33960_First Childrens Encyclopedia

Russian Federation China and neighbours
Mongolia
Harbin
ULAN BATOR
Snow sculptures at the
Harbin Ice Festival

Jilin

Dinosaur fossils Shenyang

Gobi Desert North Korea

PYONGYANG

Temple of Heaven Dalian SEOUL
BEIJING
South
Yellow R
Seoul Olympic Korea
Xi’an
Great Wall of China iver Qingdao Stadium KoSrtr
Yangtze
China Eas t Chi n a
aitea Sea
Tibetan Lanzhou Shanghai
monk

Tea plantation Hanzhou
Wuhan River

Junk (fishing boat)

Chengdu Changsha

China porcelain Silk moth Fuzhou Taipei

Hong Kong business district Taiwan

and Exhibition Centre

Red panda Electronic
Kunming goods

Giant panda Hong Kong

Nanning

Hainan outh China Sea
S

K2 in the Himalayas. It is 8,611 metres (28,250 ft) tall. 49

Asia

50
How many people live in Tokyo?
Japan Steller’s ratiaonn)ds
sea eagle (KRuusrsiilaenIsFlede
Japan is made up of four large islands and
several thousand small ones. Most of the
country is mountainous. The biggest cities
are near the coast, where the land is flat.

Pollock Hokkaido

Sapporo

Snow monkey Japanese
crane

Aomori N

Cups for Apples
rice wine
Snow and ice festival Sea)apan E
O
An ice festival takes place every u Mountains W
Honshu
February in the town of Sapporo. Sea (oEfaJst Sushi S
People carve towers of ice into
temples, sculptures, or replicas

of famous buildings.

TOKYO

Oki Islands Geishas

Shinto Mount Fuji 3,776 m (12,388 ft)

shrine Nagoya Kabuki theatre Robot dog

Chugoku Mountains Kyoto Nagoya
Osaka Castle

Sumo wrestlers Hiroshima Izu Islands

Iki Shikoku Bullet train Toys and gadgets
Pearl in shell
Fukuoka Matsuyama Japan makes lots of
castle Pacific Ocean electronic goods, such
Kyushu as computer games,
televisions, and
Nagasaki robot pets.
Pottery
About 12 million.
Bonsai tree Tokyo skyline
yukyu IslandsEast China Sea
The capital city Tokyo is crowded

and lively. Its skyscrapers are

Octopus designed to sway slightly, which Ogasawara Islands

protects them from

falling during

earthquakes.

Sakishima Islands Volcano
Islands
These small tropical

R islands lie far to the
Okinawa
south of the rest Ishigaki Japan
of Japan.

Iriomote

Yonaguni

51

Australia and the Pacific Darwin

Australia

Australia is the world’s smallest Broome Saltwater
continent, but it is a huge country. crocodile
Most Australians live on the coast, Dingo
far from the vast, dusty deserts Boomerang
that make up the outback.
Ta n a mi
G r eat San Desert
Des ert
Port Hedland d y Northern
Iron ore Territory
Poisonous animals
Emu
More poisonous animals
live in Australia than
in any other country.

The male platypus Road train Camel Musgrave
has a poisonous spur on
each of its back ankles. Western

A box jellyfish’s sting Australia G r e a t Victo r i a
causes terrible pain that D esert
lasts for weeks and can kill. South
Kalgoorlie Australia
Geraldton

Taipans are the world’s Perth Kangaroo Australian Bight
deadliest snakes. A bite skyline Great white
can kill in 30 minutes. shark
Perth
Sea snake venom can Fremantle
kill a child, but bites from
these shy snakes are rare. Esperance Great

Cone shells are sea snails Albany
with deadly stings. The
venom causes suffocation. N

Funnel-web spiders W E
have poisonous fangs.
One bite can be fatal.

The tiny blue-ringed
octopus can paralyse and
kill a person with its bite.

S

52
What is a coral reef made from?

Aboriginal Coral reef Australia
paintings
53
The Great Barrier Reef

CarGpuenlftaorfia stretches for 2,000 km

(1,200 miles) along

Cape York Queensland’s coast.

Peninsula Many brightly coloured

Cairns fish live on the reef.

Tennant Creek Cattle farms Great Bar
Townsville
The Devils Mackay
Marbles Mount Isa Gre

Flying doctor rier ReefRainbow lorikeet

Dividing RangeQueensland
at
Rockhampton
e Eyre
Alice Springs Sheep stations

Simpson Desert Banana plantations Koala
Uluru (Ayers Rock) Brisbane

Ranges Pineapple farms

Lak Funnel-web Sydney Opera
spider House
Opals
Coober Pedy

Broken
Hill

Port Augusta New South Sydney
Whyalla Wales Wollongong

Port Lincoln Kookaburra CANBERRA
M Wagga Wagga Australian
Kangaroo Adelaide u r Capital Territory
Island ray River

Victoria

Mount Gambier Melbourne
Tram

Bass Strait

Tasmanian

devil Tasmania

Hobart

Sailing

The skeletons of tiny sea creatures.

Australia and the Pacific

New Zealand
and the Pacific

Hundreds of islands are scattered

across the Pacific Ocean. Two of Extreme sports
New Zealand is the world capital for
the biggest form the mountainous extreme sports. Bungee jumping, sky diving,

country of New Zealand. and white-water rafting are all popular.

Maori war dance
Most people in New Zealand
are European, but about one in ten
are Maoris – New Zealand’s native
people. On special occasions, Maoris
paint their faces and perform a war
dance called a haka.

