu Valley. In this dance, there
are symbolic movements of hands and fingers beautifully timed with the body movements
and facial expressions.
Charitra Dance: This is a classical dance popular in Terai. It is performed depicting the
characters of legends.
JatJatin Dance: It is popular in Mithila region. It is based on the love story of Jat and Jatin.
This dance is performed to happy the rain god (Indra) during draught.
Charya Dance (Panch Buddha Dance): It is a classical dance, a ballet practiced in the
Kathmandu Valley. It is performed by acting like gods and goddesses.
Hanuman Dance: It is also a classical dance popular among the Newars of Baglung. In this
dance, the dancer disguises himself as Hanuman.
Pulkisi Dance: This dance is performed by The Newars of Kilagal Kathmandu. It is a symbolic
dance of white elephant.
Lakhey Dance: It is also a classical dance mostly popular in the Kathmandu Valley. It is
performed during the Indra Jatra and GaiJatra. The dancer wears a mask while performing
this dance.
Manjushree Dance: This is a classical dance found in the Kathmandu Valley. In this dance,
Manjushree prays to Lord Swayambhunath. It is performed by making typical moments of
hands and body.
Salahes Dance: This dance is performed by Dusadh and Musahar of eastern terai of Nepal.
Ways to Preserve and Promote Our Folk and Classical Dances
a. Organize folk and classical dance competition at schools and communities.
b. Provide enough space for them in print and electronic media.
c. Include them in the school curriculum from the junior classes.
d. Organize related programmes in the socio-cultural functions.
82 Social Studies Book 10
Word Meaning
• inherited : acquired, received
• accompaniment : supplement, done together
• classical : relating to ancient tradition or culture.
• recreational : something done for enjoyment
• symbolic : representing something else
Points to Remember
"" Song, musical instrument and dance are interrelated
"" The people wear different costumes for such dance according to the community they
belong to.
"" Folk dance and Classical dance promote our cultures.
"" Maruni Dance is popular among Chhetry and Bahun communities.
"" Madi khole Dance is mainly performed in the the mid-western region of Nepal.
"" -JatJatin Dance is popular in Mithila region.
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. What is a ‘classical dance? Name any one classical dance you know.
b. “Classical and Folk dances represent the place, culture and language of the society.”
Explain in one sentence.
c. Where is Charitra Dance popular?
d. Where is Madikhole Dance popular?
e. Name one dance popular among Limbu community.
f. Name one folk dance popular in your community.
2. Short answer questions
a. What is the importance of Folk dance and Classical dance? Explain.
b. What are Folk and Classical Dances? Explain any two each of them.
c. If you happen to meet a famous classical singer, what questions would you ask? Prepare
at least 4 such questions.
d. Interest of new generation is declining towards folk and classical music. State about four
reasons behind it.
e. How does Folk music represent the culture of a certain place and community? Explain.
f. Distinguish between folk and classical dance.
g. Our folk dances are on the verge of extinction. What steps should be taken to preserve
and promote them? Write a letter to the editor of a daily newspaper mentioning the steps
to be taken.
3. Community work
Identify the singer given at the side and write a paragraph about him.
Social Studies Book 10 83
5 Our National Days:
Our Pride
Lesson
National days are national festivals. These days mark the great achievements we have
had in the history or the invaluable contributions made by our forefathers for our nation,
nationality and people. We celebrate these festivals in the memory of the achievements or to
commemorate the contributions made in the history. The national days are the source of our
glory and identity.
National days should be celebrated by every citizen in the nation because they are equally
important for us all. The participation in such programmes make us know about our history,
civilization and the virtue of patriotism. However their celebration in Nepal is limited to
formality. Those days are declared public holidays in Nepal. The programmes are not organized
at schools, colleges and in the community level. Hence, the children, students and ordinary
citizens are deprived of learning about the significance of celebrating these festivals. It is
important to celebrate National Days, because it makes us familiar and proud of important
events, achievements and people in our history.
Some special days in Nepal are celebrated as the national days. They are described below in brief.
