science pdf

EARTH AND SPACE 
EXPLORATION 

NAME : WANG ANN XUAN
CLASS : 2J
TEACHER NAME : PN RUMAIZAH

INPRODUCTION

What is the meaning of Earth and space?
• Earth and space science explores the interconnections 
between the land, ocean, atmosphere, and life of our planet . 
These include the cycles of water, carbon, rock, and other 
materials that continuously shape, influence, and sustain 
Earth and its inhabitants.

THE FORMATION OF STAR

• Stars are born within the clouds of dust and scattered 
throughout most galaxies. A familiar example of such as a 
dust cloud is the Orion Nebula.

THE DEATH OF STAR

• In a star, a lot of heat is generated which will heat up the outermost layer of the 
star. As a example, star appears red in colours and is called a red giant.

• Red giant is not massive, a white dwarf is formed. However, the red giant is big 
enough, it contracts so quickly that a big explosion called a supernova occurs. It 
can be seen in daylight. 

• A  neutron star is formed if the original star is a large star.

• A black hole is formed. It called “black hole” because light in it cannot space. 

Red giant Neutron star

Supernova Black hole



THE MILKY WAY

• The milky way is a medium large spiral galaxy.
• Our solar system is located at the edge of one the spiral arms of the Milky 

Way.
• The milky way consists of approximately 200 billion stars and the sun is one of 

it.

Milky way

Planets in Solar System

What is Solar System?
• Solar System is the collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit round the 

sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroid, meteoroid, and comet. 
The planets of the solar system are (in order of distance from the sun) Mercury, 
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Solar System

Mercury

Ø The closet planet to the Sun, approximately 57.9 million kilometres.
Ø The smallest planet in Solar System.
Ø The surface of Mercury is similar to the surface of the moon, with asteroid

crates and cliffs which are tens of kilometres high.
Ø However, because of the absence of atmosphere, light cannot be scattered.

The sky appears dark in outer space.

Venus

Ø The second closet planet to the Sun.
Ø Venus is known as the “greenhouse” planet because of the high content of

carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.
Ø Venus rotates from east to west. That means Venus, the Sun planets which

rises from the east.
Ø The size and age of Venus is same as the Earth, but the climate and

temperature of approximately 460’C.

Earth

Ø The third planet from the Sun.
Ø The only place in the universe that is inhabited by living things.
Ø Earth has a layer of air known as the atmosphere, which protects the

surface of the Earth from solar wind, harmful ultraviolet rays and
radiation from outer space.
Ø More than 71% of the Earth in water and 29% land.

Solar Wind Ultraviolet rays (UV rays)

Mars

Ø The fourth planet from the Sun and is also known as the “Red Planet”.
Ø Mars has two moons, Phobos and Demos.
Ø Mars has a surface area that is only 25% that of the Earth and its mass is 10% that of

the Earth.
Ø If observed from Earth, the atmosphere of Mars can be divide into two differences

areas. The brighter area is covered in dust and reddish sand, while the poles contain
frozen water and carbon dioxide.

Demos

Phobos

Jupiter Ø The fifth planet from the Sun and also the largest planet of all eight
Saturn planets in the solar system.

Ø It mass is almost 320 times that of the Earth and is twice the
amount of all planets in the solar system.

Ø Jupiter is said to be the protector of the Earth, as it is able to deflect
huge objects from hitting Earth it is strong gravity.

Ø The sixth planet from the Sun and second largest planet in the solar
system.

Ø Saturn is classified as a “giant gas” planet.
Ø It has a ring system which mostly comprises of ice with a small

amount of rocky material and dust.
Ø To date, 62 moons have been found to orbit his planet. The size of

Titian, Saturn’s biggest moon (after Ganymede) is bigger then
Mercury.

Uranus Ø The seventh planet from the Sun.
Ø The first elements in the interior of Uranus are ice and rock.
Ø Uranus is the third biggest planet in the solar system. Astronomers often refer to

it as a “giant gas” planet.
Ø Uranus has a ring system similar to Saturn, but it is thinner and darker.
Ø It has many moons.
Ø Uranus is a unique planet because tis axis of rotation is tilted, almost parallel to

its orbit around the Sun.
Ø Uranus takes 84 years (time on Earth) to orbit the Sun.

Neptune

Ø The eighth planet from Sun.
Ø Also classified as a “giant gas” planet.
Ø Takes almost 165 years (time on Earth) to orbit the Sun.

What is meteoroid, asteroid and comet?

What is meteoroid?

A meteoroid is “a small, rocky or metallic body revolving in interplanetary space 
around the sun. A meteoroid is significantly smaller than an asteroid, ranging from 
small grains or particles to the size of large boulders.” In other words, a meteoroid is 
a “space rock” smaller than an asteroid.

What is asteroid?

An asteroid is “any of millions of small celestial objects revolving around the sun, 
often irregularly shaped and having a great range in size.” Asteroids can also be 
called minor planets or planetoids. Asteroids typically consist of rocks or metals. 
They’re bigger than meteoroids, but they can range from as small as six feet across 
to more than 600 miles across (much smaller than a planet, but still pretty big). In 
disaster movies, the big space rock that might destroy the entire planet is usually 
an asteroid.

What is comet?

A comet is “a celestial body moving about the sun, usually in a highly eccentric orbit, 
consisting of a central mass surrounded by an envelope of dust and gas that may 
form a tail that streams away from the sun.” Comets consist mostly of ice, dust, and 
some rocky bits—they are sometimes nicknamed “dirty snowballs” for this reason. 
This sets them apart from asteroids, which are mostly rock or metal. Comets are 
known for having a tail, which is really the trail that happens when this gaseous dust 
cloud is blown by solar wind or heat.

The differences of meteoroid, asteroid and comet     
  
Meteoroid: Especially one that has hit Earth's surface. 
Asteroid: A rocky object that orbits the sun and has an average size between a    

    meteoroid and a planet.
Comet: An object made mostly of ice and dust, often with a gas halo and tail, that    

sometimes orbits the sun.

DISCUSSION OF EARTH AND SPACE EXPLORATION:

In solar system, my favourite planet is Earth because It is our sanctuary and there is 

an ecosystem on the earth that gives us humans, animals and plants.

What are the three 1. Diffusion of innovation and creation of 
reason about science
markets.
exploration is 2. Inspiration of people around the world.
importance? 3. Agreements forged between the countries 

engaged in exploration.

Conclusion:

The crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core are the four layers that make up the planet. 
There are five spheres on and surrounding Earth: the Geosphere (Lithosphere), 
Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere, and Biosphere. The interplay between these 
realms is what gives life on Earth its characteristics.