5 G Native Americans 2017

5 Guyther
Native American

Tribes

Daily Life of the NorthWest Coastal Indians

Caroline

Introduction

Imagine yourself on the northwest coast in a beautiful painted canoe, which the wood carver
had recently finished.You are catching fish to give to the woman, who will dry and smoke them.
This is a scene out of the NorthWest Coastal Indians daily lives. The NWC Indians had lots of jobs
in order to help their tribe. Get ready to learn about male, female, and children’s roles. Also, what
the NWC Indians did for fun.

Male Roles

Male roles were very important to NWC tribes. One of the many jobs the males did was
fishing and hunting. Fish was a very big part of the tribes diet. To catch fish the males would use a
net called a dip net. This net could catch many fish in one dip. But, fish is not all the tribe eats. The
males also have the great responsibility of hunting. Some animals that were hunted include deer,
rabbit, elk, mountain goat, and bear. Most of these creatures were hunted with a sledge hammer.
Another huge job the males were in charge of doing was carving. Carving wood was very important
to the tribes. One of the objects wood carvers carved was totem poles. These poles could be up to

This is a type of fish called
salmon. This was one of the
NWC Indians favorite kind of
fish to eat.

A Northwest Coastal Indian canoe

eighty feet tall! They also carved canoes,
bowls, and cooking boxes. Males also were
house chiefs and shamans. House chiefs
were in charge of the house. Each house
had one. Shamans are mighty people who
communicated with spirits to cure any sickness.

Female Roles

A NWC totem pole.
The most important job females had was
working around the home. This meant cooking,
cleaning, and crafting useful materials such as
clothes. NWC females usually made clothes
from pounded cedar bark. Other pieces of
clothing were made from animal skins. Women also gathered food including berries and seeds. They
gathered these foods in high quality woven baskets. These baskets were woven so tight, some could
carry water. But baskets were not the only thing women wove. Rugs, chilkat blankets, and some
articles of clothing.Chilkat blankets were very valuable, and only the wealthiest people in the tribe
owned one. Fishing was the male’s job, but the women also worked with fish. They smoked and dried
the fish. Women made a type of oily fish called candlefish into a candle to light their homes. They did
this by sticking a wick into the fish’s mouth, and lighting it on fire. The fire would burn well due to the
oil on the fish.

ru

This is an example of a NWC chilkat
blanket.

Children Roles

The boys and girls of the tribe would do different things in order to help their tribe. The girls
would mostly weave baskets, blankets, and rugs. If these items were very impressive, the chief or
the girl’s father would give her money or a very valuable piece of jewelry as a gift. Girls would also
help female adults do their jobs such as making clothing or gathering food. The jobs for boys were a
little different than the jobs for the girls. When a boy was under the age of twelve, he would help the
females and the girls do their jobs. But, when a boy was about the age of twelve, the men would
start to teach him how to shoot arrows and use sledgehammers to kill animals. These are skills that
every boy needed to know in order to become successful.

Recreation

The NWC indians had lots of leisure time. In this time, they threw big parties called
potlatches. These parties took over a year to prepare. They would even go on for about ten days or
so! Sometimes the host of the party would give away his prized possessions or everything he has!
At potlatches, the indians sang, danced, and told stories through body movement. You may be
wondering why the indians threw these huge parties. Indians threw potlatches because it gave them
a chance to show off their wealth to others. For example, if someone from a tribe was very wealthy,
the would be honored greatly.

Even though the NWC indians were known for their parties, they were very diligent people.
To the weaving of the women, the fishing of the men, the help from the children, and the partying of
the potlatches, the NWC Indians were very hard working people.

This is an example of what a This is a scene out of a NWC indian
NWC indian basket may have potlatch.
looked like. Did you know?
Some of these baskets were
weaved so tight that they could
carry water!

By Bryan

The Geography of the
Northwest Coastal Native Americans

Introduction

Imagine yourself as a Northwest Coastal Indian fishing a
salmon. The things that you will experience and all the things you will
see as a north west coastal indian. The Northwest coastal indians
geography was a very important way in how they lived their lives. Get
ready to learn on the Northwest coastal Climate, resources and diet.

Climate

The pacific Northwest experiences
a wide variety of climates. The indians
usually get a moderate climate like humid
summers and rainy summers,they mostly
get rain . Which meant that it was usually
wet. Winter Wasn’t a big threat for the
Northwest coastal people because their
was not much snow. The summers were
dry.so they could fish a lot. The weather
would change very easily in the
northwest.

Map of where the Northwest coastal
indians

Resources

The resources of the northwest coastal indians are Cedar trees are one of
the Northwest coastal
really important on the way they live their lives.The most indians biggest resoures
common resource that the northwest indians use is the
salmon. They use the salmon for Lots of things one of
them were candal fish.They used candal fish to up warm
houses and to stay warm in the cold weather. The main
thing they used were cedar trees. They used cedar trees
to build Houses,Totem poles, Canoes. Some men used to
strip bark off trees to make houses.The environment was
the most important way on how they lived.

Diet

The diet of the Northwest Coastal indians was mostly salmon. The
indians ate everything with salmon. One other important Animal that is
important is the deer. The deer was the Closest animal to them. The hunters
would usually go out right to a stream and find a deer and usually find a deer
right outside their houses. Sea otters were big for trading. The Northwest
coastal indians would kill the otter and take of its skin then trade the skin for
a lot of amur or money.

The Northwest
coastal indians

Conclusion
The geography of Northwest coastal indians affected on hoTwhe Indians

they lived their lives. The climate of the indians are what made trade otter fur.
them able to fish mostly all year. The resources of the indians
helped them make things staple.The diet of the indians help them
stay active and healthy. The geography of the northwest coastal
indians affected every indian.

