EH 62

48 EASTERN HORIZON | FEATURE

who feel more connected to others have decreased to have good teachers guiding you on your mantra
symptoms of stress and anxiety, and report feeling journey. Mantras, although they can positively transform
mentally and physically healthier. one’s life, can also stir up old patterns and these need to
be well managed when and if they come to the surface
How to practice mantra chanting during chanting. If any discomfort is experienced during
mantra chanting, you can simply take a break from the
“If you think you can make a small change in yourself, do practice for a few days and come back to it again when
it. It will change the world”_Amma_ you are ready. Also, remember that 5 good minutes
of mantra chanting is better than an hour of mind
Anyone can practice mantra chanting and there are wandering! Be realistic with your practice if you are just
various techniques to try. However, it is very important starting out and take breaks when you need to.

Mantra chanting can be practiced with a mala (prayer
beads) to count the repetitions of the sound, but it is not
necessary. You can chant alone or in groups and aloud
or simply mentally repeat the sound to yourself while in
the queue at the post office.

Happy chanting!
Oṃ EH

ABBi - a game changer in
Buddhist Dhamma Studies

By Lim Kooi Fong

The Buddhist Channel, 27 July, 2020 the ability to use such knowledge through one’s effort in cultivating
Through a sustainable eLearning appropriately. Knowing the extent calm and insight. One school of
management system, ABBi hopes of one’s knowledge, and when thought maintains that sutta study
to establish a reasonable cluster to use it (or not to use it at all) is not necessary in achieving
of quality Dhammaduta learners, is the mark of a wise person. spiritual attainment, while another
the new generation of Dhamma Nevertheless, to be truly effective, has the view that studying the
torch bearers who will continue a Dhamma propagator has to have Buddha’s word is essential when it
to spin the Dhamma wheel some depth in Buddhist knowledge. comes to propagation work.
In essence, both schools of thought
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- When we say “Buddhist knowledge” are right. Traditionally there
Effective Buddhist spiritual it does not necessarily connote are two branches of monastic
propagation (Pali - Dhammaduta) spiritual wisdom. While Buddhist training open to monks and nuns.
is associated with someone having knowledge is acquired through The two branches or mode of
wide and deep knowledge of the Dhamma discussions or sutta responsibilities (also known as
Buddha’s teachings (Dhamma) and studies, spiritual wisdom is attained duties - dhura) are:

FEATURE | EASTERN HORIZON 49

a) the responsibility of study Dhamma for the benefit of others Given the situation today where
(gantha-dhura), and as well as to inspire them towards Buddhism is misrepresented
b) the responsibility of insight making personal effort to attain through false teachings and
cultivation (vipassana-dhura) spiritual liberation. flagrant malpractices, this duty
of study (gantha-dhura) is ever
If one joins the Sangha in his youth, In the Anguttara Nikaya and more essential. This is to ensure
one would usually take up the Theragatha commentaries, there that the Buddha sasana stands
responsibility of study, and go on to is a story relating how Upali - after firm for a long time to come. Only
cultivation of insight later on (DhA being ordained and receiving the through true knowledge and correct
1:7f, 155). Those who renounce at subject of meditation from the understanding of the Dhamma can
an advanced age would normally Buddha – wishes to take leave from one inspire others to right practice
take up the burden of cultivation. the Buddha to go into the forest. and to eliminate misconceptions.
The Buddha then advises Upali:
Although one need not take up the Weaknesses in Dhamma Studies
duty of sutta study (gantha-dhura) “O bhikkhu, if you reside in the
to gain enlightenment, nevertheless forest, you will be able to grow in just Compared with major Abrahamic
it is of great benefit when it comes one duty (dhura), but staying in this faiths (such as Christianity and
to Dhamma propagation. The vicinity, you will fulfil both duties of Islam) the state of Dhamma Studies
duty of Dhamma studies therefore study (gantha-dhura) and insight in Buddhism is poor. Generally,
is a matter of choice. Its main cultivation (vipassana-dhura). most self-study initiatives or study
advantage lies in the learner’s (AA 1:312; Thag A 2:101) groups are organized on an ad
ability to disseminate the Buddha hoc basis, without a sustainable

