Shubharambha Social studies-10, 2078

10. World Food Programme (WFP)

WFP focuses on preventing hunger and improving nutrition
for the most vulnerable and providing humanitarian response
and preparation for increased environmental disasters.  It has
its regional offices in Damak, Nepalgunj and Dadeldhura.
WFP’s ultimate goal in Nepal is to break the cycle of poverty
and hunger. During Nepal’s post-conflict transition, WFP’s
focus is to:

a. prevent acute hunger and meet emergency food and World Food Programme
nutrition needs

b. empower hundreds of thousands of families through
food- and cash-for-work to build assets that will improve long-term food security

c. Support the government and partners to develop and implement effective food
security and nutrition strategies.

11. World Health Programme

World Health Programme conducts several activities in Nepal coordinating with the Ministry of
Health. It provides technical aid in health sector. It also supports for research regarding treatment.
It works for the promotion of health service and reproductive health.

Points to Remember:

"" Many UN Agencies are working in Nepal.
"" UNO is involved in various fields: agriculture, communication, health, education,

finance, environment, development, etc.
"" UN programmes are funded by the economic support of the member countries.
"" UN activities are primarily focused on international peace, social and economic

development.
"" IFAD financed projects in Nepal work for poverty alleviation.
"" World Food Programme has its regional offices in Damak, Nepalgunj and

Dadeldhura.

Social Studies Book 10 401

Word Meaning

• Leveraging : controlling
• Spectrum : range of radio frequencies
• Approach : method
• Ceasefire : truce, suspension of hostility
• Demining : removing mine
• Explosives : hazardous, volatile
• Hybrid : cross, mixture, combination
• Accelerate : gear up

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. Write the full forms of:
b. UNICEF, IFAD, ILO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNV, WFP, WHP
c. What does ILO do in Nepal?
d. When did UNICEF begin to work in Nepal?
e. When did Nepal get the membership of IFAD?
f. What is the main function of UNFPA?
g. How does WFP help Nepal?

3. Short answer questions

a. Write down the works carried out by UN agencies in Nepal.
b. What are the sources of fund for various UN activities? What activities does the

UN conduct?
c. Make a list of the activities of United Nations Development Programme.
d. Discuss the relevance of United Nations Settlement Programme.
e. What do you think should be done to make the services of World Food

Programme in Nepal? Discuss.
f. How can we make the work of International Fund for Agriculture Development

more effective in Nepal?
g. We are in need of effective role of UN Women in Nepal. Discuss.

3. Community Work

a. Visit a project run by the UNO in Nepal. Collect information how it has been carried
out and prepare a report about the project.

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Lesson 5 Contemporary Global Issues and
their Impacts on Human Life

The 21st century is characterized by changes in economies and new technologies. Issues related
to health, economics, security and environment are universal. Nations and peoples across the
globe are interconnected through trade, alliances, treaties and international organizations.
Participation in these activities has increased the inter connectedness of nations. Advances
in communication technology have profound effects on the ability of governments, interest
groups, individuals and the media to share information across national and cultural borders.
Similarly, an increasingly global society faces the interdependency of ecological, social and
economic systems. The functioning of these systems determines the condition of natural and
human communities at local, regional, national and global levels. Individuals, groups and
the nations have the capacity to engage with others to impact global issues. Effective civic
participation helps to evaluate world events, engage in deliberative civil debate and work to
influence public policy. Some of the contemporary global issues are described below.

a. Sustainable Development

The developmental activities that are carried out without disturbing the ecology and
environment so that our future generations too can use the available natural resources
come under sustainable development. The term sustainable development was first used in
1980 by the World Conservation Strategy. It defined sustainable development as ‘a path for
human progress that has the capacity to continue in the long term.’ The report of Brundtland
Commission states sustainable development as ‘economic and social development that meets
the needs of the current generation without undermining the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs’. Its main aim is to conserve the earth and the resources available
here. The head of the states of the world countries met in 2015 to discuss about this issue
and decided democracy, good governance and rule of law as the criteria of the sustainable
development. Sustainable development meets human development goals maintaining the
ability of nature on which economy and society depend. It ensures environmental protection
and proper use of means and resources. The goal of sustainable development is the long-term
stability of the economy and environment. This is only achievable through the integration
and acknowledgement of economic, environmental, and social concerns throughout the
decision making process.

b. Disarmament

Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Armament generally
refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean
total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear arms. General and complete
disarmament was defined by the United Nations General Assembly as the elimination of all

Social Studies Book 10 403

weapons of mass destruction. The view of disarmament was taken into consideration taking
into account of the need of all countries to protect their security. The relationship between
disarmament and development is manifested in different ways in different situations,
dependent on the security and development priorities and conditions in each specific
country or region. The excessive production and unnecessary use of arms and ammunition
is a threat to human rights and global harmony. If the world is able to do disarmament, the
expenditure withdrawn from military and defense budgets will be automatically transferred to
financial development programmes. Similarly, the disarmament helps to foster development
supporting progress towards a more peaceful and secure world for all its inhabitants. It is
estimated that a large number of weapons are legally or illegally traded in the world. The
increasing use of the weapons has created insecurity and terror in the world.