Sheep shearing

Moving house

Earthquakes are common in New

Zealand, so people live in wooden

houses for safety. When people

move home, they can carry their
Kiwi
house away on a lorry.
South Island

Aoraki (Mt. Cook) s

3,744 m (12,283 ft) A l p Christchurch

Takahe rn
Southe w
e
Rugby N

Queenstown

Bungee jumping Dunedin
Royal albatross

Sheep

Oysters

54
What’s unusual about New Zealand’s kiwi birds?

N New Zealand and Pacific

Red snapper

W E

Auckland S

Pohuto geyser Pacific
Maori carving Kiwi fruit Ocean

Cook Strait North Island Z Coconut palms
e Forests of coconut palms
Parliament buildings a grow along the beaches
(Wellington) la of the Pacific islands.
n Islanders climb these tall
WELLINGTON d trees to gather the coconuts.

Northern Mariana Marshall Pacific islands
Islands (USA) Islands
About 5 million people live
Guam (USA) among the tropical islands
of the central Pacific.

Sperm Palau Micronesia
whale

Papua New Nauru Tuvalu Kiribati
Guinea
Solomon Tokelau (NZ)
Islands
Wallis & American
Vanuatu
Pacific Futuna Samoa Samoa
islanders fish from New (USA)
small wooden Caledonia (France)
canoes. (France) Cook Islands
Tonga (NZ)
Niue

(NZ) French
Polynesia
Fiji (France)

They can’t fly. 55

Antarctica Southern Ocean

Antarctica Antarctic Weddell Sea

The world’s coldest continent is South polar skua Halley Research
Antarctica, which is covered in Station (UK)
ice. In winter it doubles in size Peninsula
as the sea freezes around it. Ronne Ice
Shelf
Adélie penguins
Ellsworth
Penguins Land

Lots of sea animals live
around Antarctica’s coast.
Penguins are clumsy on land but
superb swimmers underwater.

A signpost in Antarctica
shows how far away the
rest of the world is.

Emperor
penguins
Krill

Blue whale

Southern OceanA n t a r c t i c Ice-breaker
Scott and the Antarctic
Circle
The British explorer Robert Scott
was one of the first people to reach

the South Pole, in 1912. He died of

cold and hunger on the way home.

56
Who was the first person to reach the South Pole?

Antarctica

Right whale Antarctic science

Dronning Southern The only people who
Maud Land live in Antarctica are
scientists. Some use

Ocean huge balloons to

Molodezhnaya Station study the climate Weather
(Russian Federation) on Antarctica. balloon.

Survey plane Adélie penguins

Antarctica P
a
E l i z r in c e s s
b et h L a

Amundsen-Scott n d Life in the freezer
Station (USA), South Antarctica is so cold that
Pole it freezes your breath into
icicles around your mouth.
SOUTH POLE
ntains People have to
arctic MouTr a n s a n tSnow mobile Elephant seal cover up in
lots of very
RSohsselIfce Vostok Station warm
(Russian Federation) clothes.

Casey Station Icicles
(Australia) from
breath.
McMurdo
57
R Seoss Station (USA)

a Sno-cat

Dumont d’Urville
Station (France)

Snow petrel

Killer whale

The Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, in 1911.

Flags of the world

Flags of the world

NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

Canada United States Mexico Guatemala Belize Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua
of America

St Kitts and Nevis Dominica St Lucia St Vincent and Barbados Grenada Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela
The Grenadines

AFRICA

Argentina Paraguay Uruguay Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt

Guinea-Bissau Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast Burkina Ghana Togo

Sao Tome and Principe Gabon Congo Democratic Uganda Rwanda Burundi Kenya
Republic of Congo EUROPE Norway

Swaziland South Africa Lesotho Madagascar Comoros Cape Verde Iceland

France Monaco Germany Austria Switzerland Liechtenstein Spain Andorra Portugal

Ukraine Moldova Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Croatia
Kazakhstan
RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA

Cyprus Russian Federation Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia Bahrain Qatar United Arab Oman Yemen

Emirates

Vietnam Cambodia Philippines Malaysia Singapore Brunei Indonesia East Timor

Maldives AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC

58 Mauritius Seychelles Australia New Zealand Palau Micronesia Marshall Islands

Which is the only country that doesn’t have a rectangular flag?

Flags of the world

There are 195 countries in the world. Each has its own flag.

Costa Rica Panama Bahamas Cuba Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic Antigua & Barbuda

Colombia Guyana Surinam Ecuador Peru Brazil Bolivia Chile

Mauritania Mali Niger Chad Sudan Eritrea Senegal Gambia

Benin Nigeria Cameroon Central African Ethiopia Djibouti Somalia Equatorial Guinea
Tanzania Republic

Angola Zambia Malawi Mozambique Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe

Sweden Finland Denmark United Kingdom Ireland Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg

Italy San Marino Vatican City Malta Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus

Romania Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro Kosovo Serbia Bulgaria Macedonia Albania Greece
ASIA
(disputed)

Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkey Iran Lebanon Syria Israel Jordan

Afghanistan Pakistan India Bangladesh Sri Lanka Burma (Myanmar) Laos Thailand

Papua New Guinea Mongolia China Nepal Bhutan North Korea South Korea Taiwan Japan

Nauru Kiribati Solomon Islands Tuvalu Samoa Vanuatu Fiji Tonga

Nepal. 59

People and society

World of people

More than six billion people
live in the world. These
people have different
customs, languages,
beliefs, and lifestyles.

Language and people This girl is
One in every five people dressed up for
in the world lives in May Day – a
China. The most widely festival that is
spoken language celebrated in
is Mandarin Chinese, some parts
which has almost of Europe.
one billion speakers.

Culture

People enjoy many
different kinds of
art and culture.

Writing is used to record
information, news, views,
stories, and history.

Theatre entertains May Day marks
audiences with acting, the first day of
dance, and costume. spring, after the
long, cold months
Painting is a way of of winter.
expressing feelings and
ideas through pictures.