50 EASTERN HORIZON | FEATURE

structure or a universal syllabus. has also become commonplace in monitoring, social network support
schools and colleges. and earning Open Badges upon the
Lim Kooi Fong, founder of the course completion.
Buddhist Channel and a strong In view of this, the Buddhist
advocate for systematic Dhamma Channel in collaboration with “Just imagine the potential and
studies, says what’s hampering Bhante Sharvasti Dhammika, the the possibilities of having groups
effective Dhamma propagation is well-known Australian based and Buddhist centres host various
“the basic lack of study skills”. Buddhist monk, writer and teacher, courses of their liking. The
has initiated “ABBi (pronounced workload of preparing materials
“Such sub-standard approach has as Abby) - All About Buddhism is now spread around, no longer
resulted in low quality of Buddhist iLearning”. dependent on any single group of
knowledge, misunderstanding of people,” envisions Kooi Fong.
basic doctrines and a generally ABBi is a self paced, beginners to
poor grasp about who and what the intermediate level guided Learning Learners from anywhere will have the
Buddha represents”, he adds. Management System (LMS). The opportunity to choose and pick what
ABBi LMS is hosted on a virtual courses they want to follow. With the
“Buddhist teachings have an cloud and needs only an online User ABBi guided system, they can monitor
elegant, structured nature. The ID and password to access. Learners their personal progress which is
Buddha was very methodical in access the system free of charge. automatically set by the LMS.
his explanations,” he emphasises.
Kooi Fong says that the Buddha’s Although the first course to For more details please visit: http://
teachings “fits like a textbook” and be hosted on ABBi is Bhante allaboutbuddhism.org/
that “the ancient Nalanda scholars Dhammika’s textbook “All ABout
did it right”. Buddhism”, the system is actually ABBi - a game changer in
open to any groups or Buddhist Dhamma Study
“Because of their scholastic centres who wish to host their own
treatment of the Dhamma, various courses online. ABBi is envisioned to be a major
Buddhist schools grew out of them “game changer for Buddhist
and in turn made Buddhism a global “There are many courses offered by Dhamma Study”, as it is set to be
faith,” he says. various groups or Buddhist centres,” a service provider for any groups
explains Kooi Fong. “The problem or Buddhist centres who wish
Window of opportunity to rectify is when the course leader moves to promote their own learning
weaknesses on, the course usually ends with programmes and to encourage
him/her,” he adds. He also laments, groups to start their own Dhamma
While organizing Dhamma studies “sustainability is an issue. There is Study sessions.
in contemporary Buddhist centre simply no continuity or follow up.”
settings have met many setbacks, For instance, a Tibetan study group
the sudden onset of the global With ABBi however, once the course may wish to put their Lamrin
Covid-19 pandemic has offered an leader/manager is done with syllabus on ABBi. Or a Mahayana
unexpected opportunity. leading the study session in person, temple which actively gets students
they can then put it up online. With to recite various sutras may want
The “new normal” situation forced the course materials now available to put up a quick course on the
by the viral pandemic has enabled on ABBi, future learners can now Lotus or Heart Sutras. And maybe
eLearning to take off. People now are benefit from taking the lessons at that advanced Abhidhamma class,
more adept at using the computer to their own pace, and with added ever ably helmed by a senior monk,
take courses. eLearning in education facilities such as personal progress may want to use ABBi to set up its

FEATURE | EASTERN HORIZON 51

advanced learner programme. attained skills and achievements. I will instruct in a way which does
Learners can then share their open not hurt myself nor others.”
The possibilities are indeed endless. badges with their friends and anyone
who is interested in their attainment. Through its easy-to-use, sustainable
To have the above besome a reality, and cost effective structure, ABBi
ABBi supports the following: A new generation of Dhamma aims to raise the Dhamma Study
• multi-institutions mode (with torch bearers bar through knowledge enrichment,
study skills enhancement and robust
central management portal) The Buddhist Channel founder personal and group organization.
• time-controlled exams believes that ABBi has the capability
• international characters (UTF- to reset the “Dhamma Study Ultimately, what ABBi hopes for is
mindscape” and reinvigorate to establish a reasonable cluster
8) – meaning it can support Dhamma Studies itself. of quality Dhammaduta learners.
translations in Chinese, These are the heirs of Buddha’s
Sinhalese, Thai etc. For one, ABBi is a natural fit for Dhamma, the torch bearers who will
• automated generation of Buddhism’s elegant structure. In continue to spin the Dhamma wheel.
certificates the Anggutara Nikaya (A 3:184),
the Buddha exhorts others to May the Buddha Sasana ever
With regards to certification, upon teach Dhamma, thinking, a) I will brightly shine through the efforts
the completion of any course, give instruction that is regulated and discipline of these Dhamma
learners will obtain an “Open and gradually advanced, b) I will heirs, Buddha’s 21st century torch
Badge” generated by the system. instruct using reasoning, c) I will bearers. EH
ABBi’s Open Badge is a type instruct out of kindliness, d) I will
of electronic certificate that is instruct not for worldly gain and e)
verifiable, portable and packed with
information about the learner’s

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the dharma and what the dharma means to you today. Well, if you find all of these
interesting, we can make it spiritually challenging for you too!

In every issue of EASTERN HORIZON, we publish special chat sessions with leading
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and activities that are of interest to the Buddhist community. We need someone
to help us in all these projects. If you are keen to be part of this exciting magazine,
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Let us share the dharma for the benefit of all sentient beings!

