? LESSON 27
= I wonder how fun it was for them to play the video game for 10 hours.
= The game must have been a lot of fun because they played it for 10 hours.
?
= I wonder how much she sang for her voice to get that hoarse.
?
= How urgent must it have been for the teacher to have called in person?
?
= Can you guess how worried I was to come all the way here?
= I was so worried that I came all the way here.
Track
53
201
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Sample Dialogue
Track Hyunwoo: I heard that Seokjin quit doing his PhD
54 in the end.
202
Kyeong-eun: Really? He had one semester left.
,S[ HMJ½GYPX MX QYWX LEZI FIIR JSV LMQ
to have just given up.
Hyunwoo: It’s surely not easy to study while also working.
Kyeong-eun: He was so happy when he got
accepted into the PhD program. My
heart aches to think about how upset
he must be.
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
Exercises for Lesson 27 LESSON 27
Fill in the blanks using or .
1. ( ) ?
= I wonder how much she sang for her voice to get that hoarse.
2. ( ) ?
= Can you guess how worried I was to come all the way here?
3. ( ) ? Check the answers on p. 235
= How urgent must it have been for the teacher to have called in person?
4. ( ) .
= It breaks my heart to think about how much he must have suffered.
5. ( ).
= I feel bad thinking about how much work it must have been for my friends.
203
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 LESSON 28
Used to Mean “To think” or “To wonder”
In Level 1 Lesson 13, we introduced - , which means to want to . It is one of the most
Track basic sentence endings in Korean and is probably quite familiar to you. But in addition to the
55
form of - , also has some other usages that are very interesting and useful to
know.
In addition to meaning to want to , can also mean to think , to wonder , or to be
not sure if . It is used in the form of -( ) / , - , or -( ) .
When it is used in the sense of to wonder , often expresses the speaker s doubt about
something being possible or true. The exact meaning of really depends on the context
of the conversation because even when used in the same sentence structure can mean
either I think or I doubt .
1. Verb stem + -( ) /
-( ) / is most commonly used in the form of and .
204
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
is the shortened form of . originally means I wonder if it LESSON 28
is not , and can be translated to I think it is .
Sample Sentences
?.
= Eunhee? I think she is off-duty today.
=? .
.
= I think we need to tell our next-door neighbors, too.
=.
. Track
= I was wondering if they work together. 55
=.
.
= I wondered if the meeting was over so I opened the door.
=.
. .
= I feel like I might be wrong.
=
2. Verb stem + - 205
- can be thought of as a question to oneself in the form of verb stem + - ?
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 followed by , which means I wonder in this usage. Since you are questioning something,
it means that you are not sure about it. This structure is often used in the form of -
as well. You can think of - as I ask myself + isn t this so-and-so? , which
can be translated to I think .
Sample Sentences
.
= I am not sure if this is correct.
=.
. .
= I do not know what this all means.
=
Track .
55
= I wonder why people like this kind of stuff.
=.
. .
= I wondered why he/she said such a thing.
=.
=
.
! - JIIP PMOI XLMW MW XSS HMJ½GYPX JSV ER IPIQIRXEV] WGLSSP WXYHIRX
=.
206
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
. LESSON 28
= I guess they are doing construction somewhere.
=.
;LIR XEPOMRK EFSYX E TEWX MRGMHIRX ]SY GER EHH XLI TEWX XIRWI WYJ½\ / / -.
Ex)
.
= I do not know what this all meant.
= I do not understand anymore why we did all that.
. Track
! - JIIP PMOI XLMW [EW XSS HMJ½GYPX JSV ER IPIQIRXEV] WGLSSP WXYHIRX 55
3. Verb stem + -( )
-( ) can be translated in a similar way to the two previous expressions.
Because -( ) is in the future tense, it is commonly used to talk about a future possibility
or your assumption about the future.
Sample Sentences
.
= I am not sure if all this will be really necessary.
=.
. 207
= I am not sure if we can really do all of this.
=.
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 .
! - JIIP PMOI XLMW [MPP FI HMJ½GYPX
=.
.