Martyr’s Day
Martyrs are those people who sacrificed their life for
the sake of democracy, human rights and justice in the
movements organized in our history. Martyr’s Day is
celebrated on 16th Magh every year. Shukraraj Sastri,
Dharmabhakta Mathema, Gangalal Shrestha and
Dasharath Chand have special place among the martyrs
in Nepal. They were executed by the Ranas for their
involvement in the anti-Rana movement. They became
martyrs during their struggle for the establishment
of democracy in Nepal. To honour the martyrs who
Martyr's Day
sacrificed their lives for the nation, nationality, people,
democracy and justice, the statues of martyrs are kept in many places including the Martyrs
'Gate in Kathmandu and Martyrs Park in Hetauda. The commemoration of the Martyrs
continues for a week in Kathmandu which is called "Shahid Saptaha". On Martyr’s Day,
many activities and programmes are organized at various levels throughout the country to
appreciate, honour and to pay homage to all the known and unknown martyrs all over Nepal.
All martyrs who were killed in the democratic movements from 2007 B.S to the second mass
movement 2062/063 are remembered and honoured on the 16th Magh. The real honour to
the martyrs will be only if we honour the family members of martyrs, get inspiration from
them to work for nation and nationality and fulfilling the dream of martyrs.
84 Social Studies Book 10
Democracy Day
Democracy Day is celebrated on 7th Falgun because the democracy was established in Nepal
by overthrowing autocratic Rana Rule on 7th Falgun 2007. This day is celebrated as the
national day in the memory of great historical achievement that sowed the seed of human
rights and freedom in Nepal.
Republic Day
We celebrate 15th Jestha every year as Republic Republic Day
Day. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly
I declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic
and ended monarchy on 15th Jestha 2065. This day
marks a great historical achievement in our history
because that day made Nepalese people sovereign.
Children’s Day
Nepal signed the protocol passed by the UN Children's Day
Convention on Child Rights on 14 September, 1990
(29 Bhadra). By signing on the protocol, Nepal
exhibited its commitment to ensure the rights of
children. In the memory of that day, we observe 29th
of Bhadra as the Children’s Day.
International Labour Day
May 1st is celebrated as the International Labour Day. International Labour Day
It is also called the ‘May Day’. It is observed to protect
the rights, interests and well-being of workers all over
the world. It instills the value of dignity of labour in all
of us. On this day, many programmes of awareness and
solidarity are organized by government, individuals,
organizations and trade unions.
Education Day
We celebrate Education Day on 8th September every year on the World Literacy Day. On this
day, the country rewards many persons, organizations and authorities who are contributing
in the field of education in the country. Various programmes are conducted on this day in
schools, universities and the ministry of education.
International Women’s Day
March 8th is observed as the ‘International Women’s Day’. It is
observed all over the world. This day is observed to commemorate
the struggle against the suppression of women and to mark the International Women's Day
Social Studies Book 10 85
day of attainment of women’s political rights. Many programmes are organized on this day to
aware the people about the women’s rights to education, work, property, family, freedom and
so on.
Constitution Day
Constituent Assembly II drafted new constitution on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS. It is the first
constitution drafted and promulgated by the people’s representatives in Nepal. Hence 3rd
Ashwin is celebrated as the constitution day every year.
Why constitution day (Asoj 3) is celebrated?
Constitution Day (Asoj3) is celebrated for following reasons:-
• To remember the day on which long-awaited constitution was promulgated.
• This constitution is written by people, promulgated by the president for the first
time in constitutional history of Nepal.
• This constitution has institutionalized republic, federalism, inclusive, secularism
and ended long reigning transitional period.
• To make people aware about the significance of this constitution in the present
context of Nepal.
• To help or pressurize government and stakeholder to implement it effectively.
• To pay fitting tribute towards all martyrs, veteran leaders, injured warriors,
revolutionary parties.
Word Meaning
• invaluable : important
• forefathers : ancestors
• commemorate : recall and show respect for (someone or something)
• patriotism : devoted love, support of one's country; national loyalty
• martyrs : a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs
• appreciate : recognize
• autocratic : a nation or state ruled by a single person
• kingship : a country ruled by kings
• promulgated : declared
• solidarity : show unity or agreement
• trade unions : an organized association of workers
• Protocol : rules of conduct, agreement, code
86 Social Studies Book 10
Points to Remember
"" National days are national festivals.
"" Martyrs are those people who sacrificed their life for the sake of their country.
"" We celebrate Democracy Day on 7th Falgun.
"" We celebrate 15th Jestha every year as Republic Day.
