FLIPBOOK_4A_BQS554_GROUPING_RAHIM,ALIF,LUQMAN,ZULHAFIZY

SMART DEVICES SYSTEM
INTERNET OF THINGS

BQS554
BUILDING SERVICES II

PROGRAM OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK

GROUP MEMBERS

ABDUL RAHIM BIN MUZAIRI
2021110695

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN ESA
2021112539

ALIF IMRAN BIN
MUHAMMAD NOOR AFANDI
2021100983

MOHAMMAD ZULHAFIZY
BIN ZULKEFLI
2021101145

GROUP
AAP2244A

TABLE OF
CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 CASE STUDY 2
❑ L3 HOMEATION SINGAPORE

3.0 ELECTRICAL

❑ HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 3-8

4.0 AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 9-22
❑ AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
❑ HEATING SYSTEMS
❑ VENTILATION SYSTEMS

5.0 GAS SUPPLY 23-32
❑ GAS LEAK DETECTION

6.0 FIRE PROTECTION 33-41
❑ DETECTION SYSTEM

7.0 SAFETY AND SECURITY 42-50
❑ SMART DOOR SYSTEM 51
❑ SMART GATE SYSTEM
❑ CCTV SYSTEM

8.0 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION 1

A smart home is a handy house setting in which appliances and
equipment may be managed remotely using a mobile or other
networked device from anywhere with an internet connection. A
smart home's devices are connected through the internet, allowing
the user to handle features such as home security, temperature,
lighting, and a home theatre from afar. Any electronic device that can
connect to your smart home system, interact with other devices, and
make choices on its own is referred to as a smart device. Smart
devices include things like televisions, stoves, alarm systems,
doorbells, garage doors, and stereos.

A smart home allows homeowners to operate appliances,
thermostats, lighting, and other equipment from anywhere using an
internet connection and a smartphone or tablet. Homeowners benefit
from smart home technology in terms of convenience and cost
savings. The devices in a smart home are all networked and can be
controlled from one central location—a smartphone, tablet, laptop,
or gaming console. One home automation system can operate door
locks, televisions, thermostats, home monitors, cameras, lights, and
even appliances like the refrigerator. The system is installed on a
mobile or other networked device, and the user may set up timers for
changes to take effect.

Smart homes can be set up through wireless or hardwired systems.
Wireless or hardwired systems, or both, can be found in smart homes.
Installing wireless systems is much easier. Installing a wireless home
automation system with smart lighting, climate control, and security
much cheaper, making it a highly cost-effective option. Hardwired
systems, on the other hand, are more secure and, in most cases, more
difficult to hack. A hardwired system can boost a home's resale value.
However, it is rather costly to be installed.

CASE STUDY 2

AIRA RESIDENCE DAMANSARA

The AIRA Residence on Jalan Batai is a live, breathing 18-story luxury
condominium building. Selangor Properties Berhad has officially issued the first
105 flats from its Tower A. Each level has six units ranging in size from 2,679 sq ft
to 6,383 sq ft, while the penthouses have built-up areas ranging from 6,566 sq ft
to 7,730 sq ft. AIRA Residence is extensively fortified, with a security level that
exceeds five levels. Every element of the AIRA Residence speaks to privacy. From
a private 3-car garage (for Types A1, A2, B, C owners) or 4-car garage (for Types D,
E, F). The garage also has an automatic roller shutter system. Talk about living the
spoiled life. Cars, drivers, and bodyguards are all entitled to preferential
treatment here. There is even a storage area with adjustable lighting.

Aira residence's furniture and fixtures are protected by a GDSS-designed security
system. A guardhouse and motion sensor surrounding fence be installed, as well
as personal access cards to the lobby and lift, round-the-clock surveillance and
CCTV monitoring, and intercom communications from each unit to the lobby.
Each AIRA Residence unit includes a cutting-edge built-in home safe that satisfies
the highest international requirements. This safe's security features include a
biometric fingerprint for increased protection, a dual passcode option, and
storage for up to 126 fingerprints. This near-indestructible vault is also extremely
robust, constructed into the floor with a system of 16mm steel locking bolts, and
has been proven to endure a 927 °C fire for up to an hour.

ELECTRICAL 3

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

DEFINITION

In the present era of the smart grid and smart houses, home
energy management systems (HEMS) are a rising sector. A
home energy management system is a technological platform
that combines hardware and software to allow users to track
energy use and production, as well as manually regulate and
automate energy usage in homes building. The main goal of
HEMS is to improve energy efficiency in homes and buildings.

ELECTRICAL 4

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

APPLICATION

There are several types of energy monitors on the
market, each of which works in a somewhat different
way. There are two types that are often used.
Individual-device monitors, which track individual
appliances and other electrical equipment in real
time. Whole-house monitors, which is connected to
electric meters or boxes, these monitors allow you to
observe how much energy your home is using. It's
possible that this will disclose the requirement for a
house rewiring job.

SYSTEM

The home energy management system does not only
monitor the energy usage, but also able to track,
control and scheduling how the electrical energy used
by the homeowners, helps in optimizing the efficiency
of energy consumption.

