Mrsm Kepala Batas
SHORT AND
CREATIVE NOTES
Chemistry Form 4
CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
Prepared By :
Noor Zharifah Maryam binti Noor Azlan
Nur Irdina Amani binti Azman
Siti Aisya Batrisyia binti Mohamad Sapian
Class :
403
Teacher's Name :
Puan Zurina Bt. Abu
Bakar
content
Appreciation
Introduction & Objective
8.1 Alloy and Its Importance
8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses
8.3 Composition of Ceramic and Its Uses
8.4 Composite Materials and Its Importance
Discussion
Estimated Budget
Reference Source
Appreciation
Alhamdulillah, thanks to the Almighty by His grace we can also
highly given assignments.
We wish to thank our beloved chemistry teacher, for the guidance.
She has worked in helping us to complete this task. All her kindness
we will never forget. We thankful that she is not stingy in giving
and sharing of knowledge that is very beneficial for the
disadvantaged trainees. Given knowledge does not end until the
end.
Not forgetting our parents who contribute ideas and opinions in
completing thistask. All our gratitude and pray for their services
with happiness in both worlds.
In addition, for our classmates who are patient in our red treats to
get accurate and useful information for completing this task.
Finally, all wrong and this unintentional mistake we apply millions
sorry if language in conveying information in this task.
Introduction
Nowadays, many industrial products are
manufactured for the goodness of mankind. The
products are either made up from sulphuric acid,
ammonia, alloys, synthetic polymers, glass, ceramics
or composite materials. These products can be
made for many uses. These substances are widely
used in the industries in Malaysia. So, we may need
to understand some of the examples of the products.
Therefore, we need to know how these products
were manufactured, what are their physical and
chemical properties and others as well. Even though
the products of these materials are designed for
good uses, there are always the bad effects.
We shall also go through the environmental
pollution caused by the by-product of these
materials; during manufacture and also during
usage so that we can avoid the circumstances. By
the way, in order to appreciate the various industries
in our country, we should understand these
substances and products a lot more.
Objective
describe briefly alloy with examples
compare the properties of an alloys
justify the usage of alloys
explain the uses of ceramics in daily life
state the meaning and properties of composite materials
compare and contrast the properties
8.1 Alloy and Its Importance
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in a fixed composition
with a metal as the main component. An alloy is stronger and
harder than a pure metal.
PURPOSES OF ALLOYING
strenghthening of the ferrite improved high or low
improved corrosion resistance temperatue stability
better hardenability improved ductility
grain size control improved toughness
greater strength improved machine ability
better wear resistance
comparison between the properties of an
alloy and a pure metal
alloy SURFACE pure metal
shiny dull
resistant to RESISTANCE TO easily
corrosion CORROSION corroded
hard HARDNESS less hard
ALLOYS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
duralumin is used to make the body of aeroplane
steel is used to make the body of car
PEWTER is used to make souvenirs
bronze is used to make medals
stainless steel is used to make cutlery
brass is used to make keys
pure pure metal are ductile and soft
because all the atoms are of the
metals are same size and orderly arranged,
thus the layers of atoms can slide
ductile
over one another easily when a
force is applied.
same size atoms are packed pure
closely together in a regular
pattern. when a force is applied metals are
to a metal, the layers of metal melleable
atoms can slide past each other.
arrangement the atoms are arranged in
of atoms in layers. when a force is applied,
the layers may slide over each
an alloy
other. the greater the force
needed, the harder and
stronger the metal.
8.2 Composition of Glass and Its
Uses
When silica is heated together with other
chemicals, various types of glass with different
properties are obtained and all types of glass
have the same basic properties.
Basic properties
of glass
Hard but brittle Waterproof
C hemically inert Heat insulator
E lectrical insulator
Transparent
Types of Glass
Fused silica glass is made
from silica (silicon dioxide).
Requires high temperature around
1800°C to melt.
H as high melting point
D oes not expand or contract much
when there is large change in
temperature.