F O R U M52 EASTERN HORIZON | TEACHINGS

Making Sense of
the Covid 19 Pandemic

A core teaching of the Buddha is the law of Dependent effects on the environment and humankind. The last
Origination which explains that nothing exists point from AN 3.56 could also explain the mysterious
independently in our world. It also describes the causes appearance of the deadly Covid-19 virus. A recent video
of suffering and the course of events that lead to it. gone viral showing tennis-sized hailstones with spikes
Everything is interconnected and we exist in a complex like the Covid-19 virus from an affected area in China
web of life that is continually changing. Events happen could somewhat corroborate this theory.
in a series, one interrelating group of events producing
another. The current COVID-19 is a classic example – Min Wei: From a Buddhist viewpoint, we create our
the destruction of forests, killing (and eating) of wild own destiny. We should not blame anyone for our
animals giving rise to a virus that has no boundaries. troubles as we are responsible for our own life, either
Now, with the coronavirus, we cannot pretend we exist for better or for the worst. We should practice self-
as an independent entity oblivious to the world around responsibility for our own actions rather than blaming
us. We cannot fly overseas, watch movies in the cinemas, circumstances and environments.
attend dharma talks in temples, or even go shopping
without wondering if we’ll be exposed to others infected The coronavirus pandemic has revealed how fragile
with the virus. We ask our teachers what is the Buddhist our life is, causing death and misery, and reminds
worldview about the origin of such pandemics, lessons us of impermanence. It serves as an opportunity to
learnt, and how to adapt to life in the new normal. experience the three marks of existence taught by the
Buddha which are impermanence, suffering, and non-
Some religions see pandemics like Covid-19 self. Therefore, fear, unpredictability and uncertainty
as a manifestation of divine will, perhaps as a are natural to ordinary life.
punishment for sin and a warning against moral
laxity. What is the Buddhist world view? Is this virus Geshe Dadul: Of course, according to Buddhism,
a karmic consequence of human hubris? everything in saṃsāra is in one way or the other related
to sentient beings’ karma, individual and collective.
Aggacitta: The Adhammika Sutta (AN 4.70) describes As Buddhist worldview precludes the concept of a
how unrighteous rulers could progressively and Creator God, everything occurs due to certain causal
insidiously affect human morality. This causes cosmic actions committed in the past by the sentient beings
upheavals resulting in poor crops, denatured food, experiencing the results thereof in the present. These
disfigurement, the reduction of human lifespan and consequences are not punishments or rewards, but
abundant diseases. simply natural unfoldings of those causal forces as
they meet their respective conditions. Thus, some of
Paloka Sutta (AN 3.56) mentions that when people are the karmic unfolding may appear, in a conventional
overwhelmed by unrighteous lust, imbalanced greed and sense, helpful/harmful. How they affect the individuals’
wrong Dharma there could be deadly violence, upheavals experience, the choices made, and how beings emerge
of nature leading to drought, famine, and the release from the situations, is largely dependent on many and
by demons of amanussa (non-humans / humanoids / various aspects of the individuals themselves.
human-like things), thus resulting in depopulation.
The current pandemic is a natural, karmic
These two suttas suggest that there is indeed a strong consequence, not just of human actions, but of
connection between moral laxity and its deleterious everyone touched by it including animals. Nonetheless,

FORUM TEACFOHRINUGMS | EASTERN HORIZON 53

it is neither established as a punishment or a reward, moment, self-discipline is the best way of prevention
nor does it necessarily come with a purpose. It could towards breaking the chain of the pandemic.
though, be used as opportunity and/or a burden
depending on how it is approached. Geshe Dadul: Doctrinally speaking, all Buddhas and
bodhisattvas have nothing but the wellbeing of sentient
Some Theravāda temples in Thailand are handing beings dearest to their hearts. All their efforts on the
out talismans bearing images of spirits, sacred path and beyond are inspired, bolstered, and sustained
syllables, and Buddhist symbols as a form of by the sheer dedication and determination to relieve
protective blessings against the virus, while sentient beings of their sufferings and uncertainties
practitioners in Mahāyāna countries chant mantras characteristic of unenlightened existence. Even the
to the bodhisattva Tārā to gain her protection. Are pursuit and eventual achievement of Buddhahood is
there doctrinal justifications for such protective and only a means to serve sentient beings. So, Buddhahood
healing rituals? marks not the end of their journey, rather the beginning
of serving sentient beings in their capacity as Fully
Aggacitta: In the Theravāda tradition, the famous Ratana Awakened Ones now. This may include bestowing
Sutta (KN 1.6) is believed to be efficacious in warding mantras and rituals, etc., but the chief means is always
off calamities caused by evil spirits. The verses in the the teachings. In all of these, sentient beings must meet
sutta extol the virtues of the Triple Gem and each ends their part of the equation to receive the benefit. That is,
with an asseveration of truth for the safety and well- to be open to them and generate trust in them, cultivate
being of the audience. Although the sutta itself does whatever level of the three trainings of morality,
not explicitly state the circumstances under which it concentration, and wisdom one can manage.
was discoursed, the commentary gives lucid details of
how its recitation dispelled the threefold calamities of In the Udānavarga, Buddha says,
famine, disease, and attack by amanussa (non-humans / I have taught you the path
humanoids / human-like things). That puts an end to the miseries of saṃsāra.
Tathāgata shows the path.
This makes me wonder. Has the continual recitation It is now for you to practice.
of this sutta by the faithful in traditional Theravāda
countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand made What Buddhist practices can we apply at this
some contribution to the significantly lower rates of juncture when we are faced with so much
CoVid-19 cases in comparison to other countries? uncertainty regarding our lives, including our
health, job, and loved ones?
Min Wei: In fact, there are numerous sūtras that
mentioned different kinds of rituals and mantras to Aggacitta: Exercise discipline and vigilant mindfulness
pray for protection and healing when we encountered in following the preventive measures recommended by
illnesses or diseases. However, to stop the spread of a the relevant health authorities.
disease, chanting or praying itself is insufficient. We
need to consult a good doctor, take proper medication, 1. Strengthen your immune system by having a
do exercises, eat healthily, and have enough sleep, healthy lifestyle and wholesome eating habits.
among others.
2. Recite Ratana Sutta regularly.
Thus, we should avoid unscientific methods in coping 3. Have gratitude for our current situation when we
with the spread of this dangerous virus. In order to
protect ourselves and others from Covid-19, we should compare with that of other places much worse off.
follow the guidelines and advice from the World Health 4. Be continually aware of present activities to develop
Organization and local health authorities. At this crucial
dynamic composure so that there can be clarity of
mind for decision-making.