"" Constituent Assembly II drafted new constitution on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS.
"" May 1st is celebrated as the International Labour Day.
"" We celebrate Education Day on 8th September every year.
"" We observe March 8 as the ‘International Women’s Day’.
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. National days are national festivals. Explain in a sentence.
b. Who are Martyrs ? Write in a sentence.
c. When do we celebrate Democracy Day?
d. When do we celebrate Republic Day?
e. When do we celebrate the International Labour Day?
f. When do we celebrate Education Day?
g. Why do you think it is necessary to observe ‘International Women’s Day’? Write in one
sentence.
2. Short answer questions
a. “Children's rights should be secured both at home and school”. Present a short speech to
deliver in the morning assembly of your school.
b. Children’ Day is celebrated on 29th Bhadra since 2063 BS. But it is still organized in the
traditional way by giving speeches and distributing sweets to the children. What should
be done to make it more interesting and useful?
c. If you are given the responsibility of organizing the Children’s Day, how would you
organize it? Write your plans.
d. In what way should the National Days be celebrated? Write a letter to the editor of a daily
newspaper suggesting your ideas.
e. Republic Day is being celebrated in your school on 15 Jestha. A speech contest will be
held on this day on "Republic and Our Responsibilities" prepare a model of speech.
f. Make a poster reflecting any one national day with a suitable title and appropriate slogan.
g. Quite often traffic movements are obstructed while celebrating national days due to
rallies and processions, suggest how the national days should be celebrated without
disturbing the public life and the activities.
h. When is the Martyr’s Day observed? What programmes are conducted on this day?
3. Community work
You are celebrating this year's Children's Day in a very different way. Take help of your teacher
and write a request letter to a doctor in your nearby hospital or health centres to provide a
free health check up for your class. After the free health check up, prepare a report of health
condition of the students in your class.
Social Studies Book 10 87
6 International
Personalities
Lesson
The people who have been able to contribute for the whole world and are known to all for
their service to mankind are known as the international personalities. There are many such
personalities in the world. They are the sources of inspiration, knowledge, courage, devotion
and dedication for the people in the world. We should remember, respect and follow their
footprints. Brief introductions of two such international personalities are given below.
Kailash Satyarthi Kailash Satyarthi
Kailash Satyarthi was born on 11 January 1954 in
Vidisha, a small town in Madhya Pradesh, a state in India.
Even as a child he was a very compassionate person. He
noticed that some children did not go to school like he
did and instead worked under harsh conditions to earn
money. He was very sad about what he had seen one
day while going to his school. He was deeply moved by
the son of the cobbler, who had to work at such an early
age instead of going to school like him.
Even as a child he was moved by the plight of other children who were made to work by their
parents, and wanted to do something for them. He studied to become an electrical engineer
but this profession gave him no satisfaction. While in his mid twenties, he abandoned a
lucrative engineering career to work for the welfare of child laborers, many of whom were
forced to work by their parents while others were held as bonded laborers by business houses.
His works have so far led to the rescue of several thousands of child laborers who are provided
opportunities for rehabilitation. As child rights activist Satyarthi was honoured with Nobel
Peace Prize in 2014.
Contribution
In 1980, Kailash Satyarthi founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA) which literally means
Save Childhood Movement, an organization dedicated towards the eradication of child labor
and rehabilitation of the rescued former child workers. Child labor is a rampant problem
in India where millions of young children are engaged in various forms of work instead of
attending schools. Satyarthi has been working as a children’s rights activist from the past many
years and has liberated over 80,000 child laborers since 1980. Through this movement he was
able to create awareness about the widespread problem of bonded labor in India.
88 Social Studies Book 10
He started a journal called ‘The Struggle Shall Continue’ in 1980 in order to create awareness
about the problem of child labor. When he learned of a factory in which children were forcibly
kept and made to work, he decided it was time to take action.
He joined hands with a group of like-minded people and conducted raids on factories from
where he rescued several children and their parents who were held as bonded laborers. This
was a dangerous idea and he often got beaten up.
Appalled by the wide-spread nature of the problem he formed the Bachpan Bachao Andolan
(BBA), a movement dedicated towards eradication of human trafficking and bonded child
labor. Bachpan Bachao Andolan was the first organization of its kind in India which worked
to enlighten the society about the rampant evil of child labor and highlighted the importance
of rescuing these children and providing them the chance to live a normal and healthy life.