Fashion is different all
over the world, and is
changing all the time.

Music styles can be
classical or popular,

60 traditional or modern.
Which is the second most spoken language in the world?

At work World of people
All over the world, people
work to earn a living. Curiosity quiz
What job would you
like to do? You could Look through the People
be an astronaut or and Society pages and
a teacher, a farmer or a see if you can identify
computer programmer. the picture clues below.

At play
Having time for leisure
and play is very important.
Some people like watching
or playing sport. Like these
children, you might enjoy
playing games with friends.

Celebrations

Important times
in people’s lives are
celebrated with special
feasts and festivals.
These are times for

people to enjoy
themselves and
to share their
religious beliefs.

At some festivals in India,
people exchange gifts of
sweets, like these.

Become
an expert

6-7 Our world
80-81 World of

history

Spanish. 61

People and society

Religious lands

Many people follow a religion. A
religion is a set of beliefs and a way
of worship. The main religions today

are Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism.

Hinduism Sacred symbols
Hinduism began
in India about Each of these symbols
4,000 years ago. has a special meaning.

Hindus believe Hinduism: the “Aum”
in a spirit called symbol represents the
Brahman (God). first sound of creation.
They also worship

many gods and Judaism: the Star of
goddesses, who David reminds Jews of
represent different a great Jewish king.

parts of Brahman. Buddhism: the wheel
represents eight points of
Hindus bathing Rosary the Buddha’s teaching.
in the holy River
Ganges, in India

The Church Christianity: the cross
of the Holy reminds Christians of
Sepulchre, in Jesus’ death on a cross.
Jerusalem
Islam: the star and
crescent moon appear
on many Islamic flags.

Sikhism: the khanda
symbol reminds Sikhs of
God and of God’s power.

Christianity
Christians follow the
teachings of a man called
Jesus Christ who lived about
2,000 years ago. They believe
that Jesus was the son of God,
who died to save them from sin.

62
What is the Christian holy book called?

This building Islam Religious lands
is a Buddhist People who follow Islam are called
monastery in Mecca (Makkah)
Thailand. Muslims. They believe in Allah is a holy city
(God), who guides them through for Muslims.
their lives. The holy book of Islam
The Western Wall
is called the Qur’an (Koran). (Wailing Wall), in
It contains the teachings of a Jerusalem, is a holy
place for Jews.
prophet called Mohammed.

Western
Wall

Buddhism Statues of the Judaism Menorah
Buddhists follow Buddha often Judaism is the religion of the Jews. (Jewish
the teachings of the show him Their holy book is called the candlestick)
Buddha. He was an meditating Torah. It tells the story of the
Indian prince who lived (thinking Jewish people and their special 63
about 2,500 years ago. He deeply). relationship with God.
showed people how to live
good, happy lives, full of peace.

Become The Golden Temple
an expert in Amritsar, India,
is the holiest of
68-69 Art and all Sikh shrines.
architecture
84-85 Ancient Egypt
90-91 The

Vikings

Sikhism
The Sikh religion was
started by a teacher called
Guru Nanak. Sikhs worship
in a building called a
gurdwara. Their holy book
is the Guru Granth Sahib.

The Bible.

People and society

Religious life

People honour their God or gods
by following their teaching. They

may come together for worship
and celebrate special events

with feasts and festivals.

Statue of Islam
the Buddha Muslims (followers of
Islam) must pray five
64 times a day: at dawn,
What is a mosque? midday, mid-afternoon,
sunset, and night-time.
Muslims follow a set of
special prayer positions.

Buddhism
Buddhists do not
worship a god, but
honour the life and
teachings of the
Buddha. In the temple,
they offer flowers,
candles, and incense
to the Buddha, to
show their respect.

In some Buddhist
countries, boys spend
time as monks.

In a synagogue, Jews listen Judaism Religious life
to readings from the Torah, Jewish people meet to
their holy book. worship and pray in a Turban
special building called
a synagogue. A man or Small
woman called a rabbi sword
leads the worship.

Torah Steel
scroll bangle

Silver Sikhism
pointer Many Sikh men wear
five things to show
This is Ganesha, the their faith. These are
elephant-headed god. uncut hair (often kept
tidy in a turban), a
Hinduism wooden comb, a small
Hindus worship the gods sword, a steel bangle,
and goddesses in their homes and white undershorts.
and in mandirs (temples). The
god Ganesha is said to bring Thessteorcyhioldf rtehne afTirhrreesetkainCgcshtirnigstomuatst.he

good luck and success.

Christianity Joseph
Christmas is a joyful festival Jesus
when Christians remember
how Jesus was born. There
are services in church,
and people celebrate
by exchanging
cards and gifts.

Jesus was born in a Mary
stable in Bethlehem.
Three kings brought
presents for him.

A building where Muslims worship Allah (God). 65

People and society

Writing and printing

People began to write things down
about 5,500 years ago. Before this,
they told stories and passed

news on by word of mouth.
Today, writing is all
around you.

The Quill pens in a pot of
alphabet ink with a scroll made
from papyrus reeds
Fountain
pens are filled Paper and pens
with ink.
The paper you use today comes
Signs and from trees. Long ago, people made
symbols
paper from reeds or animal
Sometimes, signs and skins. The first pens were
symbols are used to pieces of reeds,
write letters and words, dipped in soot
or even secret codes. or ink.

Pictograms are pictures Writing machines
used for writing. This old The first typewriters were
Chinese word means “to sell”. invented about 200 years ago.
They made writing much quicker.
Hieroglyphs were used Today, word processors, like this
by the ancient Egyptians. laptop computer, are used instead.
This one stands for “chick”.

