Shubharambha Social studies-10, 2078

19 Map Work

Lesson

What is a map?

A map is the representation of earth or a part of earth on a flat sheet of paper in reduced scale.
Maps can either be political or physical. A physical map consists of the physical features of
a place like mountains, lakes, rivers, oceans, forests, etc. On the other hand a political map
consists of the political features like cities, national or international boundaries and other
man-made features.
The skill of drawing a map is essential to everyone at present. The skill for the drawing a map
is called cartography. A map has its title, north direction, symbols, scale, etc. A map is never
complete without them.
It is extremely difficult to draw maps true to life. For this reason, maps are normally drawn
at a reduced scale. Map scale can be expressed as the ratio between map and actual ground
distance. This concept can also be expressed mathematically as:

Map Scale = Map Distance
Earth Distance

While determining a scale, we must calculate the ratio between the size of paper and the
actual size of the land. The symbols used in the map must be as they are in use internationally.

There are many methods in use for drawing a map. A map used to be drawn freely with hand
in the past, but now many modern techniques and methods have been introduced. Hence, the
traditional methods are disappearing day by day.

Maps help us to understand what places are like and how to plot routes.

Maps should have a: title, scale, north arrow, key or legend.

Let’s practice the following method to develop the skill of drawing a map of Nepal
freely with our hand.

a. Draw a rectangle ABCD. AB = CD = 20 cm and AD = BC = 12cm.
b. Mark at 4 cm from each corner of the box (from A, B, C and D). And draw lines

joining the points in opposite sides. Draw a vertical line at the center of the rectangle.
The boxes show the corners in the map of Nepal.
c. If we draw in the rectangle of 20 × 12 cm, the scale will be 1cm= 40 km and if we
draw in the rectangle of 10 × 6 cm, the scale will be 1 cm = 80 km.

d. Practice drawing map for several times and show all the provinces, zones, districts,
rivers, mountains, major cities and other important places of our country.

Social Studies Book 10 251

Some symbols used to show the places in a map

Symbols help us to include lots of detail on maps that are drawn to scale. They include simple
images, letters and abbreviations. Here are some examples:

Peak Canal

Mountain Range Dam
North of Map
Lake International
Boundary
River State Boundary
Bridge
Pass District Boundary
Road Ropeways/Cable car
Railways Airways
Path Oil
Capital Sea
Town/City
Stupa
Temple Mosque
Church
Industry Settlement

252 Social Studies Book 10

Word Meaning

• Cartography : the study and practice of making maps
• Symbols : signs
• Representation : the description or portrayal of something in a particular way
• Traditional methods : old methods
• Introduced : launched

Points to Remember:

"" A map is the representation of earth or a part of earth on a flat sheet of paper in
reduced scale.

"" A physical map consists of the physical features and a political map consists of the
political features.

"" There must be uniformity in the symbols used in the map.
"" A map used to be drawn freely with hand in the past, but now many modern

techniques and methods have been introduced.
"" Cartography is an art or technique, or practice of compiling or drawing maps or charts.

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What is a map?
b. What are the types of map?
c. What is scale?
d. How is map scale determined?
e. What essential information should a map have?

2. Short answer questions

a. Draw symbols to show the following places in a map.
b. monastery, hospital, national boundary, lake, river, mountain range, highway,

national park.
c. Which colors are used to show river, city, forest and barren land in map?
d. Draw a map to show the location from your house to school.
e. Write any four importance of map.

3. Long answer question

a. Draw a map of Nepal using the technique given in the lesson and show the
following places using the appropriate symbols.
Manakamana Temple, Swargadwari, Bulbul Lake, Rara Lake, GosainKunda,
Cardamom producing region, Tea cultivation area, Mt. Everest, Ganesh Himal,
ApiHimal, Kamala River, Trishuli River, Kakadbhitta, Dhangadhi,

Social Studies Book 10 253

UNIT Historical
Studies
7

We will learn the following subjects in this unit:
• Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement
• A Decade of Democratic Politics 2007-2017
• Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties
• Historical Events from 2017 B.S to 2046 B.S
• Causes of the Rise and Fall of Panchyat System
• Political Events From 2046 BS - 2062 BS
• Political Events from 2062/063 to till Date
• Economic and Social effects after Mass Movement II
• Causes and Consequences of the World War I
• Causes and Consequences of World War II and the Role of Nepal
• Identification, Conservation and Promotion of Historical Places and Monuments

254 Social Studies Book 10

Lesson 1 Revolution of 2007 and
Delhi Agreement

The family autocratic rule of the Ranas that began on
Ashwin 2, 1903 lasted for 104 years in Nepal. The Rana rule
was cruel and despotic. Though some people were quite
aware of the tyranny of the Ranas, the anti-Rana movement
could not take an effective pace in the beginning. With the
increase in political awareness among people, anti-Rana
movement was launched in the country in an organized
way.

Prachanda Gorkha was formed in 1988 B.S. It is the first
organization formed in the country to launch activities
Janga Bahadur Rana

against the family autocracy of the Ranas. However, the
activities of this organization were not so effective. Praja Parishad was the first political party
of Nepal. It was formed on Jestha 20, 1993. The founder members of the Praja Parishad were
Tanka Prasad Aacharya (President), Dasharath Chand (Vice-President), Ram Hari Sharma
(General Secretary), Dharmabhakta Mathema(Member) and Jeevaraj Sharma (Member).
The Praja Parishad started its activities against the rule of the Ranas for the establishment of
democracy in the country. The King Tribhuwan was not happy with the rule of the Ranas
either, so he maintained secret relations with the members of Praja Parishad. He encouraged
them morally and supported the movement financially. As the movement persisted, the Ranas
suppressed the movement and took the lives of four freedom fighters in Magh 1997.

Nepalese people were quite conscious about the independence Tanka Prasad Acharya
of India. They had been aware of the advantages of democracy
in the country. Hence Nepali National Congress was established
in 2003 B.S and Nepali Democratic Congress was established
in 2005 B.S to struggle for the democracy overthrowing family
autocracy of the Ranas and ensure people’s rights and freedom.
These two parties were established with the similar objectives.
Eventually, they were merged and formed Nepali Congress.
Similarly, Nepal Communist Party was established in 2006
B.S. Moreover, the students studying in Tindhara Sanskrit
Pathasala started ‘Jaytu Sanskritam Aandolan’ in 2004 B.S. It also
contributed to inculcate the anti-Rana feelings among general
public of Nepal.

Social Studies Book 10 255

Causes of the Revolution 2007 B.S

a. Establishment of the political parties and beginning of the movement
b. Internal disputes among Ranas
c. Rise of political awareness among people
d. Effect of world war II, independence of India and world democratization
e. Tyrannical and cruel rule of Ranas
f. Poverty and unemployment

Armed People’s Movement and Main Incidents

The conference of Nepali Congress in Bairganiya form 11th and 12th Ashwin 2007 decided
to launch armed revolution against Rana autocracy for democracy in the country. Nepali
Congress formed people’s Liberation Army and started the revolution from Kartik 21st 2007
B.S. People’s liberation army captured many important towns and cities all over the country.
The movement of Nepali Congress gained overwhelming support of the people. People
came out to street to revolt against the Rana regime. The Rana regime could not handle the
situation and finally requested India to arbitrate for a solution. On 21stKartik 2007, King
Tribhuwan too made a dramatic escape from the royal palace and took asylum in the Indian
Embassy in Kathmandu and later flew to Delhi. This was a turning point in the history of
Nepal. King Tribhuwan staked his own life and throne for the restoration of royal power and
to bring democracy in the country. Mohan Shumsher, who was the Rana Prime Minister at
that time, enthroned Gyanendra Bir Bikram, the second grandson of Tribhuwan as the new
king. But India and other countries refused this act. Mohan Shumsher was bitterly criticized
in the national and international level for his work.

People’s Liberation Army initially captured Biratnagar including eastern hills of the country.
Thirbam Malla and Puran Singh led the revolution in Birjunj. Thirbam Malla got martyrdom
in the revolution. Dr. Kunwar Indrajit (K.I.) Singh was the commander the revolution in
the west. Liberation Army got a great success in Bhairahawa in his command. B.P Koirala
and Subarna Shumsher had commanded the eastern front of revolution. They successfully
captured many places without fighting. After the Liberation Army captured the most parts of
the country from the east to the west, People’s Government was formed in those places. Nepali
Congress requested people not to pay taxes to the Rana government. Finally, the Ranas were
entirely isolated in the country. Their presence was limited only in Kathmandu. Consequently,
Mohan Shumsher sent his son Bijay Shumsher to India to request it to mediate dialogue with
Nepali Congress. Then Indian Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru negotiated dialogue among
Ranas, Nepali Congress and King Tribhuwan. The revolution ended with Delhi Agreement.
Since this agreement was signed among three parties i.e. Nepali Congress, King Tribhuwan
and the Ranas, it is also called tri-partite agreement. King Tribhuwan returned to Nepal on
4th Falgun and declared the establishment of democracy on 7th Falgun 2007. Consequently,
104 years long Rana regime ended and democracy was introduced in the country.

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Main Provisions of Delhi Agreement

a. There will be an election for a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution as per
people’s will and aspiration

b. A ten member interim cabinet including five ministers from the Ranas and five from
the Nepali Congress will be formed to run the administration until new constitution
is written.

c. King Tribhuwan will be the legitimate king of Nepal.
d. All the political prisoners will be set free.
e. The revolutionaries shall have to hand over arms and ammunition to the government

and stop the armed revolution.

Revolt of Dr. K.I Singh

Dr. K. I Singh was the commander of the western font
during revolution. He opposed Delhi Agreement. However
Nepali Congress had stopped its movement. He told that the
achievement of the revolution was incomplete. He was against
the idea of making Mohan Shumsher Prime Minister again.
He refused to handover arms under his control; instead he
wanted to continue the armed struggle. But his movement was
suppressed without much bloodshed.

Consequences of the Revolution 2007BS Dr. K.I Singh

The 2007 BS Revolution was indeed a great achievement in the modern history of Nepal. Its
major consequences were as follows:

a. End of family rule of the Ranas
b. Introduction of people’s rights and freedom
c. King regained his power
d. Interim government formed and interim constitution promulgated
e. Establishment of democracy

People have varied opinion regarding the achievement of the revolution of 2007 B.S. Some
say that the achievement was not complete. They opine that people’s historical struggle helped
only the king regain his lost power. No doubt, the revolution ended one autocracy and paved
way to the beginning of new autocratic rule in the country. On the other hand, some people
say that it was the need of that time to end family autocracy and introduce people’s rights and
freedom. It was all done by the revolution. It was because of the revolution, that people got
interim constitution and interim government in the country. It had a significant contribution
to aware people about democracy, rights and freedom. Several changes and reforms were
introduced in the country as the consequence of the movement. However, the achievement
did not seem to be complete because of the ambition of the king to be the despotic ruler of the
country. In the beginning king Tribhuwan delayed the election of Constituent Assembly and
later his successor king Mahendra ignored it to formulate new constitution as per the spirit

Social Studies Book 10 257

of the interim constitution. Hence, Nepal did not get political stability and people needed to
struggle for democracy and rights again and again.