ELECTRICAL 5

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

FUNCTION PRICIPLE AND SPACE
IMPLICATION
HEMS users should be able to
access the HEMS interface The home energy
(typically a web browser or management system (HEMS)
smartphone app) from collects and gather the data
anywhere and see what from the home devices and
devices are on and using appliances, to be monitor,
energy in their house to keep control and manage the
monitoring of energy other smart devices. It helps
consumption. It also allows and assist them adjust their
the user to monitor what is habits depending on the
going on with energy in his information provided by the
house and take action, such system. HEMS used only
as manually turning devices some extra space in the main
on and off or automating their distribution board, and it's
operation with timers or conceivable that this will
algorithms. Furthermore, the indicate the need for a home
user should be able to do rewiring project.
these operations from any
location with Internet
connectivity.

ELECTRICAL 6

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION

Installation Process for HEMS

1. Open the main distribution board, disconnect the
electricity main switch and then proceed to open the
distribution board cover.

2. Install the Robotina power meter. The power meter will
serve out the energy use information that is needed for
energy optimization by the end’s unit.

3. Installed the HEMS controller and subsequently
connected to the houses power supply.

4. Proceed to connect the HEMS controller with the
ethernet cables that links the homes modem or
network router.

5. Fix back the distribution board cover and turn the
main switch back on, and the optimization system is up and
running.

ELECTRICAL 7

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS

• Security Issue.
HEMS connects a variety of smart devices, appliances,
sensors, and smart grid services, allowing them to
exchange massive volumes of data. The information and
applications utilized by these systems must be safeguarded
and secured, which makes designing HEMS a cybersecurity
problem.

• Delay due to Overload Data.
Supporting DR is a different issue that necessitates close
collaboration between utility companies, HEMS
manufacturers, and users. To lower peak demand, support
load shifting, and coordinate energy use and consumption,
smart algorithms will need to be developed.

• Infrastructure Challenges.
To enable HEMs to participate actively, they require certain
data and information, as well as the ability to transmit the
necessary signals to the correct recipients for example
utility and loads. In this case, the current power grid has
less functionality in terms of characteristics like
communication.

ELECTRICAL 8

HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

BENEFITS

• Saves Money.
By combining control, scheduling, and user information,
HEMS may bring value to both the homeowner and the
utility by saving money and energy.

• Convenience.
HEMS can track the energy use of inhabitants in their
homes and assist them adjust their habits depending on
the information provided by the system. HEMS can also
help utilities implement demand-response (DR)
programmes to lower peak demand. The system may
receive DR signals from the utility and generate schedules
depending on the signals, the system's goals, and the
priorities of the homeowner.

• Environmental.
Improved energy usage in houses and buildings that
demand specialized skills is one of HEMS' requirements.
For monitoring and control, the system should be able to
communicate with various household devices. Thus, it
helps homeowner to optimize energy consumption,
indirectly save more energy.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 9

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

DEFINITION

Air conditioning is a device that lowers the temperature of an
interior area by removing heat and moisture from the
environment. In other words, it is a device that removes heat
from a room and transfers it to an outside location to cool it
down. Through ventilation, the cold air may then be
circulated throughout the building. Air conditioners come in a
variety of shapes and sizes, but all system operate on the
same basic premise.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 10

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

APPLICATION

Residences, offices, retail complexes, businesses, huge
buildings, theatres, auditoriums, and other similar
structures all have somewhat different requirements
and design requirements. The cooling capacity
required varies greatly depending on the application.
The factory assembled room air conditioners are very
widely used for small residences, offices etc. These
units are available as window type or split type.

SYSTEM

Air conditioning system does not only able to
controlled the temperature of the room, but also the
indoor environment. Air conditioning technology is
pivotal for keeping the room not just a comfortable
room temperature, but a clean and fresh air control.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 11

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

FUNCTION

When the thermostat detects that the air temperature needs
to be dropped, it sends signals to the air conditioning system
components both inside and outside the house to turn on.
Through return air ducts, the fan from the indoor unit sucks hot
air from inside the home. Dust, lint, and other airborne
particles are gathered when the air flows through filters. After
that, the filtered, warm indoor air travels over the cold
evaporator coil. Heat from the indoor air is absorbed into the
refrigerant as the liquid refrigerant inside the evaporator coil
transforms to gas, cooling the air as it travels over the coil. The
cooled air is then pumped back through the home's ducting
and into the different living rooms by the indoor unit's blower
fan.

The refrigerant gas travels via a copper tube outside the house
and into the compressor of the air conditioner unit. The
compressor compresses the refrigerant gas and transfers it to
the condenser coil of the outside unit. Outdoor air is drawn
through the condenser coil by a big fan, allowing the air to
collect and release heat energy from the home. The refrigerant
is turned back to a liquid during this procedure. It then returns
to the indoor unit through a copper tube, passing through an
expansion mechanism that controls the flow of refrigerant into
the evaporator coil. The cool refrigerant then absorbs more
heat from the inside air, continuing the cycle.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 12

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

PRINCIPLE AND
SPACE IMPLICATION

A common rule of thumb is that each side of the air
conditioner should have at least one foot (or 12 inches) of
clearance. The manufacturer of the air conditioner may
have clearance specifications, but it's usually between 12
and 24 inches.

