Maintenance and continuity of life

maintenance and

continuity of

life

By Shahaznani

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This book is recommended to those who are looking for an easy

way to master chapter one biology form 5 (Microorganisms) as

well as enhance student's learning as a whole. I would especially

like to thank my dear lecturer, Madam Siti Fairuz, for helping me


to complete my precious short book.





The publication of this lesson book involves cooperation from
various parties. Thank you to everyone who helped me in the


publication of this book.



Canva: The Medium for Graphic and Design



The author : Shahaznani Binti Sahran



First published 2022
Published for

School of Science (SCE551)
Collaboration with Anyflip.com (online publisher)
UiTM Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam Bandar Puncak


Alam, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor



Layout and Typesetting
Canva.com

preface

This lesson book was created based on the biology textbook KSSM

form 5 and the Dokumen Standard Kurikulum Pentaksiran (DSKP)

provided by the Ministry of Education, Malaysia. This book aims to


help students understand and mastering Chapter 1:

Microorganisms required in theme 1: maintenance and continuity of

life. It is guide by the concepts of Scientific Skills, Science Process


Skills, Higher Order Thinking Skills, 21st Century Skills and the

STEM teaching and learning approach. The objective of this

textbook is to develop well-rounded pupils and to equip them with


the skills needed for the 21st century.

Learning SCIENCE
outcome CORNER

List the learning
Additional
outcome for an
information
overview for student

Summative
exercise

Provide questions to

test student's

understanding

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 World of Microorganisms

i. Classification of Microorganisms 1-7
8
ii. Factor Which Affects to Th Growth Of
Microorganism 9-10

1.2 Useful microorganisms

i. Applications of useful microorganisms

ii. Potential Use of Microorganisms in 11
Biotechnology and Sustainability of the
Environmental

1.3 Prevention and Treatment
of Diseases by Microorganisms

i. Aseptic Techniques 12

ii. Methods of treating infections diseases 13

Mindmap 14
Exercise 15

CHAPTER 1

Microorganisms

1

1.1 World of

Microorganisms

Learning Microorganisms are

tiny organisms that can

outcome
only be seen under

At the end of subtopic 1.1,
microscope
student should be able


Describes the

classification of

microorganisms
Explain the factors

that influence microbial

growth

Classification
of Microorganims

Bacteria Algae Protozoa

Fungi Viruses 2

Figure 1.1 Classification of microorganims

Bacteria

Unicellular microorganisms
Does not have membranous

organelles and nuclei

Size Figure 1.2 General structure
of bacteria
0.2 μm to 10μm (1μm = 0,001mm)
Nutrition
SHAPE
Autotrophic
Coccus Coccobacillus Some bacteria have chlorophyll and

are to make their own food by

Spirillum photosynthesis. Some bacteria

synthesis food through

Vibrio Bacillus chemosynthesis using chemic energy

from oxidising chemicals such as

Spirochete nitrite

Figure 1.3 Different shapes Saprophytic
of bacteria Feed on dead and decaying organisms

REPRODUCTION Parasitic
Obtain food from living organisms
Asexual
Binary fission HABITAT

Air
Water
Food
Soil
On or inside other organisms

Figure 1.4 Binary Fission Sexual 3
Conjugation
Spores formation
Figure 1.5 Conjugation

Fungi

Figure 1.6 Structure of fungal cell

Some fungi are unicellular, like yeast
Some fungi are multicellular, like mucor

Size

10μm -100μm

Figure 1.7 Yeast SHAPE

Spheres Figure 1.7 Mucor
Filamentous

HABITAT

Normally live in places which contain a lot of decaying

matter, animal skin and food.

Fungi also grow well in dark and moist places

Nutrition

Some fungi are saprophytes (obtain nutrient from dead

and decaying organism)

Some fungi are parasites (obtain nutriens from their

hosts)

REPRODUCTION

Asexual Sexual 4
Budding in yeast Conjugation
Formation of
- Occurs when there is
spore in mucor a lack of water and
food

PROTOZOA

Figure 1.8 Structure of Amoeba Figure 1.9 Structure of Paramecium

Unicellular organisms that contains
Shape
nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane
Spherical
Size Coil
Irregular
5um - 250um

HABITAT NUTRITION

Paramecium sp. lives in fresh
Euglena sp. carries out

water photosynthesis.
Amoeba sp. lives in the moist
Plasmodium sp. is parasites.
soil, fresh water, seawater
Amoeba sp. obtains nutrients by

and its host. phagocytosis. Used pseudopodia

or "false feet" to move and engulf

REPRODUCTION food during phagocytosis

Asexual SCIENCE
Amoeba sp. , binary fission. CORNER






Figure 2.0 Binary fission in Amoeba

Sexual
Paramecium sp. , conjugation.