Ten Member Interim Cabinet

On the behalf of Ranas
"" Mohan Shumsher: Prime Minister
"" Babar Shumsher: Defense Minister
"" Chudaraj Shumsher: Minister for Forest
"" Nrip Junj Rana: Education Minister
"" Yagya Bahaudr Basnet: Minister for Health

On the Behalf of Nepali Congress
"" B. P Koirala: Home Minister
"" Subarna Shumsher: Finance Minister
"" Ganeshman Singh: Minister for Industry and Commerce
"" Bhadrakali Mishra: Minister for Transport
"" Bharat Mani Sharma: Minister for Food and Agriculture

Points to Remember:

"" Rana rule began in the country on Ashwin 2, 1903 lasted for 104 years.
"" The Rana rule was cruel and despotic.
"" Prachanda Gorkha is the first organization formed to launch activities against the family

autocracy of the Ranas.
"" Praja Parishad was the first political party formed on Jestha 20, 1993.
"" ‘Jaytu Sanskritam Aandolan’ in 2004 B.S also contributed to inculcate the anti-Rana

feelings among general public of Nepal.
"" The Nepali Congress started the revolution from Kartik 21, 2007 for democracy.
"" On 21st Kartik 2007, King Tribhuwan made a dramatic escape from the royal palace.
"" The revolution ended with Delhi Agreement and 104 years long Rana regime ended

and democracy was introduced in the country.
"" Dr. K. I Singh refused to handover arms and continued the armed struggle.
"" Ten member government including five from Ranas and five from Nepali Congress.

258 Social Studies Book 10

Word Meaning

• Autocratic : tyrannical
• Launched : began
• Disputes : arguments
• Democratization : the introduction of democracy in a country or an area
• Arbitrate
• Bloodshed where there was no democracy before
: to play the role of mediator
: killing

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What is Prachanda Gorkha?
b. What was the role of ‘Jaytu Sanskritam Aandolan’ to make Rana Rule weak in

Nepal? Write in a sentence.
c. What was the Delhi Agreement?
d. Who opposed the Delhi agreement and why?
e. Why did King Tribhuwan escape from the Royal palace?
f. Which was the first political party of Nepal and when was it established?
g. What is Liberation Army?

2. Short answer questions

a. Present your views for or against ‘Revolution of 2007 B.S. ended family autocracy
and sowed the seed of next autocratic rule’.

b. Make a list of anti Rana activities carried out in the country after the establishment
of Ranarchy and present them in a timeline.

c. Though a provision of Delhi agreement was to formulate constitution from the
constituent assembly formed by people’s representatives, it was not fulfilled
before 2072. Why is it so? Give your opinion.

d. What sort of changes took place in Nepal after the declaration of democracy in
2007 B.S?

e. Explain the causes of the revolution of 2007 B.S.
f. How do you evaluate Delhi Agreement? Why is it called Tripartite Agreement?
g. What were the main provisions of Delhi Agreement?
h. Evaluate the role played by King Tribhuwan to establish democracy in Nepal.

3. Long answer question

a. Write about the causes and consequences of Revolution of 2007 BS.
a. Imagine you met a political leader who fought against Rana Rule in 2007 B.S.

now write an article including his/her feelings and experiences.

Social Studies Book 10 259

Lesson 2 A Decade of Democratic
Politics 2007-2017

Party politics began in Nepal only after the establishment of democracy in 2007 B.S. abolishing
the 104 year long family autocracy of the Ranas. Hence, the period from 2007 B.S to 2017 B.S.
is called the history of party and democratic politics. After the establishment of democracy,
the interim coalition government including the ministers from the Nepali congress and the
Ranas was formed in the country. The major events during that period are given below.

i. Promulgation of Interim Constitution -2007

The interim government promulgated interim constitution of Nepal on 17th Chaitra 2007.
This was the first democratic constitution in the history of Nepal. Some salient features of this
constitution were provision of the election of constituent assembly, fundamental civil rights
and guiding principles and policies of the state. It also made the provisions of the Supreme
Court, Public Service Commission and Advisory Council.

ii. Dismissal of Coalition Government

A student leader Chiniya Kaji Shrestha was shot dead in 2008 B.S.
There started clashes between the Ranas and Nepali Congress in this
regard. There had already been clashes and misunderstanding among
the ministers from the very beginning. B.P Koirala and Nepali Congress
reached in the conclusion that democracy would not be established to
the country in true sense until and unless Mohan Shumsher was the
prime minister of the country. On the other hand, Khukuri Dal started Chiniya Kaji Shrestha
its struggle. Consequently, the ministers from the side of Nepali Congress resigned on Kartik
25, 2008. Next day, Mohan Shumsher resigned and his cabinet was formally dissolved.

iii. Single-party Government of Nepali Congress

After the resignation of Mohan Shumsher. Matrika Prasad Koirala was appointed Prime
Minister of the country on 1st Mansir 2008. A 14 member cabinet was formed under
the premiership of Matrika Prasad Koirala. This government was given the following
responsibilities.

"" To establish an independent judicial department.
"" To implement the provision of the Public service Commission effectively.
"" To conduct election of the constituent assembly within 2009 BS.
"" To ensure civil rights of people.

260 Social Studies Book 10

iv. Demand of All Party Government

After the formation of this government, some other political parties and Nepal Praja Parishad
formed Janatantrik Samyukta Morcha. This font pressurized to form all party government
in the country. On the other hand there was also internal conflict within the ruling party,
Nepali Congress. B.P Koitala, the brother of Prime Minister Matrika Prasad Koirala was also
against the government. He opined that single person should not take the responsibility of
both the head of the government and the head of the party. Meanwhile, Dr KI Singh launched
an unsuccessful rebellion against the government. He was finally arrested and imprisoned in
Singhadurbar. The revolting army of Dr. K.I Singh attacked the Singhadurbar on Magh 8th and
9th 2008 and freed him. Consequently, the first Matrika Government of Nepali Congress that
was opposed all around was dissolved.

v. Formation of Advisory Government

King Tribhuwan wanted to begin his direct rule in the country. So he formed a five member
Advisory Government including General Kehsar Shumsher under his own leadership on
Shrawan 30, 2009. A provision was made for the five members to be accountable to the king
and the king's approval was mandatory for the decision and implementation of the meeting.
It was rejected out rightly by all the democratic forces and also was opposed by India. The
state administration could not run effectively. External interference enormously increased in
the country. Nepali Congress led the revolt of the farmers in the eastern Nepal. Finally, this
government also got dissolved on 2nd Ashad 2010 BS.

vi. Second Matrika Government Formed

Matrika Prasad Koirala had formed Rastriya Praja Party
splitting Nepali Congress. King Tribhuwan again formed a five
member cabinet under the leadership of Matrika Prasad Koirala
for the second time on Ashadh 2nd 2010. This government was
also unable to maintain peace and stability in the country. It got
dissolved on 2nd Ashadh 2010 B.S. The main reasons behind the
dissolution of this government are given below.

a. Entry of Indian Army in Nepalese territory with arms. Bhim Dutta Panta
b. Oppose of Koshi agreement with India

c. Revolt of Bhim Dutta Panta (a peasant leader and a political activist) asking land
ownership, welfare and security of the people.

d. Murder of Bhim Dutta Panta on Bhadra 7, 2010 B.S. in Dadeldhura

Social Studies Book 10 261

vii. Direct Rule of King Mahendra and Royal Advisory Government

King Tribhuwan died on Falgun 30, 2011. Mahendra became the king of the country on Chaitra
4 of that year. King Mahendra formed a five member advisory government under the leadership
of Sardar Gunjaman Singh on Baishakh 1, 2012. The king started direct rule in the country as
per their advice. This government existed in the country till Magh 12 of that year.

viii. Tanka Prasad Aacharya Government Formed

On Magh 13, 2012 BS, another government was formed. Tanka Prasad Acharya was appointed
prime minister. It was a seven member cabinet. He had to resign because of extreme economic
crisis, effort to ban on newspapers and inability to hold the general election. That government
was dissolved on Ashad 31, 2014.

ix. Dr KI Singh Government Formed

Dr KI Singh was in exile in China. King Mahendra called him and appointed prime minister
and formed a eleven member cabinet on Shrawan 11, 2014. But this government also could
not last long. It was dissolved on Kartik 29, 2014.

X. Shuvarna Shumsher Government Formed Shuvarna Shumsher

King Mahendra ruled over the country directly from Kartik 29,
2014 to Jestha 2, 2015. King Mahendra formed a six member cabinet
under the leadership of Shuvarna Shumsher on Jestha 2, 2015.
On Chaitra 3, 2014 a five member constitution draft committee
was formed under the chairmanship of Bhagawati Prasad Singha
including the some foreigners. It prepared a constitution for the
country. Finally, The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015
was promulgated on Falgun 1, 2015. The first general election was
held in the history of Nepal on Falgun 7, 2015 according to the
constitution. For that election, the country was divided into 109
constituencies. This government was dissolved on Jestha 2, 2016.

xi. First General Election and Formation of First Elected Government of
B.P Koirala

The government of Shuvarna Shumsher conducted general election BP Koirala
on 7th Falgun 2015 BS. Altogether nine political parties contested
this election. The result of the election was announced on Baishak
28, 2016. The Nepali Congress won 74 seats out of 109 seats. It
was two-third majority in the parliament. Nepali Congress formed
government on Jestha 13, 2016 BS. B. P Koirala became the first
elected Prime Minister of Nepal. He formed a nineteen member
cabinet. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was elected speaker of parliament.
This government lasted for 18 months up to Poush 1, 2017 BS.

262 Social Studies Book 10

Reasons of Political Instability

We find that the period of ten years from 2007 to 2017 was the period of instability in Nepal.
In 10 years’ time, there were 9 different governments formed and dissolved. Because of
such change in government, it was very difficult to institutionalize the achievement of the
revolution 2007. The kings delayed and avoided the election of constituent assembly. Finally
the general election was held. The major reasons for such a situation are given below.

a. Both kings of the time Tribhuwan and his successor Mahendra were not in favour of
democracy. They wanted to begin the autocratic rule in the country.

b. Though the revolution got succeeded, most of the people were not aware of
democratic system.

c. Political parties weren’t matured and they didn’t have experiences in running the country.
d. The Ranas were not happy to lose their powers and were indirectly or directly

against the new system.

Points to Remember:

"" Party politics began in Nepal only after the establishment of democracy in 2007 B.S.
"" The Interim Constitution of Nepal was promulgated on 17th Chaitra 2007.
"" The ministers from the side of Nepali Congress resigned on Kartik 25, 2008.
"" Matrika Prasad Koirala was appointed Prime Minister on 1st Mansir 2008.
"" King Tribhuwan formed a five member Advisory Government under his own

leadership on Shrawan 30 2009.
"" Matrika Prasad Koirala was appointed prime minister for the second time on

Ashadh 2nd 2010.
"" Bhim Dutta Panta was murdered on Bhadra 7, 2010 B.S. in Dadeldhura.
"" Mahendra became the king of the country on Chaitra 4 of that year.
"" King Mahendra formed a five member advisory government on Baishakh 1, 2012.
"" Tanka Prasad Acharya was appointed prime minister on Magh 13, 2012 BS.
"" Dr KI Singh was appointed prime minister on Shrawan 11, 2014.
"" A six member cabinet under the premiership of Shuvarna Shumsher was formed

on Jestha 2, 2015.
"" On Chaitra 3, 2014 a five member constitution draft committee was formed under

the chairmanship of Bhagawati Prasad Singha including the some foreigners.
"" The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 was promulgated on Falgun 1, 2015.
"" The first general election was held in the history of Nepal on Falgun 7, 2015.
"" B. P Koirala became the first elected Prime Minister on Jestha 13, 2016 BS.