= I feel like there will be a misunderstanding if I talk to them directly.
=.
Unlike -( ) / or - , -( ) can also be used when talking about
what you are considering doing.
Sample Sentences
.
Track ! - EQ XLMROMRK QE]FI - WLSYPH NYWX KS LSQI IEVP] XSHE]
55 = .
.
= I do not think I will be able to do it by myself, so I am thinking of asking for help.
=.
208
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
Sample Dialogue LESSON 28
Track
56
Dahye: Is Hwa-yeon here?
Eunhee: Not yet. I feel like she will arrive after six
o’clock.
Dahye: I feel like it’s better to talk about this
with Hwa-yeon too. Shall we talk again
tomorrow when Hwa-yeon is around?
Eunhee: Sounds good. Let’s talk again tomorrow
then.
209
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Exercises for Lesson 28
Rewrite the following sentences using , , or .
1. .
2. .
3. .
Check the answers on p. 235 4. .
5. .
6. .
210
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
LESSON 29 LESSON 29
Double Negative = Positive
-R XLMW PIWWSR [I EVI KSMRK XS XEOI E PSSO EX E YRMUYI [E] XS QEOI ER EJ½VQEXMZI WIRXIRGI
through a double negative. The expressions we will study are and Track
57
. They have basically the same meaning and can be used interchangeably, so let us look
mainly at for now.
means to not exist and - makes the sentence negative. So translates
to it does not NOT exist and therefore means it does exist . This phrase is common
in Korean because itself is a stand-alone verb, unlike in English where is only
expressed through the negative form of (= to exist).
The structure of is similar to the way (= to be not small) is used to
say, It is big or
and (= to be not easy) is used to say, -X MW HMJ½GYPX Both
can be used to say in a softer and more careful manner. The 211
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 expression is often used in the form of or to express agreement
[MXL [LEX WSQISRI LEW NYWX WEMH
Examples
.
= That does happen from time to time.
= There are such cases from time to time.
=.
.
! 8LIVI MW HI½RMXIP] WSQI VMWO
= There is a degree of risk.
= .
*
Track = risk factor
57
Words commonly used together with
Some words are used frequently with the expressions and .
(aspect)
(feeling, sensation), (sensation), (case), (tendency), (part), and
are used often.
Verb stem + -( ) / = It does feel like...
Verb stem + -( ) / = It does feel like...
Verb stem + -( ) / = There are certainly some cases where...
Verb stem + -( ) / = There is some tendency to...
Verb stem + -( ) / = There are some parts that...
Verb stem + -( ) /
= There are some aspects where...
212
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
In addition to these words, the word is also quite commonly used with in the LESSON 29
form of -( ) / . In this case, is used as , which is the shortened form of
. has the same meaning as (part) or (aspect).
Another expression commonly used with is , which means after much
thought , no matter what I try , or I cannot deny . is used either at the beginning
of the sentence, as in , or right before , as in
.
Sample Sentences Track
. 57
= There is certainly such a concern.
= We do have that as a concern.
* = concern
.
= It does feel a bit expensive.
= I do feel like it is a bit expensive.
.
! %W XLMRKW EVI [LIR VYRRMRK E FYWMRIWW XLIVI EVI GIV XEMRP] XMQIW [LIR ]SY LEZI E HI½GMX
= While running a business, there are certainly instances where you lose money.
* = to suffer a loss
.
! %RH XLIVI MW HI½RMXIP] XLI TSWWMFMPMX] XLEX ER EGGMHIRX [MPP LETTIR
* = possibility
213
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 .
= If you work with a family member at the same workplace, there are certainly
convenient aspects, too.
.
= I cannot deny that there are those aspects, too.
.
= Honestly speaking, that is true to an extent.
= Honestly speaking, that does happen from time to time.
.
= At a large corporation, there is certainly the tendency for things to get done slowly.
* = large company, conglomerate
Track
57 ** = handling, processing
214
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
Sample Dialogue LESSON 29
Track
58
* = to be plain, to be run-of-the-mill Kyung-hwa: I do like this design, but it does feel a
bit plain.