Air conditioner need enough space to move air in and out,
in addition to appropriate clearance on either side. It will
placing extra stress on the device if the air conditioner
don’t have at least 60 inches of vertical space.

Furthermore, the lack of space on top of the unit means
that the air conditioner is drawing in warmer air, reducing
the efficiency of the machine. This increases the wear and
tear the air conditioner, as well as increasing the monthly
cooling expense.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 13

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION

1. Select an unobstructed location on interior wall to
mount the indoor unit. Choose a location with studs to
ensure the wall is strong enough to hold the weight of
the unit, at least 1.0 m away from antennas and power
or connecting lines.

2. Secure the mounting plate to the interior wall. Mark
the locations of the crew holes, then drill a hole into
the wall where each screw will go.

3. Drill a hole through the wall so it can feed the pipes
outside. Make a mark in the center of the hole in the
mounting plate. Make sure there are no pipes or wires
behind the wall before drilling or cutting the hole.

4. Check the electrical connections on the indoor unit.
Make sure the cable wires are connected to the screw
terminals and that the wiring matches the diagram that
came with the unit.

5. Run the pipes and cables through the hole in the wall,
then connect them to the unit.

6. Secure the indoor unit to the mounting plate.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 14

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION

7. Position the outdoor unit away from any heavily
trafficked, dusty, or hot areas. Choose a location with at
least 30 cm of space surrounding its perimeter to
ensure proper functioning. Don’t place the outdoor
unit directly on the ground.

8. Secure the outdoor unit on top of the concrete pad. Lay
a rubber cushion on top of the pad to minimize
vibration, then set the outdoor condenser unit on top
of the pad.

9. Check the electrical wiring in the outdoor unit. Refer to
the unit’s wiring diagram in the instruction manual and
make sure the wires are connected as the diagram
suggests.

10. Connect the piping and cable to the outdoor unit.

11. Bleed the air and humidity from the refrigerant circuit.
Test all of the valves and joints for leaks, then
disconnect the vacuum. Replace the service port and
caps.

12. Install the smart thermostat system of the own choice
and link it to the main control panel.

15

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

PROBLEMS

• AC Refrigerant Leak.
AC refrigerant is responsible for cooling the air within air
conditioning system. A refrigerant leak is one of the
common AC unit problems and can reduce air conditioner’s
efficiency. Moreover, leaks can also be harmful to the
immediate environment.
• Damaged Compressor.
One of the integral AC components is the compressor
which helps refrigerants carry out heat exchange and
regulates the AC pressure. Dirty coils, changes in
refrigerant levels, and lack of lubrication can result in AC
compressor failure.
• Capacitor Failure.
A capacitor is an important part of air conditioning unit and
is responsible for giving the motor an initial push to start
working. In the extreme summer heat, when your AC has
to work hard, the capacitor can overheat. Also, power
fluctuations and frequent changes in the thermostat
setting can damage your capacitor.
• Leaking Ducts.
In the case of ducted air conditioners, ductwork is in
charge of carrying the cold air to your whole house.
However, if there is a leak or a hole, it could affect your
AC’s functioning. Even if your air conditioner is running for
a while, you would feel like it is not turned on at all.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 16

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

BENEFITS

• It Saves Money.
Smart air conditioner system with a smart thermostat can
be a little expensive upon installation, but it will save in the
long run. Occupants can also start with just the thermostat
for instance. This, in itself, will start to save you money
every month.

• Environmental.
One of the main selling points is energy efficiency. What
that means for the environment is that the home has less
carbon emission than traditional air conditioning systems,
making it a lot more eco-friendly.

• Convenience and Comfort.
Of course, the main point of a smart ‘anything’ is to ensure
life is more convenient and automated. Smart thermostats
can adjust temperatures automatically according to people
needs and programmed preferences. Plus, the system can
use schedule and location to have home comfort level
adjusted before occupants' arrival.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 17

HEATING SYSTEMS

DEFINITION SYSTEM

• equipment or devices • system keeps a house fully

that used to provide ventilated while recovering heat

heat, especially to a being emitted from the inside

building. Main purpose environment.
• There is no direct interaction
of heating is to help
between fluid and fluid or fluid A
maintain good indoor air
heat recovery and solid in most
quality through
heat recovery systems.
adequate ventilation • In some heat recovery systems,

with filtration and fluid leakage is observed due to

provide thermal comfort. pressure differences between

fluids, resulting in a mixture of

the two fluids.