Runes were Viking symbols
that were carved on stone or
wood. This is the “M” sound.

Music symbols like these
are used to write down
musical sounds (notes).

Morse code changes the Early typewriter Laptop computer
alphabet into dot and dash
signals for sending messages. What is a typeface?

66

Printing books Writing and printing

At first, books were written out by hand. This Become
an expert
took a long time and was very costly. Printing
84-85 Ancient
presses, like the one Egypt

shown here, were first An old wooden 90-91 The Vikings
used about 600 years printing press
ago. Printing books

by machine was

much quicker Thshiseemtsacinhtionenesowrstspapprienrtse.d

and cheaper.

The different parts
of the machine were
worked by hand.

Printing the news One rotary press
can print more
The first, hand-written newspapers than 75,000
date from Roman times. newspapers
They told people about battles in one hour.
and gladiator contests. Today,
giant rotary presses are used
to print millions of
books, newspapers,
and magazines
every day.

Every day, newspapers tell us
what is happening in the world.

... used in printing. A style of letters... 67

People and society

Art and architecture

Since ancient times, artists have painted pictures and
used stone and wood to make sculptures.
Architects plan the world’s buildings.

Cave painting Church art Modern sculpture
Prehistoric artists The Italian artist Modern British artist
painted pictures of Michelangelo painted Henry Moore used
figures and animals on scenes from the Bible on bold shapes to create
cave walls. This cave the ceiling and walls of this interesting – and
art is from the USA. the Sistine Chapel in “touchable” – giant
Rome, Italy. stone sculpture.

caAnarccwhhhiatonelcgeteuctrihteye wks. ay Skyscraper
loo

Singapore
skyline

68
When was the Sydney Opera House opened?

Architecture Art and architecture
Making art
Every building you see has been planned by an
architect. Styles of architecture have changed People use different types
over thousands of years. Buildings are designed of art to capture a scene
for living, working, worship, or simply for fun. or express their ideas.
Here are a few of them.
Castles were built
to defend people Drawing a quick “sketch”
from attack. This in pencil is a way for artists
castle is in Spain. to plan a colour painting.

The Taj Mahal Painting in colour is often
The beautiful Taj Mahal in done on a canvas using
watercolour or oil paints.
India was built as a tomb
for the emperor’s wife. It is Sculpture is the skill of
making artistic shapes out
made from white marble of stone, wood, or metal.
set with coloured stones.
Photography is a very
Modern accurate way of showing
skyscrapers how people and places look.
make
up the Graphic design is a way
Singapore of combining pictures and
skyline. words in imaginative ways.

An opera house
The Opera House in Sydney,
Australia, is a modern building.
Its wing-like roof makes it easy
to identify. It was designed to
look like the sails of boats in
the nearby harbour.

Become
an expert

86-87 Ancient
Greece

88-89 The Romans

In 1973. 69

People and society

Music

What is your favourite song or
tune? Do you like classical, jazz,
folk, rock, or pop music? If you
play a musical instrument, you
can make music of your own.

Conductor

An orchestra
Some musicians perform together
in a group called an orchestra.
There are about 90 musicians in a
symphony orchestra. The conductor
keeps them in time. Orchestras
usually play classical music.

Cymbal Drums and cymbals are
Drum percussion instruments.

Musical instruments
In an orchestra, there are
four kinds of instruments –
brass, woodwind, percussion,
and strings. Each instrument
makes its own individual
sound. The different sounds
blend together.

Flute

70
What sort of instrument is a xylophone?

Recording music Music

In a recording studio, each voice Mixing desk
or instrument can be recorded on
its own. These are called tracks. The knobs on the
Engineers mix the tracks together. mixing desk control
the volume and
tone of each track.

Types of music Madonna is Vinyl CDs
one of the most record
Many different kinds successful pop
of music are played singers of
all over the world. all time.

Early music was probably
played on instruments
made from animal bones.

Opera is a play set to Madonna Tape
music in which the Music can be recorded in many ways:
performers sing their lines. on computers, MP3 players, CDs,
vinyl records, and tapes.
Jazz musicians make up
some or all of the music Many rock and pop
as they play it. musicians play music
on electric guitars.
Rock music, or rock and
roll, has punchy lyrics Pop concerts
(words) and a strong beat. Watching your

Pop is short for popular favourite pop
music. It has catchy tunes star perform live on stage
and is good for dancing to.
can be thrilling. Many
Cello French people work behind the
horn scenes to make the show

Piano keyboard run smoothly.

A percussion instrument. Hands on

Would you
like to be a pop star?
Try writing your own pop
song. Start by writing a
poem, then make up a

tune to go with it.

71

People and society

Theatre and dance

Theatre began thousands of years ago in
ancient Greece. Actors and dancers put
on shows to entertain and inform people.

Actors and acting Actors use their body,
as well as the words, to
Putting on a play is a long task. create a character and
First, the playwright writes the play. perform the scenes.

Then actors bring the story and the

characters in the play to life. They

also have to remember their words!

These actors are playing
two characters called
Romeo and Juliet.

Costumes help Musical theatre
to show when Going to the theatre to see
and where the a musical is a special treat.
play’s action Musicals are an exciting
is happening. mixture of acting, dancing,
and song. This is a scene
from the musical “Oliver!”.

Who wrote the play “Romeo and Juliet”?

Japanese theatre Theatre and dance

These actors are performing an ancient type Forms
of Japanese play, called Kabuki. They wear of dance
beautiful costumes and mix acting, singing,
dancing, and music to put on a dazzling show. There are
many different
types and styles
of dance from all
over the world.

Tap dancers
wear metal-
capped shoes to
make “tap” sounds.

Ballet is a graceful
type of dance, set to
music, that tells a tale.