Social Studies Book 10 263

Word Meaning

• Promulgated : put into effect
• Dissolved : suspended
• Enormously : very much
• Stability : constancy
• Peasant : farmer
• Institutionalize : to establish as a normal practice

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. When was the Interim Constitution of Nepal-2007 BS promulgated?
b. When was the first general election held in Nepal? What was its result?
c. Who is the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal?
d. What new things took place after the introduction of Democracy in Nepalese

society?
e. Who was Bhim Dutta Panta?
f. When was the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 promulgated?
g. If you were a political leader of Nepal in 2017 B.S. how would you react the step

of the king? Write in a sentence.

2. Short answer questions

a. Pick out important dates and events in the political history of Nepal from 2007
B.S to 2017 B.S. and present them in a timeline.

b. Write down any two characteristics each of the Interim Constitution of Nepal
2007 and the Constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2015.

c. What do you think were the reasons for political instability in Nepal from 2007
BS to 2017 BS? Mention at least four reasons.

d. King Mahendra ruled over the country directly for two times. What do you think
were the reasons behind his interest to be the absolute ruler? Discuss.

e. Why did Bhim Dutta Panta organize the revolt? Give reasons.
f. Why is Tanka Prasad Acharya called the Living Martyr of Nepal? Discuss.
g. Why did the King call Dr. K. I Singh from exile and appoint prime minister? Give

your opinion.
h. What is advisory government? Write its characteristics.

3. Long answer question

a. There was much foreign interest in Nepalese politics from 2007 B.S to 2017 B.S.
Justify this statement.

264 Social Studies Book 10

Lesson 3 Abduction of Democracy and
Ban on Political Parties

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 had given unlimited power to the king.
Article 55 of the constitution had the provision of emergency. According to this article if
there was a threat in the security of the country or any part of the country, economic life was
at risk because of internal conflict or international attack or war, the king could declare the
state of emergency in the country. He had the right to suspend the articles of the constitution
and could work as per his will according to the spirit of declaration. Moreover, that article had
given him right to take over the rights of parliament or any other authority or conduct the
works to be done by them. Using this right, King Mahendra suspended the democracy and
the democratic system on Poush 1, 2017.

"Because of the misuse of the authority, corruption has increased, there is anarchy in the nation so
that national unity is threatened. Random economic decisions have caused instability. In order to
protect national unity, create peace and cooperation and to save the whole country, we are forced
to act according to Article 55 of the constitution and will suspend the cabinet, both houses of
parliament and the party system. We will take sole responsibility as laid down in article 55, until a
new system is put in place. With good wishes and support from all Nepalese good governance will
prove to be possible". - Royal Address of King Mahendra on Poush 1, 2017

King Mahendra dismissed the elected government of B.P Koirala. He banned all political parties
and their activities. The then Prime Minister Bishweswor Prasad Koirala, some ministers of
his cabinet and other political leaders were imprisoned. The parliament was suspended. Since
then, this day is known as the black-day in the political history of Nepal.

The king pointed out a number of weaknesses of the parliamentary system of government
and expressed his serious concern over the style of the functioning of the government. He
charged that the government was ineffective, inefficient and unable to solve the problems of the
people and failed to maintain law, order and peace and the national unity and the sovereignty
was at risk. He even charged that the political leaders gave protection to corruption, made
administrative mechanism ineffective and development plans were baseless. This day, when the
bud of democracy was plucked, is considered a ‘Black Day’ in the history of modern Nepal.

Socio-economic Achievements from 2007 B.S. to 2017 B.S.

Multi party ruling system began in Nepal from the political change of 2007 B.S. Despite the
political instability and sudden changes of the governments, the socio-economic condition
of the country of that period is not negligible. Some notable achievements of that period are
given below.

Social Studies Book 10 265

a. Social Achievements

"" Schools were established in the country. Moreover, schools and colleges began to
provide education in English language.

"" Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 B.S.
"" Internal and international flights began.
"" Telephone and telegram service began.
"" Nepal became the member of the UNO in 2012 (December 14, 1955)
"" The Radio Nepal was set up.
"" Election of Kathmandu Municipality was held.
"" Fourth world Buddhist Conference was organized on 30th of Kartik 2013 BS.
"" Civil Service Act, 2013 was implemented.
"" Nepali language was recognized as the national language.
"" Royal Nepal Academy was established on 9th Asar 2014 BS.
"" Koshi Agreement (Baishakh 12, 2011) and Gandak Agreement (Mangsir 19, 2016)

were made with India.
"" Rotary Club was established on 5th Marga 2015 BS.
"" The Supreme Court was established.
"" Raja Rajauta system was abolished.

b. Economic Achievements

"" Annual budget was prepared and published for the first time in 2008 B.S.
"" Land Reform policy was introduced, which ensured land to the land cultivator.
"" Birta System Abolishment Act 2016 was implemented.
"" First Five Year Plan was introduced on 22 Aswin, 2013 BS.
"" Reform Commission-2017 BS was formed.
"" Nepal Rastra Bank was established.
"" Agriculture was commercialized and the work of trade promotion began.
"" Uniformity in the use of currency was brought.
"" Trade relation with India underwent change and trade relations with Japan, the UK,

the USA, China, Pakistan and Thailand developed.

Points to Remember

"" The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 had given unlimited power to the
king.

"" King Mahendra abducted the democracy on Poush 1, 2017. This day is considered
a ‘Black Day’ in the history of modern Nepal.

"" Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 B.S.
"" Nepal became the member of the UNO in 2012 (December 14, 1955)
"" Paropakar Sanstha was established on 12 Asar 2009 BS.
"" Annual budget was prepared and published for the first time in 2008 B.S.
"" First Five Year Plan was introduced on 22 Aswin, 2013 BS.

266 Social Studies Book 10

Word Meaning

• Emergency : a situation that possesses immediate threat to human life
• Abducted : seized
• Fingered out : pointed out
• Negligible : insignificant

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. Who was the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal? Which party did he belong
to?

b. Why is Poush 1, 2017 considered black day?

c. When did the First Five Year Plan begin in Nepal?

d. When was Tribhuwan Universituy established?

e. When was annual budget prepared and published for the first time in Nepal?

f. What is Birta system?

2. Short answer questions

a. Write any four reasons behind the dissolution of the BP Koirala-led government
by king Mahendra.

b. Why do you think there occurred no rapid development in Nepal in the period
between 2007 B.S. and 2017 B.S.? Write in four points.

c. What were the blames laid by king Mahendra on the first elected government
while imposing a band on political parties in 2017 B.S.? Write in four points.

d. Write the names of the Prime ministers of Nepal from 2007 B.S. to 2017 B.S.

3. Long answer questions

a. Make separate lists of the economic and social achievements of Nepal from 2007
B.S to 2017 B.S.

b. Among the achievements in social sector between 2007 BS and 2017 BS, which
one do you think is the most important and why?

c. If you were at the time of banning on political parties in Nepal, what would be
your response as an ordinary citizen? What sorts of programmes would you
organize against the step of the king? Make a list of them.

d. What changes do you notice after the implementation of five year plan in 2013
B.S in education, health and employment sectors in the country? Write an article
for a newspaper including this information.

Social Studies Book 10 267

4 Historical Events from
2017 B.S to 2046 B.S
Lesson

Nepalese politics came across a thirty year long partyless system from Poush 22, 2017.
King Mahendra formed Panchayat ministry and divided the country into 14 zones and 75
districts to strengthen Panchyat system in the country. He introduced the Constitution of
Nepal 2019 on Poush 1, 2019 and officially began new political system in the country. The
first constitutional amendment was made in 2023 BS. The main objectives of Panchayat
System were to maintain social harmony among different communities as well as maintain
democratic, justifiable, dynamic, and a creative as well as exploitation-free society. It was said
that the Panchayat System should be changed as per a need of the time. However, it did not
happen in a long run. Changes were only made after a hard struggle like the movement of
2036 BS.

Major Events

Beginning of Party less System

After Mahendra dissolved elected government, he formed a government under his own
Chairmanship. He declared a system called the “Panchayat System” on 22nd Poush the same
year.

Promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2019

The king promulgated the constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2019 on 1st Poush, 2019.
That constitution supported to establish Panchayat system formally.

Janakpur Incident Durganandha Jha

On Magh 9, 2018 BS, Durgananda Jha, a political activist, threw a
bomb at the vehicle King Mahendra while he was in his visit to Janaki
Temple in Janakpur. This incident is known as the Janakpur incident.
After the incident, the government declared to give death sentence
to Durgananda Jha, Arabinda Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa. On Magh
25, 2020 Durgananda Jha was given death sentence and his friends
Arabinda Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa were given life imprisonment.

268 Social Studies Book 10

Jhapa Revolt and Sukhani Assassination

In 2028 BS, some youths of Jhapa district influenced by communist ideology revolted against
panchayat government. It is known as Jhapa revolt. Their revolt was said to have begun for
working class people by assassinating the feudal. Some of the members like, Ramnath Dahal,
Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuinkel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren Rajbansi were charged
of murdering Dharma Prasad Upadhyaya, a member of Rastriaya Panchayat. They were
arrested and they all were shot dead at Sukhani of Illam district on Falgun 21, 2029 on the
pretext of transferring them from Jhapa Jail to Illam Jail. This incident is known as Sukhani
Assassination.

Plane Hijacked

The plane flying from Biratnagar to Kathmandu was forcefully landed at Farbisgunj of Bihar
State in India on 25 Jestha 2030 by some leaders of Nepali Congress. The plane was set free
after taking 30 Lakhs Indian Currency that the plane was carrying. This was one of the anti-
Panchyat activities of the country. It had an adverse effect to Panchyat rulers.

Singh Durbar Caught Fire

Singha Durbar caught fire on25 Asar, 2030 BS. Kritinidhi Bista was the Prime minister at that
time. Many important documents of the government were said to have been destroyed by the
fire. The primeminister Kritinidhi Bista resigned after this incident.

Timburbote Incident

People were getting organized to end the Panchyat System and to establish democracy in the
country. The government knew the secret plan of some Nepali Congress militants to capture
Okhaldhunga in 2031. They were under the command of Captain Yagya Bahadur Thapa.
Some of the militants were killed at Timbubote of Okhaldhunga in military action. Captain
Yagya Bahadur and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested and given death sentence in 2033
B.S.

Assassination of Ratna Kumar Bantawa

Ratna Kumar Bantawa, a promising political activist with communist ideology, was shot dead
on the bank of Deumai River in Illam on 27 Chaitra 2035 BS. Likewise Rishiraj Devkota
(Ajad) and Jaya Govinda Shah also got martyrdom during Panchyat System.

Referendum of 2037 B.S.

If any nation felt a need of collecting the peoples’ opinion on political system or any certain
issues of national concern through voting, it is called referendum which is a rare phenomenon
that generally takes place in a transitional political situation of a county. We had referendum
only once in our history in 2037 B.S.