INSTALLATION

• Installing an incorrectly-
sized unit leads to
premature wear and tear,
shorter lifespan of the
system

• Calculate the home’s
Heating Load Worth (HLW),
which considers the home’s
location, age, size and
construction materials, as
well as nearby trees and sun
exposure.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 18

HEATING SYSTEMS

FUNCTION PRINCIPLE AND SPACE
IMPLICATION
• Heating ventilation will
work if the room is • The purpose of a heat
detected the problem recovery system is to provide
which the room is in a conditioned air to an occupied
cool temperature. space in order to maintain a
set temperature.
• Take a device and let the
heater work. An air-to-air • Nowadays, modern homes are
heat exchange ventilation often built to substantially
system is a balanced higher technical standards
system that recovers and than homes built a few
transfers heat from decades ago, and they are far
extract air to supply air. more energy efficient, owing
to improved heat insulation.
• Heat exchange refers to
the ability of an
exchanger to receiver
heat from extract air and
use it to heat cold fresh
air pulled from outside
the building.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 19

HEATING SYSTEMS

PROBLEM

• Lower Efficiency. BENEFITS
- Devices will detect late about
• Comfortable.
the air quality in the room. By - It helps to maintain a constant
the time the air reaches its
destination, it has cooled off temperature in every room in
already. your home.

• Areas of house are not • Healthy.
heating properly. - Heating ventilation will ensure

- There will be no room will your air quality indoors free
have the same temperature. It from allergens, pollutants and
can observe that the floors harmful chemical.
will be colder whereas the
ceiling will be warm. • Convenient.
- The room will not become cold
• The thermostat controls are
not working. and hot. People in the room will
become more convenient.
- It is a subjective problem. The
device will be good in use and
suddenly it will become worst
based on low maintenance.

• Flexible.
- Can open according to people in

the room. It is a flexible device
that helps the room become
more warm.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 20

VENTILATION SYSTEMS

DEFINITION SYSTEM

• A window ventilator is a • Sensors measure the carbon

passive device which dioxide content in the room and

ensures natural flow of regulate the opening and closing

fresh air through the of the window.
• for example. Air is exchanged via
otherwise airtight
the natural temperature
window frames.
differences between the interior
INSTALLATION
and exterior, and the wind
• Place the opener in the center
pressure.
of a window vent and mark the • This form of ventilation therefore

position of the holes on the guarantees consistently good air

window frame and greenhouse quality.

frame.
• Screw the automatic window

opener to the frame of the

window then check that the

window can open and close.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 21

VENTILATION SYSTEMS

FUNCTION PRINCIPLE AND SPACE
IMPLICATIONS
• Window will be detected if
• Ventilation windows on
the room in a cool level, the south and east side
and then ventilation are best for allowing the
window will be open using cool air to enter.
the devices to let a warm
air enter. • Ventilation windows on
the north and west side
• Other than that, ventilation are best for air to keep
window also will be moving onside the
functioning if the air inside building.
the building is in a bad
condition. The room will • Different type of
detect if there are a windows can be used to
unfresh air and the room guide air into the home.
smell bad. All occupants
need to do is open the • If your home is on more
window or let the devices than one level, make
automatically open the sure there are
window for the occupants. ventilation windows on
It is a very easy process each level.

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 22

VENTILATION SYSTEMS

BENEFITS PROBLEMS

• Improved air quality. • Natural ventilation
- With ventilation window, we can depends on weather.

get a fresh air form the outside. It - It depends on the
can provide us from being stuck in weather condition. The
an environment where the air volume of air that
circulating surrounding the room. passes through the
Window can help us get the fresh building is not
air. controlled by natural
ventilation.
• Energy Efficient.
- Window provides natural, passive • Unhealthy air.
- Sometimes it can
ventilation, enhancing a building’s
energy efficiency. It is the best happen that the air did
one because it did not use many not healthy because of
electricity while functioning. the air from outside
did not fresh.
• Better airflow.
- Ventilation window can be very

advantageous for airflow inside
the building. Room can detect if
the air did not fresh, so that
ventilation window can be open
and cool air flows will enter the
room.

GAS SUPPLY 23

GAS LEAK DETECTION

DEFINITION

Gas leak detectors can detect A gas detector is a device that
explosive, flammable, and detects the presence of gases in
poisonous gases, as well as oxygen one location, and it is frequently
shortage. This type of equipment used as part of a safety system. A
is popular in manufacturing, and it gas detector can alert people in
may be found on oil rigs to the area where the leak is
monitor production processes and occurring, allowing people to
emerging technologies like evacuate. It is because many
photovoltaic devices that might gases may be detrimental to
be used in firefighting. biological life, such as people and
animals, this sort of equipment is
essential.

Mandal, (2014), mentioned that
Leaks from gas transmission and
distribution systems and pipelines
can result in severe events that
result in both human casualties
and financial losses, as well as the
greenhouse impact. In smart
home building, liquefied
petroleum gas is one of gas supply
that frequently used in daily life,
and it can also expose to leakage
at any time.

GAS SUPPLY 24

GAS LEAK DETECTION

SYSTEM APPLICATION Semi-automated detection, on
the other hand, requires a
Gas leak detection is the specific input to complete a task
technique of using sensors to in order to detect leaks. The
detect potentially dangerous third category is Manual
gas leaks. A thermal camera detection, which makes use of
may also be used to do visual the system and equipment, .It
identification. When a harmful requires human intervention at
chemical is discovered, these all times.
sensors normally emit an
audible warning to warn people.
Toxic gas exposure can also
occur during painting,
fumigation, building (home),
excavation of contaminated
soils, landfill operations, and
entering restricted spaces,
among other activities.

