JAIP2

JOURNAL OF THE
ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE

DE LA PIPE

Edited by David A. Higgins

VOLUME 2
2009

JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE DE LA PIPE

PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Dr. David Higgins, 3 Clarendon Road, Wallasey, Merseyside, CH44 8EH, UK.
Email: [email protected]

ASSISTANT EDITORS
Dr Peter Davey (French papers), Close Corvalley, Old Windmill Road, The Curragh, Ballaugh, Isle of Man, IM7 5BJ.
Email: [email protected]

Dr. Natascha Mehler (German papers), Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna,
Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
Email: [email protected]

Dr. Daniel Schávelzon (Spanish papers), Cuba 3965, (1429) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Email: [email protected]

TECHNICAL EDITING AND ADMINISTRATION
Dr. Susie White, Académie Internationale de la Pipe, School of Archaeology, Classics & Egyptology, University of
Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Sq., Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK.
Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

THE ACADEMY
The Académie Internationale de la Pipe was founded in 1984 to provide a forum for leading scholars from around the
world engaged in any field of study relating to the smoking pipe. The Academy’s object is to advance the education of the
public in the economic and social history of tobacco and pipe smoking worldwide. Its principal aims are to promote better
awareness of the pipe as a cultural, artistic and social phenomenon; to highlight the particular place the pipe holds in the
history of peoples and civilizations; to collect, preserve and disseminate evidence relating to its history and associations,
and to encourage research concerning the past, present or future of the subject.

Academy members bring their own specialisms in fields such as archaeology, social and economic history and fine art,
as well as having the opportunity to collaborate with others in working groups. This annual journal has been established
to publish the results of the Academy’s work, which will be of relevance to researchers from a wide range of related
disciplines around the world.

MEMBERSHIP
The Academy holds an annual conference, in between which working groups are encouraged to continue their studies into
particular areas of research. The current annual subscription is £20 (or 30 Euros) per household, which allows access to
the Academy’s meetings as well as receipt of regular newsletters and one copy of this journal. Anyone wishing to apply
to join the Academy should, in the first instance, contact the administrator, Dr. Susie White, at the address given above.

SUBMISSION OF PAPERS
The Academy welcomes the submission of original papers that fall within the remit of this journal and which make a valid
contribution to knowledge. Further details relating to the format and content of submissions can be found at the back of
this journal.

ADDITIONAL COPIES
Additional copies of this journal can be purchased from the administrator, Dr. Susie White, (contact details above).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Academy gratefully acknowledges the financial support from British American Tobacco, Imperial Tobacco and Japan
Tobacco, which has made this publication possible.

PUBLICATION DETAILS
Published by the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, School of Archaeology, Classics & Egyptology, University of
Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Sq., Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK. The Academy is a U.K. Registered Charity (No. 1126166)
and an English Registered Company (No. 06713511).

All material is copyright © of the Academy and the individual authors. ISSN 2040-8307
Cover image: Communal Pipe courtesy of Seres Mihály, Déri Museum, Debrecen.

JOURNAL OF THE
ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE

DE LA PIPE

VOLUME 2

Académie Internationale de la Pipe
Liverpool
2009

JOURNAL OF THE
ACADEMIE INTERNATIONALE

DE LA PIPE

VOLUME 2

CONTENTS

Editorial by David A. Higgins.................................................................................................... iii

Part i: National Clay pipe summaries

Introduction by Peter Davey....................................................................................................... 1
Argentina by Daniel Schavelzon................................................................................................. 5
Australia by Kris Coutrney......................................................................................................... 9
Belgium by Ruud Stam............................................................................................................. 15
Bohemia by Martin Vyšohlíd.................................................................................................... 23
Canada by Barry Gaulton......................................................................................................... 33
Denmark by Niels Gustav Bardenfleth...................................................................................... 37
England by David A. Higgins................................................................................................... 41
France by André Leclaire (translated by Peter Davey)............................................................ 51
Germany by Ruud Stam............................................................................................................ 59
Hungary by Anna Ridovics....................................................................................................... 65
Ireland by Joe Norton............................................................................................................... 75
Japan by Barnabas T. Suzuki..................................................................................................... 81
Malta by John Wood.................................................................................................................. 87
Netherlands by Ruud Stam........................................................................................................ 93
Norway by Børre Ludvigsen................................................................................................... 109
Scotland by Peter Davey..........................................................................................................119
Sweden by Arne Åkerhagen.................................................................................................... 127
Switzerland by Andreas Heege............................................................................................... 131
United States of America by Byron Sudbury and S. Paul Jung Jr. ........................................ 137

