Glossary SPM Biology

e–Glossary

A antioxidants, flavour enhancers, stabilisers,
emulsifiers, preservatives and food colouring.
Abiotic Factors (Faktor Abiosis/Faktor Abiotik) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Adenosine trifosfat)
The abiotic factors of an ecosystem are the non- A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base
living or physical components which affect the adenine, and three phosphate groups. ATP is the
organisms in the ecosystem. Examples are water, major energy carrier in cells.
temperature, light intensity, wind and rainfall.
Adipose tissue (Tisu adipos)
Absorption (Penyerapan) Tissue composed of fat cells found beneath the
The movement of water or dissolved substances skin. It may act as an insulator.
into a cell. For example, absorption of digested
food takes place in the small intestine (ileum). The Adrenal cortex (Korteks adrenal)
small molecules of glucose and amino acids diffuse The outer part of the adrenal gland which secretes
through the wall of the gut into the bloodstream. steroid hormones such as aldosterone.

Acetylcholine (Asetilkolin) Adrenal gland (Kelenjar adrenal)
A neurotransmitter released at nerve endings of A mammalian endocrine gland located on the top of
neurones (nerve cells). It enables transmission of each kidney. The adrenal gland secretes hormones
nerve impulses across the synaptic gap. that regulate salt reabsorption in the kidneys and
respond to stress (emergency) situations.
AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(Sindrom kurang daya tahan) Adrenaline (Adrenalin)
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in
A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system response to emergencies. It increases breathing
transmitted through contaminated blood and rate, heart rate, blood flow to the brain and
blood products or by unprotected sexual contact. It muscles, and stimulates conversion of glycogen
is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus into glucose. More glucose can then be oxidised
(HIV) which attacks the immune system. for additional energy.

Active transport (Pengangkutan aktif) Adrenal medulla (Medula adrenal)
The energy requiring movement of substances into The inner part of the adrenal gland which secretes
or out of cells against a concentration gradient, the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
that is, from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration. Examples are: Adventitious root (Akar adventitius)
(a) The reabsorption of glucose and amino acids A secondary root growing from the stem or
from the glomerular filtrate in the kidneys. leaves.
(b) The absorption of minerals by the root hairs of
plants. Aerenchyma (Aerenkima)
Parenchyma tissue with air spaces found in the
Adaptation (Adaptasi, Penyesuaian) stems of some plants.
A change in the characteristics of an organism that
enable it to survive and reproduce in a particular Aerobe (Aerob)
environment. An organism that needs oxygen to release energy
from food.
Additive (Bahan tambah)
Additives such as food additives are substances Aerobic respiration (Respirasi aerob)
added to food to enhance flavour, preserve it or Pathway by which glucose is completely oxidised
improve how it looks. Additives are divided into by oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide and
two groups, natural and man-made. Man-made water.
additives are classified into six types, namely,
Aerofoil (Aerofoil)
The unique shape of a bird’s wings that produces
lift when the wings flap.

Agglutination (Penggumpalan) B
The clumping of foreign substances or
microorganisms by antibodies. Balanced diet (Gizi seimbang)
A balanced diet contains all the essential nutrients
Agranulocyte (Agranulosit) (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins,
White blood cells with a non-granular cytoplasm. fibre and water) in correct proportion to meet the
The nucleus can be either bean-shaped or requirements of the body.
spherical in shape. For example, lymphocytes and
monocytes. Basophils (Basofil)
A type of white blood cell that releases heparin to
Allele (Alel) prevent intravascular blood clot formation. They
An alternative form of a gene for a particular are involved in certain allergic reactions.
characteristic.
Benedict’s test (Ujian Benedict)
Anaerobe (Anaerob) A biochemical test to determine the presence of
An organism that is able to release energy from a reducing sugar, for example, glucose. Benedict’s
food in the absence of oxygen. reagent (a blue solution containing copper
sulphate) forms a green, yellow, orange or brick
Antibody (Antibodi) red precipitate in the presence of a reducing sugar.
A specific protein molecule produced by
lymphocytes as a response to the entry of antigen Bile (Hempedu)
into the body. A greenish-yellow liquid secretion that is produced
by the liver and stored in the gall bladder for
Antigen (Antigen) release into the small intestine during digestion.
A foreign substance that stimulates the production It is a complex mixture of bile salts (that emulsify
of specific antibodies by lymphocytes; usually a fats), bile pigments, water and cholesterol.
protein, carbohydrate or glycoprotein.
Biotic factors (Faktor Biosis / Faktor Biotik)
Appendicular skeleton (Rangka apendaj) The living organisms found within an ecosystem.
The skeleton that is made up of the bones of the These include producers, consumers and
limbs as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles. decomposers.