By Jack North West Coastal Religion

Introduction

Imagine laying in a freezing cold river and then scratching
yourself with a stick until you bled! That was only one of the many
rituals the Northwest Coastal Indians did. The NWC tribespeople
were very religious. Get ready to learn about their Shamans, their
Creation myth, as well as a special ritual- the Spirit Quest.

Right, a shaman dressed
in heavy, holy clothes.

Shamans

To any tribe, shamans are very important. The Shaman was the religious leader, who
performed all ceremonies and rituals. The Shaman was one of the highest ranked people in the
whole tribe, and the tribespeople look up strongly on them. One of the main things they would do
was heal people by giving medicine, which they made by mixing herbs and plants with reviving
properties. Fun fact; the NWC tribe were the original inventors of cough syrup, derived from
cherry tree (we still use this to now in cough syrup) When babies were crying, the Shamans could
“get into their head” to figure out the reason why the were crying. Then the shaman would tell the
parents the issue, such as that the parents argued too much. The Shaman often dressed with
very special clothing and items, such as a bearskin robe, necklaces, masks and aprons. They
also sometimes carried rattles, charms and skin drums. The NWC tribe thought that when a
person was ill, his soul would float up into the spirit world. (A magical place where gods and
monsters were.) The shaman would have to “go up” into the spirit world and retrieve the soul
before the it was too late.

Creation Myth

A creation myth is the idea of how the world was created. Each and every tribe has its own
unique creation myth. I think that the NWC tribe’s myth was one of the most complex one ever
created. At the beginning, very long ago, the tribe thought that Earth was dark, flat and covered in
creepy monsters, as well as The First People (not necessarily humans but just souls). Actual
humans also lived on the land, and were pretty smart, too. A creature named the Raven Spirit
was the ruler and could control all of Earth. One day the Raven Spirit wanted to change the Earth.
He formed mountains, lakes, and all sorts of other landforms. The Raven also got rid of the
monsters, too.

All was good, but as there were no Sun, moon or any stars, the land was still dark. But when the
Raven heard that the humans had been keeping all of the light in there houses. He went into the
human’s houses and stole all the light. He stole the Sun. He stole the Moon. He stole all the
stars. The first people were blasted up into the sky and down into the sea. The land was now
bright but the humans would suffer without the resources needed.The Raven asked the First
People to transform into resources, such as fish, plants, trees and animals. The First People
agreed and became useful things the humans would need. When Humans would chop down
trees, slaughter animals, or harvest berries, they would thank and honor the First People so they
would come back next time, again, and again.

Left, a rattle a
shaman might have.

Spirit Quest

When a boy was about 12 he would go out into the woods and find his spirit. His spirit was
the job he was good at, maybe it was totem pole building, or canoe making. The way they
“found” this spirit was very odd. One thing they would do was scrape themselves with a branch
until the boy bled. That's not even all- to prove they were brave they would lay down in a freezing
river for as long as possible. The ritual would have the boy in the woods for about a 4-6 days,
surviving only on what he could gather/hunt.
When the job was chosen for the boy, an elder that specializes in that job would teach all he
could about it to the boy. Sometimes though, the spirit would not come to the boy. When the boy
came back to the tribe, he was shamed by the tribe as well as his parents. A couple weeks later
he would try again, hoping it would go better.

Conclusion

The NWC religion guided each tribesperson in their daily lives. Even though some of the
rituals and ceremonies NWC Indians did were odd, some of their medicines and techniques really
worked! The spirit quest to me was incredible! I mean, for a boy to that is absurd! That seems
really harsh, especially for a 11-12 year old! What if you were a part of this tribe and these were
normal things you would do?

Homes Of The NorthWest Coastal

Leiliane

Introduction

Imagine yourself living house living with

other families. The NWC indians lived in

longhouses. That could fit other

families.The NWC Indians homes were

very fascinating to,the homes had a lot of This is what the NWC indians houses look
beautiful designs. Get yourself prepared
like. Architecture

to learn about the architecture of the The the NWC lived in big houses to fit lots of
NWC, Life in the home, and family families inside. The tribes also had long houses

because they were a very wealthy tribe. Some houses

were painted with beautiful designs in the side and out.

There was always a totem pole standing up front of all

the houses. Longhouses had a really small door. The

adults had to bend over to get in the inside. In the

inside it was dark. There was only of the cooking fires

and the smoke. THe walls might be hole in the top.Only

the NWC indians were the only who build houses like

these. The houses were made out of thick boards

made out of cedar trees. The baskets and the boxes

used for storing was made out of cedar wood too.They

stored foods , blankets,clothes, Etc.The clothes were

made out of the bark of the cedar trees ,blankets were

made out of the bark too. They had ceremonies that

the masks were made of cedar too. The NWC mostly

only used Cedar wood because it was the main

resource that was around them to make things.

These are some traditional NWC coastal indians totem poles

Life In The Home CONCLUSION

Life in the home was a casual place. The fascinating NorthWest Coastal Indians had
Each person was working. Each doing well designed home. Every detail of the design of
their job. The females kept the house in the home mattered. Every person in the home
orderly fashion.they also made clothes, had a very specific job for there age. Every
chores, ETC.The young men(age of 12 person in the family thought that they had a very
and under) usually gathered resources. important job to do. The NorthWEst Coastal
The young females watched the older indians were a very fascinating and complicated
women make a fire so when they're older tribe.
they can do the chores they are
supposed to do.The older men were FAMILY
usually the house chiefs, but if they
weren't they were usually hunting. The NWC family was a casual
Sometimes the house chiefs had slaves. family. The moms did chores. Like
They usually did most of the work. Like Cooking, sewing, Made the fire,
most slaves do. They slept near the door. ETC. The children were watching
The slaves were captured when the tribe how to do things. The boys watched
was in a battle. the older men do the work so they
can do it when they're over 12. The
girls watched the older woman how
to do the chores. The older man
hunted, builded the houses, carved
the totem poles.