PART ii: OTHER PAPERS

Les Pipes Publicitaires by Gilles Kleiber
(with English summary by Peter Davey)................................................................................ 149
The Civic Company’s Briar Pattern Book by Peter Davey.................................................... 153
The Norweigian Langpipe Tradition by Hakon Kierulf.......................................................... 177
A Dutch Eighteenth-Century Clay Cheroot Holder by Ron de Haan and Arjan de Haan..... 185
A la Découverte des Couvets en Céramique by André Leclaire
(with English summary by Peter Davey)................................................................................ 189

Guidelines for Contributors by David A. Higgins................................................ 195

i

ii

Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 2 (2009)

EDITORIAL

Following the launch of the new journal in 2008 with a Thanks are due to all the contributors to this volume for
single major study of the Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie pipe their hard work in generating the texts and illustrations
making industry, there has now been an opportunity to and particularly to Peter Davey and Ruud Stam who
bring together a broader range of papers for this second organised the clay pipe summaries and helped with their
volume, which includes the work of some 23 different preparation for publication. Finally, particular thanks are
international authors and runs to more than 50,000 words due to Susie White, who has not only manipulated many
in length. This volume is more typical of the intended of the illustrations to improve them but also worked so
format for the journal, with the first part comprising a hard in designing and setting this volume to achieve its
collection of themed papers and the second a series of high quality layout and finish.
individual studies on a more diverse range of topics.
David A. Higgins
The first part of this year’s volume presents the results of a Principal Editor
project by the Academy’s clay pipe working group, which
set out to examine the state of knowledge regarding the
clay tobacco pipe industry in as many different countries
as possible. The information relating to each country has
been compiled in a systematic manner and provides a
chronological narrative of clay pipe production and use
in each area. These accounts have, of necessity, had to
be kept brief but they are intended to provide a broad
overview of each country as well as a means of accessing
the key literature and collections relating to that area if
more information is required. Each summary has been
written by a specialist in the relevant field and, taken
together, they cover a significant proportion of the areas
over which clay pipes were in common use (cf Figure 1
on page 2). This is the most extensive survey of its type
that has ever been undertaken and it should provide a key
resource for anyone wishing to either study a particular
country or region, or to place their pipes within a broader
context. Further summaries for countries not yet covered
are welcome and will be published in future volumes of
this journal.

The second part of this volume comprises a series of
papers on different topics of research. These range from
studies of particular classes of artefact, such as cheroot
holders and ember pots, to the broader social customs
and paraphernalia associated with smoking, as seen in
the Norwegian langpipe paper. The paper on advertising
pipes shows how a single theme can be explored across
pipes produced in a range of different materials while the
paper on the Civic Company’s pattern book allows an in-
depth examination of the patterns that they produced and
the way in which the briar trade functioned.

The main theme for Volume 3 will be based on the
proceedings of the Academy’s very successful 2009
conference in Budapest. The papers presented at that
meeting will provide an excellent overview of the pipes
found in Eastern Europe, where the Ottoman and European
traditions met, overlapped and merged. Other papers will
include the meerschaum working group’s iconography
study. Contributions on other topics are, as ever, always
welcome and guidelines for contributors can be found at
the end of this volume.

iii

iv

Introduction to the National Clay Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 2 (2009)
Pipe Summaries
so were given appropriately more detailed treatment. In
by Peter Davey addition, for different countries the chronological sub-
divisions might vary – changes in human behaviour do not
Chairman, Académie Internationale de la Pipe necessarily follow the change from one century to another.

Background Subject division
A number of subject areas have been tackled, using the
At the annual conference of the Academy in Bergerac main chronological sub-divisions considered appropriate
in 2005 the clay pipe working group discussed the state for that country. Separate paragraphs have been written on
of knowledge and research in the different countries the makers and their pipes and on imports into the country
represented by its members. A number of problems for and exports from it. Again, the length of these entries in
international collaboration and the dissemination of different summaries reflects the comparative bulk and
knowledge were identified: complexity of the evidence in a particular country.

• There are very different states of knowledge and Maps
research activity in differing countries. Maps seemed to be the most succinct way of showing the
distribution of production centres by period.
• There are very different languages and
terminologies in use in different parts of the The figures
world. The figures are intended to relate closely to the main
text. Originally, they were limited to conventional black
• Access to what is known is often difficult for a and white line drawings but many of the more recent
non-national researcher. contributions have used photographs, often in colour, to
enhance the detail. At the time the project began it was
• It is often difficult to understand the state of not known whether paper or Internet publication would
affairs in different countries. be used.