Artery (Arteri) Blastocyst (Blastosista)
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to A hollow sphere of cells developing from the
organs throughout the body. morula; the stage of implantation in the uterine
wall.
Atherosclerosis (Aterosklerosis)
Progressive build up of plaques that cause C
narrowing of arteries and obstruction of blood
flow. Caecum (Sekum)
Dilated pouch at the junction of the small and
Atrium (Atrium) large intestines, terminating in the appendix. It
An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood has no known function in humans. In herbivorous
from the veins and forces the blood by muscular animals like rabbits and cows, the caecum is quite
contraction into the ventricles. long and contains cellulose-digesting bacteria.

Autosome (Autosom) Capillarity (Kekapilarian)
Any of the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex The action that causes water to rise in a narrow
chromosomes (that is, not the X or Y chromosome vessel. This is caused by cohesion between water
in humans). molecules and adhesion between water molecules
and walls of vessels.
Autotroph (Autotrof)
Producer. An organism able to synthesise it’s own
food from inorganic compounds.

Capillary (Kapilari) Collenchyma (Kolenkima)
The smallest blood vessel with a wall only one Plant cells with thick cellulose walls; normally
cell thick; allows exchange of substances between found beneath the epidermis.
blood and interstitial fluid.
Continuous variation (Variasi selanjar)
Cardiac muscle (Otot kardium) The continuous range of differences that can be
A type of muscle found in the heart. It is myogenic. observed in a certain characteristic of a species;
Contractions are produced spontaneously, without such characteristics are controlled by a large
nervous stimulation. number of genes.

Cardiovascular system (Sistem Kardiovaskular) Crossing over (Pindah silang)
The system consisting of the heart, blood and The process of exchanging genetic material between
blood vessels. two non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous
chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.
Carnivore (Karnivor)
An animal that feeds on other animals; a secondary D
consumer.
Denitrification (Pendenitritan)
Carotid body (Jasad karotid) The action of certain soil bacteria in changing
Tissue mass in the wall of the carotid artery (reducing) nitrates into simpler compounds, such
containing receptors that are sensitive to the as nitrites, ammonia, and eventually to nitrogen
carbon dioxide and pH level in the blood, and to gas.
low oxygen concentrations in the blood.
Depressant (Depresen)
Cartilage (Rawan) Drug that slows downs the activity of the central
Non-elastic tissue found at the ends of bones with nervous system. Examples are alcohol and
movable joints; functions to protect bones from barbiturates.
wear and tear.
Diaphragm (Diafragma)
Cell sap (Sap sel) 1. In the respiratory system, a muscular
A fluid in the vacuole of plant cells that consists of membrane forming the floor of the chest
a high percentage of water and sugars, as well as cavity that, when contracted, pulls downwards,
some mineral salts. enlarging the chest cavity and causing air to be
drawn into the lungs.
Characteristic (Ciri) 2. A birth control device that is placed over the
A distinctive, inherited feature of an organism. neck of the cervix to prevent sperm from
entering the uterus, thereby preventing
Chromatin (Kromatin) pregnancy.
A substance consisting of DNA and proteins found
in the nucleus during interphase. Dicot (Dikot)
Short for dicotyledonous. A type of flowering plant
Chromosomal mutation (Mutasi kromosom) characterised by seeds with two cotyledons or seed
A change in the structure of chromosomes or leaves, modified for food storage.
number of chromosomes.
Discontinuous variation (Variasi tak selanjar)
Chromosome (Kromosom) Clearly defined differences in a characteristic in
A long, threadlike structure made up of DNA and individuals of a species; it is qualitative (a feature
proteins; located in the nucleus. is either present or absent) and is controlled by a
single gene with two or more alleles.
Closed circulatory system (Sistem peredaran
tertutup) DNA (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid, consisting of two deoxyri-
A type of circulatory system in which the blood is bonucleotide strands coiled to form a double
always confined within the heart and vessels. helix.
Coccyx (Koksiks)
The small vertebral bones found at the end of the Dominant allele (Alel dominan)
vertebral column; forms the tail of animals. An allele that produces the phenotypic charac-
Collagen (Kolagen) teristic both in the homozygous and heterozygous
Fibers found in the matrix of connective tissues condition.
such as the skin, bones and cartilage.