c. Terrorism

Terrorism is the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear,
in order to achieve a political, religious or ideological aim. It is a violent crime. In modern times,
terrorism is considered a major threat to society and therefore illegal under anti-terrorism
laws in most jurisdictions. It is also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used
to target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutral military personnel, or enemy prisoners
of war. Sometimes, the group of political organizations practises terrorism to achieve their
objectives. Terrorists perform unauthorized use of violence. They create fear in the name of
religious, political or ideological goals. Terrorists come from all backgrounds and are focused
on different causes. The incidents that took place in New York of America and Paris of France
can be taken as terrorist activities. Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. are facing this problem a lot. A
large number of the people in the world are killed because of this global problem everywhere.
The UNO has made the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy to enhance the efforts of the
international community to counter terrorism along four pillars:

"" Addressing conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism;
"" Preventing and combating terrorism;
"" Building Member States’ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen

the role of the United Nations system in this regard;
"" Ensuring the respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental

basis for countering terrorism.

d. Landmine

A landmine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy
or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over
or near it. Such a device is typically exploded automatically by way of pressure when a target
steps on it or drives over it, although other explosion mechanisms are also sometimes used. A
landmine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast,
or by both.

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The use of landmines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons.
They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming the economy
and civilians. Even the innocent people and animals are often killed by the explosion of
landmines. With pressure from a number of campaign groups organized through
the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a global movement to prohibit their use led
to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer
of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the Ottawa Treaty.

Landmines continue to kill or injure at least 4,300 people every year, even decades after the
ends of the conflicts for which they were placed.

e. Population Growth

Rapid population growth has been one of the challenges of the present world. Global human
population growth amounts to around 75 million annually or 1.1% per year. The developed
countries have been able to limit the population growth. However, it is increasing rapidly in an
uncontrolled rate in the countries of Asia and Africa. But in the global scene, the population
above ten years is higher because of the decreasing reproductive rate. The surveys show that
64% of the elderly people of the world live in less developed countries. The population of
elderly people is least in Europe and highest in Asia. The General Assembly of the UNO in
1982 made a 62 point declaration about elderly people. It states that old age is not a problem
but it is the subject of social security. The government of Nepal too has made provision of
providing allowances to elderly people. With the growing sense of consciousness, the elderly
people are getting better care and facilities. Their population is increasing these days. Some
reasons behind the increase in their population are accessible and affordable medical care,
widespread health care education and improvement in nutritional habits and lifestyle. Rapid
population growth has proved to be disadvantageous to the ecology and environment. Over
population is a chief cause of global warming and other forms of environmental degradation.

f. Atomic Energy

The production and use of atomic energy has been a complex problem in the present world.
We often hear the disputes in international level regarding production and use of atomic
energy. Iran and North Korea mainly involve in this business. We can take the atom bomb
dropped in Japan in 1945 as the evidence of how destructive atomic energy can be. It caused
the destruction of life and property. To combat the negative consequences of atomic energy
on human life, the General Assembly of the UNO has established Commission for Atomic
Energy. It aims to promote and accelerate the contribution atomic energy makes to peace,
health and prosperity throughout the world.  The competition among the countries to
produce and use atomic power results in international wars and conflicts. They are never good
for human kind. The nuclear power is advantageous too if it is rightly used. The generation of
electricity through nuclear energy reduces the amount of energy generated from fossils fuels.
Hence, the production of greenhouse gases can also be minimized. Another advantage is the
required amount of fuel i.e. less fuel offers more energy.

Social Studies Book 10 405

g. Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any
other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs.
Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in
air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating,
drinking or breathing something that contains a germ.
Germs can also spread through animal and insect
bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper  hand
washing and medicines can help prevent infections. These EBOLA Virus

days, some vulnerable diseases are being noticed and spreading as epidemics. Ebola, AIDS,
sars virus, mers virus, swine flu, zika virus, scaleless anemia, etc. have been the complex social
problem. Jika virus first appeared in Brazil and now has spread over 42 countries in the world.
These diseases have adverse effects in the life of the people worldwide.

h. Climate Change

It is one of the complex problems of the present world. This problem is increasing because
of the human activities at present. It adversely affects human life and bio-diversity. People
around the world are beginning to address the problem by reducing their carbon footprint
through less consumption and better technology. The effects of climate change are profound
and far-reaching. We should learn that we cannot separate the economy from the ecological
systems that support it. For instance, climate change, perhaps the greatest challenge and
threat humanity has ever faced, has been left largely unchecked by world leaders. Nepal is also
heavily vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Recent records show an increasing
number of droughts, floods, hailstorms, landslides and crop diseases, mostly affecting the
livelihoods of the poor. Nepal is located on the edge of a tectonic plate and is subject to high
earthquake risks, particularly in the Kathmandu valley.

i. Corona Virus

The 2019 novel corona virus is now named severe acute Corona Virus
respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) while
the disease associated with it is referred to as COVID-19.
Corona viruses are viruses that circulate among animals but
some of them are also known to affect humans. After they
have infected animals, they can eventually be transmitted to
humans. SARS-CoV-2, was identified in China at the end
of 2019 and is a new strain of corona virus that has not been
previously identified in humans.

What are coronavirus infections?