• There is a need to generate a set of simple and Research
comparable statements that would provide an In addition to describing the present state of knowledge, it
entry point into the state of knowledge and seemed worthwhile to highlight the major research needs
research on each country. for each country. In time it will be of great interest to
consider these corporately.
It was decided that a 1,000-word summary, plus illustrative
material, would be sought from each participant and that Collections
some thought would need to be given to the internal Anyone looking at the clay pipes summary for a given
structure of the summaries so that, as far as possible, the country would want to know where to go to see major
same subject areas would be dealt with in each country, groups of pipes. Lists of publicly accessible collections
thus making comparison more possible. The writer, as the were requested from each author.
then convenor of the group, offered to produce a sample
summary for discussion. Introductory reading list
For someone coming new to the study of pipes in a
Proposal particular country it seemed necessary to provide a list of
some of the most important publications on the subject.
A 1,000-word draft for Scotland, with figures, was The number of these had to be limited given the vast
circulated to members of the group in January 2006. literature available in countries like England and the
With some amendments the format used for Scotland has Netherlands where pipe research has been carried out
provided the agreed model for all of the summaries that actively for the past 50 years or more. The lists give a
have been written over the subsequent four years leading starting point only.
up to the presentation of the first 19 countries in this
publication. Discipline
It proved difficult to summarise the national pipe industries
A number of decisions that were made at the outset in 1,000 words. In order to provide a comprehensive,
have determined the overall nature and range of the balanced, cover it was important for everyone involved to
contributions: try to adhere to the same norms.

Chronological structure Unknown Quantities
It seemed illogical to focus the summaries a priori on one
period of time, as the most important phases of production When the project began quite a number of points were
and consumption occur at different times in different unclear. In order to get a group of summaries ready for
countries. In Scotland the second half of the seventeenth publication a number of decisions had to be made:
and nineteenth centuries are by far the most important
• How many countries would provide summaries?

1





































Stam, R., Country Summary - BELGIUM

craft stayed relatively small and was not organised or A is the number of factories and W is the total number
concentrated in one location. of employees including men, women and children. The
concentration in bigger factories is clearly visible. The
Figure 7 provides an overall picture of the development rise and decline of the craft is only partially documented
of pipe factories in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. because of the lack of documentary sources in the period

Provincie / plaats 1819 1819 1846 1848 1896 1910 1926 1930
(v.d. Meulen) (Brugmans) AW
Antwerpen AW A A W A W AW 1 35
Mechelen A AW
Lier 1 5 18 22 + 13
West-Vlaanderen 1 8 18 27 2 24
Brugge 3 14
Thielt 72 14
Roeselare 2 5 66
Poperinge 1 1? 2 19 3 313
Kortrijk 3 17 27 + 13
Vlamertinghe 1 23 14 +
Izegem 2 11 82 22 + 1 31 1 48 1 24
Yperen 1 13
Oost-Vlaanderen 5 57 46
Gent 8 44 45
St. Nicolaas 1 40 187 +
Geeraards-bergen 1 + 11
Wetteren
Limburg 1 1 17 + 1 30 1 40
Maaseik
Bree 1 1 24 + 1 18 1) (20)
Zuid-Brabant 2 2 10 +
Molenbeke 1 17 + 1 48 1) (20)
Luik 1 16
Seilles / Ben Ahin 5 2 16 3 18 1 21
Huy 4 6 13 +
Chokier 1 9 115 + 3 42 3 23
Namen
Namen 2 21 1-
Andenne 1 + 21 199 10 156 25 45
Andenelle 2
Flawinne Mettet 1 1 86 +
Sclayn 4 117 +
Henegouwen 46
Tournai +
Mons +
Nimy-Maisières +
Casteau +
Soignies
Hautrage 45 458 +
Quaregnon
Jumet
Total

A: Number of factories. W: Number of workers (including managers and children).

Figure 7: Development of the clay pipe industry in the nineteenth and twentieth century.

20

Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 2 (2009)

Firm Town Working Firm Town Working
Ritzen Maaseik 1810-1861 Winand Andenne 1800-1847
Knoedgen-Frères / Trees Luik 1843-1930 Heurter / Leonard Andenne 1768-present
Wingender Chokier 1834-1930 Leveque Andenne 1830-1944
Knoedgen Bree 1853-1928 Barth Andenne 1855-1885
De Bevere Kortrijk before 1825-1950 Nihoul Nimy before 1819-1920
Petit Mons 1796-about 1875 Scouflaire Nimy 1834-1918