Double fertilisation (Persenyawaan ganda dua) Erythrocyte (Eritrosit)
The process of fertilisation seen only in flowering Red blood cell.
plants (Angiosperms); involves the fusion of a male
gamete with an egg cell and another male gamete Exhalation (Hembus nafas)
with two polar nuclei in the embryo sac. In mammals, it is the act of releasing air from the
lungs.
Down’s syndrome (Sindrom Down)
A genetic disease caused by the presence of an F
extra chromosome 21.
F1 (F1)
Dry mass (Berat kering) Short form for first filial generation. The offspring
The mass or weight of an organism after the water that results when plants or animals from the parent
content has been eliminated. generation breed.

E F2 (F2)
Short form for second filial generation. The
Ecology (Ekologi) offspring that is produced when F1 individuals are
The branch of biology which studies interactions crossed or mated with each other.
among organisms as well as the interactions
between organisms and their environment. Facilitated diffusion (Resapan berbantu)
The movement of molecules across a membrane,
Ecosystem (Ekosistem) assisted by specific proteins embedded in the
All the organisms and their physical environment membrane. It does not require energy.
within a defined area.
Fermentation (Penapaian)
Ectoparasite (Ektoparasit) A form of anaerobic respiration that when
A parasite that lives on the outside of the host, for undertaken by yeasts and plants, produces energy,
example, fleas. ethanol and carbon dioxide. When undertaken in
muscles, fermentation produces lactic acid and
Effector (Efektor) energy.
A cell or organ such as muscles and glands that
produces a physiological response. Fertilisation (Persenyawaan)
The process of fusion of a male gamete and a female
Embryo sac (Pundi embrio) gamete to form a zygote.
A structure in the ovule of the flower that contains
eight haploid nuclei. Fibrinogen (Fibrinogen)
A plasma protein that is converted into insoluble
Embryo (Embrio) fibrin during blood clotting.
The early stage of the development of a zygote in
a multicellular organism. Foetus (Fetus)
The later stages of mammalian embryonic
Endocrine system (Sistem endokrin) development when the developing animal has
The system of endocrine glands secreting hormones recognisable adult features.
directly into the blood.
Food chain (Rantai makanan)
Endoparasite (Endoparasit) A linear feeding relationship in a community which
A parasite that lives within its host, for example, shows the transfer of food energy from organism
tapeworms. to organism. A food chain starts with a producer
(usually a green plant), and arrows are used to show
Endosperm (Endosperma) the direction in which energy and nutrients flow.
Storage tissues with triploid nuclei found in seeds
and formed by the fusion of a male gamete with Fresh mass (Berat basah)
two polar nuclei in the ovule. The weight of a living organism.

Enzyme (Enzim) G
Biological catalyst. A protein molecule that speeds
up the rate of specific biological reactions. Gamete (Gamet)
A reproductive cell that is haploid.

Ganglion (pl. ganglia) (Ganglion) H
A cluster of the cell bodies of neurones.
Haemoglobin (Hemoglobin)
Gastric juice (Jus gaster) Respiratory pigment containing protein and iron,
A mixture of chemicals secreted by glands in located in red blood cells.
the walls of the stomach to help digest food. It
contains: Haemophilia (Hemofilia)
(a) the enzyme pepsin which breaks down A hereditary, sex-linked disease caused by
proteins into polypeptides deficiency of clotting factors; causes the blood to
(b) the enzyme rennin which curdles milk clot very slowly.
(c) hydrochloric acid which kills most of the
bacteria present in food Heart (Jantung)
(d) mucus which coats the walls of the stomach to The muscular organ that pumps blood through the
prevent it from being digested circulatory system.