Satyarthi realized that the work did not end with the rescue; these children needed to
be rehabilitated so that they could live a normal life. Thus the Bal Ashram was formed in
Rajasthan where the newly-rescued children are taught basic skills.
In 1998, he led the Global march against child labor. The march was a grass root movement to
motivate individuals and organizations to do their bit in the fight against child labor. Several
international organizations supported this march. His efforts led to the adoption of ILO
Convention 182 on worst forms of child labour in 1999.
He is also the founding president of the Global Campaign for Education, an exemplar civil
society movement working to end the global education crisis and Good Weave International
for raising consumer awareness and positive action in the carpet industry.
Awards & Achievements
"" Kailash Satyarthi has been honored with several awards for his relentless
humanitarian work. He received the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award in
1995 in recognition of the significant contributions he had made to human rights
in India.
"" Satyarthi along with Pakistani teenage activist Malala Yousufzai won the 2014
Nobel Peace Prize "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young
people and for the right of all children to education".
"" On January 8, 2015, KailashSatyarthi dedicated his Nobel Peace Prize medal to
the nation (India). The medal, in 18 carats gold and weighing 196 grams, is kept at
Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's House) museum.
"" In addition he was awarded the “Humanitarian of the Year” Award by Harvard,
which he received in 2015. This makes him the first Indian to receive this honour.
Social Studies Book 10 89
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on 15th January 1929, Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a civil rights activist who
led non-violent protests to fight for the rights of the
African Americans. Segregation was both law and
custom in the South and other parts of America. He
hoped that America and the world could become
a colorblind society where race would not impact
a person's civil rights. He never backed down in
his stand against racism. He dedicated his life to
achieving equality and justice for all Americans Martin Luther King, Jr
of all colors. King believed that peaceful refusal to
obey unjust law was the best way to bring about social change. The civil rights movement was
concerned with the basics of dignity, respect, freedom, and equality.
When MLK Jr. was a little boy, it saddened him that he could not befriend people who were
not black. He knew in his heart that just because people may look different on the outside, the
contents of their hearts and their character is what makes a person valuable. Martin Luther
King Jr. saw a social problem, developed a dream, and eventually by taking action he changed
the United States as well as the world. He is highly respected still today as one of the most
well known social activists in the world.
King was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s success with non-violent activism. His trip to India
made him understand non-violent resistance better and he was convinced that that was the
way forward for achieving civil rights for American blacks. King was successful in achieving
his goals through civil disobedience and other such practices. This enhanced the stature of
non-violent methods of protest throughout the world.
Americans observe King's birthday, i.e. the third Monday of January as Martin Luther King,
Jr. Day. It was declared a national holidays by President Ronald Reagan.
Contribution
On December 1, 1955 an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up
her seat for a white person and was arrested due to the racial segregation laws. This led to
the Montgomery Bus Boycott which was led by Martin Luther King. The boycott lasted for
385 days. During this time King was arrested, his home was bombed and he was subjected to
personal abuse and threats. The protest ended on December 20, 1956 with the US Supreme
Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.
Inspired by the bus boycott, King, along with other civil rights activists, founded the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 to coordinate their efforts. King was the
president of SCLC which had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
In 1963, he organized the famous "March on Washington" with the demands to end
segregation in public schools, protection from police abuse, and to get laws passed that would
90 Social Studies Book 10
prevent discrimination in employment. Over 250,000 people attended this march in an effort
to show the importance of civil rights legislation. It was at this march where Martin gave his "I
Have a Dream" speech. This speech has become one of the most famous speeches in history.
The March on Washington was a great success. The Civil Rights Act was passed a year later in
1964. The movement brought him worldwide attention. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize.
Till the 1960s Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in US. Black citizen’s
faced discrimination both legally and culturally. In early 1963 King started a movement against
this which is known as the Birmingham Campaign. The movement ended with Connor losing
his job and the municipal government changing the city’s discriminatory laws.
