महाराष्ट्र बोर्ड इयत्ता 4 थी -परिसर अभ्यास भाग-2

{ejUImË`mMm _§Owar H«$_m§H$
àm{eg§/2014-15/2102/_§Owar/S> - 505/755 {XZm§H$ 4.2.2014

{edNÌnVr

(n[aga Aä¶mg - ^mJ 2)

B`ËVm Mm¡Wr

_hmamîQ´> amÁ` nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr d Aä`mgH«$_ g§emoYZ _§S>i, nwUo.

àW‘md¥ËVr : 2014 © ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo 411004.

‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>imH$S>o ¶m nwñVH$mMo gd© h³H$ amhVrb. ¶m
nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr ^mJ g§MmbH$, ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i
¶m§À¶m boIr nadmZJr{edm¶ CX²Y¥V H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.

B{Vhmg {df¶ g{‘Vr : àñVmdZm
S>m°. Am. h. gmiw§Io, Aܶj
S>m°. gmo‘ZmW amoS>o, gXñ¶ "~mbH$m§Mm ‘mo’$V d g³VrÀ¶m {ejUmMm h³H$ A{Y{Z¶‘-2009'
S>m°. ZraO gmiw§Io, gXñ¶ Am{U "amîQ´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m 2005' AZwgma ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶mV
lr. ~mnygmho~ qeXo, gXñ¶ "àmW{‘H$ {ejU Aä¶mgH«$‘ 2012' AÝd¶o embo¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma
lr. ‘moJb OmYd, gXñ¶-g{Md$ H$aʶmV Ambm. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr H$m¶©dmhr 2013-2014 ¶m embo¶
dfm©nmgyZ H«$‘e: gwê$ Pmbr Amho. Aä¶mgH«$‘mV B¶ËVm {Vgar Vo
g§¶moOH$ : nmMdrn¶ªV gm‘mݶ {dkmZ, ZmJ[aH$emñÌ d ^yJmob ho {df¶ EH${ÌVar˶m
lr. ‘moJb OmYd n[aga Aä¶mg ^mJ-1 ‘ܶo g‘m{dîQ> amhVrb. B{Vhmg hm {df¶ n[aga
{deofm{YH$mar, B{Vhmg d ZmJ[aH$emñÌ Aä¶mg ^mJ-2 ‘ܶo ñdV§Ì amhrb, Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho.
emgZ‘mݶ Aä¶mgH«$‘mZwgma nmR>çnwñVH$ ‘§S>imZo B¶ËVm Mm¡WrMo
{MÌo d gOmdQ> : àñVwV nmR>çnwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho.
àm. {Xbrn H$X‘, lr. XodXËV ~bH$dS>o, Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZ à{H«$¶m ~mbH|${ÐV Agmdr, ñd¶§Aܶ¶Zmda ^a
lr. g§O¶ eobma {Xbm Omdm, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m AIoarg {dXçm϶mªZr "{d{hV j‘Vm'
àmßV H$amì¶m, Aܶ¶Z d AܶmnZ à{H«$¶m AmZ§XXm¶r ìhmdr, Agm ì¶mnH$
N>m`m{MÌo : ÑpîQ>H$moZ g‘moa R>odyZ ho nwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho.
lr. àdrU ^mogbo
àñVwV nmR>çnwñVH$mV N>ÌnVr {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mm àoaUmXm¶r
ZH$memH$ma : B{Vhmg gwb^ Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$ e¡brV JmoîQ>rê$nmZo {dXçm϶mªg‘moa
lr. a{d{H$aU OmYd R>odʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ Am{U H$m‘{Jar
S>m°. ZraO gmiw§Io hr KQ>Zm g§nyU© ‘hmamîQ´>mgmR>r d XoemgmR>r EH$ àoaUmòmoV ‘mZbr OmVo.
nmR>çnwñVH$mV {edmOr ‘hmamOm§À¶m ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘Yrb {d{dY ñ’y${V©Xm¶r
{Z{‘©Vr : KQ>Zm {Xboë¶m AmhoV. ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ¶m g§X^m©V {d{dY gm‘m{OH$
lr. gpÀMVmZ§X Am’$io, ‘w»¶ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar g§KQ>Zm, g§ñWm ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z Am{U ì¶p³VJV nmVirda Amboë¶m VH«$matMr
lr. à^mH$a na~, {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar d gyMZm§Mr g{‘VrZo ¶mo½¶ nX²YVrZo N>mZZr H$ê$Z àñVwV nwñVH$mMo
lr. eem§H$ H${UH$Xio, {Z{‘©Vr gmhmæ¶H$ nwZb}IZ Ho$bo Amho. VgoM Amdí¶H$ VoWo H$mhr AZwê$n Aem Xþéñ˶mhr
H$aʶmV Amboë¶m AmhoV.
AjaOwiUr : nmR>çnwñVH$ OmñVrV OmñV {ZXm}f d XO}Xma ìhmdo, ¶m ÑîQ>rZo
{dO` AmQ>© qàQ>g©, nwUo. ‘hmamîQ´>mVrb H$mhr {ejUVÁk d {df¶VÁk ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z ¶m nwñVH$mMo
g‘rjU H$aʶmV Ambo. Amboë¶m gyMZm d A{^àm¶ ¶m§Mm H$miOrnyd©H$
H$mJX : 70 Or.Eg.E_., _°n{bWmo {dMma H$ê$Z ¶m nwñVH$mbm A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoʶmV Ambo Amho. B{Vhmg {df¶
g{‘Vr, {MÌH$ma, N>m¶m{MÌH$ma ¶m§Zr A{Ve¶ AmñWoZo Am{U n[al‘nyd©H$
‘wÐUmXoe : ho nwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho. ‘§S>i ¶m gdmªMo ‘Z:nyd©H$ Am^mar Amho.
{dXçmWu, {ejH$ d nmbH$ ¶m nwñVH$mMo ñdmJV H$aVrb, Aer Amem
‘wÐH$ : Amho.