Gene mutation (Mutasi gen) Heart attack (Serangan jantung)
A sudden random change in the sequence of A severe reduction or blockage of blood flow
nucleotides in a particular gene. through a coronary artery, thus cutting off the
blood supply to heart muscles resulting in death
Gene (Gen) of tissues.
A basic unit of inheritance which consists of a
specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of Herbivore (Herbivor)
chromosomes. It determines the characteristic of Plant-eating animal. An organism that feeds
an organism. directly and exclusively on vegetation; a primary
consumer.
Generative nucleus (Nukleus penjana)
The nucleus in pollen that divides to become two Heterotroph (Heterotrof)
male gametes. An organism which is unable to make its own
food, and thus depends on other organisms as a
Genotype (Genotip) source of food.
The genetic composition of an organism that
determines its characteristics. Heterozygote (Heterozigot)
An organism or cell having two different alleles of
Genus (Genus) a gene for a particular inherited characteristic.
Taxonomic group containing related species.
Homeostasis (Homeostasis)
Germination (Percambahan) The maintenance of the physical and chemical
The initial stage of growth and development of a composition of the internal environment at a
seed, spore or pollen grain. constant level.

Glomerulus (Glomerulus) Hormone (Hormon)
A dense network of thin-walled capillaries, located A chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands
within Bowman’s capsule of each nephron of the into the blood and transported to target cells or
kidney, where blood pressure forces water and organs where it induces a specific physiological
dissolved nutrients through capillary walls for response.
filtration by the nephron.
Host (Perumah)
Graafian follicle (Folikel Graaf) The organism on or in which a parasite or another
A mature follicle in the ovary of a mammal that species lives.
contains the secondary oocyte; secretes the
hormone oestrogen. Hybrid (Hibrid)
An organism that is the offspring of parents
Granulocyte (Granulosit) differing in at least one genetically determined
A white blood cell that has granular cytoplasm and characteristic. Also used to refer to the offspring of
a lobed nucleus. parents of different species.

Hydrostatic skeleton (Rangka hidrostatik) Knee jerk (Pantulan lutut)
A type of support system that uses fluid contained A reflex action when a tendon under the knee cap
in body compartments to provide support and mass is tapped. It involves only two neurones, an afferent
against which muscles can contract. For example, neurone and an efferent neurone. The reflex will
the earthworm has a hydrostatic skeleton. cause the quadriceps muscle to contract and bring
the lower leg forward.
Hydrotropism (Hidrotropisme)
The growth of plant roots towards water or Kwashiorkor (Kwasyiorkor)
moisture. A protein-deficiency disease, usually occurring in
children raised in tropical countries. The symptoms
I are a distended stomach (potbelly), changes in skin
pigmentation and diarrhoea.
Immune system (Sistem keimunan)
A system in vertebrates for the destruction of L
disease-causing microorganisms. It consists of
white blood cells such as lymphocytes, and plasma Lacteal (Lakteal)
cells and their products. A blind-ended, single, lymph capillary in each
villus of the small intestine.
Immunity (Keimunan)
The ability of the body to defend itself against Law of independent assortment (Hukum pengatu-
infection caused by pathogens or the harmful ran bebas)
effects of their toxins.
During gamete formation, each member of a
Implantation (Penempelan) pair of alleles may combine randomly with either
The process in which the blastocyst attaches itself member of another pair of alleles.
to the endometrium. Law of segregation (Hukum segregasi)
The law of segregation states that each individual
Inhalation (Tarik nafas) characteristic of an organism is determined by a
In mammals, this is the act of drawing air into the pair of alleles. The pair of alleles segregate during
lungs by enlarging the chest cavity. meiosis and only one from each pair of alleles can
be present in a single gamete.
Inheritance (Pewarisan) Leucocyte (Leukosit)
Acquisition of characteristics by the transmission White blood cell
of genes from one generation to another. Ligament (Ligamen)
The elastic tissue that joins two bones together.
J Lignin (Lignin)
A hard material that is embedded in the cell walls
Joint (Sendi) of plants. It increases the strength of plant tissues
A flexible region between two rigid units of and thus provides support in terrestrial plants.
an exoskeleton or endoskeleton, allowing for Locomotion (Pergerakan)
movement between the units. The joint is held The ability of organisms to move from one place
together by various muscles and tendons. to another.
(a) The hinge joint allows movement only in Lymph (Limfa)
one plane, forward and backward (like the The colourless fluid carried in the lymphatic
hinge of a door). Examples are the elbow, vessels; similar to tissue fluid but does not contain
knee and knuckle joints. red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins.
(b) The ball-and-socket joint allows considerable
movement - the bones can swivel and move M
in many directions. Examples are the hip
joint and shoulder joint. Macrophage (Makrofaj)
A type of white blood cell that engulfs
K microorganisms and destroys them by
phagocytosis.
Karyotype (Kariotip)
A display of chromosome pairs of a somatic cell,
arranged according to size and shape.