SYSTEM FUNCTION

According to Adnan et al., (2015),
leak detection systems were
developed in order to reduce the
amount of medium lost during
pipeline transmission. To classify
the approach, three primary types
might be used. The first approach
is automated detection, which
may identify leaks using a pipeline
network monitoring system
without the need for a human
operator after installation.

LEAKAGE IN PIPELINE

GAS SUPPLY 25

GAS LEAK DETECTION

PRINCIPLE SOUND WAVE ACOUSTIC METHOD

Adnan et al., (2015), mentioned SPACE IMPLICATIONS
that a leak is defined as a
passage of gas or liquid through The acoustic waves approach is used
a wall having a defect such as a to detect leaks in natural gas
hole, fracture, or rupture. In a pipelines. When gas flows through a
pipeline, the pressure crack or hole in a pipeline, it produces
differential constantly moves acoustic wave signals, which result in
from higher to lower pressure. the emergence of acoustic wave
The pressure imbalance was signals, acoustic sound/noise signals,
identified and analyzed in order sound pressure signals, and a
to find the leak. temperature drop in the area around
the pipeline leak site. Zhang et al.,
(2021). Acoustic sensors located in

The basic principle behind the pipeline can detect these acoustic
acoustic approach is when a wave signals. All the information to
leak or rupture occurs, friction detect leakage also can be monitored
between the pipeline's by computer devices. This computer
ramparts arises because the devices can be located in any area as
pressure balance has been long it is connected with internet.
disrupted. The characteristics Acoustic sensors are dispersed and
of sound wave acoustic gas leak mounted above gas pipes to identify
detection are when a leak leakage that occurs around them by
occurs, the abrupt discharge of monitoring noise levels at different
high-pressure natural gas in the intervals along the pipeline.

pipeline causes a vibration

wave near the leak hole.

Leakage sound waves are

produced when the pressure,

density, and particle velocity of

a gas fluctuate dramatically.

LEAKAGE IN PIPELINE

GAS SUPPLY 26

GAS LEAK DETECTION

INSTALLATION Acoustic techniques can be used to
determine the position and size of
Acoustic sensor technology will the object. This approach may be
be installed outside the pipeline utilized on both new and old pipe
network. It is because when the networks. Then the sensor will
leakage happened, the sensor transfer the information about the
will detect the gas first. According gas leakage into data acquisition
to Adnan et al., (2015), an system to get the warning about
acoustic sensor normally installed leakage. After that the data will be
outside the pipeline network. process to come out with accurate
The leak causes noise, which information and warning. Next, the
these acoustic sensors take up, information will be transferred into
and the most essential thing is to computer device. The computer will
keep the background noise to a analyze the information before the
minimum. alarm ringing.

LEAKAGE IN PIPELINE

GAS SUPPLY 27

GAS LEAK DETECTION

SYSTEM APPLICATION SYSTEM FUNCTION

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a The LPG leak detector is a vital
fuel gas that may be found in technology that monitors the cylinder
heating appliances, culinary in real time. The goal of this
equipment, and automobiles. LPG technology is to track and identify
is a combustible combination of LPG cylinder leaks in metropolitan
hydrocarbon gases that includes areas (household applications). A
propane, butane, and propylene. sensor is usually present to detect any
LPG is made by refining petroleum changes. As an example, consider a
or "wet" natural gas, and it is gas sensor. This sensor detects the
nearly exclusively generated from quantity of gas in the environment
fossil fuel sources, either as a and notifies the user of the leak by
byproduct of petroleum refining or sending a message via a mobile
as a byproduct of petroleum or phone application and sounding an
natural gas extraction from the alarm. This sensor system is also one
ground. Sitan and Ab Ghafar, of the internet of things technology.
(2018) mentioned that liquefied According to Sitan and Ab Ghafar,
Petroleum Gas (LPG) is now widely (2018), The Internet of Things (IoT)
utilized as a fuel in Malaysia in a technology may be used to enable
variety of places, including owners check the condition and
residences, restaurants, small and weight of the cylinders at any time,
large-scale enterprises, and cars. and it can also be used to ensure that
LPG also a popular cooking, drying, new cylinders are replaced on time
and heating fuel in Malaysia. As the and without fail. With the internet,
use of LPG grows in the household IoT will be connected to objects such
sector, the number of incidents as doors, cars, refrigerators, and
caused by LPG explosions rises as a homes. This will allow users to access
result of a lack of constant and collect data from linked devices
inspections and monitoring. at any time and from anywhere in the
country.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