Indian dance Country and folk
Dancing is a way of telling dances from around the
a story or showing a feeling world are lively and fun.

using movement and music. Flamenco is a dramatic
This type of dancing, from Spanish dance set to the

India, is made up of special sound of clicking castanets.

movements and expressions. Jazz dance uses the rhythm

and beat of jazz music to

Puppet shows create an exciting dance.

Puppet shows are a very old type of

theatre. These glove puppets are

simple to work. A hand inside

makes the puppet move. One

Punch finger works the puppet’s

Become head, while two other
an expert
fingers work the arms.
70-71 Music
86-87 Ancient Judy

Greece

Punch and Judy are famous
puppets from Britain.

William Shakespeare.

People and society

Clothes and fashion

What are you wearing today? A Types of fabric
T-shirt? Trousers? Trainers? Clothes
can make you look good. They may Cotton is made of fibres
also have a special job to do. from the cotton plant. The
fabric is usually woven.

Silk is a thin, soft fabric
made from threads spun
by silkworms.

Leather is made from
the skins of animals
such as cows.

Wool is made from the
hair of sheep. It is often
knitted to make clothes.

Nylon and other This
artificial fabrics are Indian
made from chemicals. girl is
wearing
This Vietnamese a sari.
boy is wearing
casual clothes.

A raincoat, Wellington This French girl wears a
boots, and umbrella are top and skirt for school.
useful when it rains.

What do you wear?

What you wear depends
on where you live and
what you are doing. People
wear different clothes for
keeping warm, staying
cool, for playing sport,

and for going to school.
74

What is a beret (“ber-reh”)?

Clothes and fashion

Fashion shows
Some people design clothes
to look stylish or unusual.
They are called fashion
designers. They put on
fashion shows where models
show off their clothes.

This beautiful Clothes for the cold Uniforms
outfit is the In cold climates, clothes Some people have to wear
national dress were traditionally made special clothes for work. These
of a hill tribe from animal fur and are called uniforms. This
from Vietnam. skins. Today, synthetic fire-fighter’s uniform protects
(artificial) fabrics are against heat and flames. Do
often used instead. you wear a uniform at school?

This girl is wearing a This Masai girl from Tanzania is
kimono, the national wearing her colourful national dress.
dress of Japan.
Children from the Arctic
need thick, fur-lined
clothes for warmth.

National dress 75

A country’s
traditional clothes
are called its
national dress.
In many countries,
people only wear
their national dress
for festivals or other
special occasions.

A round, flat type of hat.

People and society Football (also called soccer) is the
most popular sport in the world.
Sport and leisure

What do you do in your
spare time? Do you enjoy
a favourite sport? Or
do you have fun
with toys or play
computer games?

Spectator sports

A spectator sport is a sport that
people like to watch. Football,
rugby, American football, baseball,
and golf are all spectator sports.

Team sports

All of these spectator

sports are played by

S Snowboarders two teams of players.
n wear warm,
ow baggy clothes. Baseball: teams score
boarders do amazing spins aOutdoor sports runs by batting. Fielders
ndSnowboarding, rock climbing, Plastic clips wear a catching glove.
jumcanoeing, skiing, and sailing are outdoorattach the
ps.sports. You need special equipment and boot to the Basketball: points are
snowboard. scored by throwing the ball
into a raised hoop (basket).

Football: each team tries
to kick or head the ball
into the other team’s net.

Ice hockey: teams score
goals by hitting a puck
with flat sticks.

Rugby: teams score “tries”
by carrying the oval ball

clothes to do outdoor sports safely. along the pitch.
76
Which games are played with cues on a table?

A control pad for Sport and leisure
a games console
A small, motorized
toy model boat

Computer games You play chess Toys and games
You play computer with pieces on Children play with toys such
games on a games console a board. as dolls, construction sets, and
attached to a television, model vehicles. A game is often
on a hand-held console, played against one or more
or on a personal computer. opponents – and can
What is your favourite be challenging, as
computer game? well as fun.

Individual sports Playing
Doll cards
In these sports, people
play on their own
against an opponent.

Tennis: players hit a ball
with rackets. They must
keep the ball in the court.

Swimming:
swimmers race each
other up and down a pool.

Golf: players hit a ball
around a course, using as
few shots as they can.

Running: runners race Going to the movies 77
against each other on When new films are made, they are
first shown on large screens at cinemas.
a track or on roads. Today, many films are made using
animation and special effects.
Table tennis: players hit
a ball with small bats. The

game is played on a table.

Snooker, pool, and billiards.

People and society

Working people

What do you want to be when
you grow up? All over the world,
people do different kinds of work
to earn the money to buy their
food, clothes, and homes.

Astronauts
Astronauts are people who work in space. Some
fly spacecraft. Others do science experiments in
space. The astronauts in this picture are

working inside a Space Shuttle.

Market sellers
There are markets selling food and
other goods in almost every town
and city. This man is selling fruit

and vegetables from his
market stall in
Cairo, Egypt.

78
What do you call someone who writes books to earn a living?

Working people

This vet is giving a
cat a health check.

Vets Farmers The farmer’s
If your pet is ill, you take it to the vet. Vets All over the world, farmers grow plough is
look after sick and injured animals. Some crops and raise animals. They grow being pulled
vets treat small animals, such as cats and food for themselves and to sell at by an ox.
dogs. Others work with farm or zoo animals. market. This farmer is ploughing
his rice field in Thailand.

This teacher is Teachers
helping some Who is your favourite teacher?
children to At school, teachers help you to
learn to read.
learn science, languages, and
other subjects. Teachers These
have to go to college to engineers are
learn how to teach you! making a part for
a power station.

