jwpn 3.2

Semakin panjang wayar semakin tinggi
rintangan wayar/ The longer the wire the
higher the resistance of wire.

PAarunsja/nCguwrraeynatr//Ilength of wire / I

Rintangan / Resistance / R

Luas keratan rentas wayar / cross Berkadar terus / Directly proportional
sectional area of wire.

Buka suis litar jika tidak ambil bacaan
supaya tidak panas
open the switch in the circuit when
not taking any reading to ovoid over
heat.



Semakin nipis wayar semakin tinggi rintangan
wayar/ The thinner the wire the higher the
resistance of wire.

Luas keratan rentas wayar/ cross
sectional area of wire / A

Rintangan / Resistance / R Berkadar songsang / inversely
Panjang wayar / length of wire proportional



V = IR R = gradient
R = 2.0/0.5 = 4 Ω = 1.2/5 = 0.24 Ω

Swg 36. kecerunan tinggi, rintangan tinggi/ High
gradient, high resistance

V = IR = 2 x 24 = 48 V

Rintangan / resistance

• Jarak PQ pendek. Distance PQ is short
• Rintangan kabel rendah. The resistance of the cable is low
• Tiada beza keupayaan. No potential difference
• Arus kecil mengalir. Small current flows





Semua bahan konduktor mempunyai rintangan.
Rintangan ini mengakibatkan pembaziran tenaga.
All conductors material have resistance. These
resistance cause loss of energy.

Pada tahun 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes, seorang ahli
fizik Belanda, mendapati bahawa rintangan elektrik
merkuri tiba-tiba jadi sifar apabila disejukkan pada
suhu sekitar 4.15 K oleh cecair helium. Bahan ini
dikenali sebagai superkonduktor.
In 1911, a Dutch physicist, Kamerlingh Onnes
investigated the resistance of mercury. He
discovered that when mercury was cooled to a
temperature of 4.15 K, its resistance suddenly
dropped to zero. The mercury became a
superconductor.

Konduktor di mana rintangannya Conductor whose resistance

berkurang secara tiba-tiba ke sifar decreases suddenly to zero when its

apabila suhunya turun ke suhu kritikal. temperature drops to a certain

critical temperature.

superconductor Superkonduktor boleh mengkonduksikan

arus tanpa melibatkan kehilangan tenaga

Magnet A superconductor conducts electricity without

loss of energy

When a small superconductor is

Apabila satu superkonduktor diletakkan placed near a magnet, an effect of

berhampiran dengan medan magnet, berlaku kesan superconductivity occurred. The

superkonduktiviti. Arus aruhan dialirkan secara induced current flows continuously to

berterusan dan menyebabkan superkonduktor enables the superconductor to float

terapung di atas kepingan magnet. above the magnet.

Kelebihan Superkonduktor dalam kehidupan.
1. Boleh mengekalkan arus yang besar.
2. Kehilangan kuasa yang sangat kecil sewaktu

penghantaran elektrik melalui kabel penghantar.
3. Tiada tenaga hilang
4. Motor atau janakuasa kecil boleh digunakan.

Advantages of superconductor in daily life
1. Able to sustain large current.
2. Smaller power loss during transmission through

cable.
3. No energy loss
4. Small-sized motors and generators can be used.