F O R U M54 EASTERN HORIZON | TEACHINGS

5. With a composed mind, practice introspective If conditions permit, recite The Noble Sūtra
mindfulness and clear awareness to filter off idle, Remembering the Three Jewels [Skt. ārya ratnatraya
negative or unproductive thoughts and emotions so anusmṛti sūtra] remembering the qualities of the
that time and energy can be conserved for attending Triple Gem in detail and entrusting oneself with total
to positive, feasible, creative, productive thoughts confidence to them.
and ideas.
One may also contemplate the nature of saṃsāra,
6. Have faith in the Law of Karma if one or a loved one particularly the sufferings in it. A Tibetan master
succumbs to the disease despite executing all the Potowa Rinchen Sel (1027? – 1105), as quoted in
above. Tsongkhapa’s Lamrim Chenmo, said: “So long as
we are in saṃsāra, … something subject to get sick
7. Be comfortable with uncertainty as it is a is getting sick; something subject to die is dying.
manifestation of the three characteristics of Nothing inappropriate is happening suddenly; …
existence, the hallmark of Buddhist teachings, If we are disgusted by it, then we must eliminate
particularly spiritual cultivation. the process of (saṃsāric) birth. To do this, we must
eliminate its cause.”
Min Wei: This coronavirus pandemic is not only
challenging our health, work and family, but is also Contemplate impermanence and the four definite
disturbing our peace of mind and stimulating us to endings expressed in Udānavarga Sūtra to the effect
question our own existence. The Buddhist teachings that every life ends with death; every meeting ends with
always remind us that everything keeps on changing parting; every rise ends with fall; every collection ends
as it is the nature of existence. Without impermanence, with depletion. Train to accept these as unavoidable
nothing would be possible. eventualities in life and learn to cope with them as best
as one can.
At this time of uncertainty, regular meditation can
allow us to recognize fear, anger, and insecurity. Such Develop an informed sense of acceptance of the
realization makes it easier for us to recognize these inevitability of death and associated facts of life, thereby
feelings as simply passing reactions to an impermanent generating a renewed appreciation of the preciousness
situation. Such recognition is extremely valuable in a of the time at hand and resolve to fully own one’s
crisis situation today. The pandemic can be viewed as a present moment and use it most meaningfully.
source of awareness. This very moment is our perfect
teacher, and one can take it as a good opportunity to put But if someone in the family has just died from
it into our daily life practice. the virus, how do we console the loved ones with
a simple yet assuring explanation based on core
Geshe Dadul: First and foremost, as Buddhists, we Buddhist teachings? It may be difficult to explain the
can recite the refuge prayer while contemplating the complexities of dependent origination during such a
qualities of the Triple Gem and invoking the power of tragic occasion.
truth of those qualities. The simplest version is reciting
the following:

I go for refuge to the Buddha. Aggacitta: In a nutshell, sickness, aging and death
I go for refuge to Dharma. are the inevitable consequences of birth. No one can
I go for refuge to the Saṅgha. escape from them. Understand and accept this fact
with wisdom and equanimity instead of wallowing
Reflect on what it entails to take them as one’s refuge in deluded denial. Honest introspection will reveal
in terms of one’s mindset and behaviors in the face that one’s sorrow for the deceased is rooted in selfish
of personal situations. Make efforts to uphold and attachment to the continual presence of the deceased
embody these attitudes and behaviors. rather than genuine altruism for the latter. The best
way to assist the deceased is to severe this selfish

TEACFOHRINUGMS | EASTERN HORIZON 55

attachment and do the following positive things: that it was thought she had lost her mind completely. The
Buddha told her that he could bring the child back if Kisa
1. Sincerely wish for the quick and smooth transition were to bring him a mustard seed from a home where
of the deceased to a favorable destination. no one had died. Kisa desperately traveled from house
to house in search of the seed. Kisa was finally struck by
2. Assure the deceased that the survivors are willing the realization that there is no house free from mortality,
to let the deceased move on and the deceased that death is our common condition and the natural and
should similarly not be attached to the survivors inevitable consequence to birth.
and other possessions.
With the first turning of the wheel, Buddha encouraged
3. Forgive perceived misdeeds of the deceased and ask us to know suffering and its causes, so we can recognize
for mutual forgiveness. our predicament and thus be moved to engage the path
to liberation and enlightenment. While the death of
4. Perform meritorious deeds, particularly mettā (for loved ones can be very painful, familiarity with death
all beings) and vipassanā meditations and dedicate as a natural consequence of life can help bring one’s life
the merits to the deceased. more purpose and meaning and lessen the blow of loss.