In 1968, black sanitation workers in Memphis were protesting against their terrible working
conditions, discrimination, and low pay. It was obvious they felt discriminated when they
were sent home without pay while white workers stayed on the job. They started a strike on
February 12, 1968. Martin Luther King came to Memphis to speak and support the second
march of the sanitation workers. The strike lasted for 64 days and grew into one of the major
civil rights events. The strike finally ended on April 12, 1968, and the city of Memphis agreed
to the workers’ demands, even though more strikes had to be threatened to make them honor
the agreement.
Martin Luther King organized and led many marches for the voting right of blacks,
desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. His efforts bore fruit when the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act were passed and most of these rights were
enacted into law.
King's leadership in the civil-rights movement was challenged in the mid-1960s as others
grew more militant. His interests, however, widened from civil rights to include criticism of
the Vietnam War and a deeper concern over poverty. His plans for a Poor People's March to
Washington were interrupted (1968) for a trip to Memphis, Tennesse, in support of striking
sanitation workers. On Apr. 4, 1968, he was shot and killed as he stood on the balcony of the
Lorraine Motel (since 1991 a civil-rights museum).
Awards and Achievements
"" In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racial segregation in
publicly-owned facilities.
"" He received the Nobel Prize for Peace on December 10, 1964.
"" Martin Luther King Jr. led the bus boycott in 1955 that was sparked by Rosa Parks.
"" He helped form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 which was
an organization that worked for civil rights.
"" He was the leader of the entire civil rights movement in the 1960s that called for
working out conflicts with kindness and love as opposed to hate and violence.
"" He fought for and achieved mandatory equal voting rights in America for blacks and whites.
Social Studies Book 10 91
"" He led lunch counter sit-ins where he and other blacks and whites demanded equal
treatment in restaurants for people of all races.
"" His nonviolent peaceful demonstrations proved to the world that action without
violence can be effective and successful.
"" Because of him, it is no longer legal in the United States to segregate or discriminate
people based on skin color.
Word Meaning
• compassionate : kindhearted
• lucrative : well paid, profitable
• liberated : freed, rescued
• raids : searches
• rampant : widespread
• segregation : the action or state of setting someone or something apart from others
• colorblind : disregard any classifications, categorizations, or distinctions
based upon race
Points to Remember
"" Kailash Satyarthi studied to become an electrical engineer but he decided to work
"" In 1994, Kailash started an initiative called “Rugmark” (now known as GoodWeave
International). Rugs sold under the GoodWeave label are certified child-labor-free.
"" As child rights activist Satyarthi was honoured with Nobel Peace Prize in 2014.
"" Martin Luther King was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent activism.
"" The civil rights movement was concerned with the basics of dignity, respect,
freedom, and equality.
"" Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in employment and public
accommodations based on "race, color, religion, or national origin".
"" Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected the right to vote.
"" President Ronald Reagan declared Dr. King's birthday a national holiday.
"" Over 250,000 people attended the most famous speeches in history "I Have a
Dream".
"" On Apr. 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated.
92 Social Studies Book 10
Activities
1. Very short answer questions
a. Who is Kailash Satyarthi? Answer in a sentence.
b. When did he receive Nobel Prize?
c. Why was he awarded with Nobel Prize? Write in a sentence.
d. Write in a sentence the main work done by Bachpan Bachao Andolan.
e. When was the Global march against child labor launched?
f. Why did he give up the electrical engineer profession? Write in a sentence.
g. Write any one contribution of Satyarthi.
h. What was the civil rights movement concerned with? Answer in a sentence.
i. Who was Martin Luther inspired by?
j. When do the Americans celebrate national holiday?
k. When did the US Supreme Court declare segregation on public buses as unconstitutional?
l. Why did the black workers in Memphis launch a protest? Write in a sentence.
m. Why was Rosa Parks arrested?
n. When did Martin Luther receive Nobel Peace Prize?
2. Short answer questions
a. How did the fate of a cobbler's son move Satyarthi?
b. Child labor is a rampant problem is South Asia. Explain.
c. Make a list of all the works done by Satyarthi.
d. Prepare a short speech based on the biography of Satyarthi.
e. Name some social activists from your community and write the contribution made by
one of them.
f. Many children in your community do not go to school. Write a letter to the Education
Minister explaining why they need to be provided education.
g. The March on Washington was a great success. Explain.
h. Mention the contribution made by Martin Luther King for the rights of the black Americans.
i. List the awards and prizes won by Martin Luther King.
j. What is Montgomery Bus Boycott? Explain.
k. Mention some problems faced by the black Americans in America?
l. What similarities and difference do you find between KailashSatyarthi and Martin Luther?
m. What lessons can you learn from the lives of Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther King?