Daily Life of The Cherokee
By Evan

Introduction

The Cherokee helped build lots of homes like summer and winter homes it took a lot of work it
wasn’t easy. It is a busy life between all their hard work and free time as well. The Cherokee
needed to build their homes with logs sticks twigs stone and bamboo.

Recreation
The Cherokee sure knew how to have fun. One activity they enjoyed

was telling lots of stories about warriors. They also enjoyed dressing up in
scary masks and the men danced around when the kids had to guess which
one was their father. The kids learned how to fish and some learned how to
hunt. The kids played lots of games. One game was called hawk fighting and it
was similar to wrestling. Another game was called chunky. It was a simple
game you need two spears and you are trying to aim at the stone. It helped
kids get better aim.They also went canoeing. They played lots of sports to
some were very fun to play the game was called stickball some kids pushed
shoved and sometimes yelled at one another. They had a lot of fun things to
do the kids also help build the houses sometimes.

The homes the
men and women
built.

The Cherokee men

The Cherokee men were very hard workers. They basically worked all day building and hunting
all the time. It doesn't seem like much but it's hard to do that every day. They hunted small game
like rabbits squirrels raccoons they hunted big game to like deer bear and buffalo. They made
canoes for traveling. They also made the weapons like bows and arrows and blowguns and
spears a lot to list down.They went fishing to they got lots of bass. For fun the men told stories
about brave warriors and funny and serious stories they dressed up in outfits and masks while
the kids were trying to guess which one was there father. They also made furniture like seats
beds tables and they had to cut down trees for the houses to. The men were very successful
working together.

The Cherokee women

The Cherokee women had a lot of jobs to. They made pots and planted vegetables like beans
corn seeds carrots and potatoes. The grandparents Told kids stories to like funny stories. They
also made baskets and cleaned up around the place and also took care of children. They had a
lot of jobs to do it was probably exhausting for them sometimes it can be fun. They played games
with the kids like stickball or hawk fighting. They also helped kids make things like pots and
baskets. Some of the jobs can be fun like reading the kids stories like funny stories and also
sometimes serious stories. They really knew what they were doing. All day same thing over and
over again they also danced and watched the kids play games they also helped the men build
houses.

Like many Native American tribes, the success of the Cherokee depended on working
together. They enjoyed playing many different kinds of games together. Even the grown-up
played games, and sometimes played with the children. The men made lots of weapons like
blow guns bow and arrows and spears and other things to.

Cherokee women and men

The Cherokee
Religion

By: Ella

The Cherokee believe in things that are amazing. they only believed in

one god named Yowa. The Sacred fire was a fire only used for festivals. The

Cherokee were religious people. The main areas of interest are Yowa, Sacred

Fire. Ceremonial
mask
Yowa

The Cherokee believed in a god

named Yowa. He was a great spirit and
was the only spearit the cherokee
believed in. they believed that he was

so sacred that only the priest was

allowed to say his name aloud. They

believed that he made the Earth and

left the Sun and the Moon to govern

the Earth. Sacred Fire

The Sacred Fire was a fire only used for festivals. The Sacred Fire was

used for every festival. The first knew moon was celebrated in March, the
green corn dance was celebrated in August when the young corn was ready
for tasting, the ripe corn ceremony was held in September when the corn was

harvested. During the festival the an ember from the Sacred Fire would be

transferred to each home. They would keep the fire going for 7 days in each
home.

The Cherokee are some religious people that believed in things that you

wouldn't think anyone even believed in. The Cherokee only believed in one
powerful god. The Cherokee had many festivals and that was the only time that

the Sacred Fire was poot in use. The spiritual life of the Cherokee is similar to

our daily life.

Cherokee people gathered around a fire telling stories

By Brooke

The Cherokee Government

Introduction
Imagine choosing peace or protecting your tribe in war. Or imagine forced out of

your home and walking many miles away. That is what the poor Cherokee had to go
through. The Cherokee’s government was very important to the tribe. So get ready to
learn all about the chiefs, the trail of tears, and last but not least the french and indian
war.

Chiefs
They’re two chiefs, but the War Chief was the chief of the red town also known

as the war town. The War Chief wore all red to represent war and that’s why the
cherokee also called the war town, the red town. The war chief wore a hat full of red
feathers and a top with red feathers covering it, he also tied red ribbon above his
ankles. The war chief led the red town. In the red town the the war chief led the war
expeditions and war ceremonies. The war chief had to be very good in war and had to
have learned from a supreme war chief.

The other chief in the cherokee tribe is the peace chief and he had his own town
too. The peace chief wore all white to represent peace. He wore white feathers on his
head and wore a dress covered in white feathers. The peace chief is also called the
white chief because he wore all white and the town was called the white town or the
peace town. In the peace town they did religious ceremonies, enacted laws, harbored
wrongdoers, and handled other peacetime affairs.

The War chief The Peace Chief

The Trail of Tears
In the 1830s the U.S. government forced about 100,000 cherokee out of there

homes to walk by foot to the new lands west of Mississippi. Some cherokee stayed
behind and hid in the mountains. The U.S. government forced them out because they
found gold in the cherokee’s land. The cherokee had to walk 5,045 miles (8,120 kg) and
that is why they called it the trail of tears. Another reason why they called it that is
because about 4,000 cherokee members died on the journey. They had to cross nine
states! It was a sad time for the cherokee but they finally got to settle in a new home
west of mississippi.

this is a map of
Different paths
The cherokee went

The French and Indian War
In 1754, the first battle began over who gets the land. This all happened northeast

along the border between the british colonies and the french colonies of New France. The
French allied with many tribes because they were outnumbered by the british. The british
allied with the cherokee and two other tribes. They had two major battles, the Fort Oswego,
and the battle of Quebec. In the battle Fort Oswego the french found fort Oswego and kept
1,700 prisoners captive. In the battle of Quebec the british claimed a victory over french and
occupied Quebec city. In the end all the hard work everyone put in ended in a victory and a
lost. The British won and the french lost. The war ended in 1763 and the british celebrated
and thanked all the help from the cherokee and the other tribes. The British would have lost
if it wasn't for the help from the tribes. The french were forced to give up all their north
American territory.