5. Make an asseveration of truth for the highest good The grieving individuals may be given practices they
of the deceased can engage in that will be helpful for themselves and
their loved ones. Reciting prayers or mantras such as
Min Wei: The fact that human beings are affected by Oṃ Maṇi Padme Hūṃ or the 100-sylable Mantra of
the coronavirus pandemic cannot be denied. We are all Vajrasattva or engaging in community service for the
worried about our loved ones and the future, of both loved one’s fortunate rebirth can provide peace of mind.
the global economy and our own individual homes. As Understanding and engaging in actions on behalf of the
human beings, we experience the same notion of fears, deceased may bring loved ones much solace.
hopes, uncertainties, and it is definite that no one can
escape from it. Some scientists believed that nature has turned
against us and is locking down the world through
It means that we are not alone at this juncture. the pandemic because man has devastated
We should be realistic and accept what we have nature. How can Buddhism help prevent further
encountered at this critical moment. The Buddhist degradation of the environment?
teachings always remind us that while life is uncertain,
death is a reality. When we accept that death is a natural
phenomenon, we will be able to face it with calmness,
courage, and confidence when it eventually happens.

When someone in the family has just died from the Aggacitta: As can be seen from the two suttas referred
virus, we can share with our living relatives that life to earlier (AN 4.70 & 3.56), moral laxity can lead to
is impermanent. Sooner or later all of us will also disastrous consequences on the environment and
experience death. It is just that this particular family humankind. The devastation to nature, the environment
member dies before us. Therefore, instead of being and fellow humans is rooted in the three poisons of
attached to the deceased, we should let him/her go greed, hate, and delusion. Unless these are significantly
with our blessings and pray for a good rebirth. Out of reduced through education, restraint, and spiritual
compassion and with a mind of Bodhicitta, we should cultivation, the fate of humankind and our planet is
reflect on death as a release from suffering in saṃsāra. sealed. But this fundamental premise of Buddhism
At the same time, we make aspirations for the deceased has to be disseminated without the stigma of religious
to meet with good conditions in the next life. doctrine, given the partisan faith of religious leaders
and adherents.
Geshe Dadul: I am reminded of the story of Kisa Gotami
who had lost her only child and was bereft and desperate Min Wei: This pandemic should be a wake-up call
for her child’s life to be restored. She was so distraught that our impact on the environment is not just about

F O R U M56 EASTERN HORIZON | TEACHINGS

carbon emissions. We need to relearn that we are part or disease, which is a commentarial gloss. For your
of nature, and are not separate from it. Now is the information it has no parallel in the Sanskrit/Chinese
right time to put more effort in taking care of nature Āgamas but the story appears in Mahāvastu, a text of the
and wildlife. Humankind can play an active role in Lokottaravāda school of Early Buddhism. For details,
environmental protection and being eco-friendly. see Āyasmā Anandajoti’s \ excellent comparative study
at https://bit.ly/1PAcNPE.
From a Buddhist standpoint, environmental degradation
is caused by human greed and desire. Significantly, the There are a few references to drought and famine in the
Buddha recognizes the importance of the environment. Vinaya Piṭaka in which the Buddha relaxed some Vinaya
He emphasized the harmonious co-existence rules with regard to the offering of food, but none
between humans and nature which demonstrates his about how these calamities were overcome. However,
understanding of the interdependence among all living the Mahāvaṁsa, a Sri Lankan chronicle written in Pāli
things and their environment. verses, records that during the reign of the Sinhalese
King Upatissa II, a great famine and plague was instantly
Buddhists believe that the development of intuitive overcome by a pompous and ceremonious all-night
insight and wisdom can help to resolve environmental recitation of the Ratana Sutta by a great congregation of
problems through its adherence to the First Precept. monks.
When a person observes the First Precept of not
killing, he or she controls his hatred and cultivates Min Wei: The Covid-19 pandemic is an occasion for
loving-kindness as well as compassion. They seem to us to reflect on our actions more clearly. With every
fit perfectly with those values needed to overcome action one takes for self-care, such as washing hands, or
environmentally destructive behaviors. keeping a social distance, one is also protecting others.
In fact, many diseases occur because of our bad attitude
Geshe Dadul: In Buddhism, we are our own allies as towards the environment and wildlife and our careless
well as our own enemies. In this, the ultimate cure is actions and unhealthy food habits.
to bring loving-kindness, compassion, and wisdom to
the center and go about our personal and professional In fact, the Buddha laid down rules for monks not
lives, including planning and carrying out scientific to spit or urinate on the grass. In the Mahāvagga,
research, from a place of genuine care and ardent Vatthakkhandaka, monks are required to dry bed sheets
responsibility, not out of greed, selfishness, and short and clothes every day. They are also required to sweep
sightedness. In this regard, regularly contemplating the and clean their dwelling places. It is a violation of
reality of interdependence and common humanity, and monastic rules to keep an untidy residence.
integrating the values of empathy and compassion in
our lives will go a long way in healing the damage to our In addition, the Buddha said that one should live in
environment. a suitable location or environment for good health
and peace of mind. One should eat moderately at
The Ratana Sutta mentioned a plague that affected regular intervals and take nutritious food to preserve
the city during the Buddha’s time. What can we good health. A moderate meal makes one physically
learn from the Buddha’s teachings in this sutta? comfortable and prolongs our lifespan.
Are there other references to natural disasters or
epidemics in the Buddhist scriptures during the Geshe Dadul: There were a few occurrences of warfare
Buddha’s time? during the time of Buddha that he helped resolve.
There is mention in Chapters on Monastic Discipline
Aggacitta: I have already commented on the Ratana [Skt:Vinayavastu] of Buddha relaxing certain rules for
Sutta and two suttas referring to upheavals of nature his disciples during a famine in Śrāvastī. Also, there is
due to moral laxity above. As I pointed out, in a popular story told of Buddha and his disciples having
the Ratana Sutta itself there is no reference to famine had to resort to horse food at another famine period.