Social Studies Book 10 269

King Birendra announced referendum after judging the situation that emerged within the
country due to the students’ protests. Nepales students in Kathmandu protested to showing
their dissatisfaction in the street against the death penalty of former Prime Minister of Pakistan
Mr. Julfikar Ali Bhutto. They exposed their dissatisfaction organizing a rally in Kathmandu.
While the rally of students was moving towards the Pakistani Embassy in Kathmandu to submit
the letter of condemnation, Nepal police stopped them on the way. The police laticharged and
suppressed them. The demonstrators were dispersed. The students got furious and agitated
because of this act of panchyat government. Therefore, they turned their movement against
Panchyat System. The Panchyat government finally bowed before the power students and King
Birendra addressed to the nation on the 10th of Jestha, 2036 BS and declared referendum with
a choice of Reformed Panchayat or a multiparty system.

Referendum was held on 10th Baisakh, 2037 B.S. Reformed Panchayat System got a majority
of vote with 54.99 per cent whereas Multi-Party System only received 45.2 per cent of the
total votes. BP Koirala immediately accepted the result of referendum, while other political
parties did not accept the result as it was a result of unfair means, dishonesty and irregularities.

Polls weren’t fair throughout the country. The election was held under Panchyat mechanism.
The political leaders could not drag people’s attention towards democracy. Many people in
the country were politically unaware. The Panchyat leaders misused the power, authority,
state treasury in favour of Panchyat system. Similarly, the ballot boxes were kept in army
barracks for six months and counted then after. These numbers of reasons make us realize
that referendum held in the country was not fair and impartial.

The Achievements of Nepal between 2017 to 2046 B.S.

i) Muluki Ain was implemented.
ii) Fast-West highways. Araniko highway, Prithvi Highway, Araniko highway, etc were

constructed.
iii) Patan Industrial Estate was established.
iv) New education system plan 2028 for the promotion of vocational education was

introduced.
v) Non-aligned foreign policy was adopted.
vi) Land Reform Act 2021 B.S. got implemented.
vii) Various laws were made to eliminate several social evils and problems etc.
viii) The concept of 5 development region was adopted.
ix) NTV was established.

Piskar Assassination

Surya Bahadur Thapa became the prime minister of the country after the election of National
Panchyat. On Magh 1, 2040 BS, a cultural programme was organized at Piskar in Sindhupalchok

270 Social Studies Book 10

district with the aim of raising awareness against Panchyat System in the country. The police
surrounded the place while the programme was going on and gun fired at the people. Some
innocent people, even those not involved in politics, were killed in the police action. This
incident is known as Piskar assassination. The prime minister Surya Bahadur Thapa was
dismissed from his post through the vote of no confidence after this event.

Satyagraha and Bomb Blast

The Nepali Congress launched a peaceful, non-violent civil disobedience movement called
Satyagraha against the Panchayat System from Jestha 10, 2042. This movement was getting
successful day by day with the overwhelming support of the people. Meanwhile, Ramraja
Prasad Singh a republican leader, carried out bombings at a number of places in Kathmandu,
Pokhara etc including at the gate of Singh Durbar. Panchyat government declared death
sentence to the leaders of that group including Ramraja Prasad Singh, Luxman Prasad Singh
and Prem Bahadur Bishwarkama. So, Nepali Congress was compelled to postpone the civil
disobedience movement.

Mass Movement of 2046

Under the political turmoil, some of the Indian leaders Ganesh Man Singh
openly took part in the Nepalese politics that was against
the Panchayat System. That is why, Nepal's anti-Panchayat
movement is sometimes defined as a movement
supported by the Indians. Political parties also created
pressure to restore democracy. Nepali Congress organized
an all-party conference inviting Indian leaders in Magh,
2046 in Kathmandu. This convention decided to launch
movement against the Panchayat system jointly with
United Left Front(ULF).

Government began to arrest party workers in different parts of the country and kept them
behind the bar. The movement began on the 7th of Falgun, 2046 BS under the command of
Ganesh Man Singh, the Iron Man. There were strikes and demonstrations almost everywhere
in the country.

Government was also determined to suppress the revolution, using force but this ultimately
proved unproductive. Meanwhile, King Birendra sacked the Prime Minister Marich Man
Singh for being unable to maintain peace and security in the country. Lokendra Bahadur
Chand was appointed as a new prime minister to settle the tension. A four-member cabinet
formed. This political movement precipitated the country in an economic crisis. Several
bridges, government offices, were set ablaze and many protesters were killed. The curfew was
imposed into three cities of Kathmandu valley, which made the public life more complicated

Social Studies Book 10 271

and suffocating. A demonstration became a rampage in King's Way at Kathmandu where
police fired to the mob which claimed three lives on Chaitra 24, 2046 BS. The movement
spread throughout the country. In Biratnagar, Jhapa, Pokhara, Nepaljung and Chitwan, large
number of people participated in the movement against the panchayat. King called for the
negotiation to the party leaders to solve the contemporary problem. Krishna Prasad Bhattari,
Girija Prasad Koirala, Radha Krishna Mainali and Sahana Pradhan represented the political
parties during negotiation. When there was a curfew in the valley at mid-night, King Birendra
made a proclamation. He declared to end the ‘partylessness’ of the Panchayati System from
the constitution of 2019 BS. Thus, the revolution of 2046 BS became successful. Multiparty
system began in the country. In the following year, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was made the
interim prime minister of democratic Nepal on the 6th Baisakh 2047.
Comparative study among mass

Bases 2007 BS/1951 AD 2046BS/ 1990 AD 2062/63 (2006AD)

Name i. Mass Revolution i. People's Movement I i. People's
Movement II

Nature ii. Anti-Rana movement ii. Anti-Panchauat ii. Anti-monarchy
Movement Movement.

Period iii. Many years iii. 49 days iii. 19 days

Achievements iv. Dawn of Democracy iv. Multi-party iv. Full- fledged
Democracy Democracy.

Goals v. Removal of Ranarchy v. Removal of v. Removal of
Panchayat Monarchy.

Kings vi. Returned king's vi. Curtailed king's vi. Overthrew king.
power power

Political parties vii.Nepal Praja vii.United Left vii.Seven Party
Parishand and Nepali Front and Nepali Alliance (SPA)
Congress. Congress. and CPN Maoist.

Difference between People's Movement I and II

Base (2046BS/1990 AD) (2062/63 BS /2006 AD)

Name People's Movement I People's Movement II

Nature It is an anti panchayat movement. It is an anti monarchy movement.

Periods It took place for 49 days. It took place for 19 days.

Achievement Multi-party democracy was Full-fledged democracy was
achieved. achieved.

Goals Its main goal was to overthrow Its main goal was to remove/ end
panchayat system. monarchy

272 Social Studies Book 10

King King's power was curtailed. King was overthrown
Political parties United Left Front and Nepali Seven Party Alliance and
CPN (Maoist) were the main
Congress were the main political political parties involved in this
parties involved in People's movement.
Movement I.

Similarities

"" Democratic movement
"" Peaceful movement
"" Interim government was formed after the both movements.
"" Nepali congress and communist parties led the movements

Word Meaning

• Intact : unharmed
• Legitimacy : authority
• Assassinating : beheading
• Pretext : a false or assumed reason
• Turmoil : confusion
• Ablaze : on fire

Points to Remember:

"" The Constitution of Nepal 2019 was promulgated on Poush 1, 2019.
"" Durgananda Jha threw a bomb at the vehicle King Mahendra on Magh 9, 2018.
"" Singha Durbar caught fire on 25 Asar, 2030 BS.
"" Capt Yagya Bahadur and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were given death sentence in

2033 B.S.
"" Ratna Kumar Bantawa was shot dead on 27Chaitra 2035 BS.
"" Referendum was held in the 10th Baisakh, 2037 AD.
"" Satyagraha was a peaceful, non-violent civil disobedience movement.
"" First mass movement began from the 7th of Falgun, 2046 BS.
"" Ganesh Man Singh was the commander of the first mass movement.
"" Multi-party democracy was established in Nepal on Chaitra 26, 2046 BS.
"" Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became prime minister on the 6th Baisakh 2047.

Social Studies Book 10 273

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. When was the constitution of Nepal 2019 promulgated? Write full date.
b. What was Sukhani Incident?
c. Who threw bomb at the vehicle of king Mahendra?
d. Who were killed in Timburbote Incident?
e. When was the referendum announced?
f. What is Satyagraha? Why was it postponed?
g. When was multi-party system re-established in Nepal?

2. Short answer questions

a. When was Referendum held in Nepal? Why did the king declare it in 2036 B.S?
b. Many assassinations took place in the country with the beginning of Panchyat

system. What can be the reasons behind it? Make a list of them.
c. Though majority of the people were in favour of Multi-party democracy,

Reformed Panchyat System got major votes. Why? Give reasons.
d. What was Jhapa Revolt? Describe.
e. Write an article about the protest of Panchayat System in 2046 B.S.
f. Write down the important political events from 2017 BS to 2036 BS and present

them in timeline.
g. Evaluate Ramraja Prasad Singh in the politics of Nepal.
h. Many people sacrificed their life and got martyrdom in mass movement of 2046

B.S. What should we do to honour them? Make a list of them.

3. Long answer questions

a. What were the causes of the movement of 2046 B.S? Explain.
b. What were the achievements of people’s movement 2046 B.S? Make a list of

differences between the Panchyat System and Multi-party system.

4. Community Work

a. Visit one of the elder members of your community who have had witnessed
political situation from 2017 B.s to 2046 B.S. Discuss with him and prepare a
model of news including is experience.

274 Social Studies Book 10

Lesson 5 Causes of the Rise and Fall
of Panchyat System

People wanted to ensure democracy, rights and freedom drafting the constitution of the
country from their own representatives. In the beginning King Tribhuwan and later King
Mahendra delayed to hold the election and finally this expectation of the people ended when
Mahendra declared new constitution in 2015 and held the general election in the country.
Again he took the state power in his hand from the royal address of Poush 1, 2017. He began
Partyless Panchyat System in the country from Poush 22, 2017. This political system was the
despotic and had direct rule of King in the country. It was against the spirit of the movement
of 2007 and Delhi Agreement.