àH$meH$ : nwUo (M§. am. ~moaH$a)
lr. {ddoH$ CËV‘ Jmogmdr, {XZm§H$ : 19.02.2014 g§MmbH$
{Z¶§ÌH$, nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i,
à^mXodr, ‘w§~B©-25. ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d

Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo.







AZwH«$‘{UH$m

A.H«$. nmR>mMo Zmd n¥îR> H«$.

1. {edOÝ‘mnyduMm ‘hmamîQ´> 1
2. g§Vm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 3
3. ‘amR>m gaXma-^mogë¶m§Mo H$V©~Jma KamUo 8
4. {edam¶m§Mo ~mbnU 12
5. {edam¶m§Mo {ejU 17
6. ñdamÁ¶ñWmnZoMr à{Vkm 21
7. ñdamÁ¶mMo VmoaU ~m§Ybo 25
8. ñdH$s¶ eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV 29
9. àVmnJS>mdarb namH«$‘ 32
10. eWuZo qIS> bT>dbr 37
11. em{¶ñVmImZmMr ’${OVr 42
12. nwa§XaMm doT>m d Vh 45
13. ~mXemhmÀ¶m hmVmda Vwar {Xë¶m 50
14. JS> Ambm, nU qgh Jobm 53
15. EH$ Anyd© gmohim 57
16. X{jUoVrb ‘mohr‘ 60
17. JS>H$moQ>m§Mo Am{U Ama‘mamMo ì¶dñWmnZ 65
18. bmoH$H$ë¶mUH$mar ñdamÁ¶mMo ì¶dñWmnZ 70