Teacher

Pupils

Engineers

Engineers are people who design or

make such things as cars, aeroplanes,

machines, and buildings. To be an

engineer, you need to be good at

science and mathematics. 79

An author.

History of people The mummy
mask of the
World of history Egyptian king,
Tutankhamun
History tells us the story of how
people lived in the past. From the Decorative
things they left behind, we can blue stones
find out about their homes, food, called lapis
clothes, work, and beliefs. lazuli

Solid gold

Early people People learnt how to grow crops for food.Powerful kings

About 10,000 years ago, groups of Many great civilizations
people began to settle down in certain were ruled by powerful kings.
places. They started to farm the land In ancient Egypt, the kings
and to raise animals for food. were called pharaohs. They
were so important
Early farmers cut down the that people
ripe wheat stalks with a worshipped
sickle made from a sharp them as gods.
flint stone set in
a wooden handle.

Spanish galleon

80
Where did the Aztecs and Incas live?

Greeks and Romans Now people are exploring space. World of history

About 2,500 years ago, Curiosity quiz
ancient Greek culture
flourished. Then the Romans Look through the History
grew in strength and ruled of People pages and see
over a great empire from if you can identify the
Rome in present-day Italy. picture clues below.

The ancient Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Explorers

For centuries, people
have travelled far and
wide across the world.

They went in
search of new

lands, goods to trade,
and adventures.

The first Space Shuttle
flight was made in
1981 with a Shuttle
called Columbia.

These coins were made by 20th century Become
European explorers using the gold The 20th century an expert
they discovered on their travels. saw many new
inventions and 66-67 Writing
discoveries being and printing
made. People flew 280-281 Men on
in space for the
first time, and even the moon
walked on the Moon.
81
In Central and South America.

History of people

Homo From apes to Early people
habilis skull human beings
The first human beings lived
Our oldest ancestors about two million years ago.
looked like apes. We do not know exactly
Slowly, they became what they looked like, but
more human-like we do know how they lived.
and began to walk
upright on two legs.

Neanderthal skull Cave shelters

Modern Early people used caves like these
human skull as shelters. Inside, the caves were
safe and warm. Sometimes, people
painted the walls with pictures
of the animals they hunted.

The first farmers Flint A flint hand
blade axe from
Until 10,000 years ago, Fire Egypt.
people had to travel in
search of food. Then they Tools and fire
began to grow crops and keep We take fire and tools
animals for meat and milk. for granted, but early
These people were the first people had to learn
how to make and use
farmers. them. The first tools
were stone hand
axes, made about
600,000 years ago.

This woman is grinding
grain between two stones
to make flour for bread.

82
How did early people start fires?

The first cities Early people
When people started Early inventions
growing their food, they
were able to settle in one Here are some of the
place. They began to build everyday things that
houses, villages, and cities. early people used.
One of the first cities was
Jericho in Jordan. Dogs were first used
for hunting about
Hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago.

Early people hunted woolly mammoths, cave The first metal tools
bears, reindeer, and other animals for food. were made from copper
They also collected fruit, nuts, and roots, about 10,000 years ago.
and caught fish.
The first clay pots for
The meat from storing water were made
a mammoth was about 7,000 years ago.
enough to feed
a family for a Become
whole year. an expert

92-93 Aztecs,
Incas, and
Mayas

Hunters killed
the mammoth
with wooden
spears.

Mhadumnatnmignoegro
us wwoatrhsk!

By rubbing two sticks or striking two stones together. 83

History of people

Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians lived by the banks
of the River Nile about 3,500 years ago.
Their powerful rulers were called pharaohs.

Beautifully The pyramids
decorated
mummy The ancient Egyptians
believed in life after death.

The pharaohs built
magnificent tombs for
themselves, called
pyramids.

Mummy Building skills
of a cat Egyptian builders did
not have modern tools
and machines to help These men are carrying stone blocks for
them. The workers building, as the ancient Egyptians did.
carried huge stone
blocks into place, or
sent them on barges
along the river.

Mummification Hands on

When an important

person died, the body Try writing
was “mummified”. out a message

Some of the inside using only Egyptian
parts were removed. hieroglyphics. You could
Then the body was also make up your own
treated with chemicals
set of hieroglyphic
symbols.

and wrapped in bandages.
84

Why did the Egyptians mummify their dead?

The Nile floods Ancient Egypt
Each year, the River Nile
flooded and spread rich, Hieroglyphics
black soil on its banks.
Farmers grew crops in the The Egyptians used
soil and used the river picture writing called
water to water their fields. hieroglyphics. Symbols,
such as those below, stood
A funeral for letters and sounds.
barge

Nile barges

The River Nile stares out across the were important
in Egypt for transport.

desert. Hieroglyphic sound chart

The mysterious Sphinx still ah b c, k d

ee, y f g h

kh m n p

rs t oo, u, w

The great Sphinx guards The Sphinx
the pyramid of a pharaoh A huge stone statue, called
called Khafra. the Sphinx, guards the
pyramids at Giza. It has the
body of a lion and a human
head, which was modelled

on the pharaoh’s
own features.

To keep the body whole for the next life. 85

History of people

Ancient Greece

About 2,500 years ago, Greece was
made up of powerful “city-states”, such
as Athens and Sparta, which fought
wars against each other.

Greek buildings

The ancient Greeks built
beautiful temples where they
worshipped their gods. This
temple in Athens was built to
honour the goddess Athena.

Greek theatre
Going to the theatre was very popular in
ancient Greece. The Greeks wrote many
plays, including tragedies and comedies.
People watched their favourite plays in
large outdoor theatres, like the one above.