Malignant (Malignan) N
Life-threatening and invasive. Usually refers to the
growth and spread of cancers. Negative feedback (Suap balik negatif)
A situation in which a change initiates a series
Manometer (Manometer) of events that tend to counteract the change and
An instrument used to measure the pressure of a restore the original state. Negative feedback in
gas or liquid. The basic manometer consists of a physiological systems maintains homeostasis.
U-tube containing a known liquid. For example,
mercury. One side of the U-tube is connected to a Nerve (Saraf)
gas supply, the pressure of which is to be measured A bundle of axons of nerve cells, bound together
and the other side is exposed to atmospheric in a sheath.
pressure.
Nerve tissue (Tisu saraf)
Medulla (Medula) The tissue that makes up the brain, spinal cord and
1. The inner portion of some organs, as compared nerves. It consists of neurones and ganglia.
to the outer cortex. For example, the adrenal
medulla and the renal medulla. Nervous system (Sistem saraf)
2. It is also commonly used to refer to the medulla The system which is made up of the central nervous
oblongata of the brain. system and the peripheral nervous system; it
controls and coordinates responses of the body.
Mesophyll (Mesofil)
Specialised parenchyma cells beneath the epidermis Nicotine (Nikotin)
of a leaf. There are often two layers or mesophylls, A poisonous and addictive organic compound
the closely packed upper palisade layer and the found in cigarette smoke.
loosely packed lower spongy layer.
Neurone (Neuron)
Monocot (Monokot) Nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses through
Short for monocotyledon, a type of flowering plant the nervous system.
characterised by embryos with one seed leaf or
cotyledon. Nucleotides (Nukleotida)
The building blocks of a nucleic acid, each consis-
Morphology (Morfologi) ting of a five-carbon sugar linked to a nitrogenous
The study of the form and structure of living base and phosphate group.
things.
O
Morula (Morula)
A compact ball of cells formed from the repeated Obese (Gendut)
mitotic division of a zygote, just before the Excessively fat
blastocyst stage.
Open circulatory system (Sistem peredaran terbuka)
Mutagen (Mutagen) A type of circulatory system found in some
An agent such as radiation and chemicals that invertebrates, such as arthropods and mollusks,
causes mutations in an organism. that includes an open space (the haemocoel) in
which blood directly bathes body tissues.
Mutation (Mutasi)
A sudden random change in the genetic material Operculum (Operkulum)
of a cell that alters the genotype and hence the An external flap, supported by bone, which covers
phenotype and functions of the cell or organism. and protects the gills of most fish.

Mutualism (Mutualisme) Osmoregulation (Pengosmokawalaturan)
A symbiotic relationship in which both participa- The control of the water content and the
ting species benefit. concentration of salts in the body.

Myelin sheath (Salut mielin) Osteoporosis (Osteoporosis)
A wrapping of insulating membranes around the A condition in which bones become porous, weak,
axons and dendrons of many vertebrate nerve brittle and easily fractured; most common in
cells. It increases the transmission speed of nerve elderly women.
impulses.

Ovulation (Pengovuman) Peristalsis (in the digestive tract) (peristalsis)
The release of the secondary oocyte from the Rhythmic, coordinated contraction and relaxation
Graafian follicle in the ovary. of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract that
moves food through the digestive tract.
Ozone layer (Lapisan ozon)
The ozone-enriched layer of the upper atmosphere Petiole (Petiol)
that filters out some of the sun’s ultraviolet The stalk that connects the blade of a leaf to the
radiation. stem.