Boram: Umm, you think so?
Kyung-hwa: What do you think of adding a
drawing here?
Boram: If we add a drawing here, the book title
won’t really stand out.
Kyung-hwa: Ah, I guess there’s the possibility that
it won’t.
215
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Exercises for Lesson 29
Rewrite the following sentences using and .
1. . = There is certainly such a concern.
2. ! 8LIVI MW HI½RMXIP] WSQI VMWO
Check the answers on p. 235 3. . = I cannot deny that there are those aspects, too.
4. ! 8LIVI MW HI½RMXIP] XLI TSWWMFMPMX] XLEX ER EGGMHIRX [MPP LETTIR
5. . = Honestly speaking, that is true to an extent.
216 The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
LESSON 30 LESSON 30
Sentence Building Drill 20
Sentence Building Drill 20
In this series, we focus on how to use the grammatical rules and expressions that you have Track
previously learned to train yourself to comfortably make Korean sentences. 59
We will start off with THREE key sentences and practice changing different parts of these
sentences so that you do not end up simply memorizing the same three sentences. We want
]SY XS FI EFPI XS QEOI /SVIER WIRXIRGIW EW ¾I\MFP] EW TSWWMFPI
Key Sentence (1)
,.
= When you work in a hurry, you are bound to make mistakes, so I am going to check again.
Key Sentence (2)
.
! .SS]ISR QYWX LEZI VIEPP] [ERXIH XS PIEZI XLI SJ½GI IEVP] FIGEYWI WLI ½RMWLIH XLMW [SVO 217
this fast.
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Key Sentence (3)
.
= Maybe because I am running several programs at the same time, it does feel like my
computer has become a bit slow.
Expansion & Variation Practice with Key Sentence (1)
0. Original sentence:
,.
= When you work in a hurry, you are bound to make mistakes, so I am going to check again.
1.
Track
59
= When you work in a hurry, you are bound to make mistakes, so...
! ;LIR ]SY HS E PMZI WLS[ JSV XLI ½VWX XMQI ]SY EVI FSYRH XS KIX RIVZSYW WS
.
! %X ½VWX IZIV]FSH] QEOIW QMWXEOIW
.
= When something like this happens, everybody panics.
.
= When you do not use a foreign language, you are bound to forget it.
2.
.
= I need to check again.
218
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
= I need to call them now. LESSON 30
.
= I need to start practicing from tomorrow.
.
= We will have to come here earlier tomorrow.
.
= We will have to buy something else instead of this.
Expansion & Variation Practice with Key Sentence (2)
0. Original sentence: Track
. 59
! .SS]ISR QYWX LEZI VIEPP] [ERXIH XS PIEZI XLI SJ½GI IEVP] FIGEYWI WLI ½RMWLIH XLMW [SVO
this fast.
1.
! - [SRHIV LS[ FEHP] .SS]ISR [ERXIH XS PIEZI XLI SJ½GI IEVP] JSV LIV XS HS XLMW
*
= I wonder how badly Jooyeon wanted to buy that bag (for her to do this)
*
= I wonder how badly the kids wanted to eat ice cream (for them to do this)
= I wonder how cold it was outside (for this to happen)
= I wonder how many books they bought (for this to happen)
219
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 * The - particle in and EVI EY\MPMEV ] TEV XMGPIW RSX WYFNIGX QEVOMRK
TEV XMGPIW %Y\MPMEV ] TEV XMGPIW EVI SJ XIR EX XEGLIH EJ XIV XLI SFNIGX MR E WIRXIRGI XLEX YWIW XLI
expression - . This is because auxiliary particles put more emphasis on how much you
would like to do something, compared to using - / with - .
2.
.
! - [SRHIV LS[ FEHP] WLI [ERXIH XS PIEZI XLI SJ½GI IEVP] JSV LIV XS LEZI ½RMWLIH XLMW [SVO
so quickly.
10 .
= I wonder how I lived there for 10 years.
.
= I wonder when the kids grew so much like this.
.
Track
59 = I wonder when I can read this thick book.
.