This is a cherokee being caught by the french This is one of the French and

Indian battles

Conclusion

The government was very important and major to the Cherokee tribe. The Chiefs of

the tribe conducted their town in war or a ceremony. The trail of tears was tough and cruel

but in the end it all worked out. The French and Indian War was violent, cruel, and horrible

but the ending was worth it. Some people think the government is boring and lame but if the

cherokee had a bad government the tribe wouldn’t be as successful.

This is a cherokee meeting

Hopi Daily Life By Isabella

You just walked out of your house. You see women making beautiful pottery, men are
sewing clothes, and the children are playing with their Kachina dolls. The Hopi worked really
hard every day, but also made time for fun. You will learn about the male jobs, the female
jobs, their responsibilities and the children.

Corn

Female Roles

Male Roles Hopi basket The Hopi women were also
very busy throughout the day.
The Hopi men were busy people A Hopi man planting The Hopi women repaired the
as they provided for the tribe. Hopi corn walls of their house with clay
men were farmers. They grew and stones. The women also
corn, beans, squash and cotton. made beautiful pottery with
They had a special way of growing clay. They used their pottery to
corn in such a hot and dry area. get water from the spring and
They would plant their seeds deep for storage. Furthermore, Hopi
in the dirt where there was moist women weaved baskets. They
soil. The men also put on the would also use these baskets
religious ceremonies. Some of the for storage. The Hopi women
ceremonies they had is the also took care of the children.
Kachina ceremony, the naming They ground corn with grinding
ceremony for babies and eagles stones called metates. WIth all
and the Snake Dance. They spun the cornmeal they made with
cotton, wove and sewed clothes. the metates, they would cook
Lastly, once in a while, they with it. Hopi women did all the
hunted rabbits, deer and antelope cooking. They would make
with a bow and arrow. soups, porridges and
dumplings with all the corn,
Responsibilities cornmeal, beans and squash
they had. They would also
cook the animals that the men
hunted.

The Hopi believed that women were not more important than Hopi pottery
men and men weren’t more important than women. They were both Spring
equal.

The males farmed, put on religious ceremonies, made clothing
and hunted. The women repaired the walls of their house, made
pottery, weaved baskets, ground corn and cooked.

The men and women made springs. They dug their springs in
the mesas. They would use springs to collect water. When it
rained, water would get in the spring and they save it for their hot
and dry summers when they really need it.

They would make their houses with clay, stones, wood and mud.
First, they would use stones to build the walls. Then, they would
coat the walls with clay. Finally, they would use mud and long logs
to build the roof.

Hopi house

Children English Boarding

When the children were born, they Schools
would have they’re own sacred naming
ceremony. When the baby is 20 days In the late 1800s, the government
old, at the break of dawn the baby’s built Hopi boarding schools to teach
grandmother would bring the baby Hopi children to act like white
outside for the first time. Then the Americans. Some schools were so far
grandmother would name the baby. away from the village that they couldn’t
come home after school. Lots of Hopi
The children would play lots of ball families refused to send their kids to the
games. Sometimes they would play until boarding schools. They were upset
sunset. One of the fun ball games they because they wanted their children to
would play is the ball race. It’s a race stay home and they didn’t want the
where they would kick or toss a ball boarding schools to destroy Hopi
around in a circuit. culture. The english boarding schools
were extremely strict. They didn’t let the
If a child was bad, his/her uncle children practice the Hopi religion. If the
would go from house to house and pour children were caught speaking their own
cold water over his/her head. If a child language they would be punished,
was really bad an ogre kachina, who sometimes whipped. The Hopi children
would eat bad children, would knock on would have to wear American clothes
your door! Your parents wouldn’t hand and an American haircut. Sometimes
you over. But, the kachina was really a children would completely forget their
villager in a disguise. Hopi culture.

Also, the children would learn how to
do their jobs. Girls would learn how to
cook, make pottery, weave baskets and
grind corn. Boys would learn how to
hunt, weave and sew, spin cotton and
farm.

Kachina dolls

A native american boarding school

Ogre Kachina
Hopi child

The Hopi were very busy throughout the day and had some time for games. During a
day in the Hopi tribe the men and women worked really hard, the children learned and
played games and everyone had important responsibilities. The Hopi was a very hard
working tribe.

Dark Mesa Forests

Hopi Geography

By Hevelyn

Introduction

Arizona desert

In northern Arizona Where it is very hot and dry. Somehow the Hopi managed to stay and live in

that heat and lack of water. They had many strategies to survival. The Hopi tribe lived in a very dry and
deserted place and they thrived any way. Get ready to blow your mind with knowledge with Specific
Landforms, Climate, Natural Resources, and Clothing from the Hopi tribe.

