Harvard Referencing 2016

LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE

HARVARD
REFERENCING

LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE 1
MARCH 2016

Why do I need to use referencing? Commented [ER1]: American spelling

PLAGIARISM

You must make it clear when you are using someone else’s work to avoid plagiarism (passing
someone else’s work off as your own). If you plagiarise, even accidentally, your work may be
penalised.

Referencing demonstrates that you have carried out appropriate research and supports your
arguments, reasoning and explanations.

It also allows your lecturer to check your sources for accuracy.

When do I need to provide a reference? Commented [ER2]: Take out single quotation as students
confused
Step 1: In–text Referencing Commented [ER3]: Could we give an example when in text
You must acknowledge your sources within the body of your essay any time you: referencing could be at end of sentence – as students confused
that they have to put full stop after brackets.
 Refer to (cite) another’s words or ideas in your work, for example: Commented [ER4]: surname
Commented [ER5]: surname
It has been argued that the main considerations are… (Harris, 2001). Commented [ER6]: surname
Commented [ER7]: Take out single quotation as students
You should include in your reference the author’s surname(s) and the date of publication confused
in brackets: (Surname, 2001)
Commented [ER8]: Should there be space before page
If you include the author’s surname in your sentence, you only need to provide the year number
in brackets: Commented [ER9]: Take out single quotation as students
confused
It has been argued by Harris (2001) that the main considerations are…

 Paraphrase (put into your own words) a particular argument or point from a source:

It has been argued (Harris, 2001, pp.20-21) that the main considerations are the
scope of the project, the cost and the duration of the work…

When paraphrasing you must include page numbers as well: (Surname, 2001, p.1)

You should aim to paraphrase information provided by an author in your own words
rather than quote large amounts of their work verbatim as this demonstrates your
understanding of the information you have read. It can be necessary to quote
directly from the text when you need to present a particular portion of an author’s text in
your work to analyse it.

 Quote directly

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If the quotation is short (less than two lines), enclose the writer’s words in double quotation Commented [ER10]: This text is more indented to left than
marks (“) and then cite the author’s surname, date and the page number (Name, 2001, p.1), text below.
for example: Commented [ER11]: Should there be a space here before
number
Key causes of economic deprivation include low income or unemployment which are Commented [ER12]: Should be a full stop after brackets
often the result of “poor qualification levels and lack of basic skills” (Thake and
Saubach, 1993, p.18). Commented [ER13]: Should there be a space here before
number
Longer quotations should be separated from the body of your text and indented from the left-
hand margin (by pressing the Tab key). When you indent a quotation, there is no need to Commented [ER14]: Space before number?
include quotation marks: Commented [ER15]: Full stop after brackets
Commented [ER16]: Full stop
As Joia and Sanz (2005, p.5) observe:

In specific terms, it might be imagined that the benefits of web consumer retention
would only seem to be advantageous for digital companies that are client-centric,
which can interact with these consumers. Furthermore, the mere fact of using
transactional practices, low differentiation between products and the emphasis on
promotion of price on the web would seem to increase sensitivity to price.

In the current fiercely competitive internet commerce climate it would seem that these
observations might well be borne out.

If you omit some words from the quotation, you need to indicate this by typing in three dots, e.g.
“The state has an essential role ... in the legal definition of property rights” (Deininger,
2003, p.69).

If you add some of your own words within the quotation, place your words in [square brackets]
to make it clear which are the author’s words and which are yours.

Remember to quote exactly as the words appear in the original: do not add bold or italics.

Step 2: How to Reference Different Sources in your
Bibliography

The main aim in providing accurate and consistent referencing (apart from meeting academic
conventions) is to enable your readers to look up the exact sources that you have cited in your
piece of work. This means that you need to give accurate information about the type of source
the name or title of the source, who produced it, the date it was produced and where you found
it.

Consult the guide attached to find out how to present information from the most common
sources for in-text references and your Bibliography.

Note: When a corporate author’s name starts with ‘The’, use the first main word of the title, e.g.
The Open University is listed under ‘O’.

Make a note of your references as you go along!

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Referencing Guide

The list below is not exhaustive. If you are using a type of source not detailed below, go to Th
comprehensive list: http://student.ayrshire.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=2314

Please note that some sources may not give all the information listed for this type of source b
known.

Type of Format In-Text Example Bibliography Examp
Resource
Neville, C. (2010) The Comp
Book Surname, Initials. Referring to author: Plagiarism. 2nd Ed. Maidenhe
(1 author) (Year of Neville (2010) argues
publication in that…
brackets) Book
title. Edition. “Quotation” (Neville,
Place of 2010, p.76).
publication:
Publisher. Paraphrase:
It has been argued
*Note: You only that…(Harris, 2001,
need to include pp.20-21).
the edition if it’s
not the first
edition

he Core (on the LRC Moodle page) for a Commented [ER19]: spelling
but you must provide the information below, if Commented [ER17]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
the word Citation: be added above
ple

plete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding
ead: Open University Press.