" {edmOr ‘hmamO ho Ho$di ‘hmamîQ´>mMoM
ZìhVo Va Vo gmè¶m amîQ´>mMo hmoVo. ˶m§Zr Wmoa
VËËddoË˶m§À¶m {eH$dUwH$sVyZ ñ’y$Vu KoVbr hmoVr.
d¡¶p³VH$ ‘hËËdmH$m§joVyZ Ho$di ñdV…gmR>r amÁ¶
ñWmnZ H$aʶmMr ˶m§Zm BÀN>m ZìhVr. VËH$mbrZ
amÁ¶nX²YVtÀ¶m JwUmdJwUm§Mm ˶m§Zr Aä¶mg Ho$bm
Am{U ˶mVyZ Amnbo {d{eîQ> YmoaU d amÁ¶ì¶dñWm
¶m§Mr AmIUr Ho$br. ‘hmamO ñdV… Y‘©{ZîR>
qhXÿ hmoVo, VgoM BVa Y‘mª{df¶rMr ˶m§Mr ^mdZm
g{hîUwVoMr hmoVr. BVa Y‘u¶m§À¶m nyÁ¶ ñWmZm§gmR>r
˶m§Zr BZm‘o {Xbr. {edmOr ‘hmamO EH$ Wmoa goZmZr
hmoVo. ñdmV§Í¶ajUmgmR>r Ama‘mamMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Am{U ‘hËËd ˶m§Zm nQ>bo hmoVo. B§J«O d S>M ¶m§À¶m
AmH«$‘UmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aʶmgmR>r ˶m§Zr à~i
Ama‘ma C^mabo. àVmnJS> {H$ëë¶mÀ¶m ~m§YUrV
˶m§Mr ¶wX²YemñÌmVrb {ZnwUVm {XgyZ ¶oVo. {edmOr
‘hmamOm§Mo Amnë¶m Xoemda ’$ma ào‘ hmoVo Am{U
‘mZdr gX²JwUm§Mo Va Vo gmjmV àVrH$ hmoVo.'

- n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$

‘ra ‘h§‘X ¶m {edH$mbrZ {MÌH$mamZo H$mT>bobo {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mo {MÌ
(‘yi {MÌ n°arg ¶oWrb g§J«hmb¶mV Amho.)

àW‘md¥ËVr : 2014 © ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo 411004.

‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>imH$S>o ¶m nwñVH$mMo gd© h³H$ amhVrb. ¶m
nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr ^mJ g§MmbH$, ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i
¶m§À¶m boIr nadmZJr{edm¶ CX²Y¥V H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.