Corona viruses are a group of common viruses. They are named for the crown-like spikes on
the surface of the virus. Some corona viruses only affect animals, but others can also affect

406 Social Studies Book 10

humans. Most people get infected with human corona viruses at some time in their life. They
usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory infections, like the common cold. But they
can also cause more severe illnesses such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
There are several different types of human corona viruses, including corona virus disease
2019 (COVID-19) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona viruses.

How are corona virus infections spread?

Human corona viruses usually spread from an infected person to others through
• The air by coughing and sneezing
• Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands
• Touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth, nose, or
eyes before washing your hands.
Who is at risk for corona virus infections?
Anyone can get a corona virus infection, but young children are most likely to get infected.
What are the symptoms of corona virus infections?
The symptoms depend on the type of corona virus and how serious the infection is. If you have
a mild to moderate upper-respiratory infection such as the common cold, your symptoms
may include
• Runny nose • Headache
• Cough • Sore throat
• Fever • Not feeling well overall
Some corona viruses can cause severe symptoms. The infections may turn into bronchitis and
pneumonia, which cause symptoms such as
• Fever, which may be quite high if you have pneumonia
• Cough with mucus
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or tightness when you breathe and cough
Severe infections are more common in people with heart or lung diseases, people with
weakened immune systems, infants, and older adults.

What are the treatments for corona virus infections?

There are no specific treatments for corona virus infections. Most people will get better on
their own. However, you can relieve your symptoms by
• Taking over-the-counter medicines for pain, fever, and cough. However, do not give

aspirin to children. And do not give cough medicine to children under four.
• Using a room humidifier or taking a hot shower to help ease a sore throat and cough
• Getting plenty of rest
• Drinking fluids

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Can corona virus infections be prevented?

Right now, there aren't any vaccines to prevent human corona virus infections. But you may
able to reduce your risk of getting or spreading an infection by
• Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are

not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
• Avoiding touching your face, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands
• Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
• Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that you frequently touch
• Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue. Then throw away the tissue and wash your

hands.
• Staying home when sick.

As of May 17, 2021

• Death toll = 33,93,600
• Confirmed cases = 16,37,27,792
• Recovered cases = 14,22,05,182
• Infected country= Almost every country

Sources: WHO

Cases of Nepal As of Jestha 10, 2078

• Death toll = 5215
• Confirmed cases = 4,64,218
• Recovered cases = 3,45,523
• Infected districts = 77

Sources: Ministry of Health and Population



Word Meaning

• Treaties : agreements
• Weaponry : arms
• Interdependency : depending on one another
• Depletion : reduction
• Unpredictable : difficult to guess
• Counter : fight against

408 Social Studies Book 10

Points to Remember:

"" The 21st century is characterized by changes in economies and new technologies.
"" Nepal is also heavily vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters.
"" Human overpopulation is among the most pressing environmental issues.
"" Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons.
"" Terrorism is the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror

or fear, in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim.
"" A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to

destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they
pass over or near it.
"" Iran and North Korea mainly involve in production and use of atomic energy.

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What is sustainable development?
b. What is disarmament?
c. Why is terrorism a global problem? Write in a sentence.
d. Who use landmines?
e. Write an advantage of the use of nuclear energy.
f. What is Ebola virus?

2. Short answer questions

a. What do you mean by contemporary global issues? Make a list of some of them.
b. Write a letter to the Secretary General of the UNO requesting him to take needy

measures for the disarmament in the world.
c. How can terrorism be ended in the world? Make a list of some measures.
d. Construct a dialogue about the negative impacts of the use of land mines to

human community.
e. What are the causes of population growth?
f. Is it good to produce and use atomic energy? Why/ Why not? Present your logics.
g. Mention some problems caused by population increase.
h. What are the impacts of climate change in Nepal?

Community work

Go around your village or town or city to observe the condition of green vegetation or forests.
Is the number of trees increasing or decreasing? Why do you think this happened? How can
we protect forest? Prepare a short report including the information you collected.

Social Studies Book 10 409

Lesson 6 Concept of Localization and
Globalization

Localization

Localization is the process of adapting a global product for a particular language and country.
It includes translations and other conversion, and takes into account local practices and
culture, providing a product, which is comfortable to use in the target country.
Localization gives outmost priority to a particular place. It concentrates on the promotion of
local art, culture, tradition, civilization and other social norms and values. It puts forward the
opinion to give much priority to the ideas, will and aspiration of the local people. It aims to
develop the target place enhancing the access to the local people to the modern information
technology. Globalization promotes the free movement of goods and services between
communities or countries. On the other hand, localization emphasizes on promoting local
businesses and being more self-dependent. The terms globalization and localizations are used
in many fields. The usage of these words may implement differently in all these fields, but
still the basic concept of both localization and globalization remains the same. Globalization
is all about spreading, without any boundaries. It promotes the interdependence between
communities or countries for various products and services. On the other hand, localization
is about refraining in many different contexts. The words are commonly used in economics.
Therefore, it is best to understand them in context to economics.
Localization usually refers to the translation of text to the local language, so localization can be
seen as a subset of globalization. Localization is often advocated for its idea of self-sufficiency.
Localization is often advocated for its advantages like it puts production under democratic
control. Local producers and suppliers feel much more confident. Most often, it has been
cleared that localization does not mean shutting the doors for outside world. However, it
is about nurturing locally owned business by using and promoting local resources. The
government of countries takes decisions on these types of issues at national levels, thinking
what would be better for the future of the economy of their country. The word localization
also refers to the process in which a product or service is customized to suit the local needs.
Federalism is based on the concept of localization. Federalism aims to increase the people’s
participation in development of their place, carry out services to the local area, economic
development of local area and promotion of local art, culture and language. Localization
helps to bring unity in diversity through the promotion of fundamental identities of the place
and people.