The main reasons behind the rise of Panchyat rule in the country are given below.

a. The ambition of the King Mahendra to be the autocratic ruler of the country.

b. Lack of experience and immaturity of the political leaders.

c. Excessive belief of political leaders on King.

d. Parliamentary system to be new for the country

e. Unlimited power to the king in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015

f. Lack of unity among the political parties

g. Lack of political awareness among the general public

Nepalese people were not satisfied with the Panchyat
System. This system did not ensure fundamental rights and
freedom to the people. There was massive domination of
Panchyat rule and leaders to the people and the country. In
the modern sense, the political parties are supposed to be
the agents to carry people’s will and opinion. But there was
high political suppression and political parties and political
activities were banned in the country. Moreover there was
disparity on the basis of power and authority. There was the
monopoly of King and Panchyat rulers in state affair. Hence,
corruption spread everywhere and development activities
slowed down in the country.
King Mahendra
Nepali Congress Party National Convention at the court-
yard of Iron Man Ganeshman Singh’s residence at Chaksibari, Kathmandu on 5 - 7th of Magh
2046 BS decided to launch a united peaceful movement to restore democracy. United Left

Social Studies Book 10 275

Fronts under the leadership of Sahana Pradhan and Tulasilal Amatya joined this movement.
Ganeshman Singh was made the Supreme Commander Birendra called the representatives
of the Nepali Congress Party and the United Left Front. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija
Prasad Koirala, Sahana Pradhan and Radhakrishna Mainali participated at the dialogue and
reached an agreement. Finally, ban on political parties lifted on 26th Chaitra 2046 BS and on
3rd Baisakh 2047 BS, all Panchayat related institutions were dissolved. Thus, the Panchayat
System failed after 30 years and the People’s Movement-I ended marking the restoration of
democracy in Nepal.
The following could be summarized as some major reasons for the downfall of the
Panchayat system:

a. It was an autocratic system that was disliked by majority of people in the country.
b. Rights and freedom were not entrusted to people.
c. The political parties, students, civil societies, etc. continuously protested against

that system.
d. Nepali Congress and United Left Font started joint movement for democracy.
e. Nepal’s relation with India was worsened after Trade and Transit Treaty was not

renewed. Then India imposed Trade and Transit embargo on Nepal.
f. Wave of Democracy spread all over the world in the 1980s

Word Meaning

• Delayed : did late
• Despotic : autocratic
• Suppression : control
• Entrusted : given
• Embargo : ban or block

Points to Remember

"" Panchyat System began in the country from Poush 22, 2017.
"" Panchyat System was against the spirit of the revolution of 2007 and Delhi

Agreement.
"" King Mahendra was ambitious to be the autocratic ruler of the country.
"" The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 gave unlimited power to the king.
"" Rights and freedom were not entrusted to people in Panchyat System.

276 Social Studies Book 10

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. The introduction of Panchyat System was against the spirit of the revolution of
2007 and Delhi Agreement. Give your opinion in a sentence.

b. When did Panchyat System begin in Nepal?
c. Who was Ganesh Man Singh?
d. When was the national convention of Nepali Congress Party held?

2. Short answer questions

a. What is Panchyat System? Did people get any rights and freedom during Panchyat
System?

b. What were the reasons behind the rise of Panchyat System in Nepal?
c. Why did people fight against Panchyat System?
d. Make a list of developmental works done in Nepal during Panchyat System.

3. Long answer questions

a. Write a letter to your friend stating about the causes behind the rise and fall of
Panchyat System in Nepal.

b. The democracy, Nepalese people got in 2007 B.S was at risk for several times in
our history. Why was it so? Discuss with your friends and find out some reasons.
What should be done to stabilize democratic system in Nepal on the days ahead?
Give any four suggestions.

Social Studies Book 10 277

6 Political Events From
2046 BS - 2062 BS
Lesson

The movement of 2046 BS became successful to restore Multiparty Democracy in the
country. Everyone in the country was cheerful to get their dream realized with the restoration
of democracy and for getting political rights so that they could give a shape to the destiny of
their nation and people.

Formation of Interim Government

In the following year, KP Bhattarai was made the interim prime minister of democratic
Nepal on the 6th Baisakh 2047. There were 11 members in his cabinet comprising of the
ministers from the representatives of political parties, some appointed by the king and some
independent persons. This government was given mainly two responsibilities i.e. to introduce
new constitution as per the people’s will as reflected in the mass movement and to hold
general election.

Formation of Constitution Reform Suggestion Commission

A constitution reform suggestion commission was formed under the Chairmanship of
Biswanath Prasad Upadhyaya, then Chief Justice so as to draft a new constitution as per the will
of the people as reflected in the mass movement. The Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal-2047
was promulgated on 23 Kartik 2047 BS. Some major characteristics of this constitution
were sovereignty vested on people, multi-party parliamentary system of government,
constitutional monarchy, adult franchise, independent judiciary, etc. Constitutionally,
Nepal was recognized as a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, independent, democratic, sovereign,
constitutional monarchial kingdom.

General Election 2048

According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 general election was held on
29th Baisakh 2048 BS. The Nepali Congress got majority in the parliament. The parliamentary
party leader of Nepali Congress Girija Prasad Koirala became prime minister of the country.
But this government couldn’t last long because of internal conflict in the party. Girija Prasad
Koirala called for mid-term poll when the government programs and policy were not
passed from the parliament as desired.

Mid-Term Election and New Government

After Koirala declared the mid-term poll, it was held on 29th Kartik 2051 BS.In the mid-term
poll, no party was able to hold majority, The CPN UML stood as a largest party in the
parliament. A minority government was formed under the premiership of late Manamohan
Adhikari. Later he could not face the vote of confidence from the lower house. He thus
forced to resign from the office at the time when he was hospitalized.
The seed of political instability in Nepalese parliament system was sowed during that period.
The governments were formed and dismissed in short time. No government was stable. Sher
Bahadur Deuwa became new Prime Minister of the country after Manamohan Adhikari.
This was a joint government comprising of Sadbhawana Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party etc.

278 Social Studies Book 10

After Sher Bahadur Deuba, Lokendra Bahadur Chand became the Prime minister with the
support of United Communist Party of Nepal. Lokendra Bahadur Chand later over thrown
by the Nepali Congress. Surya Bahadur Thapa with a support from Nepali Congress and
Sadbhawana Party became the prime minister of Nepal. In this way sequences of forming and
deforming government continued.

Beginning of Armed Revolt

On 1st of Falgun 2052 BS, The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) started armed Armed
Revolt in the country from 1st Falgun, 2052. It slowly and gradually influenced the whole
country.

Royal Massacre 2058

In Jestha 19, 2058, Nepal faced a tragic massacre in the long monarchial history of Nepal
when all the royal family of King Birendra were shot dead. Prince Gynendra became the new
king in 2058 Jestha.

Parliament Dissolved

On the recommendation of the then Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, the king dissolved
the parliament on 19th Jestha 2059 and took all the powers in his hand. The political situation
worsened day by day. Following the footsteps of his father Mahendra, then King Gyanendra
worked to bring instability of the government in the country. Lokendra Bahadur Chand,
Surya Bahadur Thapa and Sher Bahadur Deuba were appointed as the Prime Ministers one
after another.

Beginning of Direct Rule of Gyanendra

Premiership of Sher Bahadur Deuwa was sacked on Ashwin 18, 2059 by King Gyanendra
blaming him ‘incompetent’. He further blamed him and his cabinet for being unable to conduct
the general election as CPN (Maoists) was a big terror for the election. King Gyanendra
then took all the state power in his hand. For the second time, Lokendra Bahadur Chand
was appointed as a prime minister by the king in Ashad, 2059 BS. Lokendra Bahadur Chand
resigned in Jestha 2060 BS and Surya Bahadur Thapa became Prime Minister. Surya Bahadur
Thapa also resigned in 25 Baisakh, 2061 BS as he could not make a necessary consensus with
the leading political parties for the agenda. Major political parties blamed the king’s move
as a unconstitutional act. After the resignation tendered by Surya Bahadur Thapa, King
Gyanendra revived Sher Bahadur Deuba as the Prime Minister in Jestha, 2061 BS as per the
constitutional rights of Article 127.
On 19 Magh 2061 again King Gyanendra sacked Sher Bahadur Deuba and kept all top leaders
of the political parties under detention. He declared to take the state power in his hand. The
political parties got agitated because of that autocratic step of the king.

12 Points Agreement

The political parties got furious and agitated with the step of the king. Seven political parties
alliance (Nepali Congress, Nepali Congress (Democratic), CPN (UML), Nepal Sadbhawana
(Anandadevi), Janamorcha Nepal, Nepal Majdur Kishan Party and United Leftist Front)
and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) signed 12 pact agreement on 7 Mangsir,2062
and decided to launch peaceful movement in the country jointly against the autocratic step
of the king. Accordingly, the People’s Movement-II was launched on 24th Chaitra 2062.
The government attempted to suppress the movement by enforcing curfew and various

Social Studies Book 10 279

restrictions. However, people from all sections of the society poured on to the streets to
protest. It became very difficult for the government to maintain law and order. Some 25 people
got martyrdom and many were wounded during this movement. Finally, after 19th day of this
People’s Movement-II, on 11th Baisakh 2063 BS, the King was compelled to proclaim the
return of sovereignty to people. He declared to reinstate the dissolved parliament, the House
of Representatives as per the demand of the political parties.

Points to Remember:

Date Events

Baishakh 6, 2047 K. P Bhattarai became prime minister

Jestha 16, 2047 Constitution Reform Suggestion Commission
formed

Kartik 23, 2047 Promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom
of Nepal 2047

Baishakh 29, 2048 Girija Prasad Koirala became prime minister after
the general election

Kartik 29, 2051 Midterm election held

Mangsir 13, 2051 Manamonah Adhikari became prime minister.

Bhadra 25, 2052 Sher Bahadur Deuba became prime minister of
the joint government

Falgun 1, 2052 Beginning of armed revolt by Maoist

Baishakh 20, Jestha 3, 2056 General Election held

Jestha 19, 2058 Royal massacre took place

19 Jestha 2059 Sher Bahadur Deuba dissolved the parliament

Magh 19, 2061 King Gyanendra declared to take state power in
his hand

Mangsir 7, 2062 12 point agreement signed

Chaitra 24, 2062 Mass Movement II began

Word Meaning

• Destiny : luck
• Comprising : including
• Massacre : mass murder
• Restrictions : limitations

280 Social Studies Book 10

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What should the government at present learn from the interim government
formed after the restoration of democracy in 2046 B.S? Write in a sentence.

b. Write any two characteristics of the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal-2047.
c. What do you mean by mid-term election?
d. When did tragic Royal Massacre take place?
e. When was 12 points agreement signed?

1. Short answer questions

a. Complete the following table and present them in time line.

Date (in B.S.) Events
Baishakh 6, 2047
K. P Bhattarai became prime minister.
…………………………… Girija Prasad Koirala became prime minister after the
general election
Kartik 29, 2051 ……………………………………
…………………………… Royal massacre took place
King Gyanendra declared to take state power in his
Magh 19, 2061 hand.
…………………………………..
Chaitra 24, 2062

b. Nepalese people had struggled for several times in the history for democracy and
human rights. What do you think should be done to institutionalize the historical
political achievements at present? Write in points.

c. What were the main responsibilities of the interim cabinet formed after the
success of the movement of 2046 B.S?

d. Write any four positive aspects of the political change of 2046 B.S.
e. Why do you think was the 12 points agreement signed?
f. Construct a dialogue between two friends including the main events and

achievements of second mass movement.
g. Describe the positive and negative impacts of Maoist Armed struggle in Nepalese

society.

3. Long answer questions

a. Show the similarities and differences between the achievements of mass
movement 2046 and second mass movement 2062/063.

b. Compare the political condition of Nepal from 2007 B.S to 2015 B.S and 2059
B.S to 2062 B.S. Also state the reasons behind such conditions.

Social Studies Book 10 281

7 Political Events from
2062/063 to till Date
Lesson

The House of Representatives that was dissolved by Sher Bahadur Deuba on19 Jestha 2059
was reinstated through the royal address of the King Gyanendra on Baishakh 11, 2063. The
first meeting of the reinstated parliament was held on Baishakh 15, 2063. Girija Prasad
Koirala, the leader of Nepali Congress and the commander of the movement was appointed
prime minister of the country and a coalition government of seven parties was formed.