Commented [ER18]: Should there be space before page
number

4

Book Surname, Initials., Referring to author: Bradbury, I., Boyle, J. and M
(2 to 3 Surname, Initials. According to Bradbury, Physical Geographers. Harlo
authors) and Boyle and
Surname, Initials. Morse (2002)... (Use either ‘and’ or ‘&’ betwe
(Year of book cover)
publication “Quotation” (Bradbury,
in brackets) Boyle and Morse, 2002,
Book title. Edition. p.51).
Place of
publication: Paraphrase:
Publisher. It has been noted
that…(Bradbury, Boyle
and Morse, 2002, p.54).

Book Surname, Initials. Referring to author: Campbell, N. A. et al. (2008)
(4 or more et al. (Year of According to Campbell et
authors) publication in al., (2008).... Fontana-Giusti, G. (ed.) (200
brackets) Designing Cities for People:
Edited book Book title. Edition. “Quotation” (Campbell et Psychological Sustainability.
Place of al., 2008, p.76).
publication:
Publisher. Paraphrase:
It has been noted
Surname, Initials. that…(Campbell et al.,
(ed.) 2008, p.76).
(Year of Referring to author:
publication in According to Fontana-
brackets) Giusti, (2008)…
Book title. Edition.
Place of “Quotation”
publication: (Fontana-Giusti, 2008,
Publisher. p.15).

Morse, A. (2002) Scientific Principles for Commented [ER20]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
ow: Prentice Hall. the word Citations: be added above

een authors- whichever is used on the

) Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.

Commented [ER21]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
the word Citation: be added above

08) Commented [ER22]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
Social, Environmental and the word Citation: be added above
. 2nd Ed. London: Earthscan.
5

Chapter in an Surname, Initials. Paraphrase: Marshall, W. A. (1975) The C
edited (of the author It is evident Development. In: Sants, J. &
book writing the that…(Fontana-Giusti, Psychology. Aylesbury, Buck
chapter). (Year of 2008, p.60).
publication in Referring to author:
brackets) Title of As noted by Marshall
chapter. In: (1975)....
surname, Initials.
(of author or “Quotation” (Marshall,
editor of book 1975, p.76).
(ed.).
Book title. Paraphrase:
Edition. It is evident
Place of that…(Marshall, 1975,
publication: p.86).
Publisher.

E-Book Surname, Initials. Referring to author: Sadler, P. (2003)
(Year of Sadler (2003) argues Strategic Management. [Onli
publication in that........ at: http://www.netlibrary.com
brackets)
Book title. “Quotation”
[Online] (Sadler,2003, p.18).
Edition. Place of
publication: Paraphrase:
Publisher. It has been
Available at: URL. noted…(Sadler, 2003,
(Accessed on p.43).
date).

Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Commented [ER24]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
& Butcher, H. J. (eds.). Development the word Citation: be added above
ks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd. Commented [ER23]: Could we add editors (eds)

ine] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available Commented [ER25]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
m/reader/. (Accessed on 15th May 2015). the word Citation: be added above

Commented [ER26]: Causing confusion as students not sure if
it should be blue as other examples not blue

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Ejournal Surname. Initial. Referring to author: Jones, H. et al. (2005) ‘The a
article (Year of Jones et al. (2003) Review, vol. 30, no. 2,pp. 6–
publication in argues that…
brackets) ‘Title of http://st_croix_e-review.com/
article’, Journal “Quotation”
title, Volume (Jones et al., 2003, p.18). on 28th October 2010).
(abbreviated to
vol.), number Paraphrase:
(abbreviated to It is evident that…(Jones
no.), page et al, 2003, p.43).
numbers if known
(abbreviated to
pp.0 [Online].
Available at: URL.
(Accessed on
date).

Course Surname, Initials Referring to author: Voltmer, K. (2006) Politicians
Handouts (of the lecturer). … as discussed by Lecture notes distributed in C
(Year) Lecture Voltmer (2006). April, University of Leeds.
Course title. Lecture
material from notes distributed “Quotation” (Voltmer, Voltmer, K. (2006) Politicians
the VLE in MODULE 2006, p.3). [PowerPoint presentation acc
CODE Title of Politics and the Media. Unive
module. Date, Paraphrase:
teaching It is evident
organisation. that…(Voltmer, 2006,
p.5).
Surname, Initials. Referring to author:
(of the lecturer) … as discussed in
(Year) Title. Voltmer (2006).
[Format accessed
through the VLE, “Quotation”
eg PowerPoint (Voltmer, 2006, p.10).

attractions of stupidity’, The St. Croix e- Commented [ER29]: Should be first author et al
–10 [Online]. Available at:
Commented [ER28]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
/index.php/articles/view/30/6. (Accessed the word Citation: be added above