Suitable to be used in making telescope
lens.
Soda-lime glass is made from silica (silicon
dioxide), soda (sodium carbonate) and
limestone (calcium carbonate).
Lowers the melting point of silica
Has low melting point around 1000°C.
Easily moulded and used to make glass
containers such as bottles and jugs.
Cannot withstand high temperature and
can easily crack when subjected to
sudden temperature change.
Borosilicate glass is made from
silica, soda, limestone, boron
oxide and aluminium oxide.
Has high resistance to heat
Not easily crack when
subjected to thermal stress
because of its low expansion
coefficient.
Lead crystal glass is
made from silica, soda
and lead oxide,PbO.
Lead replace calcium to
produce glass that is softer
and denser.
Heavier and has high
refractive index.
Suitable to be used in making
prisms.
8.3 Composition of Ceramic
and Its Uses
A ceramic is a solid made up of inorganic and
non metallic substances. Ceramic is produced
through the process of shaping and hardening
by using heating technique at high
temperature. Most ceramic are made up of
metal compounds, non metal compound or
metalloid compounds.
Break easily
High thermal resistant Basic Chemically inert
Heat insulator properties Hard and strong
of ceramics
Electrical insulator
The atoms in ceramics are bonded by strong covalent bonds and ionic
bonds.
Only melt at very high temperature, are hard and resistant to compression.
W hen force is applied, the atoms in ceramics cannot slide over each other
because these atoms are strongly bonded in indefinite arrangement.
T he energy from the force will be used to break the bonds between the
atoms.
C eramics are brittle and weak towards stretching.
The electron in ceramics cannot move freely to conduct electricity and heat.
Types of Ceramics
Traditional ceramic
Made from clay such as kaolin.
Mixed with water to produce a soft mouldable mixture.
T he mixture is then heated at very high temperature.
Used to make bricks, pottery and crockery
Advanced ceramics
Made from inorganic compounds such
as oxiders, carbiders and nitrides.
H ave higher resistance to heat and
abrasion, more chemically inert and
have superconductivity properties.
Ceramic Uses Application
Transportation Medicine Energy Production
Engine components Zirconia ceramic used in Ceramic is used to
in jet planes are dental implants. make electrical
made from insulators in high
ceramics. A lumina ceramic used to
make knee bone. voltage areas such
as power stations.
C eramic is used in Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI).
8.4 Composite Materials
& Its Importance
A composite material is a material made from combining two or
more non-homogenous substances, that is matrix substance
and strengthening substance.
surrounds and binds the
strengthening substance
together
both components
When combined,
have different type
the composite
material formed
of
has better
physical&chemical
properties.
properties
Teeth is a composite
material made up of
hydroxyapatite and
collagen.
Composite Materials and Their Uses #reinforced
concrete
> Widely used in the development
#fibre glass
and advancement of technology
#optical fibre
nowadays. #photochromic glass
#superconductors
produced when steel bars or wire mesh (strengthening
substance) is immersed in concrete (matrix substance)
widely used in construction of bridges, dams and buildings
produced when plastic (matrix substance) is strengthened with
glass fibres (strengthening substance)
used to make helmets, car bumpers and printed circuit boards
consists of three layers strengthening substance
1 > the innermost layer
-the core that is made up of silica glass fibres
2 > the second layer/cladding matrix substance
-made up of glass or plastic
3 > the outermost layer
-made up of plastic that acts as a protective jacket
matrix substance
used to transmit information and data in the form of LIGHT
LIGHT moves through the optical fibre (core section) in a series of
total internal reflection
the core & the cladding have different refractive indexes to :-
-enable them to carry data in large capacity
-not be influenced by electromagnetic disturbances
this CM has replaced copper wires in video cameras / connects
computers in Local Area Network (LAN)
*CM - composite material
matrix substance strengthening substance
formed when glass + silver chloride, AgCl & copper(I) chloride,