Historical Proclamation of Parliament

The meeting of the House of Representatives on Jestha 4, 2063 made some quite new and
historic declarations. It is called the historical proclamation of the parliament in the political
history of Nepal. The proclamation included:

a. His majesty’s government to be changed into Nepal Government.
b. Royal Nepal Army to be changed into Nepal Army.
c. Nepal to be a secular state.
d. The property of the King and his family to be taxable.
e. Questions against the king and his family to be raised in the court.
f. The executive power of the nation to be vested on the Council of Ministers.
g. The legislative power of the nation to be exercised by the House of Representatives.

Comprehensive Peace Accord

There took place a great change in the Nepalese Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA)
politics after the historical proclamation of the House
of Representatives. A Comprehensive Peace Accord
was signed between the government of Nepal and
the CPN (Maoist) that had been launching armed
revolt in the country. It was signed on 5th Mangsir
2063 B.S. Girija Prasad Koirala on the behalf of the
government and Puspa Kamal Dahal on the behalf of
CPN (Maoist) signed the agreement. It ended the 10
year long Maoist insurgency and the country moved
on the way of sustainable peace.

282 Social Studies Book 10

Promulgation of Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 BS

Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was promulgated on 1st Magh 2063 BS as the document
of political consensus. This constitution had the provision of the election of the constituent
assembly to draft a new constitution for the country as per people’s will as reflected in the
Mass Movement II.

Constituent Assembly-I Election

The election for constituent assembly was held on 28th Chaitra 2064 BS. It had 601 members.
240 of them were directly elected, 335 were elected on the basis of proportional representation
and 26 were nominated by the cabinet. There were 25 political parties that represented in the
Constituent Assembly. CPN (Maoist) got largest seats in the election. The first meeting of the
Constituent Assembly declared Nepal “Federal Democratic Republic” on 15th Jestha 2065.
Hence, the long history of kingship in Nepal came to an end. King Gyanendra easily accepted
the decision of the people and abandoned the throne peacefully making a public address from
the Narayanhity Palace.

First President Elected

The Constituent Assembly that was also working as the House
of Representatives elected Dr. Ram Baran Yadav president of
the country on 6th Shrawan 2065 BS.

The chairman of CPN (Maoist) Puspa Kamal Dahal was
elected prime minister on Bhadra 2, 2065. That was the period
of political crisis in Nepal. The political parties had several
responsibilities to institutionalize the historical achievements
drafting new constitution and maintaining sustainable peace in
the country. But the parties seemed to have lacked agreement
in major national issues. Hence, the country witnessed sudden Dr Ram Baran Yadav

changes in government. Madhav Kumar Nepal, a leader of CPN
(UML) became prime minister of the country on 11 Jestha 2066. Similarly, Jhalanath Khanal
was elected prime minister on Magh 23, 2067. Again, Dr. Baburam Bhattarai became prime
minister on Bhadra 12, 2068. Constituent Assembly I was formed with the aim of formulating
new constitution from people’s representatives. However, the political parties could not
comprehend agreement especially regarding the state restructure and some other issues. But
they played a crucial role to lead the peace process in the country to logical conclusion. The
tenure of constituent assembly was extended by two years. Finally, it was dissolved on 14 of
Jestha 2069. Election Government inclusive of 10 ex-government servants was formed under
the Chairmanship of the seating Chief Justice Khilaraj Regmi. This government was given the
responsibility of conducting election for the Constituent Assembly- II.

Social Studies Book 10 283

The causes of the failure of constituent assembly I are given below.

a. There was mistrust and misunderstanding among the political parties.
b. There were many political parties representing in the constituent assembly. Hence, it

was difficult to make an agreement among them all regarding the constitutional matters.
c. The political parties could not rise above party-self.
d. The political parties focused on forming government rather than writing the

constitution.
e. No political party had the majority in constituent assembly.
f. The Constituent Assembly was very big in term of size and composition.
g. The political leaders and political parties lacked knowledge and experience in regard

to drafting constitution in consensus.

Constituent Assembly II

Seating Chief Justice, Khila Raj Regmi led government
successfully held the election of constituent assembly II
on 4th Mangsir 2070. It was declared that this election was
comparatively more free, fair, credible and transparent than
the previous elections in Nepal. No political party was able to
secure majority in the election. The Nepali Congress got the
highest number of seats in the CA. First meeting of CA-II was
held on 8 Magh 2070 and Legislative Parliament on 12 Magh
2070 B.S. Shushil Koirala, the president of Nepali Congress
was elected prime minister of the country on Magh 27, 2070.
The political parties presented themselves in more responsible
manner in the CA II and worked more efficiently to draft new Khila Raj Regmi

constituent for the country. Finally, constitution of Nepal was
promulgated on 3rd Ashwin 2072 by the president Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.

The dream of Nepalese people to draft constitution from the assembly of elected representatives
got realized in 2072 B.S, although they had struggled for this since 2007 B.S. The promulgation
of the constitution was a milestone to materialize the historical achievement of Nepal and
Nepalese people, federal republic system. Then the constituent assembly was dissolved and it
was transformed into legislature parliament.

K.P Oli Elected Prime Minister

Khadga Prasad Oli, the chairman of CPN (UML) was elected prime minister of Nepal on
24thAshwin 2072. His government existed in the country just for nine months. After CPN
Maoist Centre withdrew its support to the government, KP Oli led government was dissolved.

284 Social Studies Book 10

Second President Elected

Vidya Devi Bhandari was elected the second president of Nepal on 11th Kartik 2072.

Puspa Kamal Dahal Elected Prime Minister

After K. P Oli, Pushpa Kamal Dahal became prime minister of the country for the second
time. He became the prime minister on Shrawan 19, 2073. It was the coalition government of
Nepali Congress and CPN Maoist Centre.

Local Elections Held

After a long interval of time, local elections were held in Nepal
in three phases on 31st Baisakh, 14th Asar and 2nd Asoj, 2074
B.S.

Sherbahadur Deuba Elected Prime Minister

Sherbahadur Deuba was elected the Prime Minister of Nepal
on 23rd Jestha, 2074 B.S. He became the 40th Prime Minister of
Nepal Succeeding Puspa Kamal Dahal.

Parliamentary and Provincial Elections Held

Parliamentary elections and the provincial elections were Sherbahadur Deuba
held together at the same time in two phases on 10th and 21st
Mangsir, 2074 B.S. Parliamentary elections were held to elect
the 275 members of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Federal Parliament,
whereas the provincial elections were held to elect the members of the seven provincial
assemblies. The CPN (UML) became the largest political party both in Federal Parliament
and Provincial assemblies after the elections.

Formation of New Government under KP Oli

In the parliamentary elections held in 2074 BS, the CPN(UML)
became the largest party in the House of Representatives with
121 seats. The Left Alliance comprising the CPN(UML)
and the CPN(Maoist-Center) got a comfortable majority in
the house and the Chairperson of the CPN(UML) KP Oli
became the Prime Minister of the country for the second
time on 3rd Falgun, 2074 BS. Since then, he has been leading K.P. Oli

the government as the 41st Prime Minister of the country. In
his second premiership, he has been the first Prime Minister after the full implementation of
federalism in Nepal with the formation of provincial governments in 7 provinces.

Social Studies Book 10 285

Word Meaning

• Reinstated : re-established
• Coalition : joint
• Insurgency : rebellion
• Consensus : agreement
• Credible : believable

Points to Remember:

Date (in B.S.) Events

Baisakh 11, 2063 Mass Movement II was held.
Baisakh 15, 2063 The first meeting of reinstated parliament was held.
Jestha 4, 2063 The reinstated parliament made historic declaration.
Mangsir 5, 2063 CPA was signed between Nepal Government and CPN
Magh 1, 2063 (Maoist)
Chaitra 28, 2064 Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was promulgated.
Jestha 15, 2065 Election of CA I was held.
Shrawan 6, 2065 Nepal was declared Federal Republic State.
Bhadra 2, 2065 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected president.
Jestha 9, 2066 Puspa Kamal Dahal was elected prime minister.
Magh 20, 2067 Madhav Kumar Nepal was elected prime minister.
Bhadra 11, 2068 Jhalanath Khanal was elected prime minister.
Jestha 14, 2069 Baburam Bhattarai was elected prime minister.
Chaitra 1, 2069 CA I was dissolved.
Mangsir 4, 2070 Khilaraj Regmi became chairman of interim election
Magh 27, 2070 government.
Election of CA II was held.
Shushil Koirala was elected prime minister.

Baisakh 12 and 29, 2072 Earthquake in Nepal

Ashwin 3, 2072 The Constitution of Nepal was promulgated.

Ashwin 24, 2072 K. P Oli was elected prime minister.

Kartik 11, 2072 Vidya Devi Bhandari was elected president.

Shrawan 19, 2073 Pushpa Kamal Dahal was elected prime minister for the
second time.

Baisakh 31, 2074 First phase local election held.

Jestha 23, 2074 Sher Bahadur Deuba was elected prime minister

286 Social Studies Book 10

Date (in B.S.) Events
Ashad 14, 2074 Second phase local election held
Ashoj 2, 2074 Third phase local election held
Mangsir 10 & 21, 2074 Parliamentary and provincial election held.
Falgun 3, 2074 Formation of new government under K.P. Sharma Oli
Jestha 3, 2075 CPN (UML) and Maoist merged as Nepal Communist
Party
Shrawan 18, 2075 Cabinet was expanded for 4th time.
Bhadra 1, 2075 Muluki Ain 2074 was implemented.
Bhadra 14 & 15, 2075 4th BIMSTEC Summit was held in Kathmandu.
Falgun 15, 2075 7 people including Tourism Minister died in helicopter
crash in Taplejung
Baisakh 5, 2076 Nepali satellite launched
Baisakh 5 - 18, 2076 8th National game in Nepalgunj held.
Jestha 7, 2076 Kami Rita Sherpa scaled Mt. Everest for 24th time (world
record)
Asoj 13, 2076 Nepal was declared open defection free zone.
Mangsir 4, 2076 Cabinet was reshuffled
Mangsir 14, 2076 By-election was held in Nepal.
Mangsir 15 - 24, 2076 13th SAG was held.
Poush 16, 2076
Poush 27, 2076 Visit Nepal 2020 was inaugurated by president.
Province No. 3 was named as Bagmati and Hetauda
Magh 9, 2076 was declared as captial.
Magh 12, 2076 Election of National Assembly (second time) was held.
Agni Sapkota was elected as the speaker of House of
Magh 10, 2076 Representatives.
Falgun 19, 2076 A Nepali student was tested positive from COVID-19.
Chaitra 5, 2076
Chaitra 10, 2076 15th plan was endorsed.
Jesth 3, 2077
Jesth 7, 2077 SEE 2076 was postponed.

Nepal went into nationwide lock down.

Nepal reported it's first COVID-19 related death.

Nepal government released its new map.

Social Studies Book 10 287

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. When was the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government and
the Maoist signed?

b. What is constituent assembly?
c. When was the Constituent Assembly I dissolved?
d. When was the Constituent Assembly II Election held?
e. Who is the first president of Nepal?