TEACFOHRINUGMS | EASTERN HORIZON 57

The Ratana Sutta upholds the virtues of righteousness, there are many Buddhist teachings, events, and
generosity, and kind-heartedness. It also dwells on the activities have been aired online due to the outbreak of
excellences of the Triple Gem and invokes the power Covid-19.
of truth of those qualities to usher in well-being to the
affected region of Vesali. The internet helps us stay connected during the
pandemic. Everyone can still study and learn the
Once a series of epidemics spread across the great Buddha Dharma from his or her home or any
monastery of the Sakya in Tibet. All measures taken— convenient place without meeting in the temple.
effigy-offering, torma-offerings, medicines, mantras, The ways of teaching Buddhism have been changed
protection-amulets, and so on—had no effect, and dramatically, especially with the rise of e-learning. That
the monastery was in danger of being depleted. Then, means an online monastery is becoming a reality and
they approached the master mahāsiddha Thangtong the norm.
Gyalpo (1385–1464?) who adviced them to repeatedly
recite refuge prayer as well as the six-syllabled Oṃ Geshe Dadul: The purpose of Buddhist temples and
Maṇi Padme Hūṃ mantra, and told them to say his their programs is to serve their faithful clienteles
newly composed prayer which came to be eventually in meeting their religious needs and aspirations,
known as “The Prayer that Saved Sakya from Disease.” particularly in bringing the teachings of Buddha and
At that time, the entire epidemic immediately ceased his celebrated disciples into their lives. Luckily, we have
in the wake of performance of those prayers. Recently, modern technology that can cut through the barriers of
His Holiness the Sakya Gongma Rinpoche gave an oral time and space even in dire situations like the current
transmission of the above prayer online. one. It would be naturally sensible and binding to adopt
and utilize them. They must be innovative in exploring
As it seems the virus won’t go away any time soon, possibilities of adjusting to the new and changing
how should temples adapt to the new normal of normal in delivering their services, essentially carrying
social distancing and no mass gatherings especially out most of the activities virtually, with limited in-
in terms of continuing Buddhist education and out- person access, where necessary, while observing all the
reach activities? social distancing and hygiene guidance.

Aggacitta: The current strategy utilized by many Written by Geshe Dadul Namgyal and edited by Martha
Buddhist organizations is going online to continue Leslie Baker.
Dharma propagation. This will require learning and
honing new skills for effective and engaging digital Venerable Āyasmā Aggacitta is
communication. the founder of the Sāsanārakkha
Buddhist Sanctuary (SBS) in
For approved mass gatherings, participants should Taiping, Perak, a Pāli scholar and a
practice personal sanitation, the use of face masks, meditation teacher.
and social distancing. However, those more prone to
contagion like the elderly and infants who are unable to Geshe Dadul Namgyal is a Geshe
abide by the above precautionary measures should not Lharampa and senior resident
be allowed to participate teacher at Drepung Loseling
Monastery in Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Min Wei: A new normal of social distancing implies
that we can no longer go out freely, attend classes, or Ven. Min Wei is a teacher of e-learning at the
even travel without wondering if we will be exposing International Buddhist College (IBC) and an
ourselves to people who are infected with the virus. independent translator of Buddhism. EH
However, the situation is changing all the time. The
Coronavirus helps us to be more awake. Nowadays,

58 EASTERN HORIZON | NEWS

Listen to “Compassion,”
from the Dalai Lama’s
new album, Inner World

By Rod Meade Sperry| June 10, 2020

The Dalai Lama’s 85th birthday, July 6, 2020 will see the release The mantra invokes Chenrezig
of Inner World, a new, 11-track album featuring His Holiness (Avalokiteshvara), the bodhisattva
reciting mantras and leading short teachings. Listen to the of compassion.
first released track, “Compassion,” which features the famous
mantra Om mani padme hum, below. Net proceeds from Inner
World will benefit The Dalai
https://youtu.be/84Fe-2ezVsc Lama Foundation’s chosen
programs, Social, Emotional and
Ethical Learning, and the Mind &
Life Institute.

Tracklist:
1. One of My Favorite Prayers
2. The Buddha
3. Compassion
4. Courage
5. Ama La (featuring Anoushka

Shankar)
6. Healing
7. Wisdom
8. Purification
9. Protection
10. Children
11. Humanity

Source: Lion’s Roar, www.lionsroar.com
EH

NEWS | EASTERN HORIZON 59

How Did Majority
Buddhist Countries
Achieve COVID Success? 