P Phenotype (Fenotip)
Any observable or detectable characteristic of an
Palisade cell (Sel palisad) organism.
A cell of the mesophyll layer, just beneath the upper
epidermis, which contains a lot of chloroplasts. Phloem (Floem)
The vessels that transport dissolved organic
Parasitism (Parasitisme) substances from the leaves to other parts of the
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism plant.
(the parasite) benefits by feeding on the other (the
host), which is normally harmed. Phytoplankton (Fitoplankton)
Community of photosynthetic microorganisms
Parthenocarpy (Partenokarpi) that drift or float in the well-lit surface layer
The formation and development of fruit without (euphotic zone) in an aquatic environment.
fertilisation; produces fruit without seeds.
Placenta (Plasenta)
Passive transport (Pengangkutan pasif) A temporary organ derived from foetal and
Movement of substances into or out of cells maternal tissue located in the uterus of higher
along a concentration gradient, that is, from a mammals; it is the site of exchange of materials
region of higher concentration to a region of between the foetus and the mother.
lower concentration. No energy is needed for this
process. Diffusion is an example. Plasma (Plasma)
The liquid part of the blood in which the blood
Pathogen (Patogen) cells are suspended.
A microorganism or organism that causes
disease. Platelet (Platlet)
A cellular fragment in blood that plays an important
Pectoral girdle (Lengkungan pektoral) role in blood clotting.
The bones that form the shoulder, consisting of
the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder Polar nuclei (Nukleus kutub)
blade). The two nuclei in the centre of the embryo sac that
are involved in double fertilisation; they fuse with a
Pectoral muscles (Otot pektoral) male gamete to form the triploid nucleus of the
The muscles that are attached to the sternum and endosperm tissue.
collar bone of vertebrates.
Pollen tube (Tiub debunga)
Pedigree chart (Carta salasilah) The tube that grows out of a germinating pollen
A diagram showing genetic relationships among grain. It carries male gametes to the ovule.
a set of individuals, normally with respect to a
specific genetic trait. Pollination (Pendebungaan)
The process in which pollen are transferred from
Pelvic girdle (Lengkungan pelvis) the anther to the stigma of a flower.
The bones that form the hips; it forms a joint with
the femur or thigh bone. Primary consumer (Pengguna primer)
An organism that feeds on plants or algae. Also
Peptide (Peptida) known as herbivores. In terrestrial ecosystems,
A chain composed of two or more amino acids these organisms are mainly insects, rodents and
linked together by peptide bonds. ruminants. In aquatic ecosystems, they are mainly
zooplankton.

Q Root pressure (Tekanan akar)
A force that pushes water and dissolved minerals
Quadrat (Kuadrat) up from the root into the xylem vessels in the
In ecological studies, an area of known size used to stem.
measure some property, for example, distribution
number in a population. S

R Saprophytes (Saprofit)/ Saprotrophs (Saprotrof)
Organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that get
Receptor (Reseptor) their nutrients by breaking down organic wastes
A cell (receptor cell) or a group of cells (sensory and dead organisms. Also known as decomposers.
organ) specialised to detect a particular stimulus
and initiate the transmission of nerve impulses via Scientific method (Kaedah saintifik)
afferent neurones. A system in which a problem is identified,
a hypothesis is made and tested through
Recessive allele (Alel resesif) experimentation or additional observation,
The phenotypic characteristic of a recessive allele relevant data are gathered, and finally a conclusion
is only expressed in the homozygous condition; it is drawn.
is not expressed in a heterozygote.
Scientific name (Nama saintifik)
Reflex action (Tindakan refleks) The name of an organism formed from the two
A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is smallest major taxonomic categories – the genus
not under conscious control. and the species.

Reflex arc (Arka refleks) Sclerenchyma (Sklerenkima)
The pathway taken by impulses in a reflex action; Plant cells with walls thickened by cellulose and
the pathway involves receptors, afferent/sensory lignin; forms the wood of many trees.
neurones, the central nervous system, efferent/
motor neurones and effectors. Scurvy (Skurvi)
A deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin C
Replication (Replikasi) in the diet.
The copying of the double-stranded DNA molecule,
producing two identical DNA double helices. Secondary consumer (Pengguna sekunder)
An organism that feeds on primary consumers.
Rh factor (Faktor Rh) Also called carnivores.
The antigen that determines the rhesus blood group.
It is a protein present on the red blood cells of Sex chromosomes (Kromosom seks)
some people (Rh-positive) but not others A pair of chromosomes containing genes that
(Rh-negative). The exposure of Rh-negative determine the sex of an individual.
individuals to Rh-positive blood triggers the
production of antibodies in response to the Sex-linked gene (Gen terangkai seks)
antigens on Rh-positive blood cells. A gene located on a sex chromosome.