List any four lessons.
n. How can we show respect to Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther King?
3. Community work
Visit your community and find a person who has been working to end caste discrimination,
gender equality, child rights, or animal rights. Write a report on the contributions they have
made to the society?
Social Studies Book 10 93
7 Universal Brotherhood
Lesson
We find brotherhood in every aspect of our life. When we work with someone for a while, we
start to develop friendships and trust with them. For instance, if you look at your class, you
will see the students working together with mutual help and trust. Another place that you will
find brotherhood is in the families. In a family brotherhood is the strongest. Everyone in the
family possesses different opinion or views. However, they live, eat, sleep and work together
for the betterment of the family sharing similar interests, ideals, or experiences.
The earth is the common home of all 18th SAARC Summit
people in the world. The people are of
different nationality, race, occupation and
religion. They all have common goal of
life i.e the economic and social progress.
Peace, harmony, mutual respect and co-
ordination are must to achieve them. We
can enjoy these virtues only if we have the
feeling of togetherness. It is in fact universal
brotherhood.
The term Universal Brotherhood is understood as the human beings of the whole world living
together in a family. It develops the thought of equal rights, common interests, mutual affection
and responsive care. This is the true view of human solidarity. This would help to abolish
national wars, social outrages, and personal injustice. Its main aim is to secure peace and good-
will among the people of different nationalities, regions, races, religions, culture and class.
Universal Brotherhood helps to cultivate the feeling of tolerance, truth, peace and harmony.
Hence, the prime goal of universal brotherhood or sisterhood is to unite people of the world
regardless of their beliefs, nationalities, gender and economic status.
Need of Universal Brotherhood
The world is a global family and every individual is a member of this big family. A family can
only progress if the members have the feeling of harmony, cooperation, mutual help, respect
and understanding. Similarly, the world too can move ahead only when the nations work
hand in hand to solve the common problems. Furthermore, they should work together to
overcome any misunderstandings between/among the nations.
94 Social Studies Book 10
Some needs of the feeling of universal brotherhood are given below.
a. No country can progress if its citizens cannot enjoy universal human rights and
cannot live in peace and happiness. Universal brotherhood is only the key to
maintain world peace and harmony that ensures the all-round prosperity of every
individual.
b. The present world is facing the nuclear threat which can wipe out the whole human
race from this earth. This feeling can save the world from possible risks.
c. One nation's problems can no longer be satisfactorily solved by itself alone. It can
only overcome its domestic problems by taking the necessary support from other
countries. It is possible only if they have the feeling of universal brotherhood.
d. As a result of rapid technological advances and international trade as well as
increasing trans-national relations, the people of the world have been close to each
other. Moreover, people are interdependent and closely interconnected with each
other.
e. It helps the world to combat the existing global problems like international disputes,
human trafficking, drug abuse, terrorism, climate change, food crisis, etc.
f. The global population is increasing, and our resources are being rapidly depleted.
No one knows exactly what adverse effects these problems will have on entire
human family. Hence, the nations should work together to save the world from
future disasters.
Ways of Promoting Universal Brotherhood?
The present world witnesses various conflicts and wars. There is lack of mutual trust and
feeling of oneness. However the feeling of brotherhood is must among the people of world
community. The following things will help in promoting universal brotherhood.
a. Though people in the world belong to different race, colour, class and nation, they
all need peace and harmony for their progress and prosperity. Hence, everyone
should join to work for the common goal.
b. Everyone should discard the feeling of superiority and inferiority. They must think
that everyone is born equal and are the equal members of the global family.
c. The countries of the world are the equal members of the global family. They should respect
each other's independence and sovereignty. They should believe on peaceful co-existence
and noninterference in other's internal matter.
d. The world is facing problems like terrorism, environmental crisis, human trafficking,
unemployment, food shortage, diseases, etc. Building similar opinion regarding these
problems will obviously bring the nations together and help in promoting the feeling of
universal brotherhood.
Social Studies Book 10 95
e. The nations should promote international trade, sports, tourism, foreign employment,
cultural exchange programs, etc. that will bring the people from different parts of the world
together. Eventually it will develop the feeling of oneness.
f. Each countries of the world should respect the basic human rights and should work together
to promote it in their countries.
g. The countries should form and join different regional and international organizations that
work for the global welfare.