! - [SRHIV [LIR - GER ½RMWL GPIERMRK XLI LSYWI
Expansion & Variation Practice with Key Sentence (3)
0. Original sentence:
.
= Maybe because I am running several programs at the same time, it does feel like my
computer has become a bit slow.
220
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
1. LESSON 30
= maybe because I am running several programs at the same time Track
59
= maybe because the weather keeps being hot
221
= maybe because I walked all day long
= maybe because I kept working without taking a break
= maybe because I had four cups of coffee during the day
2.
.
= It does feel like my computer has become a bit slow.
.
= It does feel like it is darker than the other rooms.
.
= It does feel like it is a little too early (to do that) now.
.
= It does feel like it is a little late for an apology.
.
= There certainly is a possibility that the event might be canceled.
Essential Korean Curriculum
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Sample Dialogue
Track Dong-geun: Maybe because I took a nap, I can’t sleep.
60 Kyeong-eun: I told you not to take a nap because you
222
won’t be able to sleep at night if you do.
Dong-geun: I should have listened to you. I guess I
should watch TV until I get sleepy.
Kyeong-eun: You’ll probably be even less sleepy if you
watch TV. How about reading a book
instead?
Dong-geun: I’m already sleepy just hearing the word
book .
The Final Step in Talk To Me In Korean’s
Exercises for Lesson 30 LESSON 30
9WMRK [LEX ]SY PIEVRIH MR 8EPO 8S 1I -R /SVIER 0IZIP ½PP MR XLI FPEROW XS QEXGL XLI )RKPMWL Check the answers on p. 235
translation.
1.
= maybe because I kept working without taking a break
2.
! - [SRHIV LS[ FEHP] .SS]ISR [ERXIH XS PIEZI XLI SJ½GI IEVP] JSV LIV XS HS XLMW
3. .
= I need to start practicing from tomorrow.
4. .
= I wonder when the kids grew so much like this.
5. .
= There certainly is a possibility that the event might be canceled.
6. .
= When you do not use a foreign language, you are bound to forget it.
223
Essential Korean Curriculum
BLOG
LIFE IN KOREA
Island Life vs. City Life
I have lived in Korea for a little over ten years, and I have spent most of that time in Korea s
FMKKIWX GMX] 7ISYP - QIX Q] [MJI SR Q] ½VWX XVMT XS .INY -WPERH ER MWPERH SJJ XLI WSYXLIVR
coast of Korea. I immediately fell in love with both the person I met and the island itself.
8LVSYKLSYX SYV VIPEXMSRWLMT [I ZMWMXIH .INY WIZIVEP XMQIW XLVSYKLSYX XLI ]IEV 8LIR E JI[
years ago, we decided to give up city life and head down to make a home on this beautiful
island. Now, when moving to an island from a city, there are a few things you should keep in
mind. In this blog, my goal is to hopefully provide some insight about what it is like to live on
an island versus in a city.
225
Slow Down
&IJSVI QSZMRK XS .INY QER] SJ Q] /SVIER JVMIRHW I\TVIWWIH XLIMV GSRGIVR EFSYX XLI
challenges of adapting to the much slower lifestyle on the island. I even heard stories about
TISTPI [LS QSZIH XS .INY SRP] XS QSZI FEGO XS 7ISYP E ]IEV SV WS PEXIV 3RI SJ XLI VIEWSRW
[EW XLEX XLI] GSYPH RSX EHNYWX XS XLI WPS[IV TEGI SJ LS[ XLMRKW [SVO - KIX MX ¯ SRGI ]SY KIX
accustomed to the fast lifestyle of a city, it can be daunting and hard to get used to things
moving at a much slower speed. This has not been a challenge for me, however, as I tend to
PMOI XLMRKW QSZMRK WPS[IV - PMOI XEOMRK XMQI SYX SJ Q] HE] XS NYWX XEOI PMXXPI QSQIRXW LIVI ERH
there to take in and appreciate what I have. I feel like some of that gets lost in the hustle and
bustle of city life. So, if you do plan on moving to an island, be prepared to slow things down.