GAS SUPPLY 28

GAS LEAK DETECTION

PRINCIPLE Furthermore, only one cellphone
number may be registered as the
The LPG Gas Leak Detection Smart destination for delivering SMS
Tool was created with Sms Alert, messages in the case of an LPG gas
and is equipped with gas sensors, leak. To put it another way, the
buzzers, and GSM modules to help system and this tool will send an
to prevent gas leaks and provide SMS message stating that the LPG
sirens, as well as send a notification gas leak warning would only be
message to the owner, so that sent to one destination cellphone
dangerous gas leakage can be number. However, by using
avoided and anticipated as soon as application, the information about
possible. According to Hasibuan et the leakage can be sent to
al., (2019), when the system is cellphone that installed the
switched on, the tool will application. By using this
automatically detect the gas level, application, owner can also close
utilizing a sensor specialized to the valve when the leakage
detect LPG gas, especially the MQ-2 happened.
gas sensor. The method creates this
system and tool by directly inserting
the destination number on the
syntax code to enter the cellphone
number for sending SMS messages.
The destination number cannot be
updated automatically unless the
code syntax that has been written is
directly replaced.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

GAS SUPPLY 29

GAS LEAK DETECTION
INSTALLATION

The system contains a gas sensor as an input device, as well as an LCD,
GSM Module, and buzzer as an output device. The gas sensor will be
installed at the LPG valve where it function to detect the leakage on the
LPG. The sensor will then function to transfer LPG gas and deliver data
based on the level of LPG gas it finds. The voltage emitted increases as the
amount of LPG gas detected increases. When a sensor's output is
changed, Once gas is detected, the Arduino will turn on, trigger the buzzer,
and show a message on the LCD stating that the gas level is high (high),
indicating that a gas leak has occurred. The GSM SIM800L module will
then send a notification message to the phone number entered in the
programme. Lastly the owner can close the valve by push the button on
cellphone screen. If the sensor does not identify a leak, the output will not
be turned off, and the sensor will continue to function until the presence
of an LPG gas leak is established.

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

GAS SUPPLY 30

GAS LEAK DETECTION
SYSTEM FLOW

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

GAS SUPPLY 31

GAS LEAK DETECTION
PROBLEMS

• Occurrence of Leaks.
Pipeline leaks, are a big issue because of the
potential for significant consequences. The pipeline
also something cannot be monitor by humans but, it
can be monitor by using technology because it is
located at a secluded place in the building.

• Accuracy of Detection.
One of problems that usually happened is the sensor
cannot detect the leakage in pipeline. Some other
issue is when the sensor transmitted the wrong
information into computer device and make the
result of the detection not accurate.

• Failure to Send Message to Occupants.
Sometime the computer device that analyze the
information have problem and it will make the
message about the leakage cannot be send to
occupants. There is also having some problems with
the application and serial number not connected well
with mobile phone.

GAS SUPPLY 32

GAS LEAK DETECTION

BENEFITS

The leaked gas generates an Hasibuan et al., (2019),
auditory signal that travels mentioned that the LPG leak
throughout the pipeline. The detection system and tool
acoustic wave's high-frequency perform excellently, and it is
components fade quickly, able detecting LPG gas leaks
whereas the low-frequency within the detection radius of
components can travel a the MQ-2 gas sensor attached
considerable distance. So, the to the system and device, which
sound wave acoustic gas leak is between 50 cm and 80 cm
detection very suitable used to and positioned in a relatively
detect the leakage because tight space. For gas leak
the sound produced can travel detection, better sensor
the pipeline. Then the sensor hardware can offer more
will detect the leakage accurate data. Dong et al.,
accurately. (2019).

According to Zhang et al., The persons or people who are
(2021), the ultra-low using this system and
frequency is important for technology feel secure and at
acoustic detection of natural ease with it. In other words,
gas pipeline leaks and the don't be worried if the owner is
acoustic method created the unaware of an LPG gas leak.
best Ultra-low frequency to Other than that, it can also
the detection of natural gas avoid any accidents caused by
pipeline leakage. the leakage in pipeline and LPG.

FIRE PROTECTION 33

DETECTION SYSTEM

DEFINITION Early notice is critical to an
apartment facility's capacity to
A fire can occur at any moment safely evacuate its people
and in any location. Despite our during a fire. As a result, the
best attempts to keep it from ability of the fire alarm system
happening. In the case of a fire, to work and function effectively
protecting lives and reducing is critical. Fire suppression
property damage are crucial to devices are an essential
the building’s continuous component of every commercial
operations, particularly in facility, particularly complex
residential buildings. According institutions such as hospitals,
to Habib et al., (2019), fire hotels, apartment and school
protection is essential for campuses. The easiest approach
human life safety to determine what sorts of fire
considerations since misuse of protection devices the building
fire sources can lead to requires is to consult with an
significant mishaps. The expert fire alarm system
capacity to detect fire in its provider that provides
early stages is a crucial professional fire alarm system
component of fire defense. A design. All fire alarm system
property protection system devices and components should
must include fire detection be purchased from a reputable
devices that offer early warning fire protection business and
of a fire. The system can also should be approved by
help with the life safety authority. The alarm system in
evacuation attempts. fire protection is a passive fire
protection using a system to
reacts with fire.