By Rod Meade Sperry| June 10, 2020

Vietnam, a country of 97 million people, and restrictions. But Jameson thinks that something
Cambodia, at 16.25 million, have reported zero else is going on. “It’s not just authoritarian rule,”
COVID-19 fatalities. Thailand, with a population she said. “[The people in these regions] know
of 70 million people, has had only 58 deaths. when they’re asked to obey rules very strictly
Myanmar, at 53 million, only six. What’s going that they’re doing it for the benefit of each other,
on? This week the Australian Broadcasting not just for themselves. So it’s that commitment
Corporation (ABC) asked if Buddhism has to the other that has helped a lot in reducing the
something to do with it. In an interview for the numbers.” There are also many religious practices
ABC’s Religion and Ethics Report, Jill Jameson, in Southeast Asian Buddhism that are meant to
who serves on the executive committee prevent illness, which Jameson thinks “give people
of the International Network of Engaged some sense of doing something. Some help, some
Buddhists, said that Buddhism’s emphasis on hope.” In addition, social distancing measures
interconnectedness—and the popular belief in are embedded in the culture itself, the New York
some of its apotropaic rituals—may have helped Times pointed out last week. In Thai culture,
stem the spread. There are other factors: Thailand for example, there is a habit of greeting others
and Vietnam have mostly agrarian economies, with one’s palms together, as if in prayer, rather
meaning more time is spent outdoors, and than a handshake or an embrace. There is also
authoritarian leadership, which may account speculation that some kind of genetic component
for the relatively easy enforcement of COVID has proven advantageous to the immune systems
of people in the Mekong River region. 

At this point, it’s hard to say if these countries are
completely in the clear—even if it may be true that
Buddhist culture is working for, and not against,
the fight against the pandemic. “With the disease
still looming, we have to keep our guard up,” Dr.
Taweesin Visanuyothin, COVID-19 spokesman
for Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health, told
the Times. EH

60 EASTERN HORIZON | DHARMA THOUGHTS Dharma Thoughts

Vijaya Samarawickrama is an accomplished Dharma educator,
teacher, and author. He retired after 60 years of teaching in
schools, colleges and universities. However, he continues to give
Dharma talks throughout the country, participates in inter-faith
dialogues, speaks at various international seminars, and writes
for Buddhist books and journals.

Transcending Human
Suffering

By Vijaya Samarawickrama

A brief glance at the world’s literature seems to indicate 160 years since the novel was written we still seem
that through the ages each generation considered itself to be caught in the same dilemma of paradoxes. We
worse off than its predecessors, giving voice to various would expect things to be different. Given the mind
prophets of doom who confidently predicted that the boggling advances in almost every aspect of human
end of the world was nigh and that the human race development, particularly in information, in technology,
would be annihilated. in communication and medicine, we would expect to
be enjoying the benefits of civilisation, but more than
Thankfully there were also saner voices which assured at any other time in history we humans are living in
that while there were horrible calamites which assailed despair and fear on scales which would have been
humanity there were also many positive developments unimaginable barely a century ago. especially when
which brought great benefits all around. The wise we look at the character and behaviour of the world’s
course of action they said would be to acknowledge leaders today we have to admit that there is little room
that human existence has been characterised by for hope.
both positive as well as negative experiences in a yin
yang equation. This balanced view was probably best Despite this bleak picture, however there is so much
described by Charles Dickens in the opening paragraph happening around us that we can be justified in
of his novel A Tale of Two Cities. Describing the period believing that there is light at the end of the tunnel.
during the French Revolution he writes Everyday we hear awe inspiring stories of brave and
foresighted individuals who are doing so much to
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it foster our shared humanity, people like Bill Gates
was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it and Warren Buffet, just to name two. As part of the
was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, good news recently we have made initiatives to be
it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, more compassionate and accepting of marginalised
it was the spring of hope it was the winter of despair, communities like the LBGT besides increasing our
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, concern for animal welfare. Can we dare to hope
we were all going to heaven, we were all going directly that some day in the future we will be able to rise
the other way --- in short, the period was so far like the above our base savage tendencies to live rich noble
present period”. lives characterised by fraternal love, compassion,
sympathetic joy and equanimity?

Dharma Thoughts

Human suffering has its origins in two sources --- those severe weather conditions, rising sea levels, forest fires,
that are cosmic and beyond our control and those that carbon emissions, extinction of animal species and so
we ourselves have created. Many people who do not on. People all over the world, especially the young are
have a clear understanding of the working of karma beginning to take the matter seriously and we can only
tend to blame all our misfortunes on whatever mistakes hope that world leaders will be able to muster enough
we have made in the past. The Buddha clearly states political will and demonstrate the intelligence to
that this claim is not entirely correct. According to him, change the course of impending disaster. According to
the universe operates according to five natural laws, Buddhism, this can be done if we collectively focus our
namely minds on it.