B{Vhmg {df¶ g{‘Vr : àñVmdZm
S>m°. Am. h. gmiw§Io, Aܶj
S>m°. gmo‘ZmW amoS>o, gXñ¶ "~mbH$m§Mm ‘mo’$V d g³VrÀ¶m {ejUmMm h³H$ A{Y{Z¶‘-2009'
S>m°. ZraO gmiw§Io, gXñ¶ Am{U "amîQ´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m 2005' AZwgma ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶mV
lr. ~mnygmho~ qeXo, gXñ¶ "àmW{‘H$ {ejU Aä¶mgH«$‘ 2012' AÝd¶o embo¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma
lr. ‘moJb OmYd, gXñ¶-g{Md$ H$aʶmV Ambm. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr H$m¶©dmhr 2013-2014 ¶m embo¶
dfm©nmgyZ H«$‘e: gwê$ Pmbr Amho. Aä¶mgH«$‘mV B¶ËVm {Vgar Vo
g§¶moOH$ : nmMdrn¶ªV gm‘mݶ {dkmZ, ZmJ[aH$emñÌ d ^yJmob ho {df¶ EH${ÌVar˶m
lr. ‘moJb OmYd n[aga Aä¶mg ^mJ-1 ‘ܶo g‘m{dîQ> amhVrb. B{Vhmg hm {df¶ n[aga
{deofm{YH$mar, B{Vhmg d ZmJ[aH$emñÌ Aä¶mg ^mJ-2 ‘ܶo ñdV§Ì amhrb, Ago Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho.
emgZ‘mݶ Aä¶mgH«$‘mZwgma nmR>çnwñVH$ ‘§S>imZo B¶ËVm Mm¡WrMo
{MÌo d gOmdQ> : àñVwV nmR>çnwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho.
àm. {Xbrn H$X‘, lr. XodXËV ~bH$dS>o, Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZ à{H«$¶m ~mbH|${ÐV Agmdr, ñd¶§Aܶ¶Zmda ^a
lr. g§O¶ eobma {Xbm Omdm, àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m AIoarg {dXçm϶mªZr "{d{hV j‘Vm'
àmßV H$amì¶m, Aܶ¶Z d AܶmnZ à{H«$¶m AmZ§XXm¶r ìhmdr, Agm ì¶mnH$
N>m`m{MÌo : ÑpîQ>H$moZ g‘moa R>odyZ ho nwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho.
lr. àdrU ^mogbo
àñVwV nmR>çnwñVH$mV N>ÌnVr {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mm àoaUmXm¶r
ZH$memH$ma : B{Vhmg gwb^ Am{U n[aUm‘H$maH$ e¡brV JmoîQ>rê$nmZo {dXçm϶mªg‘moa
lr. a{d{H$aU OmYd R>odʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ Am{U H$m‘{Jar
S>m°. ZraO gmiw§Io hr KQ>Zm g§nyU© ‘hmamîQ´>mgmR>r d XoemgmR>r EH$ àoaUmòmoV ‘mZbr OmVo.
nmR>çnwñVH$mV {edmOr ‘hmamOm§À¶m ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘Yrb {d{dY ñ’y${V©Xm¶r
{Z{‘©Vr : KQ>Zm {Xboë¶m AmhoV. ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ¶m g§X^m©V {d{dY gm‘m{OH$
lr. gpÀMVmZ§X Am’$io, ‘w»¶ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar g§KQ>Zm, g§ñWm ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z Am{U ì¶p³VJV nmVirda Amboë¶m VH«$matMr
lr. à^mH$a na~, {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar d gyMZm§Mr g{‘VrZo ¶mo½¶ nX²YVrZo N>mZZr H$ê$Z àñVwV nwñVH$mMo
lr. eem§H$ H${UH$Xio, {Z{‘©Vr gmhmæ¶H$ nwZb}IZ Ho$bo Amho. VgoM Amdí¶H$ VoWo H$mhr AZwê$n Aem Xþéñ˶mhr
H$aʶmV Amboë¶m AmhoV.
AjaOwiUr : nmR>çnwñVH$ OmñVrV OmñV {ZXm}f d XO}Xma ìhmdo, ¶m ÑîQ>rZo
{dO` AmQ>© qàQ>g©, nwUo. ‘hmamîQ´>mVrb H$mhr {ejUVÁk d {df¶VÁk ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z ¶m nwñVH$mMo
g‘rjU H$aʶmV Ambo. Amboë¶m gyMZm d A{^àm¶ ¶m§Mm H$miOrnyd©H$
H$mJX : 70 Or.Eg.E_., _°n{bWmo {dMma H$ê$Z ¶m nwñVH$mbm A§{V‘ ñdê$n XoʶmV Ambo Amho. B{Vhmg {df¶
g{‘Vr, {MÌH$ma, N>m¶m{MÌH$ma ¶m§Zr A{Ve¶ AmñWoZo Am{U n[al‘nyd©H$
‘wÐUmXoe : ho nwñVH$ V¶ma Ho$bo Amho. ‘§S>i ¶m gdmªMo ‘Z:nyd©H$ Am^mar Amho.
{dXçmWu, {ejH$ d nmbH$ ¶m nwñVH$mMo ñdmJV H$aVrb, Aer Amem
‘wÐH$ : Amho.

àH$meH$ : nwUo (M§. am. ~moaH$a)
lr. {ddoH$ CËV‘ Jmogmdr, {XZm§H$ : 19.02.2014 g§MmbH$
{Z¶§ÌH$, nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i,
à^mXodr, ‘w§~B©-25. ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d

Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo.







AZwH«$‘{UH$m

A.H«$. nmR>mMo Zmd n¥îR> H«$.