Advantages of Localization

a. The place where an industry is localized gains reputation. The articles bearing the
name of that location find wide markets and enhance the reputation of the place.

410 Social Studies Book 10

b. Economic localization leads to the development of specific facilities like bank,
transportation, communication, establishment of insurance companies, etc. in the place.

c. Easy availability of raw materials, labour, power and other resources help to reduce
cost of production. Lower costs help industries to reduce prices and increase profits.

d. Localization of one industry attracts subsidiary industries to that region. Many
small scale units grow to serve the large scale units and use the waste or by-products
of big industry.

e. Commerce and trade make progress in the region where industries are localized.
f. Localization in a region offers several work opportunities to the people that

facilitates better utilization of local talent and their resources.

Disadvantages of Localization

a. Localization increases the problem of environmental pollution in a place. Hence,
people living in these areas suffer from various diseases and their health declines.

b. It makes rapid economic progress of the place. Other regions of the country may
remain economically backward. Lack of balanced regional development causes
social and political instability in the country.

c. Strikes and other forms of industrial unrest are quite common in industrial belts. It
may affect the peace and tranquility of the place.

d. It increases the dependence on other places for particular production. Such
dependence is dangerous in the event of war, a misery, or a natural disaster since the
supplies of the articles will be disturbed.

Globalization

Globalization  is the process of making, transformation of some things into global ones. It can
be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and
function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural
and political forces.

Globalization is very often used to refer to economic globalization. In today's globalized
world, goods and services produced in one country are made available in other parts of the
world without being constrained by national boundaries and national policies.  In general,
globalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through
education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity
but also as part of the world as a whole. Globalization is said to bring people of all nations
closer together, especially through a common medium like the economy or the internet. That
is why prof. Alfred Radcliffe Brown defines it as "a word without border."

Globalization is the process by which the economies of countries around the world become
increasingly integrated over time. This integration occurs as technological advances
accelerate the trade of goods and services, the flow of capital and the migration of people
across international borders. In other words, globalization refers to how a business enterprise

Social Studies Book 10 411

provides its goods and services in many countries of the world. The concept of globalization
is not new. It is supposed to have started in the 20th century. It much influenced the world after
the end of cold war in 1990s. The concepts of democratization, privatization, human rights,
liberty and development of markets emerged slowly in the developing countries. Finally, these
countries were influenced by the economic policy followed by the western countries. Foreign
aids and grants, development of information technology, multi-national companies, activities
of international organizations, tourism, concept of human rights, politics, diplomacy, etc.
have crucial role in the process of globalization.

Reasons of Globalization

There has been an increasing trend in the world towards globalization. The major trends of
globalization are given below.

"" Increased trade across national boundaries
"" One company having subsidiary companies and plants in many countries
"" One company obtaining materials from multiple countries
"" One company selling its products in many different countries.
"" Growth of joint ventures and technical collaborations between companies from

different countries.
"" Lowering of trade barriers and simplified import and export procedures.
"" Development of information technology.

Advantages of Globalization

Globalization gives companies access to wider markets and consumers access to a greater
variety of goods and services. It is a common term for processes of international integration
arising from increasing human connectivity and interchange of world views, products,
ideas, and other aspects of culture. Globalization offers many advantages to the people and
businesses. These include:

a. It creates greater employment opportunities for people.
b. People get more goods and services for a cheaper price. 
c. It makes availability of greater variety of goods and services to the consumers.
d. It minimizes the cost of production for companies.
e. It provides access to bigger markets to business firms.
f. It helps spread new technologies across the world faster and wider speed.
g. It helps in the development of infrastructures of Third World Countries.
h. It has made the people in the world increasingly aware of their rights and freedom

that has resulted in democratization of societies.

Disadvantages of Globalization

Without a doubt, globalization has had a number of positive effects on nations and businesses
around the world. Yet it also has some disadvantages. They are listed below.

412 Social Studies Book 10

a. Unrestricted globalization can hamper the development of less developed countries.
b. Smaller firms may lack the resources to compete in the international market.
c. Countries become increasingly dependent on other countries for meeting their

needs for goods and services.
d. Globalization may also lead to faster spread of infectious disease, for people, animals

and plants.
e. The people and countries may lose their cultural identities.
f. It has increased inequality and environmental degradation.

Globalization and Nepal

Globalization has greatly affected the traditional way of doing business in Nepal. In the
beginning, Nepal was not prepared for it. Nepal has practiced controlled economy and
businesses in the past. Nepal had never competed in the global market before. Most of Nepal’s
enterprises had a limited capacity, operating with low levels of technology. After 1990’s, the
country began to realize the need to meet the challenges of global competition. Now Nepal
has realized the vast opportunity it can gain in the global market. But the country is still trying
to keep its pace with modern technology and the process of globalization.

