WHAT IS CONCRETE?

AP224 2B

WHAT IS
CONCRETE?

GETTETAOMKMNEOMWBEROSUR

2021481128 2021870826 2021482952 2021823602

NUR EMELYN NATASHA NUR SYASYA BINTI NUR AINA FASEHA BINTI FATIN NURUL ALEESA
BINTI RUSDI SHAHRIL MOHD HAIRUDIN BINTI SUHAILI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thanks to Allah S.WT. for his mercy and guidance in giving
us full strength to complete this Concrete Handbook Assignment. Even
facing some difficulties in completing this handbook, we still managed
to complete it within the given time.

Special appreciation to our lecturer, Madam Hazwani Ramli (lecturer of
Construction Technology 2), Centre of Studies for Quantity Surveyor,
UiTM Shah Alam for all of her support and guidance helping us to
complete this handbook.

Then, we also would like to express our gratitude to our group
members that put their best commitment, effort and idea in turning
this handbook completely stunning. Thanks to all of us that gives the
great co-operation too.

TABLE OF INTRODUCTION PAGES
CONTENT COMPONENTS IN CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 5-6
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE

DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
GRADES OF CONCRETE 7-8
STEP TO MAKE CONCRETE MIXTURE

TYPES OF CONCRETE 9
CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE

PROS AND CONS OF CONCRETE FRAME
STRUCTURE 10
METHOD CONSTRUCT OF CONCRETE

FRAME STRUCTURE 11
REFERENCES


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15-16



17-19



20-21





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26

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS CONCRETE?

Concrete is a composite material made up of a binding medium
such as cement or lime, water, and various fine and coarse
aggregates in specific proportions.

The strength and quality are dependent on the mixing proportions.

The following equation represents the formula for
producing concrete from its constituents :

Concrete = Binding Material + Fine & Coarse
Aggregate + Water + Admixture (optional)

Once all of the ingredients have been
mixed in the proper proportions, the
cement and water begin a reaction to bind

themselves into a hardened mass.
This hardens the concrete into a rock-like

mass.

Concrete is a very important and useful
material in construction.

COMPONENTS
OF
CONCRETE

C CEMENT

A CONCRETE AGGREGATES

W WATER

A CONCRETE ADMIXTURES

C CONCRETE ADDITIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS (SCM)

COMPONENTS OF WATER
CONCRETE
EXPLAINATION Water causes the hardening of
concrete, a process known as hydration.
CEMENT / BINDER Must use pure water; otherwise, the
concrete will be weak and the
Portland cement is generally used. hydration process will be disrupted.
It gives strength and its selection is
a function of concrete durability AGGREGATES
and functioning.
Aggregate selection must be done
ADMIXTURES with extreme caution. Sand is a fine
mixture. Gravel or crushed stone is
Used to increase the toughness, the coarse mixture in most mixes.
resistance, and rigidity of the concrete.
Admixtures also reduce the viscosity,
increase the resistance. Some have the
ability to postpone the setting time if
necessary.

PROPERTIES 2. Harden state of concrete

OF CEMENT STRENGTH
DURABILITY
1.Freshly mixed concrete
SHRINKAGE
WORKABILITY CREEP

SEGREGATION THERMAL EXPANSION
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
BLEEDING
IMPERMEABILITY
HARSH

12 ADVANTAGES
OF
CONCRETE
Aesthetic Properties Excellent Resistance
Ability to Consume to Water
waste High-Temperature
Ability to work with Resistance
reinforcing Steel Fire Resistance

345 Monolithic character
of concrete gives a
Ingredients are Easy to transported better appearance and
easily available from the place of much rigidity to the
Concrete can easily mixing to place of structure
handled and molder casting Ability to be cast
to any desired shape More Economical

Low Tensile Volume Instability
Strength Formwork is needed
Lower Ductility Low Toughness
(Brittle)

1 DISADVANTAGES 2

OF
3 CONCRETE 4

Long Curing Time Due to drying
Concrete is required shrinkage and
to be reinforced to moisture expansion
avoid cracks concrete may crack

GRADES OF CONCRETE

Grades of concrete are defined by the M15, M20, M25 and so on are
strength and composition of the common concrete grades. M15 is

concrete, and the minimum strength commonly used for simple
the concrete should have following concrete projects. Concrete of at
28 days of initial construction. The
grade of concrete is understood in least M20 grade is utilized in
reinforced concrete construction.
measurement of MPa, where M
stands for mix and the MPa denotes

the overall strength.