Public Transportation
One of the biggest differences between living on an island and living in a city is the public
transportation. If you do not have a car, you can certainly get around the island. There are
FYWIW XLEX [MPP XEOI ]SY NYWX EFSYX ER][LIVI ERH [LIR XLIVI MWR t a bus, you can take a
taxi, which are relatively cheap here in Korea. However, the amount of time you will spend
waiting for and riding buses is a bit more than you might be used to. If you are used to how
things work in Seoul, this can be a bit frustrating. In Seoul, you have a few different options
for transportation, including buses and subways. If you miss a bus in Seoul, it is typically not a
problem because another bus will always come in a couple of minutes. However, this is not
EP[E]W XLI GEWI SR .INY 8LIVI MW RS WYF[E] W]WXIQ ERH MJ ]SY QMWW E FYW ]SY QE] LEZI XS
wait up to 30 minutes for the next one. So, when you do things using public transportation,
]SY VIEPP] LEZI XS TPER SYX ]SYV XVMT IZIR MJ MX MW NYWX XS LIEH SZIV XS XLI WXSVI XS FY] WSQI
groceries.
226
Winters can be Cold
One thing people may expect is that they can leave
the bitter cold winters of Seoul and head down to
one of Korea s islands for a warmer lifestyle. While
it might be a bit warmer during the summer, it also
gets quite cold during the winter. In fact, it even
snows on some of the islands, especially in areas
with high elevation. One of the reasons it gets so
cold is due to the wind coming in from the ocean.
8LI [MRH MW WXVSRK ERH [MPP GYX XLVSYKL NYWX EFSYX
any layer of clothing you have on, so be sure to
bundle up. And since we are talking about weather,
one thing to know is the drastic weather change
you can see on the same day. For instance, my wife
and I visited one side of the island, and when we got
there, it was cool, windy, and overcast. It even began
XS VEMR WS [I HIGMHIH XS GYX SYV XVMT WLSV X ERH ½RH WSQI WLIPXIV JVSQ XLI VEMR %J XIV LEZMRK
PYRGL [I HVSZI FEGO XS SYV LSQI MR .INY 'MX] [LIVI [I JSYRH MX LSX ERH UYMXI WYRR] 8LMW
MW UYMXI X]TMGEP JSV XLI MWPERH WS MJ ]SY EVI ZMWMXMRK MX MW E KSSH MHIE XS FVMRK E PMKLX NEGOIX IZIR
during some of the warmer seasons. Even in summer it can get a bit cool at night. This kind
of change in weather that varies by region is not something you will see a lot of in a city like
Seoul. Typically, if it is hot in one area, it is going to be hot everywhere.
Entertainment
One of the best things about living in a big city is the amount of entertainment you have at
]SYV ½RKIV XMTW ,S[IZIV XLEX MW RSX EP[E]W XLI GEWI SR ER MWPERH 7YVI ]SY GER KS W[MQQMRK
227
SV WYV½RK MR XLI SGIER FYX [LEX
do you do when it is too cold to
go into the water? If you are like
QI ERH IRNS] [EXGLMRK QSZMIW
at the theater, you may not have
QYGL XS GLSSWI JVSQ .INY 'MX]
has a few theaters, but one thing
I miss is watching some of the big
blockbuster movies on IMAX.
There still is no IMAX theater on
XLI MWPERH WS [I NYWX LEZI XS WIXXPI
for normal theaters. In Seoul, there
are all kinds of theaters to try out,
but we are a bit limited here in
.INY ,S[IZIV FIGEYWI XLIVI MW QSVI WTEGI SR XLI MWPERH XLIVI EVI EPWS QSVI STTSV XYRMXMIW
JSV YRMUYI XLIEXIVW PMOI E HVMZI MR XLIEXIV [LMGL .INY -WPERH HSIW LEZI 8LMW XLIEXIV MW RIEX
because you can watch a movie on the big screen from your car. That means you get to
watch movies like they did in the past. Plus, you get to control the air-conditioning.