Globalization can bring many benefits to a landlocked country like Nepal. It can increase the
chances of exchange of goods, people, knowledge and ideas. This could profit Nepal in terms
of prosperity, freedom, plurality and life chances. Unfortunately, like many countries in the
world, Nepal has to pay high price for globalization of trade and business.

However, there are products such as carpets, pashminas, handicrafts, herbal products, tourism,
where no one else can compete with us. These are the areas where we have the prospect for
global business and trade. Although our internal market is small, we can have access to huge
South Asian Market where we can sell our products. But it is important to know that Nepal
should also focus on building its internal infrastructure, for example, roads and transportation
in order to be more competent. Apples from Mustang and Jumla, no doubt, have a possibility
of a huge market in the South Asian market. Proper roads will not only open markets for
apples from the two regions but will also help in fulfilling tremendous demands for herbs,
handicrafts, honey, carpets and pashmina. However, the present situation is far from reaching
such goals.

Word Meaning

• adapting : make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose; modify.
• refraining : stop oneself from doing something
• advocated : promote, support
• unrest : a state of dissatisfaction, disturbance, and agitation

Social Studies Book 10 413

Points to Remember:

"" Localization is the process of adapting a global product for a particular language and
country.

"" Globalization promotes the free movement of goods and services between communities
or countries.

"" Both localization and globalization has advantages and disadvantages.
"" Globalization in Nepal is a new trend.
"" Nepal is not yet prepared for it.
"" Globalization can bring many benefits to Nepal.
"" Nepal can sell products such as carpets, pashminas, handicrafts, herbal products, etc. to

the global customers.

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What is localization?
b. What is globalization?
c. Present world is a global village. Give a reason to justify this statement.
d. How does localization help in the promotion of local art and culture? Write in a

sentence.
e. Globalization causes brain drain in the least developed countries like Nepal. Give

your opinion in a sentence.

2. Short answer questions

a. How does localization promote indigenous products?
b. Can Nepal benefit from globalization? How?
c. What are the advantages of globalization?
d. What are the disadvantages of localization?
e. Name some goods and products which Nepal can export to global markets.
f. How is globalization different from localization? Discuss.

3. Community work

People in your community make or produce various indigenous and domestic goods.
Make a list of them. Suggest some ways for marketing those products.

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Specification Grid

units Subject area period Knowledge and Creative, critical Ability to do ( Application, Value and attitude Total no. of Total Time
understanding 31% thinking and analysis, Practical and Research questions marks
problem solving 36% skill)

Very Short Long Very Short Long Very short Short Long Very Short Long
short short short

1 We and our society 15 2 59

2 Infrastructure of 11 1 1
Development 1 1
16 1 2 59

3 Our Tradition, Social 16 1 2 59
Value and Norms
2 59
4 Social problems and 19 1 2 11 20
solutions 1 3 15 26
3 12 22
5 Civic Sense 22 1
1 3 12 22
6 Geographical 27 1 11
Studies 1 1

7 Historical Studies 22 1

8 Our Economic 18
Activity

Our International 1 1
9 Relationship and
Social Studies Book 10 Co-operation 15 1 1 2 59
1 21 75 135
total 170 4 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 20 75
Total marks 8 7 1 80
4 12 7 1 12 14

415 Question types No. of questions Marks Total
Very short 7 1 7
Short 10 4 40
long 4 7 28
Total 21 75

SEE Model Question

Subject: Social Studies P. M. : 75

Time : 2 hrs. 30 minutes F. M. : 30

Group A (Very short questions ) 7×1=7

1. What should be done to uplift the status of HDI in Nepal? Write in a sentence.

2. Define skilled human resources.

3. Write any two ways to preserve folk musical instruments of Nepal.

4. Prepare a slogan to create awareness against untouchability.

5. Write one consequence of the movement of 2007 B.S.

6. When was economic planning started in Nepal?

7. Write any two areas where UNESCO can support us.

Group B (Short questions) 10 × 4 = 40

8. Differentiate between human resource development and human resource management.

9. Discuss the development plan formulation process in local level.

10. What lesson do you learn from the life of international personalities?

11. What role would you play for the care of elderly persons of your family?

12. What efforts should be done for the effective implementation of women rights.

13. Show the rainfall of any four months of your locality in a line graph.

14. Explain the economic activities of Savanna climatic religion in four points.

15. Complete the given table and show in time line:

Date Events

2007 B.S.

First General Election

2028 B.S.

Referendum was held

416 Social Studies Book 10

16. Critically analyze the functions of Legislature.

17. Write any four good and bad aspects of globalization.



Group C (Long questions) 4 × 7 = 28

18. Critically analyze the functions of Executive.

19. Draw a full page map of Nepal and insert the following facts by using suitable signs and
symbols:

(i) Nepalgunj (ii) Dhaulagiri

(iii) Janakpur (iv) Arun Valley

OR

Draw a full page map of South America and insert the following facts by using suitable
signs and symbols:

(i) Patagonia desert (ii) Pampas

(iii) Coffee production area (iv) Mt. Cotopaxi

20. The Second World War was caused as the result of feeling of revenge." Justify this
statement in seven points.

21. Discuss the challenges and solutions of foreign employment of Nepal in brief.

The End



Social Studies Book 10 417

Appendices

Appendix 1

1. A Sample of Time Line

Show the following dates and events in a time line.