Response (Gerak balas) Sickle-cell anaemia (Anemia sel sabit)
The physiological, muscular or behavioural activity A genetic disease caused by a gene mutation which
that reacts to a stimulus. alters the structure of haemoglobin; the abnormal
haemoglobin distorts the red blood cell into a
Root hair (Rerambut akar) sickle shape and reduces the amount of oxygen
A fine projection of an epidermal cell of a young that is carried to tissues thereby causing anaemia.
root that increases the absorptive surface area of
the root. Sino-atrial node (Nodus sino-atrium)
The specialised neuro-muscular tissues in the heart
Root nodule (Nodul akar) that act as a pacemaker.
A swelling on the root of a legume or other plants
that consists of cortical cells (cells of the cortex) Skeletal muscles (Otot rangka)
inhabited by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Muscles which are attached to the skeleton; they
contract to bring about movement.

Stimulus (Rangsangan) Translocation (Translokasi)
Any change in the external or internal environment The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem
of an organism. of vascular plants.

Stroke (Strok) Transpiration (Transpirasi)
An interruption of blood flow to part of the brain The loss of water rapour from the plant to the
caused by the rupture of an artery, or the blocking atmosphere. It occurs mainly in the leaves through
of an artery by a blood clot. Loss of blood supply stomatal pores.
leads to rapid death of the area of the brain
affected. Tropism (Tropism)
A directional growth response shown by part of a
Symbiosis (Simbiosis) plant in response to a unilateral stimulus.
A close interaction between individuals of different
species over an extended period. Symbiosis includes Tube nucleus (Nukleus tiub)
parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. The nucleus in the pollen tube that guides the
direction of growth of the pollen tube.
Synovial fluid (Bendalir sinovia)
The clear fluid present in joints that acts as a U
lubricant.
Ultrafiltration (Ultraturasan)
T The process in which hydrostatic pressure causes
water and small, dissolved molecules to filter out
Taxis (pl. taxes) (Taksis) from the blood plasma in the glomerulus into
The directed movement of an entire organism Bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
(as opposed to part of an organism) towards or
away from a stimulus such as heat, light, gravity V
or chemicals.
Variation (Variasi)
Taxonomy (Taksonomi) The differences between individuals of a species.
The science by which organisms are classified into
hierarchically arranged categories that reflect their Vector-animal vector (Vector haiwan)
evolutionary relationships. An organism that carries disease-causing organisms
(pathogens) from one living thing to another. For
Tertiary consumer (Pengguna tertier) example, certain mosquitoes are vectors for the
A carnivore that feeds on other carnivores malaria parasite.
(secondary consumers).
Vein (Vena)
Tertiary structure (Struktur tertier) A vessel that carries blood to the heart.
The complex, three-dimensional structure of a
single peptide chain. Ventricle (Ventrikel)
A lower chamber of the heart that receives blood
Thorax (Toraks) from the atria and pumps it into the arterial
1. In insects, it is the segmented region between system.
the head and the abdomen to which structures
used in locomotion (wings and legs) are Vertebra (Vertebra)
attached. Small, uniquely shaped bones that articulate with
2. In mammals, it is the area above the diaphragm one another to form the vertebral column.
which includes the heart and the lungs within
the rib cage. Vesicle (Vesikel)
A small, membrane-bound sac within the
Trait (Trait) cytoplasm.
Each variant of a characteristic.
Villus (pl. villi) (Vilus)
Transect (Transek) A finger-like projection of the inner wall of the
In ecology, a line, a strip or a profile for counting small intestine that increases the surface area for
and mapping. absorption of soluble food material.

Virus (Virus) Y
A non-cellular, parasitic particle that is composed
of hereditary information (DNA or RNA) Yeast (Yis)
surrounded by a protein coat. A virus multiplies Unicellular fungi that reproduce by budding.
within a cell of a living organism (the host).
Z
X
Zooplankton (Zooplankton)
Xylem vessel (Vesel xilem) Non-photosynthetic, microscopic animals which
A vessel that transports water and dissolved feed on abundant phytoplankton that exist in the
minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant. aquatic environment.

Zygote (Zigot)
The diploid cell that is produced when two haploid
gametes fuse during fertilisation.