CuCl
when exposed to sunlight, PG darkens
> due to the formation of silver atoms, Ag that prevents the
passage of light
in dim light, CuCl in PG catalyses the reverse process so that glass
becomes transparent again
uses >protects the user from UV rays
>use in car windows, building windows & camera lenses
yttrium barium copper oxide, YBCO ceramic
> used to make electromagnets -->superconductor magnet/
supermagnets
used in light & have strong
magnetic force
Magnetic Resonance
particle accelerator
Imaging (MRI)
Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR)
Comparison & Difference in Properties of Composite
Materials and Their Original Components
high compression
concrete REINFORCED high compression
strength CONCRETE strength
low stretching strength steel bars/ high stretching strength
resistant to corrosion wire mesh resistant to corrosion
high stretching strength
corrodes easily
low stretching strength plastic heat & electrical insulator
low heat & electrical FIBRE GLASS high stretching strength
conductivity resistant to corrosion
resistant to corrosion glass fibre durable
durable
high stretching strength
low heat & electrical
conductivity
high compression
plastic high compression
strength OPTICAL FIBRE strength
flexibe flexible
glass fibre
low compression
strength
hard
transparent glass transparent
does not absorb UV rays absorbs UV rays
not sensitive to light PHOTOChROMIC the absorption depends
GlaaS on light intensity
transparent to visible
light silver
absorbs UV rays chloride
sensitive to light
intensity
yttrium(III) carbonate
high electrical
copper(II) carbonate SUPERCONDUCTOR no electrical
resistance at room
barium carbonate (YBCO) resistance at very
temperature low temperature
oxygen
Discussion
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using containers made
from lead crystal glass.
Advantages
The usage of lead in the crystal made the glass soft and malleable, hence allowing for
formation of more detailed patterns and designs than regular glass.Therefore, containers
made from lead crystal glass has more elegance and beautiful design than other type of
glasses.
Disadvantages
Lead crystalware may release lead intot he food and beverages it comes in contact with. As
well, any container youd rink from, including one made of lead crystal, that has an exterior
decorative pattern around the rim, such as a coating or glaze, may also release lead and
cadmium from the coating or glaze.Lead and cadmium can be harmful to your health.
Can silicon carbide be used to make drinking glass? Explain.
No, because silicon carbide can affect you when breathed in.Silicon Carbide can irritate the eyes
and nose on contact.Repeated high exposure to silicon carbide may result in pneumoconiosis
(chronic disease of the lungs) with chest x-ray changes, and a decrease in lung function with
shortness of breath, wheezing and cough.Silicon cabride also reacts with water to form silica and
gasses at temperatures as low as 700K at very low pressure.
What is the meaning of composite materials?
Composite materials are formed by combining two or more materials with different
properties, without dissolving or blending them into each other.
Explain how concrete may be reinforced.
Most concrete used for construction is a combination of concrete and reinforcement that is
called reinforced concrete. Reinforcement for concrete is provided by embedding deformed
steel bars or welded wire fabric within freshly made concrete at the time of casting. To make
reinforced concrete, you use steel reinforcement bars to give strength.
What are the advantages of reinforced concrete?
Ability to resist high-stress environments.
Fire and weather resistance.
Limitless range of shape.
Low maintenance costs
Estimated Budget
Item Quantity Cost
1 kg RM 22.15
stainless steel 0.4 MM
2 pieces Rm 42
glass 33x38 cm 1 kg RM 10.63
RM 22.12
Aluminium 1 unit RM 7.26
ADSS Fiber Optic Cable 1 square foot RM 6.90
1 square meter
(27)
Glass Fibre
ceramic
Reference Sources
https://advantages-of-crystal-glas-blog1.tumblr.com/
https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-
sc/hl-vs/alt_formats/pacrb-dgapcr/pdf/iyh-
vsv/prod/crystal-cristal-eng.pdf
chemistry form 4 textbook
https://www.ikea.com/my/en/p/kallax-glass-shelf-
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