FIRE PROTECTION 34

DETECTION SYSTEM

SYSTEM NOTIFICATION DEVICES SYSTEM

• Smoke Detector System.
Smoke detectors are most effective in locations where
early detection and warning of a fire are crucial for life
protection. The systems are a critical component of a
building's life safety protocol. Smoke detectors are also
utilized in situations when early detection and warning of a
fire is vital to assist reduce property damage and preserve
extremely sensitive optics, electronic equipment, computer
room equipment, and other equipment from damage
caused by fire or combustion byproducts.

• Heat and Fire Detector System.
Heat and fire detectors may be a better alternative for
early warning in situations with too many airborne
particles owing to excessive steam, moisture, dust, or
humidity, such as parking garages and truck docks, than
smoke detectors in some fire prevention applications. In
these conditions, smoke detectors may be prone to false
alarms. Heat detectors aren't usually thought of as early
warning devices for life-saving evacuations. However, this
system can help in giving the first warning to occupants
about the space heat level. Habib et al., (2020) mentioned
that inductive smoke and temperature detector with a
constructed fire regulations can be used to detect fire.

FIRE PROTECTION 35

DETECTION SYSTEM
APPLICATION

Notification devices in fire The notification devices
detection systems alert occupants system can also send 'real
to the smoke, gas, or fire. Visual time' SMS alerts of an
signals, such as strobe lights, and upcoming fire outbreak to
audio alerts, such as voice the house owner, the nearest
message systems, offer clear fire service station,
evacuation directions to users. In neighbors, and friends. The
big or congested buildings, sound system may be used in very
alerting devices can assist prevent large building complexes with
panic and allow for a safe many levels and rooms, many
evacuation. Other than that, of which may be vacant.
notification devices system by
using Sms also can be applied in
detection of fire. Okokpujie et al.,
(2019), said that the notification
devices system includes a
functional network of smoke
detectors that can detect the
exact location or source of smoke,
distinguish between fire and non-
fire threats, sound an alarm,
suppress fires with a sprinkler
system and turn off the main
electrical switch in the house.

FIRE PROTECTION 36

DETECTION SYSTEM

PRINCIPLE A network of sensor nodes
installed in the monitoring
Devices for initiating and area can be utilized not only
notifying The core of every fire for local information
detection system is the fire collecting and data
alarm control panel, which is processing, but also for data
one of several supplementary storage, administration, and
fire safety devices available. In interaction with other
HVAC systems, initiation sensing nodes. In these nodes, there
devices give a high level of is usually a central node that
sensitivity and early warning, as is in charge of sending data
well as the capacity to shut to other nodes in the server.
down air flow to avoid the So that users may quickly
spread of dangerous gases. access and receive the
Elevator recall systems prevent necessary info. When the
passengers from entering smoke was detected, the
elevators in which they may warning message will be
become stuck and direct the sent to user and the
elevators to a designated sprinkler will extinguish the
ground floor. A typical wireless fire.
sensor network system consists
of distributed sensor nodes, a
centralized node, the Internet,
and users. According to Cheng
et al., (2016), Sensor nodes are
used to collect data from
sensors.

FIRE PROTECTION 37

DETECTION SYSTEM
FUNCTION

It is critical to understand how fire Habib et al., (2019),
mentioned that fire may be
prevention systems work. Systems spotted early on by capturing
a picture of the smoke
operate in various ways, but all produced by the fire. To make
the high-speed picture
detection system have the same acceptable for the system
hardware, it is processed using
goal which is to detect a fire and a field programmable gate
array (FPGA). The image
safeguard the structure, its sensor captures photos of
smoke, and the smoke
residents, and assets. A smoke detector, system on a
programmable chip maker,
detector and a sprinkler are two detects smoke using a smoke
detecting algorithm. As part of
popular types of fire protection a multi-sensory fire warning
system, a temperature sensor,
systems. If a fire starts, smoke a smoke detector, and a
carbon monoxide (CO) checker
triggers the detector, triggering can function together.

the sprinkler system. The water

acts as a barrier against the

spread of flames. While this is a

successful way, automated fire

suppression systems employing

clean agents are a superior

alternative when dealing with

important equipment or

particular risks. These

technologies detect and

extinguish fires while leaving no

trace.

FIRE PROTECTION 38

DETECTION SYSTEM
FIRE EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM FLOW

Habib et al., (2019), mentioned that the suggested system
works well, although it has significant drawbacks. In this
case, a low-range fire alarm is deployed. As a result, the
system would not work properly in a crowded space. In this
case, a mobile phone is utilized to deliver updates to the
corresponding person, which is less accurate.

FIRE PROTECTION 39

DETECTION SYSTEM
INSTALLATION

The system will be installed by using Arduino. The camera
will be installed in order to get the image of smoke which in
this system, it is use cctv camera. Then, the CPU will be
installed to analyzed the image information to come out
with positive and correct image captured which is fire. Then
the Arduino system will be developed with sensor to
process the information about fire. After that, the accurate
information will be process to function the warning alarm
and sending the message into occupants. The red LED also
will be used to give warning about fire.

FIRE PROTECTION 40

DETECTION SYSTEM
PROBLEMS

• Negative Image Capture.
By using camera to detect the smoke, it will be
exposed to negative image capture which is the
wrong image will be analyzed in CPU and it will
produce the wrong information about fire to the
occupants.