86
Where were the first Olympic Games held?

The Trojan War sTohcldaille Ancient Greece
d heorspelwsiteeerse. Greek mythology
During a long war with
the city of Troy, the The Greeks told many
Greeks gave the Trojans stories about their gods
a huge wooden horse and goddesses.
as a gift. But the horse
was full of soldiers, Zeus was king of the gods
who attacked the and chief of the 12 gods who
Trojans as they slept. lived on Mount Olympus.

Helmet Athena was goddess of
with nose war, wisdom, and Athens.
protector She helped heroes in battle.

Poseidon was the brother
of Zeus and Hades and god
of the seas and earthquakes.

Aphrodite was goddess of
love and beauty. She loved
Ares, the god of war.

Hades was god of the
Underworld – the home of
the dead in Greek legends.

Strong, bronze These leg Shield
metal armour guards are
protected called greaves. Some shields
the body. were decorated
with crests.
Warriors
87
Each city had
an army, and
war was part of
daily life. Soldiers
had to buy their own
weapons and armour,
so they often came
from rich families.

In Olympia, Greece.

History of people The city of Rome
The city of Rome is still a
The Romans busy place, just as it was
in ancient times. If you visit
Ancient Rome began as a group Rome today, you can see
of small villages along the River the ruins of the Forum, the
Tiber in Italy. It soon grew into Colosseum, and many other
splendid Roman buildings.
a great and powerful city that
ruled a mighty empire.

The Forum

Gladiators

The Colosseum was a
huge building in Rome
where people went
to watch wild beast
shows and gladiator
fights. Gladiators
often fought to
the death.

Gladiators were armed with
nets and spears, or small
shields and swords.

50,000 people could
sit and watch the
fights in the arena.

Lions and other wild
animals were killed
during the shows.

What was a Roman villa?

Latin language The Romans
The Romans spoke a language Famous Romans
called Latin. Roman children
learnt to write Latin by scratching Below, you can read
out letters on wooden boards that about some of the most
were covered in wax. famous Romans of all.

This inscription is Spartacus was a slave
written in Latin. who led an army of slaves
against the Romans.
The Roman Empire Asia
Julius Caesar was a
The Romans conquered Rome great general who ruled
a vast empire. They Rome. He was murdered.
built this wall between Europe
Scotland and England Augustus was the first
to protect the boundary Africa Roman emperor. After his
of their empire. death, he was made a god.
The purple area on this map shows the size
Hadrian’s Wall of the Roman Empire in about 300 CE . Ovid was a Roman poet.
He wrote many poems
about myths and legends.

Hadrian toured the
empire and built walls
and forts to guard it.

The Roman army A soldier’s sandals

The Romans had the best army

in the world. Their soldiers

conquered many

countries and

guarded the A standard
empire. The (army flag)

soldiers often had to

march long distances.

A large house in the countryside. Roman roads
In peacetime, Roman soldiers
were kept busy building
roads. Roads were important
for moving the army around
the empire. Roman roads
were usually very straight.
Some are still used today.

89

History of people The Vikings

Mast The Vikings lived more than
1,000 years ago. Their home
The sail was made was in Scandinavia, in
from wool or linen. northern Europe, but they
are famous for their long sea
Longships journeys to distant lands.

Viking boats Viking travellers
were called The Vikings were daring sailors and
longships. They explorers. They made fierce raids on the
were built from countries of western Europe. They went
wood, and were in search of trade and new lands to live
fast and strong in – even as far away as North America.
enough to cover
vast distances. Ropes

Scandinavia

Atlantic Europe
Ocean

North
America

The Vikings reached
North America in about
the year 1000 CE.

A longship carried
about 80 Vikings,
who rowed and
sailed the ship.

90
What is the Viking alphabet called?

The Vikings

Warrior duty Viking homes

Being a brave warrior Viking families lived in houses made from wood,
was very important to stone, or turf. A hole was left in the roof to let out
the Vikings. They could smoke from the cooking fire. People sat on stools or
be called up to fight at benches around the fire and slept on raised beds.
any moment, so they
always dressed
ready for battle.

Iron and
wood spear

Viking warriors Helmet with A small statue
carried wooden noseguard
shields and wore Story-telling of a Viking god
armour made Chain-mail called Frey
from leather or shirt
chain mail. To entertain each

other, the Vikings told

long stories about their

heroes, gods, and great

warriors. The stories

were called sagas.

Padded Runes
leather The Vikings carved poems and
tunic inscriptions using symbols called
runes. Each rune was made of straight
lines, so it was easy to carve them on
wood or stone.

Round Swords and
wooden spears were
shield used for
fighting.

Long Iron
woollen sword

socks

Goat-skin shoes 91

It is called “Futhark” (“foo-thark”).

History of people

Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas

Three great civilizations grew up in

the ancient Americas. They were

called the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas.

These people built great cities and

temples to their gods. Aztecs

Mayas

Aztec Where did they live? Incas
warrior The Aztecs and Mayas ruled
headdress large parts of Mexico and
Central America. The Inca
Empire stretched along the
west coast of South America.

Aztec temple

Aztec temples looked like pyramids,
with steps leading to a shrine on top.
Here, the Aztecs killed people and
offered their hearts to
the god of the Sun.

This is Chicomecoatl, the
Aztec goddess of maize.

Gods and farming
The Aztecs prayed to the gods
to make their crops grow. Most
important was maize (corn). It
was ground into flour for making

flat breads called tortillas.

92
How were the Incas like the ancient Egyptians?

Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas

Spanish Spanish invasion Inca gold
galleon In the 16th century, Spanish
explorers came to the Americas. The Incas made objects
Their arrival meant the end of from gold. The Spanish
greed for gold led to the
the Aztec, Maya, and Inca end of the Inca empire.
empires. Many people were
killed and their cities destroyed. Llamas were important to
the Incas. They were used
for wool and for transport.