Specific Landforms Climate

The Hopi lived in an area that is Water fall The Hopi managed to survive in a
now Arizona so their land was mostly very hot and dry climate. In the winter it
desert but with some forests. The Hopi wouldn’t get as cold and cold like it is on
had canyons that we call The Grand the island, but as low as 17 degrees
Canyons. The canyons where about 100 fahrenheit and as high as 61 degrees
miles away from the Hopi village.The Hopi fahrenheit.Where I live 61 is warm or even
got their salt from the canyons. To get the hot we get that weather in like spring.In
salt a small group of Hopi men would the summer it could go as low as 42
travel on feet across the desert. When the degrees fahrenheit and as high as 81
spanish explorer traveled across the degrees fahrenheit. It was very helpful to
desert they called it the journey of death. the Hopi that winter came before spring
They even traveled on horses not on their and summer.It was helpful because in the
feet. The Hopi had big mesas for water. winter it usually snowed. Before winter the
The mesas were the main water sources. Hopi men or women would dig medium
The Hopi also had forests called the dark sized holes or small watering holes. So
mesa forests. The forests gave the Hopi when the winter came and it snowed the
resources. Two of them are tree trunks men would gather as much snow as
and mud.The Hopi used the tree trunks to possible in the small watering holes. Then
hold the roofs of their houses. Also the when spring came the snow would melt
Hopi used the mud to build up their and turn to water so that in the summer
houses.There were many cliffs in Arizona. the Hopi would have plenty of water to
The Hopi wouldn’t stay in one place they drink.
would move from place to place or cliff to
cliff. They would make villages on the cliff Mesa top
tops. The Hopi only moved if the village
they were in were worn out.The Hopi had Grand Canyon
big springs.The Hopi would dig a big hole
for the spring. They would dig the spring
under a cliff edge. They would do that
because then when it rained clean
drinkable rainwater would run down it like

Natural Resources Dark Mesa Forests
Springs
The Hopi had many nature to get lots
of different resources from. The Hopi had lots Desert
of dessert so they had lots of clay. Clay was
one of the most important resource. The Hopi
used it to build their houses and pottery. The
Hopi also used coal that they found by
digging or just laying around by the surface.
They would use it to keep warm in the winter
and they had stoves like a wood stove that
you put wood in to make the fire. Instead the
Hopi woman would use coal in the place of
the wood. The Hopi also had forests the
closest one was called Dark Mesa Forests.
The forests had many recourse in them.
Ones of the most important are trees and
mud. The Hopi used both the tree trunks and
the mud for their houses. The Hopi used tree
trunks to hold up the ceilings of their houses.
They used the mud to pack in the cracks in
between the rocks that they use to make the
walls of their houses.Also to give them a
layer of mud to hold them together it can be
ruff layer because they put a thick smooth
layer of clay on top. Another resource is rain
and snow or precipitation. The Hopi had the
small watering holes just for snow. Also they
put their mesa or mesas under a cliff edge for
the rain to runoff of. So the rain would fall into
the mesa so they wouldn’t have a lot of work
to do because they already had a lot of work.
Also the Hopi had edible wild plants. They
could get it from the forest or in the dessert
round the village. An addition they could
have edible wild plants growing in their
cropping land. The Hopi ate edible wild
plants when they haden’t harvested yet or
when they didn't have meat to eat.The Hopi
men would hunt but not a lot.They wouldn’t
hunt a lot because there weren’t a lot of
animals in the desert. But they hunted rabbit,
antelope,and gazelles. The Hopi probably
had meat once a week or in two weeks.

Clothing Manta

The Hopi would choose what to Breechcloth
wear depending on the weather and the
season just like we do. In the summer the
Hopi wear kind of short close like dresses
or just a cloth tied around your waist. But
in the winter the Hopi used long close like
loose pants and a long sleeve short or
long dresses and boots with a poncho on
your shoulders. In the summer Hopi girls
wear mantas and sandals. A manta is a
blanket or wrapped around dress and is
held together by a woven sash. In the
summer Hopi boys wear a breech cloth or
a kilt and sandals. Also little kids like 3 or
4 years old and under you wouldn't wear
anything. Also because it was really hot
but you still worked and helped if you
were 2, 3 ,and 4 years old. In the winter it
was another talk. In the winter girls wore
a long manta with a poncho and boots.
An addison boys wore long loose pants a
shirt and boots. Also the little kids that
Would work wore the same clothes that
their sibling.Also depending on their
gender. Another thing is that if you were 1
or 2 you wouldn’t work in the winter. Also
you would be wrapped up in blankets.

Conclusion

Even though they lived in a difficult
arid climate, the Hopi made the most of
their lives. They used their natural
resources to survive the extreme climate.
The Hopi were very intelligent because
they could manage to survive in a very
extremely hot climate.

Hopi Religion

By Espen

. Introduction The Hopi Way

Imagine you are in a The Hopi way was the
religious room called a kiva. This is way the Hopi believed like how
an underground circular room they prayed, or how they
where people had meetings. believed in their gods and many
People also told stories in this room religious ceremonies. The Hopi
about the Hopi religion. The Hopis prayed in groups for rain and
religion was an important part of resources. If you had a bad day
their life. Get ready to learn about you couldn't pray because it
the Hopi way, the creator, Tawa, could bring bad luck to the tribe.
and the kachinas That bad day could just be used
for work and farming while others
GODS prayed. The Hopi always thought
it was good to have positive
The Hopi believed in many thoughts about their tribe and
gods.The Hopi used gods for their lives. They believed that if
many years and still do today to they were positive they would all
make sense of the world around that they need. For example:
them. Tawa was the most there postive thoughts would
important god. he was the god of bring rain when needed
the sun.The hopi had different
gods that created different Kachinas
things. Tawa was also known as
the sun god. There are many
many many gods. Here are some
the rain god and spider woman.

Kachinas are religious
dolls that bring good luck to
the Hopi. They are scattered
across hopi homes Kachinas
are very important to the
hopi.The Kachinas brought
rain and good things to the
hopi. The kids liked them too.

Conclusion

Religion was important to hopi they had many

parts in religion for example. Kachinas and gods are
the most important to hopi.

HOPI Homes A Hopi home

Imagine you and your family Conclusion
in a crowded home. And when I
mean family I mean all of your The Hopi homes were
family. Hopi homes are filled with busy but they also did much
family. The Hopi homes are very more stuff than work. They also
safe but also very busy houses. In had leisure time after they
this paragraph you will learn about worked hard enough and
The Hopi homes. The Hopi homes building their homes took
included Kivas, storage room, and expertise and effort.
the main room where all your family
lives and works. The Hopi did not
have tables or chair or any
decorations the Hopi only have
rugs and pots to hold the corn. The
Hopi homes don't even have
stairs!! So how do the Hopi get
from floor to floor? The Hopi build
ladders from wood and rope to get
from floor to floor.