CONCRETE GRADES TABLE

WHAT THEY ARE BEST USED FOR...

5 STEP TO MAKE CONCRETE MIXTURE BY HAND

1 2 3

Beginning to measure your material, Combine aggregate, sand and a Slowly add water to the dry
around half of the cement, sand and kind of cement called Portland ingredients so that the water doesn't
aggregate, you'll be combining cement. splash around.
should be measured.

4 5

Mix the water and dry concrete Spray your tools and blast any
together with a hoe or a shovel. The leftover concrete with a hose on its
concrete mixture must be stirred most powerful setting to prevent it
continuously until it becomes firm. from hardening. After you spray, use
a wire brush to get rid of any
leftover material.

6 STEP TO MAKE CONCRETE MIX BY CONCRETE MISTURE

1 2 3

Pour approximately 1 gallon (3.79L) Open the cement mix bag from the Plug in and turn on the concrete
of water into the concrete mixer. If top. Then, pour the entire contents mixer. The machine will begin
there is not enough water, the mix into the cement mixer. mixing the powder cement mix and
will become too thick, it will not the water together.
combine thoroughly and will
become unusable.

4 5 6

Turn the concrete mixer off and pour Shovel the cement. Shovel from the Repeat the previous steps as needed.
the mixed cement into the wheelbarrow to the necessary Keep going to mix the appropriate
wheelbarrow to transport it to the location for your construction. amount of cement for your
desired consctruction site. construction needs.

TYPE OF CONCRETE
12

Normal Strength Concrete Reinforced Concrete

Normal strength concrete is similar to plain This concrete is defined as concrete that has
concrete in that it is made with the same reinforcement added to it to support tensile

ingredients. The main advantages of normal strength. The reinforcement will be
strength concrete are weight reduction, responsible for bearing the tensile stresses.
creep or permeability issues, improved
structure durability, and special R.C.C. works by combining the action of
architectural requirements. plain concrete and reinforcement. The steel
reinforcement used in concrete can take the

form of rods, bars, or meshes.

TYPE OF CONCRETE
34

Prestressed Concrete Precast Concrete

This is a unique technique in which the concrete Various structural elements can be manufactured and
bars or tendons are stressed prior to the actual cast in the factory to specifications and delivered to the
service load application. These tensioned bars were assembly site. Precast concrete refers to such concrete
units. Concrete blocks, staircase units, precast walls and
placed firmly and held from each end of the
structural unit during the mixing and placement of poles, concrete lintels, and many other elements are
the concrete. This prestressing phenomenon will examples of precast concrete units. These units have the
strengthen the lower section of the concrete member advantage of being quick to build because only assembly
against tension. These are used in the construction of is required. Quality is ensured because manufacturing is
bridges, heavy-duty structures, and longer-span done on-site. The only safeguard put in place is for their

roofs. transportation.

TYPE OF CONCRETE
56

High-Density Concrete Ready Mix Concrete

High strength concrete is a type of concrete that Ready-mix concrete is concrete that has been
contains cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse mixed and bathed in a central mixing plant. A
truck-mounted transit mixer transports the mixed
aggregate, and mineral admixture. Mineral concrete to the job site. Once reached, this can be
admixture like fly ash, ground granulated blast used directly without further treatment. Ready-
furnace slag, silica fume, rice husk ash have a
mix concrete is very precise, and specialty
high specific surface area which plays major concrete can be developed with the highest quality
role in increasing the strength. A compressive
strength of at least 70 MPa is required for high based on the specification. A centralised mixing
plant will be required for the production of these
strength concrete.
concrete.

PRODUCTS Concrete frame construction is a method of
construction that comprises a network of
Concrete structure which are columns and beams to
Frame transfer loads from the structure to the
Structure foundation.