1. Short answer questions

a. Show the major political developments after 2062 BS to date in a time line.
b. Why do you think the constituent assembly I fail in its mission? Give at least four

reasons.
c. Why is it difficult to implement a federal system socially and economically in a

country like ours?
d. Compare the People’s Movement of 2046 BS to the People’s Movement-II of

2062 BS.
e. Have the people’s aims and expectations fulfilled after the second Mass

Movement? Present your logics.
f. Political parties form government in democratic system. But the government

under the chairmanship of sitting Chief Justice was formed the Constituent
assembly dissolved. Why? Give reasons.
g. The constitution of Nepal is the document of political consensus. Discuss.
h. Why was republican System declared in Nepal? Give reasons.

3. Long answer questions

a. What are the good aspects of democratic system? Write in brief about socio-
economic achievements after 2047 BS.

b. What were the objectives of the People's Movement 2062/63? Did it succeed to
achieve expected goals? Make a list of achievements.

c. The political condition of the country after the Second Mass Movement was full
of disorders and difficulties. Justify.

4. Community Work

Imagine you had a talk with a local intellectual and social worker in your community
about the political condition after 2063 BS. Prepare a report mentioning their opinion,
satisfaction, dissatisfaction, expectation.

288 Social Studies Book 10

Lesson 8 Economic and Social effects
after Mass Movement II

Nepalese people struggled for democracy and human rights for several times in the history.
Each time they got achievements but failed to institutionalize them. Nepalese people
had enormous trust on the kingship. However the kings always took people’s fait has the
weakness. Hence, they always worked to be the autocratic ruler of the country. Being fed
up with the king’s steps and lust for power, people decided to organize final struggle against
autocracy. Consequently, Mass Movement II began from 24th Chaitra 2062. It was the
peaceful movement of seven party alliance. It was supported by the CPN (Maoist) as well.
The movement lasted for 19 days. Finally, they got Loktantra on Baishakh 11, 2063.
Then the movement stopped. A coalition of government of the seven parties was formed with
Girija Prasad Koirala as the prime minister. Historical proclamation of the reinstated
parliament paved a way to the introduction of several social and economic achievements and
end of monarchy in the country.
There were several problems and
perversions in the country before the
mass movement II was launched. There
was great problem of racial and gender
discrimination prevailing in Nepal.
People wanted social harmony, equality,
justice and the end of discrimination.
All people were not ensured with equal
access to the state affair. There existed
class discrimination in the country. The
language, culture, tradition and religion of
the people were not equally promoted. Hence, people wanted to end these all disparities and
introduce equality and harmony.
All parts of the country were not equally developed. People could not enjoy equal facilities and
opportunities. The country had suffered a decade long Maoist insurgency. People could not
feel safe and secured. They wanted the end of conflict and establishment of sustainable pace
and harmony. In this regard, second mass movement had several positive impacts in Nepalese
social and economic life. The main effects of the Mass Movement II are summarized below.

"" Nepal was declared a secular state. It made the people of all religions feel equally
respected and hounoured in the nation. Moreover, Nepal turned to be a fertile
orchard where all religious flowers could bloom together in harmony. They can get
equal opportunities to promote their religious practices and values.

Social Studies Book 10 289

"" The constitution of Nepal aims to bring those people in the main stream of the state
who had fallen back socially and economically because of social exclusion. The
movement brought the backward group of people belonging to particular region,
gender, religion, language, class, etc. in the main stream of the state.

"" The concept of reservation to women, indigenous nationalities, madheshi, dalit,
disables and those belonging to backward regions was brought by the mass
movement II. It has worked a lot for their empowerment.

"" It ended all sorts of social disparities including untouchability.
"" The armed conflict ended and people now can feel safe and secured in the country.

It helped to introduce sustainable peace in the country. Consequently, the pace of
infrastructural development increased in the country.
"" The people got better opportunities to learn about their rights, duties, freedom and
the responsibilities of the government towards people and the nation. Hence, the
political awareness among the people has enormously increased.
"" The movement had been successful because of the equal and active involvement of
the people. Hence, it contributed a lot to cultivate the culture of consensus, harmony,
unity, fraternity, co-operation, co-ordination and mutual help among people. This
culture has helped to eliminate social problems and evils.
"" The periodic plans in the country are implemented more effectively. As the result
economic growth rate has increased.
"" Nepal has opened the door for foreign investment. The agreements like BIPPA,
trade and transit, financial aid, etc. have been signed with many countries of the
world.
"" Many big development projects of national glory and fame have been begun.
The country is working to make foreign employment more safe and systematic.

Points to Remember:

"" Mass Movement II was the peaceful movement of seven party alliance.
"" Historical proclamation of the reinstated parliament paved a way to the introduction

of several social and economic achievements.
"" Nepal was declared a secular state on Jestha 4, 2063.
"" The constitution of Nepal aims to bring those people in the main stream of the state.
"" The concept of reservation to women, indigenous nationalities, madheshi, dalit,

disables and belonging to backward regions was brought by the mass movement II.
"" Nepal has opened the door for foreign investment.
"" The agreements like BIPPA, trade and transit, financial aid, etc. have been signed

with many countries of the world.

290 Social Studies Book 10

Word Meaning

• Institutionalize : to establish as a normal practice
• Insurgency : rebellion
• BIPPA : bilateral investment promotion and protection agreement

1. Very short answer questions Activities

a. When was the historical proclamation of parliament made?
b. Why is proportional representation system good for Nepal? Write in a sentence.
c. What is BIPPA?

2. Short answer questions

a. How did the second mass movement create environment for brotherhood, co-
coordination and mutual help in Nepal?

b. How is our government working to promote self employment and create
employment opportunities in the country?

c. Why is the proclamation of parliament Jestha 4, 2063 called historical? Give
reasons.

d. The political change as per people will bring socio-economic change in the
country. Discuss.

3. Long answer questions.

a. Make a list of the social and economic achievements after the political change of
2063 B.S.

b. Compare the effects of each political change from 2007 B.S till date in the socio-
economic condition of Nepal.

c. What is political change? Why is political condition changing in Nepal so often?
Give reasons.

Social Studies Book 10 291

9 Causes of World War I

Lesson

A situation in which almost all the countries of the world are directly or indirectly involved
in armed fighting against their rivals block is called world war. One blocks countries may give
arms, money, send military forces to the battle front for fighting against the military of the rival
block. The First World War broke out in 1914 AD and ended in 1918 AD. It marked an end to
a long period of peace. This war was a result of many political tensions among the European
powers. During the World War I, the whole world was divided into two rival blocks. Britain,
France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, China, Japan and America were in one group. This group was
known as Allied power. Similarly, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey had formed next
block. It was called Axis power. But the countries like Spain, Switzerland, Albania, Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Iran, etc. remained neutral during the war.

Causes of the First World War

i. Groupism

Before the World War I, whole Europe was divided into two hostile groups. There
started fear, suspension and hatred among them. After the unification of Germany, Otto
Von Bismarck of Germany began military alliance and groupism. Germany entered into
a secret pact of friendship with Austria-Hungary in 1879 it is called as Dual Alliance.
In 1882 Germany and Austria signed a pact with Italy to increase their strength. This
pact is called as Tripple Alliance.Bismarck didn’t let another group raise until he was
the Chancellor. After he resigned, France made two different treaties with Russia and
Britain. This gave the formation of next group in Europe called Tripple Entente. The
hostility between these rival alliances led to the outbreak of the World War I.

ii. Ultra Nationalism and Militarism

The European countries had excessive national feeling. They wanted others to respect
their nationality. They used to think that their nation was greater, stronger and superior
to others. By the end of 19th century Germany gained control over few German
speaking states of Europe. Bismark made it stronger by the German unification. 
Extreme nationalism was developed by Germany. They had the arrogance that they
were the superior race and born to rule the world. The growing strength of Germany
got threatened Britain.

The other important factor that caused the world war was militarism. Both the hostile
blocks were in a fear filled with suspicion and hatred against each other. They started to

292 Social Studies Book 10

increase the number of armies and developed dangerous weapons as they felt unsecured
which also came to be known as the cause of the war.

iii. Imperialism and Colonialism

The countries in Europe were in search of a good market to supply their productions after
the industrial revolution in Europe. The European countries also wanted to raise their
economic status and size of the army and produce harmful weapons. The competition
of imperialism and colonialism began in Europe that made the cold relationship among
the countries which led the in path of destructive wars. In the beginning, France, Britain
and Russia were in competition of growing imperialism. Later, Germany and Italy also
joined this race. That finally created hostility among the European Countries that finally
resulted in World War I.

iv. False and Twisted News in Newspapers

The countries in Europe did not have good relationship with each other. They were into
two hostile groups. The newspapers of these published false, misleading and humiliating
news of other nations to provoke the people's spirit against the enemy countries. It also
helped to increase the feeling of enmity among them that finally caused war among
them.

v. Balkan Crisis

Turkey was a big empire before the World War I. There were many countries under
Turkey. Among them, the region of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro was
called Ottoman Empire. There was no good relationship among these countries. But
they had uniform aim that they wanted to be free from Turkish rule. Towards the end of
the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire began to decline slowly and was called the ‘Sick
man of Europe’. They reached the conclusion that they could not get independence by
their individual effort. Hence, they formed Balkan League with the objective of fighting
against Turkey for their independence. They made an agreement to fight against Turkey
jointly, get independence and divide the parts of Turkey they would conquer. Balkan
League invaded Turkey in 1912 AD. It is called first Balkan war. In course of the war,
London Agreement was signed and these four countries got independence. These
countries had conquered some parts of Turkey. A new country called Albania emerged
in their agreement and the rest of the conquered territories were divided among four
countries. But Bulgaria was dissatisfied with Serbia on the issues of ownership of certain
territories. Germany and Austria provoked Bulgaria in this regard. Finally, Bulgaria
attacked Serbia in 1913 AD. It is known as the second Balkan War. In this war, Serbia
captured Bulgaria and became a big nation. Hence, Balkan Region became a place to
practise war for the European countries that finally resulted in the World War.

Social Studies Book 10 293

vi. Arrogant Character of William-II of Germany

William II-(The Emperor of Germany) wanted to make
Germany a powerful country in the world. His principle was
World power of downfall. He wanted to be more powerful than
U.K. So, the relationship between Germany and U.K was cold
which enriched them to involve in the First World War.

vii. Bosnia Herzegovina Crisis William-II

Bosnia and Herzegovina (the two Balkan provinces) were kept
in Austria by the Berlin Convention of 1878 A.D. But, most of the people in Bosnia
and Herzegovina were of the Serbian race. Due to these reasons, there was frequent
rebellions and revolt against Austria. Serbia wanted to separate those provinces from
Austria-Hungary and wanted to be independent. A group of Serbian youths had secretly
set up a terrorist organization called the ‘Union of Death’ known as the ‘Black Hand
Society’ to fight against Austria-Hungary. It created rivalry between Austria-Hungary
and Serbia.

viii. Immediate Cause

A 19 years old student, a member of the black-hand society named Gavrilo Prince killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the prince of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie Chotek
when they were on their visit to Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia on June 28, 1914.
The incident was named as the immediate cause of the war. After a month of the murder
of the couple, the emperor of Austria-Hungary, with the support of Germany, sent a
telegram to Serbian king telling that his government was responsible for the murder of
a couple of Austria Princess. The telegram stated that Serbia should give permission to
Austro-Hungarian authorities to monitor the suppression of the Black Hand society
and investigate the criminal activities. Serbia must suppress the Black Hand Society
and Serbia must respond to the terms of ultimatum within 48 hours. On 27th  July
1914, King Peter of Serbia replied stating that the members of black hand could be
suppressed, but the authorities of Austria-Hungary would not be allowed in Serbia to
monitor the investigate. So, formally the Austrian government declared war against
Serbia on 28th July 1914 and initiated the destructive and enormous the First World
War.