Amoeba movement with pseudopodia
5
under a microscope

Figure 2.1 Conjugation in Paramecium

vIRUSES Bacteriophage

The smallest microorganims
No cell organisatiom
Do not contain cytoplasm, plasma membrane or

nucleus
Can crystallize
Reproduce inside living cell
Contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and covered

in protein sheath

Ebola virus

Tobacco mosaic virus Figure 2.2 Example of viruses

Size REPRODUCTION

o.2um to 0.4um Live in living host cell, form crystal outside a

living cell
Shape

Spherical, (influenza virus)
Helical (mosaic virus)
Polyhedral (adenovirus)
Complex ( Helical + polyhedral,

bacteriophage)

NUTRITION Figure 2.3 Virus replication

Do not need food

HABITAT

Live in host cells
From crystals outside a living

cell

SCIENCE The virus that causes COVID-19, enters your body through

CORNER your mouth, nose or eyes. It then travels to the back of

your nasal passages and mucous membrane in the back of

your throat. It attaches to cells there, begins to multiply
6
and moves into lung tissue. From there, the virus can spread

to other body tissues. Figure 2.4 Corona
Virus

ALGAE

Chlamydomonas sp Figure 2.5 Example of Algae Spirogyra sp

SIZE SHAPE

1μm to 100 μm Unicellular Chlamydomonas sp
Multicellular Spirogyra sp have

Habitat chloroplast which contain

chlorophyll

Fresh water, salt water, moist
NUTRITION
soil and tree barks that are

exposed to sunlight

REPRODUCTION Most algae are green in colour

because of the presence of

Reproduce asexually by binary
chlorophyll that enable to carry

fission sexually by conjugation photosynthesis to produce their

Spirogyra sp. reproduce sexually
own food
by conjugation
Summative

exercise

Why are algae not

found at the bottom


of the ocean ?

Clue 7

* have chloroplast

Factor Which Affects to The


Growth Of Microorganism

Light Moisture

•Microorganisms with
Microorganisms need water for

chloroplasts such as algae
biochemical reactions and growth
can grow well in well-lit

environments The condition is best when relative

humidity is between 25% to 40%
•Most other microorganisms

prefer darker Environments Most microorganisms will die in

dry conditions, but some will

Nutrients produce spores


Temperature
•Microorganisms apart from

viruses, require nutrients

The optimum temperature for microbial

•Autotrophs synthesize their own
growth is mostly between 35°C to 40

food °C

•Parasites obtain food from the
Microorganisms become less active at

host cell low temperatures (<5 °C)

•Saprophytes obtain food from
Microorganisms will die at high

dead or decaying matters temperatures (>60 °C)

Spores can withstand temperatures

as high as 120 °C

pH value 8

Most of microorganisms

prefer to live in neutral

medium (pH = 7)

In very acidic (pH = 1 to 3)

and very alkaline (pH = 12 to

14) conditions, most of

microorganisms will be killed

1.2 Useful
microorganisms

Learning Industry Agriculture
Medicine
outcome Applications of

useful

At the end of subtopic 1.2,

student should be able microorganisms

Explain the application

of useful

microorganisms
State the potential

use of microorganisms

in biotechnology and

sustainability of the

environmental

INDUSTRY

FOOD & BEVERAGES

Yeast
Bacteria such as

is added to dough
Lactobacillus
added into raw milk produces

- making bread lactic acid - making yoghurt

Yeast LEATHER INDUSTRY

Alcoholic beverages Bifidobacteria
-Sugar fermentation in

grapes to produce wine Microbial enzyme is used to

break down soft tissue on the

skin of animals. The skin is then
9

used to produce leather

products.

AGRICULTURE

Increase and improve the Convert organic substances into inorganic

soil fertility compounds

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrifying bacteria
- Rhizobium -Nitrobacter sp
-Nitrosomonas sp

Figure 2.6 Rhizobium in root nodule Figure 2.7 Example
of Nitrifying bacteria
Denitrifying bacteria
Bacteria of decay
- decaying organic matter of plants
-Pseudomonas
and animals

Figure 2.8 Pseudomonas

MEDICINE

ANTIBIOTICS VACCINE

Such as penicillin Are produced by weakened

harmful microorganisms
To kill bacteria caused by

various diseases Vaccines can help protect

against certain diseases by

imitating an infection

10

Potential Use of Microorganisms in

Biotechnology and Sustainability of


the Enviromental

Biotechnology is the technology which uses living organisms or biological processes

to produce beneficial products.

The genetic structure of bacteria is changed through genetic engineering to

produce bacteria that give benefits to us.