Date (In A.D.) Events

1st September 1939 Beginning of the Second World War

4th May 1942 Coral Ocean War

3rd September 1943 Italy Surrendered

6th August 1945 Atom bomb dropped in Hiroshima



Year (In A. D.) 6th, Atom bomb dropped in Hiroshima
1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
3rd, Italy surrendered
4th, Coral Ocean War

1939 1940 1st, Beginning of the Second World War

Events

Scale: 1.5cm = 1 year

418 Social Studies Book 10

2. A Sample of Time Line

Show the given date and event in time line

Date (in B.S.) Event

2017 Declarative of Panchayat System

2020 New Muluki Ain announced

2023 First amendment of the constitution of Nepal - 2019

2028 Jhapa Revolt

Year (In B.S.) 2017 Declaration of Panchayat System
2018 New Muluki Ain announced
2019 First amendment of the constitution of Nepal - 2019

2020 Jhapa Revolt
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

2026
2027

2028

Events

Scale : 0.5cm = 1 year

Social Studies Book 10 419

3. A Sample of Time Line

Timeline on Contemporary Events of 2076

Months Events

Chaitra

Falgun 12th Magh : Agni Sapkota was elected as speaker of HoR.
Magh 9th Magh : Election of National Assembly held.
Poush 27th Poush : Province No. 3 was named 'Bagmati'.

Mangsir 15th to 24th Mangsir : South Asian Game was held in Nepal.
14th Mangsir : By Election was held.
4th Mangsir : Cabinet was reshuffled.

Kartik 15th Asoj : Nepal was declared open defecation free zone.
Asoj

Bhadra

Shrawan

Asar 7th Jestha : Kami Rita Sherpa scaled Mt. Everest for 24th time.
Jestha 5th-11th Baisakh : 8th National game was held in Nepalgunj.
Baisakh 5th Baisakh : First Nepali satellite was launched.

Scale : 2 cm = 1 month

420 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 2

1. A sample of editorial

Write an editorial for a national daily on "Our Folk and Classical
Dances Our Identity".

The Kathmandu Post

1st Feb. 2019

Editorial

Our Folk and Classical Dances : Our Identity
Our folk and classical dances are aspect of our culture. Those are our nations asset
and identity. Modern western dances have adversely affected our original dances.
Our country is rich in those aspects. A traditional dances of a particular group of
people or place is called folk dance and the dance describing the character of Gods,
Goddesses and religious scriptures is called classical dance. Our folk and classical
dances have their own originality and speciality. They are not less entertaining and
enjoyable. Dances like Maruni, Jhyaure, Sarathi, Dandiya, Charya, Panchabuddha
entertain us. They are valuable gifts of our past. Unfortunately, mostly of those
dances are in the process of extinction. In cities area those dances are completely
displaced by western dances, which are slowly making their hold on several
villages too. Those dances can be connected with tourism which can be the source
of earning. Its our duty to save our dances. Ordinary people should be encouraged
to practice those dances during different celebrations and rituals. When we are
too interested in other's culture and tradition, we certainly get our lost. We should
be aware of this danger.

– The Editor

Social Studies Book 10 421

2. A sample of letter to the editor

Many national heritages of our country are on the verge of extinction.
What step should be taken to preserve them? Write a letter to the
editor of a newspaper mentioning the measures to preserve them?

11th February, 2019
Bardaghat, Nawalparasi

To,
The editor,
The Kathmandu Post,
Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd., Thapathali, Kathmandu.

Subject : Preservation of our national heritages

Dear Sir/Madam,
I would like to draw the attention of all concerned authorities and people about
this subject through your widely circulated newspaper. Our heritages reflect our
glorious past, art, culture, architecture and traditions. Our national heritages
to be classified into three as religious, cultural and natural heritages. But, many
such heritages are on the verge of extinction. I would like to give the following
suggestions to preserve them:
a. Very first, old, damaged and destroyed heritages should be repaired,

renovated and re-constructed in their own original style.
b. The local people should be made aware about its important and let them

involved as well as encouraged to protect the heritages.
c. Strict security mechanism should be implemented so the smuggling

valuable items can be prevented.
d. Electronical medias like radio and television should given preference for

publicity of national heritages.