Utu niyama --- climate The second kind of human suffering is partly of our
Bija niyama --- genetic own making. The Buddha teaches that we can transcend
Kamma niyama --- moral the first kind of suffering with understanding and
Citta niyama --- psychological patience, by not succumbing to self pity and despair
Dhamma --- cosmic in the face body of the inevitable: ‘when body is sick,
do not allow the mind to be sick as well’. The second
These laws are closely linked in a complex web but type of suffering results from the actions of humans
manifest themselves and predominate when the right themselves. Since it is caused by humans, it follows
conditions come together. Because of the influence of that humans can end it. The entire teaching of the
these other laws the working of karma does not always Buddha rests on the primary truth that since all actions
follow rigid predictable sets of rules. If there is a originate in the mind, naturally they can be ended by
tsunami or earthquake for example, not everyone who is controlling the mind:
affected can be said to be playing out his or her karmic
past. It could even be simply being in the wrong place Mind is the forerunner of all states
at the wrong time. Geologists tell us that this is not the Mind created are they
first time that the world has faced natural calamities. If one thinks with a wicked mind
Millions of years before humans even appeared the Wicked actions will follow
planet was completely frozen over like a giant snowball Just as the wheels of a cart
while at another time it was struck by an asteroid which Follow the hooves of the ox (Dhp 1)
wiped out ninety percent of the life forms. Clearly these
events had little to do with karma. Buddhists believe It is interesting to note that this profound truth is
that we are not entirely at the mercy of external cosmic enshrined in the preamble to the UNESCO charter:
forces. Humans have the power to develop their minds
to such an extent that they can exercise control over “Since it is in the minds of men that wars are created
the other laws. For example weather or other natural It is in the minds of men that the fortresses of peace
occurrences can be controlled to a certain extent at Can be built”
least through the power of the mind. Many so called
‘miracles’ can be attributed to the power of the mind The Buddha states that all our suffering originates from
over matter. What was deemed miraculous a few years three mental states namely, Lobha, Dosa, Moha (Greed,
ago can be achieved through the advances in modern Hatred, Ignorance). Rather than blame suffering on
technology. a divine law giver, Buddhism declares that Ignorance
--- not knowing things as they really are --- is the root
Easily the problem of greatest concern for the entire cause of all our problems. Obviously each individual’s
world which affects every inhabitant on the planet is actions contributes to the behaviour of a community
climate change. Everyday we are bombarded with news which means that if we want to solve the problems of
of the imminent dangers posed by rising temperatures, the world we must begin with the individual. Problems

62 EASTERN HORIZON | NEWS BOOK IN BRIEF

arise when the individual sees Rowing in the Dharma Sea by Ang Choo Hong.
him or herself as a ‘person’ Price: RM 30.00 (postage RM 5.00)
separate from all other beings. To order: https://bit.ly/2yd8j6H
In reality this is an illusion Telephone: 04-2287146 / 019-4187146
because what we see as a Email: [email protected]
‘person’ is a constantly changing
set of psycho-physical processes Rowing in the Dharma Sea is a Chinese Dharma book written by Ang Choo
(mind and matter). This false Hong, published in July 2019. The book deals with the practical issues
sense of an ‘I’ gives rise to of learning the Dharma, as well how to apply the Dharma to the many
self-ishness which in turn is challenging issues of the world today.
the cause of craving, grasping,
greed or lust. As craving can Divided into three parts, the first part of the book deals with how a lay
never be satisfied one suffers a Buddhist may apply the Dharma to his daily life. It comprises short articles
constant state of frustration, of of 2 to 6 pages, making it highly readable for beginners of Buddhism. The
dis-ease. Obviously to eradicate topics covered include: What Changed Steve Jobs, Meditation in Modern
frustration one must eradicate Life, How to Create Happiness in Business Enterprise, How to Deal with
craving which is caused by Changes within a Religion, Can a Person Believe in More than One Religion,
ignorance. How to deal with Depression, Dealing with Deviant Sects, and more. This
section also investigates social and national issues from the perspective of
It is easy to see that at the core the Dharma, such as Buddhist Contribution to Nation Building, Buddhist
of all our problems is excessive Expectation on the General Election, Post -505 Analysis, Internal Security
greed and selfishness. Ever Act, Buddhist View on Crimes, Peace in Myanmar and so on.
since the Industrial Revolution
humanity has glorified the Section two of this book focuses mainly on recent development of
acquisition of material wealth by Malaysian Buddhism. Herein, Choo Hong gives good accounts of , based
exploiting our natural resources on his personal experience , the momentous Puzhou Si Episode , the
no matter what the cost. And Contribution of the Malaysian Youth Foundation to the Development of
we have already begun to see Malaysian Buddhism, and the emergence of Lay Buddhist movement. These
how we have disturbed the way reports serve as a good memory for the future generation.
nature operates. We are already
beginning to pay the price. The The last section of the book deals with issues, challenges and trends
solution is simple --- to reverse confronting Buddhist movement worldwide. It is mainly a collection of
the trend by replacing greed, the seminar papers presented by Choo Hong in numerous national and
hatred and delusion with their international seminars. It discusses the changes, transformation, revival
opposites. It will certainly not and future of Buddhism. EH
be an easy task but we have no
other choice. EH

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Young Buddhist Association of Malaysia Y Unites more than 270 Buddhist organisations
B representing both the Theravada and Mahayana traditions throughout Malaysia
www.ybam.org.my A
M Provides guidance to students to establish Buddhist societies
in schools, colleges and universities

Conducts regular training courses on Buddhist teachings,
missionary techniques and leadership building

Arranges lectures on Buddhism by both local
and visiting foreign Buddhist scholars and teachers

Assists in conducting the annual Malaysian Buddhist Examination

Organises various welfare, cultural and education activities
for the benefit of the Buddhist community at local, state and national levels

Publishes Eastern Horizon, Buddhist Digest, Berita YBAM and
other Buddhist books and pamphlets in English, Chinese and Bahasa Malaysia

Makes representation to the authorities on matters
related to the Buddhist Community

Be a part of us.

We offer Affiliate Membership
for organizations and Associate

Membership for
individuals