This type of building consists of a frame or
skeleton of concrete. Horizontal members
of this frame are called beams and vertical
members are called columns. The flat
planes or surface of concrete is called slabs.

Reinforced Cement Concrete is concrete that
contains steel bars, called reinforcement bars,
or rebars. This combination works very well,
as concrete is very strong in compression, easy
to produce at site, inexpensive and steel is very
strong in tension.

Concrete frames can be precast which
manufactured off site or cast on site.

Major Components

Columns Beams Slabs

The vertical members which The horizontal load-bearing that A flat horizontal place
carry the loads from the carry loads from slabs and also which carry vertical
the direct loads of masonry walls
beam and upper columns and loads.
transfer it to the footings. and their self-weights.

Foundations Shear Walls Elevator Shaft

Transmit the load coming A huge column that carry A vertical concrete box for
from the above columns and vertical and horizontal loads elevator which help in resisting
beams to the solid ground.. like wind and earthquake loads. horizontal loads and also carry the

vertical loads.

Pros Cons

High compressive strength and good Shrinkage that occurs can cause
in tension. crack development and strength loss.

Fire resistance is better than steel The strength and durability of the
which can withstand fire for a longer reinforced concrete will be affected
period of time. if the concreting process is not done
properly.
The maintenance cost is low due to
the durability of the materials and The cost of formwork that used to
has long service life. cast concrete is high.

The yield strength of steel is about 15
times the compressive strength of
structural concrete and overflow 100
times its lastingness.

Reinforced concrete requires less
skilled labour for the construction of
the structure.

Method to Construct

Development of Installation of
1 Structural Drawing 5 Formwork & Braces

2 Formwork Preparation 6 Supplying the Concrete

Reinforcement Bar 7 Placing the Concrete
3 Preparation

4 Placing of Reinforcement 8 Formwork Removal

The Problem 1
Problems
Honeycombing in concrete occur due to
insufficient vibration at the time of placement
and improper concrete workability.

Problem 2

Poor workmanship that occurs during the
concreting works due to inexperienced and
unskilled labour affects the quality of ready-mix
concrete inside the concrete mixer truck.

Problem 3

Pouring concrete during rain gives damage to the
concrete which can affect the strength of the
concrete. Moreover, it is hard to rectify and ruin
the appearance of the finished surface.

Solution 1 The
Solutions
Taping the sides of shuttering from outside with
wooden hammer during concreting and vibrating
will help minimizing honeycombs to a great
extent.

Solution 2

Position skilled labour in complicated works like
concreting works to ensure the speed of works
fast and well-constructed.

Solution 3

Postpone the concreting works during rain and
frequently check the weather forecast.
Reschedule the concreting works to other days
and prepared a cover to seal the edges to ensure
the rainwater does not seep underneath.

REFERENCES

1.Concrete Components. (2017, November 13). Sika Concrete.
https://sikaconcrete.co.uk/technical-information/concrete-components/

2.J. (2019, August 13). All About Concrete: The Components, Functions, and Properties.
Labrador Landscape Supplies. https://landscape-supply.com.au/concrete-components-
functions-and-properties/

3.Chowdhury, R. R. (n.d.). What is Concrete? Composition & Types of Concrete. Civil
Engineering. https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/270-concrete-
definition-components-types

4.The Constructor. (2021). What is Concrete? How to Make Concrete
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/

5.Desai, R. (2019, March 5). What is a Framed Structure? - GharPedia.
https://gharpedia.com/blog/what-is-a-framed-structure/

6.Rahman, F. U. (2019, July 9). Concrete Frame Construction – Types and Major Components.
The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/concrete-frame-construction-
types-major-components/34801/

7.Team, D. (2022, February 18). Types Of Concrete Used In Construction. DAILY CIVIL.
https://dailycivil.com/types-of-concrete-used-in-construction/

8.Ortiz-Vega, G. (2021, August 10). How to make concrete: 13 steps (with pictures). wikiHow.
Retrieved June 26, 2022, from https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Concrete

9.Different types of concrete grades and their uses. (n.d.). Retrieved June 26, 2022, from
https://www.baseconcrete.co.uk/different-types-of-concrete-grades-and-their-uses/