Hopi Government

By: Michael

Think of yourself standing in a circular, dug out room underground, almost like
an empty inground pool. This sacred room was called a kiva. You are in the
kiva with other leaders of your tribe to discuss the incoming Spanish invaders.
Their government had a big role in the Hopi’s history. So get ready to learn
about some important battles that changed the Hopi’s history. The Hopi fought
off the Spanish conquistadors in order to keep their land and religion. They

were lead by the famous tribal legislator Po’pay.

Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado

Spanish Vs. Hopi

The Spanish vs the Hopi was a dark time for
the Hopi. The Spanish invaders, also called the
Conquistadors came to America looking for gold. They
traveled to the southwest tracking traces of gold and
became aware of the Pueblo tribes including the Hopi.
The Spanish leader Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
sent troops to raid the Hopi village of Zuni for their
resources.

Coronado sent Captain Pedro de Tovar and his
troops to contact the Hopi tribe. When the Spanish
arrived the Hopi approached the Spanish. The Hopi
made a line in the sand made of cornmeal showing not
to trespass on their land. The Spanish didn’t care and
trespassed. The Hopi, of coarse attacked the Spanish
for trespassing on their land. The Conquistadors won
the battle. The Spanish took some of the Hopi’s
resources.

Statue of Po’pay ======>

The Spanish left and the Hopi were
not prepared for the next attack lead by the
Spanish. This time the Spanish were
unsuccessful at driving the Hopi out of their
land and they made a truce with the Hopi.
This ended up being a trick because the
Spanish attacked once more and drove the
Hopi out of their land. The Pueblo tribal
leaders and Hopi leader Po’pay got together
and made a plan to take back the land of the
Hopi.

The 1680 revolt was lead by Po’pay.
The revolt started at the time of day when
the sun hit a certain point in the sky. The
Hopi attacked the Spanish, and won, driving
the Spanish out of their lands. The Hopi had
their land back.

Hopi village

These battles changed the way the Hopi thought of the outside world. This
shows that Po’pay and the tribes of the Pueblo were very brave to fight of
the Spanish, who had guns. Life at this time was very dramatic for the Hopi.

Daily Life Of the Iroquois

Imagine you are yourself as an Iroquois woman, cooking
all day long so your whole family can eat. Or imagine yourself
as an Iroquois man, silently waiting with the others for a deer
to come by. The Iroquois tribe had many jobs but they also
had time for fun and games. Get ready to learn about the roles
of men, roles of woman, kid roles, and recreation of the

Iroquois.

These are people celebrating at one of the Iroquois festivals. They are
dressed in special costumes.

Roles of Men

The men would wake up in the morning,

maybe eat a little, stack a little wood at their

home, greeting the community was also

something that was in the morning routine. Men wore feathery
It’s only a nice gesture, but it was very hats and wore
important to know that everyone was ok. mostly skins from
Then after that, you would get to work. Men animals. They
had very important jobs. Some men would carried their
go and hunt for animals like deer, bear, weapons almost
everywhere.

rabbit, turkey, beaver, and fish. While some

men went out and hunted, others stayed in

the village. They made houses, prepared

the base, no job was better or worse than

another, but the most respected and

significant job was the chief. The chief was

the one who made decisions, held meetings

with other Iroquois tribes, and instructed

certain leaders of tribes to do things. It was

a very important job. The chief was decided

by the woman and the peace maker. The The Iroquois men often
peacemaker was a man, who made the used bows and arrows
really big decisions. to catch prey from far
away. Spears were
used when prey was
close.

Roles of Woman

The Iroquois woman were always busy. Some woman
stayed home and cooked or cleaned, while other woman got
out of the house and farmed, made baskets, made utensils
and bowls, taught the children, and much more. The woman
also decided who the chief was. It was a woman’s task
because men would vote for themselves. First, the woman
would consult with the peacemaker, trading ideas. Then, when
the head woman got the peacemaker’s message, then she
went to discuss it with the woman from the other tribes, until
they made their decision.

Woman made the clothes out of bear, deer, rabbit,
or beaver skins. Sometimes after washing, they put
them to dry there.

Kid Roles

Children, would mostly be helping with their parents jobs,
so of you were a girl, you might go help your mother make
baskets, or help carry the crops home. And if you were a boy,
you might help your father make longhouses, or stack wood. If
you were really young, you might just watch your parents. You
might be too young to go hunting with your father, or too young
to cook the food with your mother. If you were 12 and up, you
might do harder jobs, such as hunting and fishing, or making
clothes and farming.

Girls wore their hair in mostly braids. Two brads
meant you were married. One meant you were single.

Recreation

The Iroquois were always on the job, but they also had time for
fun and games. Iroquois played lacrosse, they ran in
tournaments, and they loved games of chance. It was their
favorite. They would wager the result of an event. Although
Iroquois loved to play games, they would only be played on
festivals. There was the Green Corn Festival and the
Midwinter Festival. They were held at two different times in the
year. Each festival lasted at least 3 days. On special festivals,
they would last more than 7 days.

These are celebrating Iroquois people. There are two festivals each year.
The Green corn festival and the Midwinter Festival.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the iroquois did many
important jobs everyday. They taught and
they learned. Even though they were often
busy, they had time to have tons of fun.
They worked hard, but had a fun side as
well.

What is a Creation Myth?

There all kinds creation myths that tell
stories on how the world started. The Iroquois
tribe had one to do with the world starting with
a sky world. There were at least 40 versions
because this story has been told for centuries.
Although there are small differences, the
person tells the same basic story.