Enzyme production

• Eco enzymes also have cleaning properties due to the alcohol or acetic acid

produced in the solution. Alcohol (ethanol) or acetic acid is produced by the

metabolic processes of bacteria that exist naturally on the fruit peel or

vegetable scraps.

• Eco enzyme liquids can be used as a eco- friendly cleaning agent comparable

to the cleaning power of commercial detergents.

Figure 2.9 Eco enzyme cleaning solution Figure 3.0 Chemical cleaning substance

Lactobacillus sp. Bacterial Serum

Lactobacillus sp. bacterial serum is used to treat wastewater and sludge

in drainage systems

Uses of Lactobacillus

sp. bacterial serum

Removes Treats Makes Improves
odour Compost the fishing

sewage industry
Figure 3.1 Lactobacillus sp. Bacterial Facilitates
Serum 11
animal

digestion

1.3 Prevention and Treatment
of Diseases by Microorganisms

Learning Aseptic Techniques
in controlling the spread of the

outcome
microorganisms
At the end of subtopic 1.3,

student should be able 1. Sterilization


State the Aseptic

techniques and the
The process of destroying or

methods of treating
eliminating pathogens from an object,

infections diseases
food or environment.

2. Boiling 3. Use of Antiseptics




Boiling water can kill almost all
Chemicals used to kill or inhibit the growth

microorganisms, except for those with

of microorganisms on skin
thick- walled spores.
particularly on wounds to prevent the


growth of pathogens.
Autoclave is a type of high-pressure pot



that allows the water inside to be
Some Examples of Antiseptics include iodine

compressed under high pressures and

heated up to 120°C to kill microorganisms
solution, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol,

acriflavine and potassium permanganate

and spores.
solution.




Figure 3.2 Example of
antiseptics

Figure 3.3 Example of 4. Use of Disinfectants
disinfectants


Suitable to sterilize walls, floors,
12
blankets, bedsheets, toilet bowls and


medical tools



Some examples of disinfectants are


iodine solution and chlorine gas,

Methods of treating
infections diseases

Antibiotic



Used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Taken orally or via injection
Example:
Streptomycin (produced by Streptomyces griseus) is used to treat

tuberculosis
Penicillin (produced by Penicillium chrysogenum) is used to treat syphilis

Antifungal

Used to treat fungal infections
Available in powder, lotion or gel form
Example:
To treat athlete's foot
To treat skin conditions like a yeast or ringworm infection

Antiviral



Used to inhibit virus growth
Taken orally, via injection or applied on the affected area
Example:
To treat shingles

Summative SCIENCE
exercise CORNER

How do antiviral and
Figure 3.4
vaccine act on virus? Athlete's foot

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a
13
fungal skin infection that usually


begins between the toes.

MINDMAP

BACTERIA PROTOZOA LIGHT NUTRITION

MICROORGANISMS FACTOR

VIRUSES MOISTURE

FUNGI PH VALUE

ALGAE TEMPERATURE

USEFUL
MICROORGANISMS

INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE MEDICINE

Antibiotics

Sterilization

Antiseptics Aseptic Boiling
Techniques
Treatment
infections Antifungal

Disinfectants

Antiviral

14

Total score:

TEST TIME

/20

1 What is microorganisms and state the five group of microorganisms

/6

2 a) What is Y ? /4

b) State the function of Y ?

3 State five factor that affect the growth of
/5

microorganisms ?

4 State one example of useful microorganisms in each of the


following

a) Medicine c) Industry

b) Agriculture /3

5 Explain the use of antibiotics /2

15

References

Biology LibreTexts (Jan 4, 2021). Types of Microorganisms. Retrieved from
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshe
lves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Micr

obiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.2%3A_

Microbes_and_the_World/1.2A_Types_of_Microorganisms#:~:text=K

ey%20Points,mean%20of%20locomotion%2C%20and%20reproduct

ion.

F5 Chapter 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Things, Anyflip.
Retrieved from https://anyflip.com/rlwt/vieg

BiologyDiscussion. Top 10 Uses of Microorganisms. Retrieved from
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microorganisms/top-10-uses-

of-microorganisms-zoology/34263

Airtek (June 15, 2017). Factors Affecting Microbial Growth. Retrieved from
https://www.airtekenv.com/2017
/06/15/factors-affecting-microbial-

growth/#:~:text=Warmth%2C%20moisture%2C%20pH%20levels%20and

,the%20biggest%20overall%20issues%20present.

National Library of Medicine, (2010) What You Need to Know About
Infectious Disease. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209704/

Science Form 5 KSSM, Anyflip. Retrieved from
https://online.fliphtml5.com/knkiy/jrfb/#p=1

Pandai. Chapter 1: Microorganisms, Quick notes. Retrieved from
https://question.pandai.org/note/chapter/kssm-f5-sc-01

16