Sincerely,
Pravat Neupane

422 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 3 : An Introduction of Provinces of Nepal

Structure of Provincial Assembly

Province Capital Governor Chief Minister Speaker Districts Area Population First-
Province No. 1 Biratnagar
(2011) Past- Proportional Total
The- Representation
Post

Somnath Adhikari Sher Dhan Rai Pradip Kumar 14 25,905 4,534,943 56 37 93
Bhandari Km2

Province No. 2 Janakpur Rajesh Jha Mahammad Saroj Kumar 8 9,661 5,404,145 64 43 107
Lalbabu Raut Yadav Km2 44 110
24 60
Bagmati Province Hetauda Bishnu Prasad Dormani Sanu Kumar 13 20,300 5,529,452 66 35 87
Prasain Poudel Shrestha Km2 16 40
21 53
Gandaki Province Pokhara Sita Poudel Prithvi Subba Netra Nath 11 21,504 2,403,757 36
Gurung Adhikari Km2 220 550

Lumbini Province Deukhuri Dharmanath Shankar Purna Bahadur 12 22,288 4,499,272 52
Yadav Pokharel Gharti Km2

Karnali Province Birendranagar Govinda Kalauni Mahendra Raj Bahadur 10 27,984 1,570,418 24
Bahadur Shahi Shahi Km2

Sudurpashchim Godawari Ganga Prasad Trilochan Arjun Bahadur 9 19,915 2,552,517 32
Yadav Bhatta Thapa Km2

Social Studies Book 10 Total 77 147,557 26,494,504 330
Km2

Federal Parliament of Nepal

National Assembly Lower House

Total Member 69 Fist-Past-The-Post 165 Members

Chairperson Ganesh Parsad Timalsina Proportional Representation 110 Members

423 Vice Chairperson Shashikala Dahal Speaker Agni Sapkota

Vice – Speaker Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe

Appendix 4
1. Outline Map of Africa

424 Social Studies Book 10

2. Outline Map of North America

Social Studies Book 10 425

3. Outline Map of South America

426 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 5
Outline Map of Nepal

Social Studies Book 10 427

Appendix 6
Outline Map of Provenience of Nepal

Province No. 1

Province No. 2

428 Social Studies Book 10

Bagmati Province
Gandaki Province

Social Studies Book 10 429

Lumbini Province
Karnali Province
Sudurpaschim Province

430 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 7

Siberian Climate SN Tundra/Polar/Frigid climate

a. Siberian climate is found mainly the a. Tundra climate is found beyond the Arctic circle
north of Arctic circle in the northen in the northern hemisphere.
hemisphere. (55-70 north).

b. Such climate is found sourthern b. Such climate is found in northern Alaska,
Alaska, sourthern Canada, parts of northern Canada, Siberia Island.
Norway, Sweden, Finland.

c. Trees in this region are cone- shaped c. It has dwarf trees, lichens, mosses.
with short branches.

d. All animals are sturdy have short ears d. All the animals found in this region have a thick
and tails. (musk, deer, mink.) layer of fur to survive in long cold winter (seal,
fish, whale).

e. The natives of this region like the e. Eskimos of Greenland and Alaska, Lapps of
native America lead a nomadic life. Scandinavia and Inuits of northern Canada are
native people.

f. Lumbering, hunting, fishing are f. They do hunting and fishing.
done.

g. They use canoes in summer and sleds g. They live in Igloos in winter and Tupik in summer.
in winter to move.

Appendix 8

If you were to interview with the Prime Minister, prepare some questions.
If I were lucky enough, to take an interview with the Prime Minister, I would ask the following
questions in different contemporary issues.

Questions for Primer Minister

i) What do you have to say on the road map of bringing prosperity in our country?

ii) Do you think the present government is marching ahead in accordance with the election
manistesto of your party?

iii) It is heard that corruption is on the rise. What activities have you planned to adop for controlling
it ?

iv) Would you mind to address the burning problems like price hike, impunity, poverty alleviation
and security?

v) It is said that border is the most sensitive area of a nation but Nepal's border is being encroached.
How would you deal with this problem?

Social Studies Book 10 431

What are the challenges of present government?

There are several challenges of present government. Some major challenges are listed below :

Challenges of present government

i) The major challenge of present government is to complete the national pride project.
ii) Complete implementation of federalism is another challenge of present government.
iii) Complete implementation of constitution is also one major challenge.
iv) To maintain good governance.
v) To provide respect to minority and opposite party.
vi) To bring the prosperity in nation is also another challenges.
vii) To implement the 15th plan successfully.
viii) To introduce rail and ship network in the country.

Appendix 9

Difference Between MDGS And SDGs SDGs (Sutainable Development Goals )
SDGs are the global development goals of
MDGs (Millenium Development Goals) S.N. the United Nations.

MDGs was the eight internation development I
goals for year 2015.

It had 8 goals and 21 targets. II It has 17 goals with 169 targets.

Its deadline was 2015 AD. III It's deadline is 2030 AD.

MDGs had 60 indicators. IV SDGs have 244 indicators.
SDGs targets and applies uniformly to all
MDGs mainly targeted developing/least V the countries: rich, middle income and
developed or poor countries. It was designed poor. MDGs could not focus holistically
in the context of "rich donors aiding poor on development.
recipients.

432 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 10

Four -Days - Long Tour Plan in Kathmandu Valley

S.N. Days Destination Means of Activities
Transport

1. First Kathmandu Taxi a. Bring tourist at Soaltee Hotel
b. Visit tourist information center
c. Visit Kathmandu Durbar Square
d. Visit Narayanhiti Meseum
d. Visit Dream Garden and Thamel

2. Second Kathmandu Taxi a. Visit Pashupatinath Temple
(Religious place) b. Play Golf in Gokarna Golf Resort
c. Visit Boudhanath
d. Visit Swayambhunath

3. Third Lalitpur/ Taxi a. Visit Lalitpur Durbar Square
Bhaktapur b. Visit Darratraya, Nyatpola and Pottery

Square
c. Enjoy Newari dishes and king curd
d. Visit Bhaktapur Durbar Square
e. One night stay at Nagarkot hotel

4. Fourth Nagarkot Taxi a. Observe Sun rise, Peaks, Sight seeing in the
hill area.

b. Trekking from Nagarkot to Changunarayan
c. Visit Central Zoo, Jawalakhel
d. Back to hotel and Shopping.