Mayan cities Gold armbands may
have been worn by the
The Maya built great Tikal is in Guatemala, South America. bravest Inca warriors.
cities, filled with
magnificent stone Statues of Inca gods were
temples, palaces, and made from gold to show
squares. This is the honour towards them.
Temple of the Great
Jaguar in the Mayan Hands on
city of Tikal.
Make an
Inca farmers Aztec headdress. Cut a
strip of card to go round
This is the Inca city of Machu Picchu, your head and stick on 
high in the Andes mountains in Peru. card feathers. Paint it
Farmers grew crops in level fields cut
into the mountainside. Maize, and tape the ends
legumes (beans), and together.
squash were their
main crops.

Ruins of Machu Picchu’s
buildings can still be
seen in Peru today.

They made mummies. 93

History of people Knights and castles
Types of castle
Even for brave knights in the middle
The first castles were ages, attacking a castle was dangerous.
made from wood, but Thick walls kept them out, and the castle
stone was stronger. archers had their bows and arrows ready.

French chateaux were Castle design Battlements
magnificent royal homes,
with moats and towers. Massive walls and towers made castles
almost impossible for enemy soldiers
Norman keeps were to attack. Many castles were built on
stone towers, surrounded hills, so they were difficult to reach.
by thick castle walls.

Japanese castles were
built by warrior lords
and had decorative roofs.

The Red Fort in India
was a palace with stone
walls 30 m (100 ft) tall.

Hands on Tower Thick
walls
Make a
knight’s shield from
a big piece of coloured
card. Decorate the shield
with your own coat
of arms, cut out of

silver paper.

Jousting

In peacetime, knights
fought practice
battles, called
jousts, to train for war. They
used poles (lances) to knock
each other off their horses.

94
What was chain mail?

Knights and castles

Helmet Knights Buffalo Samurai warriors wore
horns armour made from
Leg coated wood or plates
guard Knights were soldiers who fought of metal laced together.
(greave)
Spur on horseback. They wore heavy

armour made from iron and

were armed with axes,

swords, and spears.

A knight used his sword to
stab between the gaps in
an enemy’s armour.

Samurai warriors Leather leg Samurai
In Japan, knights were protector sword
called samurai. They
were warriors who
fought for a powerful
lord and followed a
strict code of honour.

Archers fired
arrows through
slits in the walls.

Lance Each knight
had his own
pattern, called
his coat
of arms.

Shield

Portcullis

Armour made from small loops of metal. Moat

95

History of people

British

20th centuryairforce

symbol

The 20th century was the time from 1901 to
2000. In the 20th century there were many
events, inventions, and discoveries that

changed people’s lives for ever.

A British fighter aircraft Nuclear power
from World War II The first nuclear power station
was opened in 1954. Today, there
are about 400 of them in the
world. These power stations make
dangerous waste. Some people
think they should be closed down.

World wars Nearly three-quarters of France’s This is Sirius, a ship
electricity is made at nuclear power owned and used by the
There were two terrible stations. This one is on the River Seine. Greenpeace organization.
world wars during the
20th century. World War I prTohteicckts athrme otaunrk.
lasted from 1914 to 1918.
World War II lasted from
1939 to 1945. Millions of
soldiers and civilians
died in these wars.

The tracks stop the Tank
heavy tank sinking
into mud.

96
Who was the first person to go into space? And when?

Pop music 20th century
The Beatles were one of the Advances
most successful pop groups
of all time. In the 1960s, Advances made in the
millions of people bought 20th century have made
their records. Performances many people’s lives easier.
on television also helped to
boost their fame. The Beatles Mobile telephones
split up in 1970. and the Internet make
it easy to keep in touch.
The Beatles playing live on television in New
Medical advances help
Man on the Moon York, USA us to fight diseases and
recover from injuries.
In 1969, astronauts visited the Moon
Inventions such as the jet
for the first time. People all around Buzz engine have made
the world watched on television as Aldrin travel fast and cheap.

the astronauts stepped onto the Sport became extremely
popular, and many sports
Moon’s grey, dusty surface. people became very famous.

Space Buzz Aldrin Scientific discoveries,
suit was the such as DNA, helped
second man medicine and technology.
on the Moon.

The environment Technology
Many new types
Some people began to worry about of technology were
the damage that humans are doing developed in the 20th century.
to the environment. They formed Microchips were invented in
organizations such as Greenpeace the 1950s. They are used in
and Friends of the Earth. computers, televisions, stereos,
and many other machines.
Nelson Mandela
There were many important 97
political changes during the
20th century. Nelson Mandela
fought against an unfair
political system in South
Africa. He became president
of South Africa in 1994.

A Russian cosmonaut (astronaut) called Yuri Gagarin in 1961.

Human body

Your amazing body Become
an expert.
The greatest machine you’ll ever own is
your body. It’s more complicated 106-107 Bones
than any computer, it and muscles
lasts for a lifetime, and 116-117 Eating
it’s yours for free. and digestion

Body parts Hair

Your body is made up Forehead
of hundreds of different
parts. You probably know Ears Inside your body
the names of the bits you Cheeks
Eyebrows Doctors can see
can see, but there are
many more hidden inside your body
deep inside you.
with special cameras.

Nose Eyes X-ray cameras take

pictures of hard body

Lips parts like bones. Other
Teeth cameras, called scanners,
can see soft body parts.

ands Fin gers
Wrists
Two of everything H
Body parts often come A chest X-ray shows the bones in
in pairs. You have your chest. The white shape in the
two feet, two eyes, middle is the heart.
two ears, two lungs,
and so on. This What do we call the study of the human body?
means you have
a handy spare in
case one of them
gets damaged.

98