To sum it up, neither city life nor island life is better than the other. They both have their
own unique qualities. It really depends on what you like. Which leads me to ask you the
following: which do you prefer? Do you like the busy streets of the city, or would you rather
slow down and soak up the scenery of an island?
Written by Johnny Bland
228
ANSWERS
for Level 10, Lessons 1 ~ 30
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 1 5.
6.
1. 7.
2. 8.
3.
4. Answers for Level 10, Lesson 5
5.
1.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 2 2.
3.
1. . 4.
5.
2. ?
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 6
3. .
1.
4. ? . 2.
3.
5. . 4.
5.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 3
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 7
1. , .
1.
2. , . 2.
3.
3. , 4.
. 5.
4. , ?
5. , ?
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 4 231
1.
2.
3.
4.
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 8 5.
1. or Answers for Level 10, Lesson 12
2. or
3. or 1.
4. ( is grammatically incorrect, 2.
3.
but is often used colloquially.) 4.
5. or 5.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 9 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 13
1. 1. ,
2. . (= My friend told everyone, so everybody
3.
4. LIPTIH ERH [I ½RMWLIH XLI [SVO IEVP]
5. ,
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 10 . (= As a result of my friend
telling everyone, they all found out about our secret plan.)
1. , 2. . (= My
2. computer suddenly broke down, so I bought a new one.)
3. ,
4. .
5. (= My computer suddenly broke down, so my homework
got deleted.)
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 11 3. . (= I
left my wallet at home, so Dahye bought my meal.)
1.
. (= I left
2. my wallet at home, so I could not buy a present.)
4. . (=
3. My friend suddenly came in and I was really surprised, but
glad to see her/him.)
2 32 4. or
. (= My
friend suddenly came in, and I got caught completely.)
5. . (= I got up Answers for Level 10, Lesson 17
late this morning, so I am not tired.)
1.
. (= I got up late this morning, so I was late 2.
for class.) 3.
4.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 14 5.
1. Answers for Level 10, Lesson 18
2.
3. 1. .
4.
5. 2. .
3. .
4. .
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 15 5. ,
.
1. ,
?
2. ?
3. ? Answers for Level 10, Lesson 19
4. ? 1.
2.
5. ? 3.
4.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 16 5.
6.
1. .
2. . . Answers for Level 10, Lesson 20
3. .
4. . 1.
5. 2.
3.
233
TALK TO ME IN KOREAN - LEVEL 10 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 21 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 24
1. 1. .
2. 2. .
3. 3. .
4. 4. .
5. 5. .
6. .
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 22 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 25
1. 1. .
2.
3. 2. .
4.
5. 3. .
6.
4. ,
.
6. . .
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 23 7. .
* The sentences that are not found in this lesson are from
1. .( Level 7, Lesson 25, which is about - .
is also possible.)
2. Answers for Level 10, Lesson 26
.
1.
3. . 2.
( is also possible.) 3.
4.
4. 5.
.
5.
.
234
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 27 Answers for Level 10, Lesson 30
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6.
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 28
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
Answers for Level 10, Lesson 29
1. .
.
2. .
.
3. .
.
4. .
.
5. .
.
235
Notes On Using This Book
Colored Text
Colored text indicates that there is an accompanying audio files.You
can download the MP3 audio files at talktomeinkorean.com/audio.
Hyphen
Some grammar points have a hyphen attached at the beginning, such
as - / , -( ) , -( ) , and - / .This means
that the grammar point is dependent, so it needs to be attached to
another word such as a noun, a verb, or a particle.
Parentheses
When a grammar point includes parentheses, such as -( )
or ( ) , this means that the part in the parentheses can be omitted
depending on the word it is attached to.
Slash
When a grammar point has a slash, such as - / / or - / ,
this means that only one of the syllables before or after the slash can
be used at a time. In other words, - / is used as either -
or - , depending on the word it is attached to.
Descriptive Verb
-R 881-/ PIWWSRW EHNIGXMZIW MR )RKPMWL EVI VIJIVVIH XS EW descriptive
verbs FIGEYWI XLI] GER FI GSRNYKEXIH EW ZIVFW HITIRHMRK SR XLI
tense.