Commented [ER30]: Is it square brackets or curly like
website

s and the press: models of interaction. Commented [ER27]: Not sure about the 0
COMM5610 Politics and the Media. 17
Commented [ER31]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
the word Citation: be added above
Commented [ER32]: Should there be a year here as this could
be different from the year it was published. Could it be made
clear here that lecturers may not be happy about students using
course handouts for referencing.

s and the press: models of interaction. Commented [ER33]: Full stop here?
cessed through the VLE]. COMM5610 Commented [ER36]: Full stop here
ersity of Leeds. Commented [ER34]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
the word Citation: be added above
Commented [ER35]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
the word Citation: be added above

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presentation]. Paraphrase:
MODULE CODE
Title of module. It is evident
Teaching that…(Voltmer, 2006,
organisation.
p.11).

Referencing a Website

A website can be published by an individual or an organization - you should aim to identify on
cannot identify its author. Use the website’s URL if you cannot identify its author or title. Ho
its suitability as an academic source may need to be questioned.

To find a publication (or last modified) date, look in the header (top of the page) and footer (b
may not be able to identify a date of publication on a webpage; in that case it is acceptable

Type of Format In-Text Example Bibliography Ex
Resource
BBC News. (2008) Fa
Website Surname, Referring to author: Available at:
Initials or website ...as reported by the BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/
name if no author (2008). 19th June 2015).
is available. (Year - in
brackets*) “Quotation” OR
Title of (BBC, 2008).
Website McLeod, S. (2007) Ps
[Online]. Available at: Paraphrase: at: http://www.simplyp
URL. It is evident that…(BBC, on 15th January 2016)
(Accessed on date). 2008).

OR

ne of these. Use the title of the website if you Commented [ER38]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
owever, if a web page has no clear author or title, the word Citation: be added above

bottom of the page) as well as in the URL. You
e to use '(N.D.)' in place of a date.

xample

actory gloom worst since 1980 [Online].
/1/hi/business/7681569.htm.(Accessed on

sychology Perspectives. [Online] Available Commented [ER37]: Should be webpage?
psychology.org/perspectives.html. (Accessed
). Commented [ER39]: Could we give an example of a website
with an author as students are confused by this (and the example
8 on the handout worksheet has an author).

It is evident
that…(McLeoad, 2007).

No page numbers
required for websites.

Secondary Referencing

You may want to use a quotation or an idea from a source referenced in a work you have rea
discovered it through a secondary source, if an author’s work is quoted in a book by a differen
‘secondary referencing’. You need to make it clear in your work that you have not read the or
in the reference list you would provide details for the source you read it in.

Type of Format In-Text Example Bibliogra
Resource

Secondary Surname, Initial. (Year of Referring to author: Smith, J. (20
Source publication) Book title. Bloggs (2004), cited in Smith Bicester: JFJ
Place of publication: (2007), loves chocolate.
Publisher.
“Quotation”
(Bloggs, 2004 cited in Smith,
2007, p.54).

Paraphrase:
It is evident that…(Bloggs,

2004 cited in Smith, 2007,

p.56).

ad. You haven’t read the original, but have Commented [ER40]: Full stop
nt author for example. This is known as Commented [ER43]: colon
riginal and are referencing the secondary source; Commented [ER41]: colon
Commented [ER42]: Not clear it is an in text citation – could
aphy Example the word Citation: be added above

007) Musings from Chocolate Lovers.
J Press.

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Example – referencing a book

In-text citation: (Sloman, 2006) OR as Sloman (2006) states...
For in-text quotations and paraphrasing (ADD page numbers):
(Sloman, 2006, p.67) OR as Sloman (2006, pp.67-69) states...
Bibliography:
Sloman, J. (2006) Economics. 6th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.

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Example – referencing a website

In-text: (Roberts, 2015) OR as Roberts (2015) states...
Format will not vary for citations, quotations or paraphrasing as no page numbers
are provided with websites.
Bibliography:
Roberts, M. (2015) Regular coffee drinkers have 'cleaner' arteries. [Online]
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-31690358.
(Accessed on 25th February 2016).

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Example – Bibliography

Bibliography

Education Scotland. (N.D.) About Inclusion and Equalities. [Online] Available at:
http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/inclusionandequalities /about/index.asp.
(Accessed on 15th January 2016).
Gross, R. (2010) Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 6th Ed. London:
Hodder Education Group.
Haralambos, H. and Holburn, M. (2008) Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 7th Ed.
London: Harper Collins Publishers Limited.
King, A. et al. (2006) Abnormal Psychology. 10th Ed. New York: John Wiley & sons.
McLeod, S. (2007) Psychology Perspectives. [Online] Available at:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/perspectives.html. (Accessed on 15th January
2016).

PLEASE NOTE: All sources (books, websites, eBooks etc)
should be listed together, in alphabetical order of surname
(or website name/organisation). The reference list should
be included on a separate page, at the end of your
assignment (it is not included in your word count).

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