Universal Brotherhood and Nepal
Nepal is a member of non-aligned movement. It does not believe in war and conflict. It keeps all
the countries of the world at equal distance and behaves them. It always wants to be known as an
independent and sovereign country of the South Asia. So it respects the right of each countries for their
peaceful co-existence. The world can learn about the feeling of brotherhood from Nepal and Nepalese
people. Though it is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual country, it has
equally treated all these groups. They all feel equally honoured in the country. The people too respect
other people’s identity. Religious and cultural tolerance has been an example to the world community.
Nepal proudly welcomes the people of all parts of the world to enjoy its scenic and social beauty.
We must not forget Late King Birendra who proposed to declare Nepal a peace zone in the General
Assembly of the UNO. It also had given a message to the world about the need of co-operation, mutual
help, respect and fraternity. Similarly, this small and economically backward country has been known
in the world because of its foreign policy based on the principles of Panchasheel. Since it believes in
world fraternity, it has established very good diplomatic relation with many countries of the world. We
can proudly say that Nepal has played a crucial role to promote the feeling of universal brotherhood
in the world.
Points to Remember
"" Universal Brotherhood is understood as the human beings of the whole world
living together in a family.
"" Main aim of universal brotherhood is to secure peace and good-will among the
people of different nationalities, regions, races, religion, culture and class.
"" Universal brotherhood is only the key to maintain world peace and harmony.
"" The feeling of universal brotherhood helps the world to combat the existing global
problems.
"" Nepal is a member of non-aligned movement.
"" Late King Birendra proposed to declare Nepal a peace zone in the General
Assembly of the UNO.
96 Social Studies Book 10
Word Meaning
• Aspect : part
• Trust : belief
• Outrage : anger/ annoyance
• Non-aligned : be free from the groups
Activities
1. Short answer questions
a. How has the world been a global village? Explain.
b. What is universal brotherhood? Explain.
c. How does the feeling of universal brotherhood help to maintain world peace and
harmony?
d. The world can learn a lot of things from Nepal in regard to mutual harmony, trust
and friendship. Explain with relevant examples.
e. What are the necessary things to think about to maintain universal brotherhood?
f. Why is universal brotherhood necessary? Explain.
g. If you were the executive head of Nepal, what would you do to maintain Nepal’s
good relation with other countries?
h. What benefits can Nepal get if it maintains a good relation with the countries of
the world? Make a list of them.
i. Make a list of four slogans that maintain universal brotherhood.
2. Community Work
Discuss with some people of your community about the social, cultural, economic and
lingual diversities existing there. And prepare an article on ‘Tolerance and Harmony in
my Community’.
Social Studies Book 10 97
Lesson 8 Responsibilities towards
Senior Citizens
Introduction
Ageing is a natural phenomenon and an inevitable
process. Every living being is born, develops, grows
old and dies. Ageing is a process of gradual change in
physical appearance and such a mystery that is still not
clearly defined even by the science. As the birth is an
event and the pregnancy a process of it, old age is an
event and ageing is its process. As soon as a man is born,
ageing starts. This process continues forward by every
second, day, week, month and year. Different countries Old age home, Pasupati
of the world term a man as an old after crossing certain age depending on prevailing socio-
cultural norms and values. Almost all countries have declared the age above sixty years as
old age while it is sixty-five in Nepal. Besides, wrinkled face, grey hair, loosed teeth, weak
condition of sense are other characteristics feature of old age.
The tag senior citizen is generally given to a person who is between 58 and 65 years of age and
has retired from active service. This age band fixed for retirement was based on the old system
followed decades ago when longevity was lower than 60 years. With the advance in medical
sciences and health supporting systems, longevity now goes up to 75. Perhaps, the retirement
age needs revision to make use of the services of experienced people for some more time in
the interest of national development.