294 Social Studies Book 10

Word Meaning

• Arrogant : cocky, bossy
• Hostility : aggression
• Humiliation : disgrace
• Neutral : impartial
• Outbreak : sudden happening
• Outrage : violence

Points to Remember:

Date Events

28th Jul 1914 Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph declared war against Serbia, Austro-
Hungarian Armed Forces bombarded Belgrade, the Serbian capital

29th Jul 1914 Russia ordered its armed forces to protect Serbia.

30th Jul 1914 Germany pressured Russia with an ultimatum to withdraw its military
from Serbia, but Russia didn’t withdraw.

1st Aug 1914 Germany declared war against Russia, France ordered its Armed
forces to support Russia.

3rd Aug 1914 Germany declared war on France. Germany entered neutral country
Belgium to attack France. As Britain had responsibility to protect
Belgium, Britain put pressure on Germany to withdraw its forces from
Belgium

4th Aug 1914 Britain declared war on Germany as it didn’t withdraw its forces from
Belgium.

12th Aug 1914 Britain and France declared war on Austria-Hungary.

20th Oct 1914 The first battle of Ypres, a Belgium city began, many soldiers on both
sides died.

24th May 1915 Italy joined Allies and declared war on Austria.

15 Oct 1915 Britain declared war against Bulgaria.

27th Aug 1916 Romania declared war against Austria.

28th Aug 1916 Italy declared war against Germany.

6th Apr 1917 The USA declared war against Germany.

7th Aug 1918 The Black Day of German Military, revolt in German Army.

9th Nov 1918 German Emperor Kaiser William II fled to Holland.

28 June 1919 The treaty of Versailles signed in France and the war formally ended.

Social Studies Book 10 295

Activities

1. Very short answer questions

a. What is a World War?
b. What are Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?
c. What was Ottoman Empire?
d. Which country was called the “Sick man of Europe before the First World War?
e. What was the Black Hand Society?
f. Who murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie Chotek?

2. Short answer questions

a. Describe the immediate cause of the First World War in brief.
b. How was groupism a cause of World War I?
c. Feeling of ultra-nationalism is not good? Justify.
d. How is imperialism different from colonization? Discuss.
e. If you were the ruler of Serbia, how would you respond the threatening letter of

Austria Hungary?

3. Long answer questions

a. Write down the causes of the First World War and describe any 4 of them in brief.
b. How can we be free from conflict and stress? How can you keep yourself away

from conflict? Present some ways.
c. How do unhealthy competition, jealousy, revenge mentality and hostility affect

in our personal life? Also mention the roles of these virtues for the outbreak of
World War I. Discuss with classmates and write.

296 Social Studies Book 10

10 Consequences of the
World War I
Lesson

The First World War was highly destructive and devastating war. 36 countries of the world
directly involved in this war. It was fought in all fronts: land, sea and air. Almost all the countries
were directly or indirectly affected by the war. It caused enormous loss of life and property. In
true sense it brought change in the political map of the world. The major consequences of the
World War I are given below.

a. Unprecedented Loss of Life and Property

World War I caused irreparable loss of life and property. Advanced warfare techniques used
in the war which caused horrible destruction in the world. More than 8 million people were
killed, 6 million were badly injured and 13 million people received minor injuries. Nearly
6,000 British ships and 200 German submarines, and many aeroplanes were destroyed. It
is estimated that the total direct cost of war stood at about $186 billion. A huge amount of
property, difficult to exactly estimate, was destroyed.

b. The Treaty of Versailles Signed

The Allied Powers and the Germany signed a treaty in the Versailles Palace of France on 28th
June 1919. It is known as the Treaty of Versailles or Paris Peace Treaty. This treaty formally
ended the war. However Germany felt badly treated, humiliated and punished because it
was a one-sided, humiliating and insulting treaty. It seemed as if the treaty declared only the
criminal of the war and take the responsibility of all the destructions as per the article 231
of the treaty. According to the treaty, Germany had to give up about 13% of its land. There
was huge restriction in terms of military, weapons manufacturing and also had to pay 660
million pound to Allies as war compensation. Germany had to give Alsace and Lorraine back
to France, Eurpen and Malmedy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, Posen, Upper
Silesia and West Prussia to Poalnd, Saar and Danzing were kept under the League of Nations.
Similarly, it was decided to give all German colonies to Allied countries. Such humiliation was
not tolerable to the German people. It sowed the seed of revenge in the mind of German
people. This feeling of revenge led to the support of Adolf Hitler, who threatened world peace
by violating the treaty that opened the door to the Second World War.

c. End of Monarchies

After the World War I, absolute monarchies came to an end and republican system was
started in many European countries like Russia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Lithuania, Latvia,
Finland, Czechoslovakia and Ukraine. Moreover, some new nations emerged. Communism
began in Russia then it slowly spread to East Europe.

d. Economic Crisis

The war made the economic condition of European countries so miserable. It adversely
affected the agriculture and industry in those countries. The countries lacked capital for

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investment. There started unemployment, famine, inflation and price hike. The economic
crisis of 1930 A.D was the consequence of the World War I.

e. Rise of Dictators

The dictators generally rise in power during the crisis. Some dictators exploited the situation
of crisis in their favour and took advantage from it. They promised to solve these economic
and political crises. They obtained public support too. Adolf Hitler of Germany, Mussolini of
Italy, General Franco of Spain and Stalin of the USSR came into power. They rose to power
exploiting the general public and killing the opponents.

f. Emergence of New Nations
Some new nations emerged as the result of World War I. Albania, Finland, Yugoslavia and
Czechoslovakia were formed after the war. It brought change in the political map of the world.

g. Establishment of the League of Nation
The League of Nation was established as the result of the World War I with its headquarters
in Geneva of Switzerland on 10thJanuary 1920 AD with the aim to establish world peace and
security in the world preventing the world from next devastating world war and settling the
international disputes peacefully through dialogues. The concept of the establishment of this
organization was brought by the then US President, Woodrow Wilson. There were 67 nations
as its members.

World War I and Roles of Nepalese

Nepal helped Britain in World War I. Prime
minister Chandra Shumsher sent 7,500
Nepalese troops under the command of
General Babar Shumsher to fight on the
behalf of British government. Again, some
more troops were sent to support Britain,
under Generals Padma Shumsher, Tej
Shumsher and Kesar Shumsher. Actual
record of the Nepalese who took part the war
is still unknown. However it is estimated that Kul Bir Thapa Magar Karna Bahadur Rana Magar

Nepal sent 16,544 youths to fight in the war in the favour of United Kingdom. They supported
British for their victory with their extraordinary valor. The enemies also admired their bravery
wholeheartedly. Nepal provided ten lakhs Pounds as the economic assistance for war as well.
Being pleased with the military support from Nepal, Britain honoured Chandra Shumsher
with the position of General of British Army. Moreover, Britain decided to provide Rs.
10,00,000 as the economic assistance to Nepal. Many Nepalese were awarded war medals and
honours for their bravery like Military Cross and Victoria Cross by the British Government.
Kul Bir Thapa Magar and Karna Bahadur Rana Magar received Victoria Cross from the British
Government. Because of the exemplary heroism, courage, valour and bravery exhibited by
the Nepalese, Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II said, "I can send my army to fight any troop of the
world but my heart shakes when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldiers."

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Word Meaning

• Communism : rule of communist according to the principle of socialism
• Immense : extremely large
• Valour : bravery
• League : association
• Reinforcements : troops sent in aid of already deployed troops
• Submarine : underwater craft

Points to Remember:

"" The First World War was a major disaster in the history of mankind.
"" The war had caused irreparable loss of life and property.
"" Treaty of Versailles sowed the seed of Second World War.
"" It is estimated that about 16,544 Nepali troops in World War I.
"" Britain honoured Chandra Shumsher with the position of General of British Army.

Activities

1. Very short answer questions
a. When was Versailles Treaty signed?
b. When was the League of the nations established?
c. When did the First War begin and end? Write full dates.
d. Who was the Prime Minister of Nepal during the First World War?
e. Who said, "I can send my army to fight against any of the military forces but my
heart pounds by the name of the Gurkha soldiers"?
2. Short answer questions
a. Why was the League of Nations established?
b. Mention the conditions of The Treaty of Versailles?
c. What is dictatorship? Why was there the rise of dictatorship after World War I in
the world?
d. Revenge mentality can never way out the problem? Justify this statement in
reference to the World War I.
e. The Treaty of Versailles had sowed the seed of revenge mentality in German
people. Justify this statement.
3. Long answer questions

a. Mention the effects or the consequences of the First World War and describe in
brief any four of them.
b. Describe the roles played by Nepal in the First World War. How did this world
war affect Nepal?
Social Studies Book 10 299

11 Causes of the
World War II
Lesson

The World War II started on 1st September 1939 A.D. when Britain and France declared war
on Germany following Germany's invasion of Poland and lasted till 1945 A.D. Although the
outbreak of war was triggered by Germany's invasion of Poland, the causes of the war are
more complex. The main causes of the war are given below.

a. Violation of Versailles Treaty

At the end of the First World War, a treaty was signed
between the Allies group and Germany where Germany
was badly humiliated. This treaty sowed the seed of the
World War II. Germany was dictated to accept the terms
and conditions of the treaty unconditionally. It was
compelled to accept the sole responsibility of the First
World War and was made to pay a huge sum of money
as compensation. Germany was looked down and ill- Versailles Treaty

treated. Germany had to accept the treaty with a knife in the throat. The German people were
very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too harsh. Germany could not afford to
pay the money and during the 1920s because the people in Germany were very poor. There
were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high. People were dissatisfied
with the government and voted Adolf Hitler who promised to rip up the Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler violated the treaty of Versailles. He began militarism and established arm factories. He
sent his army to occupy Rhineland in 1936. His activities were against the provisions of the
Versailles Treaty that finally paved a way to the World War II.

b. Failure of the League of Nations

League of Nations was established to prevent the world from wars and maintain world peace
as per the idea of then US President, Woodrow Wilson. But his country, USA never got the
membership of the organization. In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the depression. Japanese
army invaded Manchuria in China, an area rich in minerals and resources. China appealed to
the League of nations for help. The Japanese government was told to order the army to leave
Manchuria immediately. However, the army took no notice of it and continued its conquest
of Manchuria. The Japanese government abandoned the membership of the League in 1933.
Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936. Similarly, Germany suspended its constitution, annexed
Czechoslovakia in 1939 and attacked Austria in 1938. But the League of nations failed to take
any action. Again Germany forcefully occupied Rhineland that it had lost after the treaty of

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