• Less Rapidity in Capture the Fire.
The image capture by camera will take time to
analyze the information. It is because the CPU need
to make sure the image captured was accurately fire
to avoid the wrong information.

FIRE PROTECTION 41

DETECTION SYSTEM
BENEFITS

One of the primary advantages of a fire prevention
system is that it saves money in the long term. If a fire
disrupts operations for an extended length of time,
the tenants may pay a price. The repair work must be
completed in order for the structure to function
normally, and the expense of repairing the damages
caused by fire will also load the tenants.

Another advantage of some types of fire prevention
systems is that they automatically deploy emergency
services. These devices will strive to extinguish the
fire as soon as possible while also alerting authorities
to dispatch emergency personnel to the scene.

SAFETY AND SECURITY 42

SMART DOOR SYSTEM

DEFINITION

Smart door lock is a door that can be more
advanced that the traditional door lock. The
concept of the smart lock door is quite similar to a
five-star hotel lock door and the bank’s door lock
system . The smart lock system are requiring a
password on touchscreen keypad or swap the card
device or even a fingerprint of the house owner so
they can access to their house safely.

SAFETY AND SECURITY 43

SMART DOOR SYSTEM

SYSTEM

• The smart lock will be connected to the home's WiFi network,
which can receive the command of lock and unlock the door.

• While some smart locks require you to completely replace your
entire lock system, others fit right over your existing lock
system or only require a few modifications.

• The smart locks will be integrated into a complete smart home
by connecting to a smart home hub.

INSTALLATION

• Remove the current door lock.

• Install the new latch. Locate it into the correct position, adjust the length of
the latch and place them in a proper position.

• Install the smart lock. Locate the smart lock on the door hole and through the
inside of the latch.

• Install the inside panel. Plug the electrical components of the smart lock. Tuck
the wires inside the lock and then secure it with the screws provided.

• Setup the Smart Device. Install the application of the smart door lock into our
smartphones or any devices and setting up from the apps. After the setup,
test the lock.

SAFETY AND SECURITY 44

SMART DOOR SYSTEM

❑ Hackable. PROBLEMS

Even though the access door system is keyless, but the systems may be hacked by
anonymous. When the access door were being hacked, the burglary activity can easily
happen in the house.

❑ Depends on batteries.

If the batteries of the access door remote is out of battery, the house owner may cannot
access into or outside the house.

❑ Expensive.

The cost of the installation may burn a hole in our pocket money. It may cost hundreds and
even more.

BENEFITS

❖ Convenient for Elderly and Physically Impaired People.

Technology has made the living much easier, especially for disabled or elderly people. Senior
citizen or disabled don’t have to struggle with keys or go near the door to open it. Instead ,
theu can access to the house easily by using smartphone.

❖ Ensures a High Security.

Burglary is the common threat for all house owners. They may trespass easily by breaking
doors. With the smart lock system, those burglars will suffer difficulty to break the dorr as it
was keyless and the system that applied as quite similar to bank’s security protocols. So, the
risk of a burglary activities will be slowed.

❖ Can Detects the Owner’s Presence.

With the application of access door lock, the house owner may access to the house easily
without feeling worried of losing keys by using smart locking system .

SAFETY AND SECURITY 45

SMART GATE SYSTEM

DEFINITION

The automatic gate system may be considered as
the smart home device for gates. The gate can be
open by swing or folding auto gates. The
movement of the auto gate system is usually
noiseless whether open or close as it was smooth
and silent gate operation.

SAFETY AND SECURITY 46

SMART GATE SYSTEM

SYSTEM

Automatic gates works by using a motor to control the gate door’s
movement. It will open and close the gate when someone press the
remote. They were many types of automatic gates system, which are
sliding, driveway, and swing gate system.

INSTALLATION

• Install the gate properly. Make sure to hang them evenly if there were
two gates and center it.

• Install the automatic gate.

• Connect the arm to the controller box and to a power source.

• Install the Gate Opener Arm.

• The clamps on the gate post will hold the gate opener arm’s rear side,
and the mouth of the gate opener arm will hold the gate. Install the gate
opener carefully and make sure that both clamps and the mouth are
tightly attached to the gate.

• Install and power up the controller box on the gate post and connect it
to the gate opener arm.

• Open the controller box and set the gate open and close limit.

• Test the automatic gate by pressing the remote.

SAFETY AND SECURITY 47

SMART GATE SYSTEM

PROBLEMS

• Relies on electrical power, when blackout occurs, the
gates will also loses power and the automatic gate
will functioned back after the blackout ends.

• Requires a professional for installation and regular.
maintenance. This action may use a lot of cost for it.

• Can cause physical damage if the installation is not
properly installed.

BENEFITS

• Provide an extra security to the house owners.

• Convenient to the homeowners. The homeowners
may access the house from outside without need to
open the gate manually, especially during heavy rain.

• Durable. Modern electronic gates are made from
high quality materials that ensure they remain
functional even under constant load and different
weather conditions, as well as long lasting.