Under the sky world was air, and under
that air was lots of water. In the middle of the
sky world was a tree of light that lit the whole
place. One day the chief became ill, all the
people pulled the tree of light out of the ground
and the wife of the chief fell in it. Two seabirds
flew up and caught her, a beaver, a weasel,
and a otter swam to the bottom of the water
and gathered mud for the wife to land on.

Who was Long Nose?

Long nose was a mask that would teach
children to behave when they were
naughty. Usually when kids were a little
naughty there parents would dunk them
into a stream or water would be thrown on
you, But if you were really naughty long
nose would come after you and the child
would promise to be good or else you
would be taken to the woods. Every
house had a long nose mask where no
children would find it.

Life in the home
By Audrey

The Iroquois are the people that
founded our government today!
Imagine being in the Iroquois tribe
and living as a little girl/boy.
There are many jobs\roles in the
Iroquois tribe and still had time for
fun.

The woman Role/Job
the woman cooked,skin animals
farm,make clothing and

Woman taught the girls how to
cook,skin animals, farm, make
clothing and farmed

The men Roles/Jobs

The men hunted game,(aka
prey)went out and traded with the
other tribes and taught the boys how
to hunt and cut down trees

Did the Iroquois have
games?

Yes they did.For example they
had a cool winter game named
snow-snake.there is a 5-9 foot log
hickory stick, that is the “Snake”
you would walk back a third of a
mile back,next you would put
Water on the way you walked so
it will be icy. You held the “snake”
in your right hand you'd take a
few steps down the ice and try to
throw straight (which means not
into a snowbank)whosoevers
team throw the farthest for a set
of round you decided wins!

Iroquois Government
By Nick Carpenter

Introduction

Imagine being a chief of an Iroquois tribe and being part of the Iroquois government. It was a very
big responsibility. Without the Iroquois’ government, our government will not be the way it is today. The
Iroquois government was really important in the Iroquois culture. Get ready to learn all about the Five
Nations of the Iroquois and the Great Law of Peace.

The Five Nations

The Iroquois were divided into five nations. They were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,
Cayuga, and the Seneca. You might think that since there were five nations, that there were only five
tribes, each one representing each nation. There actually were many tribes in each nation, making
there many tribes in the whole Iroquois tribe. Each of the Five Nations had its own government. Each
Nation had chiefs that they sent to the League council meetings. No nation ever ruled over the other
nations. A league council meeting was held “across the council fire.” At the east side of the fire sat
the Mohawk and the Seneca, the Elder brothers. The Younger Brothers, the Oneida and the Cayuga,
sat across from them on the west side. The Onondaga sat at the north, the Keepers of the Council
Fire. The League “spoke in one voice,” only when the League agreed.

This image here shows where each nation was located in New York.

The Great Law of Peace
The Great Law of Peace is the Iroquois Constitution. It organizes the form of the government

and establishes rules about the duties and freedoms of the people and their leaders. It was unwritten.
The Peacemaker thought that by becoming a part of the League, the Five Nations could live in peace
together. He was right. Once the Iroquois formed the League, they never fought each other again. All
Iroquois land was accessible to members of the Five Nations. It was okay to hunt and travel all over
from Mohawk lands in the east and Seneca lands to the west. Women likewise men took part in activity
fully in government. Women got to choose the chiefs and remove them if they didn’t do their jobs well.
The Great Law of Peace was really important.

This image shows a wampum belt.

Conclusion
The Iroquois were dependant on their government. Five Nations made up the Iroquois. The Iroquois
was divided into Five Nations: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca. They all
agreed to the Great Law of Peace. The Great Law of Peace is the Iroquois Constitution. Our
government today is only like it is, because of the Iroquois government.

Sequoyah

Introduction The Creator of The Cherokees Written
Language

All human beings need to communicate. Native
Americans communicated with spoken language and
signs in nature. The first Native American tribe to have a
written language was the Cherokee. The Cherokees
written language was created by Sequoyah. During the
late 1700s,Sequoyah came in contact with the white
men. He realized that the Indians needed a way to write
their language. He created the system of writing for the
Cherokee.

Sequoyah Sequoyah.

From his birth, Sequoyah was an unusual Cherokee
Indian. Sequoyah was born in 1770 in Taskigi,now
known as Tennessee. Sequoyah had a Cherokee mother
and a father that was a british trader. His father was a
British trader named Nathaniel Gist. Sequoyah’s mother
raised him and didn’t teach him to read, speak,or write in
english.He became a lot of things when he was older. He
became a silversmith,painter,and warrior in the Creek
war in 1813-1814 for the U.S Army. He also believed
white people had super powers. They thought that
because of their written language.

Written Language

In 1809, Sequoyah began to work and develop a system of
writing. This system of writing that he made was for the
Cherokee. He made codes. Codes are a system of
symbols. Those symbols are used for sending messages.
He also made secret codes. These were based on
established/well known alphabet. There was no language.
Therefor he began to make a system. Sequoyah is the first
man to make the writing language.

Conclusion This is Sequoyah’s written
language.
Sequoyah was the creator of the Cherokees written

language.Sequoyah is history for what he did. When he
was little there was no written language. But, he made
one for that reason Sequoyah is history.

Where The Sioux Lived

The Midwest - From Top to Bottom
BY TALIAE

Introduction

Everyone knows that Native Americans lived in America before any settlers came.
They had lived in North America for a long, long time. You may not know that each tribe
lived in a different part of the United States. The Sioux Indians lived in an area called the
Central Plains - right in the middle of the U.S. Living in such a large area in the center of
the continent mean that the geography varied from the Canadian border to Texas.
The area where the Sioux lived now contains many states. The Sioux traveled hunting
buffalo so they did not have permanent villages. Just as their geography was varied, the
different Sioux tribes (known as Plains Indians) also varied a little bit.