Appendix 11

13th South Asian Games
Nepal's Best Ever Performance
Sampada Awal

Kathmandu, December 10
The 10 days long (December 1-10 ) South Asian Game (SAG) has come to an end. The 13th edition
of the South Asian Games remained special for Nepal achieving the second highest number of gold
medals after India.
Nepal had targeted 50 gold medals but, after the football finals the tally increased more than the
expectation. Nepal has a total of 51 golds, 60 silvers and 95 bronzes.
In the 13th edition of SAG, India has won the highest, 310 number of medals. SAG was concluded on
December 10, 2019 in Dasarath Rangashala, Kathmandu, Nepal. Next edition will be held in Pakistan.

Social Studies Book 10 433

Medal Tally Gold Silver Bronze Country Gold Silver Bronze
174 93 45 Bangladesh 19 32 87
Country 51 60 95 Maldives 1 0 4
India 40 83 128 0 7 13
Nepal 31 41 59 Bhutan
Srolanka
Pakistan

Appendix - 12

Suppose you have make a project report on the political events after 2063. Write a report on the basis
of following questions:-
a) How did you collect information?
b) What did you know during this project?
c) What is your conclusion on your project report?

The political events after 2063 BS
a. Methodology

"" Interview Method: By developing a questionnaire, I took interview of the renowned
intellectuals.

"" Study of Books and newspapers. I visited the library of school and read books and magazines
related to Nepalese history.

"" Use of Internet: By using Internet, I took information about political changes in Nepal.

b. Findings

"" 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS:- Comprehensive Peace Accord signed.
"" 15th Jestha, 2065 BS:- Nepal was declared as Republic State.
"" 6th Shrawan, 2065 BS:- The First President of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected.
"" 3rd Asoj, 2072 BS:- The Constitution of Nepal 2072 was promulgated.
"" 10th Mangsir, 2074 BS:- 1st round of Poll of Federal Parliament and Provincial Parliament

was held.
"" 21st Mangsir, 2074 BS:- 2nd of Poll of Federal Parliament and Provincial Parliament round

was held.
"" 3rd Falgun, 2074 BS :- KP Oli became Prime Minister.
"" 29th Falgun, 2074 BS:- Bidhya Devi Bhandari became 3rd President of Nepal for the second

Time.

"" Jestha 3, 2075 BS:- CPN (UMC) and Maoist (centre) merged as a new party.

c. Conclusion

After people's movement II, monarchy was removed and Nepal was declared Federal, Democratic,
Republican Country. Constituent Assembly II promulgated the Constitution of Nepal 2072 on
Aswin 3, 2072. Present government has two-third majority. So, it is hoped that Nepal will be
prosperous, stable, progressive and developed.

434 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 13

Social Studies Book 10 435

Appendix 14

436 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 15

Social Studies Book 10 437

Appendix 16

438 Social Studies Book 10

Appendix 17

1. Appendix : 16 Different Name of Grasslands:

Name Country
Australian Savanna Australia
Latin America
Llanos
Campos Brazil
Savanna Central Africa
Prairies North America
South Africa
Veld
Downs Australia
Steppes Eurasia
Pampas Argentina

2. Climatic Region and its Countries

1 Equatorial Climate Indonesia, Brazil
2 Tropical Grassland Climate Sudan, Northern Australia
3 Tropical Desert Climate Algeria, Saudi Arabia, India
4 Tropical Monsoon Climate India

3. Countries in Various Area

Area S.N. Countries

Selvas a. Brazil, Peru, Bolivia

Sahara Desert b. Libiya, Egypt, Sadan, Mali, Niger
Algeria, Egypt, Libiya, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia,
Oasis c. Australia, Mexico
Ethopia, Uganda, Congo, Tanzania, Zambia
Rift valley d Canada, USA, Australia, South Africa, Russia,
Uruguay, Argentina
Temperate Grassland e.

Social Studies Book 10 439

4. Native People in different country and climate

Tribal name/native
people/nomadic primitive
SN people / indigenous Country Climate

people

1. Red Indians Amazon basin (Brazil) Equatorial

Pygmies Congo (Zaire)

Semang, Dayak, Sekai Indonesia Malaysia

2. Masai Kenya, Tanzania Tropical Grassland

Hausa Nigeria

3. Bushman Kalahari Desert (Botswana) Tropic Desert

Aborigines/Bindibus Australia

Bedouins Arabian country

4. Kirghiz Krgyrzstan Temperate Grassland

Kazakha Kazakhastan

5. Eskimos Greenland (Denmak and
Alaska (USA)

Lapps Scandinavian countries like Polar
Norway, Sweden

Inuit Northern Canada

6. Raute, Dom, Kusunda, Nepal Tropical Monsoon
Chepang

440 Social Studies Book 10