Figure 8: The largest Belgian clay pipe factories in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

between 1848 and 1898. The largest expansion occured Ritzen in Maaseik also exported to the border regions
in the middle of this period when, unfortunately, there is of Germany and Holland. Under Dutch rule exports
very little hard data available as to the size of the industry. increased due to the export to the Dutch colonies. Severe
competition from centres outside Holland, probably
Figure 8 (above) lists the biggest firms in the country Westerwald, England and France, influenced the profit-
in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Combining earning capacity of the pipe-makers during the nineteenth
the two tables gives an impression of the size of the century.
factories and their growth. It should be remembered
that most factories like Wingender, Barth, Knoedgen and The production and export of Barth deserves special
Scouflaire reached their zenith during the second half of attention. In its rather short existence (1855-1885) this
the nineteenth century. The bigger factories had the best factory became the biggest in Belgium. In the period
chance to survive. 1862-1871 it had 100 to 120 employees and produced up
to seven million pipes a year. Barth exported up to 80% of
Many pipemakers took part in industrial exhibitions his pipes to Australia, Guinea and California.
and the Belgian firms of Barth, Wingender and Levêque
participated in the world exhibitions of Dublin (1862), The American Civil War, the financial crisis, high
London (1862), Dublin (1865), Paris (1867), London American import duties and international competition
(1871), Santiago di Chili (1875), Philadelphia (1876), were a major threat to Belgian pipe-makers. During the
Paris (1878) and Amsterdam (1883). nineteenth century Belgian imports, mostly from Holland
and France, were much bigger than exports (Figure 9). The
Import and Export proportion of French imports rose after 1850 following the
In the beginning of the century, under French rule, limited growing importance of French pipes (Figure 10).
exports were probably made from Wallonia to France.

Figure 9: Belgian imports and exports.

21

Stam, R., Country Summary - BELGIUM • Museé de la Céramique, Andenne.
• Tabaksmuseum, Wervik.
Twentieth century
Principal Bibliography
Makers and their pipes
The First World War and the 1930 crisis combined with Caro, J., 2004, La pipe en Terre Wallonie-Bruxelles-
the rise of the cigarette and the wooden pipe caused the Flandre, Identification et Datation. Bruxelles.
final decline of the clay-pipe industry. The most important
firms were Knoedgen in Bree, De Bevere in Kortrijk, Fraikin, J., 1981, ‘Pipe Makers in Wallonia’, in P. Davey
Trees in Liège and Leveque in Andenne. (ed.), The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, V
(Europe 2), British Archaeological Reports, International
Import and export Series 106(i), Oxford, 3-110.
The most important country for Belgian exports was
France. Pipes were imported from France and Holland Meulen, J. van der, 1985, ‘Pijpenmakers en hun merken
and to a lesser degree from Germany. After 1940 import in de eerste helft van de 19e eeuw’, PKN, 8 (30), 34-47.
and export almost ceased.
Mordant, R., 1999, La Pipe en Terre d’Andenne et ses
New Research Objectives Marques, Andenne.

• Exports of pipes in the second half of the Parys, F. van, 1998, Pipes et Tabac en Région namuroise,
nineteenth century are not documented in figures Liège.
issued by the Belgian Bureau of Statistics.
Figures from other countries and archaeological Parys, F. van, 1999, Pipes et Tabac en Région liégoise,
data from world-wide could perhaps fill the gap. Liège.

• The production of seventeenth- and eighteenth- Parys, F. van, 1992, Les Pipes en Terre Belges, Des
century factories is hardly known. There is a Images á Fumer, Liège.
need of more archaeological research.

• There is too little attention given to the
archaeology of the imported pipes.

Principal Collections

• Museés Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Bruxelles.
• Museé de la Vie wallonie, Liège.

Figure 10: Belgian imports from Holland and France.

22

BOHEMIA Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 2 (2009)

by Martin Vyšohlíd pipes predominate during the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. From the second half of the eighteenth century
Introduction there is an increase in the use of socketed pipes (also
known as stub-stem or reed-stem pipes) initially imported
Clay pipe research in the Czech Republic has only just from Eastern Europe and the Balkans. This production
begun. For this reason there is very limited information culminates during the second half of the nineteenth
on clay pipe production and trade. The oldest clay pipes century, when these pipes were produced throughout
appeared in the first third of the seventeenth century. There Central and Eastern Europe. The following survey should
is no archaeological evidence for production during the be understood only as a preliminary summary of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Bohemia although evidence.
it can be inferred from brief reports in written sources
and the discovery of unique types of pipes found solely Seventeenth Century
in the Czech Republic. In Bohemia heeled and heelless
Heeled pipes had an absolutely dominant position in
this period in Bohemia. Although the proportion of
domestically produced, as opposed to imported products,

Figure 1: Central Europe pipes (seventeenth century).