Reasons to Respect Senior Citizens
Ageing is a part of life and no one can escape this transition. A child grows into an adult
and with every passing day, age takes a toll on each one of us. It takes many years to earn the
kind of experience an elderly person has accumulated over his life span. Therefore we can
say that our elders are similar to a guide who can steer us through the tough journey of life,
successfully. For this and plenty of other reasons, our elders command our respect. Some
reasons to respect them are listed below.
a. We can learn lessons from their experiences.
b. They can help us promote a cultured social setup.
c. They are transmitters of moral values.
d. We all are bound to experience old age.
e. We can seek the blessings of the elders.
f. They are carriers of culture and tradition.
g. Serving the senior citizens inculcates a sense of gratefulness.
h. They are the great help in framing country’s policies.
i. It is our moral duty to look after the senior citizens.
98 Social Studies Book 10
Senior Citizens in Nepal
There is no escaping the age issue. The life expectancy of an average Nepali rose from 27 years
in 1954 to 67 years in 2014. In fact, the past few decades have seen unprecedented growth
in the elderly population and dependency rates. Some reasons behind the increase in their
population are accessible and affordable medical care, widespread health care education and
improvement in dietary habits and lifestyle. The traditional Nepali culture of living as a joint
or extended family has been instrumental in the welfare of the elderly. However, as young
adults in families migrate from the villages to the cities, and from cities to developed countries,
the elderly suffer from inactivity and malnutrition, often leading to a deterioration of their
physical and emotional health. The lack of medical insurance policy, lack of awareness about
the growing demand for a geriatrics workforce, political turmoil and inadequate government
intervention are some obstacles to work for the welfare of elderly people in our country.
Policies Adopted in Nepal for Senior Citizens
Senior citizen Act of Nepal has made the following provisions for the welfare of senior citizen
in Nepal.
a. Each member of the family is responsible to take care and feed the senior citizens
according to their economic status.
b. The senior citizens can live with any desired member of the family, unless desired
one is living separately taking their parental property.
c. Senior citizens must not be kept alone or away from the family against their will.
d. If the economic condition of the person who is taking care of the senior member
of the family is not good, other members, though they are living separately, should
provide financial support to the senior members.
e. One who owns or uses the movable or immovable property of the senior citizen
must keep them with.
Moreover the following works are done in Nepal for the welfare and respect of senior citizens
in Nepal.
a. The acts ensure health care rights and subsidized treatment to senior citizens.
b. The formulation of Senior Citizens Treatment Guidelines (2061 BS) and the
establishment of Senior Citizens Health Facilities Fund ensure discounted medicine
and treatment fees to the elderly poor in each district.
c. Old age homes such as Pashupati Briddhashram and Devghat have been serving
impoverished elderly citizens.
d. Government has allowed some charity organizations to work for the improvement
of elderly care, although their services are fragmented.
e. The government has been providing Rs 2000 per month as the allowance to elderly
people to support for their livelihood.
f. The government has made the provision of discount in public vehicles along
reservation of seats for them.
g. The rights of senior citizens and our responsibilities towards them have been
included in the school curriculum so as to cultivate the feeling of respect among the
young generation to them.
Social Studies Book 10 99
Word Meaning
• inevitable : something that cannot be avoided
• transition : shift
• accumulated : collected or gathered
• geriatric : elderly
Points to Remember
"" Ageing is a natural phenomenon and an inevitable process.
"" We can learn lessons from the experiences of the senior citizens.
"" Senior citizens are carriers of culture and tradition.
"" The country must work for the welfare of senior citizen in Nepal.
"" The government has been providing Rs 2000 per month as the allowance to elderly
people to support for their livelihood.
Activities
1. Short answer questions.
a. Who are senior citizens? Why are they given this tag? Justify.
b. Senior citizens are the greatest asset of our society. Justify this statement with
suitable reasons.
c. What do the old people expect from the family, society and the nation?
d. Why should we respect the senior citizens?
e. What works have been done in Nepal for the respect of senior citizens?
f. If you were a minister of Nepal, what policies would you make for the comfort
and respect of senior citizens in Nepal?
g. Are you satisfied with the present day work done in Nepal for the respect and
security of senior citizens? Why? Why not?
h. The government has been providing Rs 2000 per month as the allowance to
elderly people to support for their livelihood. Do you think this system is good
for the welfare of these people?
2. Community Work
Meet the elderly people in your community and talk about the facilities they are getting
in the country. Also ask if they are satisfied with it. Now write a magazine article on
‘What Elderly People Want’.
100 Social Studies Book 10
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Shubharambha Social studies-10, 2078
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