They lived on a flat land. Some parts are in the red parts on the map like, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Illinois, Wyoming, New
Mexico, Canada , Wisconsin and Montana. The Sioux lived on the Tallgrass
Prairie,Southern Mixed Prairie,Gulf Coast Prairie,Shortgrass Steppe,Northern Mixed
Prairie and the Rocky Mountains. There are three environments where they lived the ,
grassy areas, desert areas and the mountain areas.

The Games the Sioux Played for Fun

Introduction

Image you were a little boy or girl in Sioux trieb what game do you think the
games you would play. Like people everywhere, the Sioux played games for fun. Many
of the games built and developed skills they needed for real life. There were shooting
games with arrows, games with running and jumping, and games just for fun.

Games to Build Hunting Skills

The boys would do horseback races to see was is the fastest. They would have shooting
arrows competitions so they can see who is good at shooting so then when they are older
she or he can shoot arrows on a horse.

Games for Physical Skills (Running and Jumping)

The kids would do sledding races in the winter when they were on the rocky
mountain side. They also did foot races where they had to tie a rope or some of
their old clothing to there ankles have a course to run throw. Then they would have
throwing competitions and whoever dropped the ball is out then there would be a
winner.

Conclusion

The Sioux tribes were nomadic people who moved from place to place following buffalo.
Much of their lifestyle was based around hunting buffalo. The Sioux was a huge nation made up
of seven strong tribes. The tribes were close. They traded with each other. They supported each
other. They worked together.Stickball, a Native game that is the forerunner of lacrosse, can be
played by a large number of players, sometimes involving entire tribal communities. The Sioux
were fierce warriors. They rode on horses and used spears and bows and arrows as weapons.
Only men who had earned the right through an act of bravery could wear a grizzly bear claw
necklace. The Sioux tribe were famous for their hunting and warriors. Today they constitute one
of the largest Native American groups, living mainly on reservations in Minnesota, Nebraska,
North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana; the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota
is the second largest in the United States.

Sioux

What They Wore

Introduction
INTRODUCTION

Did you know that the SIoux lived very differently than we do today. One thing that is very
different is the kind of clothes they wore. The Sioux had different kinds of clothes for
different weather and events, but nearly all of it was made from animal skin.

Everyday Wear

For everyday clothes, the Sioux wore clothes made from animal skins. For
celebrations they dressed up and wore special clothes. These clothes often had glass
beads or feathers for decoration. Also, when the weather was cold in the winter they
wore buffalo robes to keep warm. The woman had to make clothes out of animal
skins. Back then they didn’t have bows or accessories for there hair but they did hair
brushes made out of the quills from porcupine. Most of the girls wore braids and
sometimes loose down.

General Information

Most of the sioux were tall and very skinny. All of the sioux tribe had jobs. The woman had
to make clothes out of animal skins. The men had to all of the hunting but before they
could work the men had to first shoot bows and arrows. The men did work together by
decorating the tipis, shields and made all kinds of cases that held their things.

Sioux Medicine Man

Medicine Bundle

What would happen if anyone got sick? Well there was something called the medicine
bundle. There was a medicine man who would help any Sioux make one. It had an eagle
feather or a tooth of an animal or a special pipe. If a man was having bad luck, he might
look for another medicine bundle. The Sioux believed that the medicine bundle kept him
from danger and brought luck.

Medicine Man and Getting Sick

The Indians knew how to make people well. They could make medicines and take care
of wounds. They could fix broken bones. They could make a splint from rawhide. They
used herbs to make medicines. If someone did not get well, a shaman might be called.
There were different kinds. If a child got sick, the shaman might change the child’s
name. The Sioux Indians hardly ever got sick.

The Sioux and the Buffalo

Food, Skins, & Homes
By Gabryal B.

Introduction

Everyone knows what a buffalo looks like but only the Sioux Indians knew how to
use every part of the buffalo. Buffalo was the most important animal to the Sioux.
Nearly everything the Sioux made or ate came from the buffalo. It gave them food
to eat and skins to make clothes and homes.

Food

The food they eat is boiled buffalo,dried buffalo and sometime raw buffalo. When
the Sioux did not have fresh buffalo, they might eat meat like bear,
deer,antelope, wild turkeys and hens. Sometime the Sioux ate fruits and
vegetables but they did not plant gordens because they moved around all the
time. They picked wild fruits like cherries, berries, and plums. They dug up wild
vegetables like potatoes and prairie turnips. If anyone in the tribe did not have
enough to eat, everyone shared.

Buffalo Skins

The buffalo skin was called its hide. There were two ways to use the hide. One way made
strong, hard leather, and the other made soft leather. The hard leather was called rawhide
and it was as tough as wood. Tanning the hides made them soft . The Sioux lived in tipis.
They made their tipis out of Buffalo skin. They hunted the buffalo for food and used the rest
of the animal to make clothing tools and and their homes. They used the buffalo skin for the
outside walls and the floor. They use soft, tanned hides for blankets and clothes.

Buffalo and Sioux Homes

The buffalo skins were used to make tipis. The floor of the tipi was lined with buffalo
hide, and the Sioux slept on soft, thick buffalo robes on the floor of the tipi. More than
one family shared one tipis. There were different sizes of tipis. Larger families lived in
larger tipis. The buffalo skin kept their homes were cool in the summer and warm in the
winter.

Conclusion

For the Sioux, no animal was more important or useful than the buffalo. The Sioux mostly
ate buffalo cooked different ways, but they also ate other meats and some fruits and
vegetables. The Sioux used buffalo skin for many purposes, and it could be hard like
rawhide or made soft. Even their homes were made from buffalo - from their skins.
Without the buffalo, the Sioux would not have had good homes, enough food to eat, or

clothes to wear. TheTbipuiffalo provided everything.