23

Vyšohlíd, M., Country Summary - BOHEMIA

Figure 2: Heeled pipe stems: A - Central European production (seventeenth century), B & C - Western imports to
Bohemia (seventeenth - eighteenth century).

24

Journal of the Académie Internationale de la Pipe, Vol. 2 (2009)

Figure 3: Heeled and heelless pipes imported to Bohemia from western and central Europe (A - seventeenth century,
B - eighteenth century).

25

Vyšohlíd, M., Country Summary - BOHEMIA gradual but overwhelming increase in the use of socketed
pipes, which are imported to the Czech lands mainly
is not well understood, pipes made using the so called from manufactories in the Habsburg monarchy and from
‘Central European technology’ are presumed to be the Germany, too. These pipes are identifiable with some
most important. Such pipes are different from the western confidence because many have makers’ marks and they
tradition as bowl and stem were made separately and can also be identified from documentary sources. The
connected together in the final stage of manufacture finds frequently include pipes from Banská Štiavnica
before firing in the kiln. They can be divided into several (Schemnitz) and Podrečany (Podrecseny) in today’s
distinct groups with the first types occurring around the Slovak Republic, from Pápa in Hungary and Theresienfeld
1630s. The biggest group is represented by pipes found in in Austria (Figure 5).
a large area of central Europe (Bavaria, Bohemia, Silesia
and Saxony). Relief decoration is primarily represented by The only local evidence of socketed pipe production
geometrical and vegetable motifs (Figure 1A). The pipes comes from the small town of Kolín in central Bohemia.
are unmarked and appear in both unglazed and glazed The Mahler company produced mainly coffee-house type
forms (green, green-and-yellow, ochre-and-brown glaze). pipes, but also socketed pipes in classic forms (Figure
Another group consists of pipes with embossed decoration 6). Coffee-house pipes were very popular during the
in the form of an angel face on the back of bowl. These second half of the nineteenth century in Central Europe –
unglazed pipes occur only in Bohemia and rarely have mainly in the Czech lands, Austria and southern Germany
heel marks (Figure 1B). Central European production is (Figure 7). The final third of the nineteenth century sees
also represented amongst archaeological finds by stems the culmination of the popularity of three-piece porcelain
with special marks. Fragments of stems with heels have pipes which were produced in many porcelain factories in
identical marks on the heels and on the top of stem; motifs Bohemia, Austria and Germany (Figure 8).
such as beech leaves, oak leaves, grapes and lilies (Figure
2A). Twentieth Century

In the course of the century the first imported pipes are During the first third of the twentieth century the popularity
recorded (Figures 2B, 3A). There are both high-quality of both porcelain and socketed clay pipes slowly declined.
heeled pipes primarily deriving from Dutch makers in In a few regions of the Czech Republic a tradition of
Amsterdam and Gouda, and also pieces imported from wooden socketed and three-piece pipe making continued,
the immediate vicinity of Bohemia (Bavaria and other deriving their ideas from both clay and porcelain pipes
adjacent German states). originals.

Eighteenth Century New Research Objectives

At some time during the first decades of the eighteenth • Production sites of the seventeenth century need
century domestic production appears to have come to an to be identified and excavated, specifically for
end. There is no known evidence for the local production Central European production.
of heeled/heelless pipes later than this. From at least the
second half of the eighteenth century the manufacture • The proportion of domestic products and those
of the first socketed pipes in Bohemia begins, based on imported from Western Europe to Bohemia
models imported from Eastern Europe and the Balkans during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
(Figure 4). still requires elucidation.

At the same time the importation of western heeled/ • The relationship between the use of heeled/
heelless pipes continued (Figures 2C, 3B). The high- heelless pipes and socketed pipes during the
quality heeled Dutch-style pipes reappear from the second eighteenth century and the beginnings of
half of the eighteenth century but they are primarily from socketed pipe production in Bohemia needs
new production centres. They include pipes from Germany, further research.
in particular from production centres such as Waldenburg
in Saxony and Großalmerode in Hesse, and from Prussian • Written sources for nineteenth century production
manufactories such as Sborowski and Rostin in the area centres should be compared with archaeological
of today’s Poland. The end of the century sees a decline in finds.
the popularity of heeled/heelless pipes in Bohemia.
Principal Collections
Nineteenth Century
• The State Castle Jánský Vrch (The Olomouc
This century is characterised by the almost complete Region) – permanent exhibition 1200 pieces in
absence of heeled/heelless pipes. In contrast there is a the collection).

• Museum of the Vysočina Region (Bohemian-

Figure 4 (opposite): Socketed pipes imported from Eastern Europe and the Balkans (eighteenth century).

26