1. {edOÝ‘mnyduMm ‘hmamîQ´> 1
2. g§Vm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 3
3. ‘amR>m gaXma-^mogë¶m§Mo H$V©~Jma KamUo 8
4. {edam¶m§Mo ~mbnU 12
5. {edam¶m§Mo {ejU 17
6. ñdamÁ¶ñWmnZoMr à{Vkm 21
7. ñdamÁ¶mMo VmoaU ~m§Ybo 25
8. ñdH$s¶ eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV 29
9. àVmnJS>mdarb namH«$‘ 32
10. eWuZo qIS> bT>dbr 37
11. em{¶ñVmImZmMr ’${OVr 42
12. nwa§XaMm doT>m d Vh 45
13. ~mXemhmÀ¶m hmVmda Vwar {Xë¶m 50
14. JS> Ambm, nU qgh Jobm 53
15. EH$ Anyd© gmohim 57
16. X{jUoVrb ‘mohr‘ 60
17. JS>H$moQ>m§Mo Am{U Ama‘mamMo ì¶dñWmnZ 65
18. bmoH$H$ë¶mUH$mar ñdamÁ¶mMo ì¶dñWmnZ 70

" {edmOr ‘hmamO ho Ho$di ‘hmamîQ´>mMoM
ZìhVo Va Vo gmè¶m amîQ´>mMo hmoVo. ˶m§Zr Wmoa
VËËddoË˶m§À¶m {eH$dUwH$sVyZ ñ’y$Vu KoVbr hmoVr.
d¡¶p³VH$ ‘hËËdmH$m§joVyZ Ho$di ñdV…gmR>r amÁ¶
ñWmnZ H$aʶmMr ˶m§Zm BÀN>m ZìhVr. VËH$mbrZ
amÁ¶nX²YVtÀ¶m JwUmdJwUm§Mm ˶m§Zr Aä¶mg Ho$bm
Am{U ˶mVyZ Amnbo {d{eîQ> YmoaU d amÁ¶ì¶dñWm
¶m§Mr AmIUr Ho$br. ‘hmamO ñdV… Y‘©{ZîR>
qhXÿ hmoVo, VgoM BVa Y‘mª{df¶rMr ˶m§Mr ^mdZm
g{hîUwVoMr hmoVr. BVa Y‘u¶m§À¶m nyÁ¶ ñWmZm§gmR>r
˶m§Zr BZm‘o {Xbr. {edmOr ‘hmamO EH$ Wmoa goZmZr
hmoVo. ñdmV§Í¶ajUmgmR>r Ama‘mamMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Am{U ‘hËËd ˶m§Zm nQ>bo hmoVo. B§J«O d S>M ¶m§À¶m
AmH«$‘UmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aʶmgmR>r ˶m§Zr à~i
Ama‘ma C^mabo. àVmnJS> {H$ëë¶mÀ¶m ~m§YUrV
˶m§Mr ¶wX²YemñÌmVrb {ZnwUVm {XgyZ ¶oVo. {edmOr
‘hmamOm§Mo Amnë¶m Xoemda ’$ma ào‘ hmoVo Am{U
‘mZdr gX²JwUm§Mo Va Vo gmjmV àVrH$ hmoVo.'

- n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$

‘ra ‘h§‘X ¶m {edH$mbrZ {MÌH$mamZo H$mT>bobo {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mo {MÌ
(‘yi {MÌ n°arg ¶oWrb g§J«hmb¶mV Amho.)

1. {edOÝ_mnydu©Mm _hmamîQ´>

{edmOr _hmamO Wmoa nwéf hmoVo. AmnU hmVo .o a`Vbo m nmQo >^a AÝZ {_iV ZìhV.o amhm`bm
Xagmb Ë`m§Mr O`§Vr _moR>çm g_ma§^mZo Am{U gaw {jV {Zdmamhr ZìhVm. gJirH$S>o AÝ`m`
AmXamZo gmOar H$aVmo. Vwåhr _wbo Va Ë`m {Xder _mObm hmVo m. ‘hmamîQ>´mV {R>H${R>H$mUr Xeo _Iw ,
{H$Vr AmZ§XmV AgVm. _hmamOm§da g§wXa g§wXa Xeo nmS§ >o BË`mXr dVZXma hmVo ,o nU a`VHo $S>o
JmUr åhUVm, nmodmS>o åhUVm, Ë`m§À`m Vg{~arbm Ë`mM§ o bj ZìhV.o Xeo mda Ë`mM§ o à_o ZìhV.o à_o
hma KmbVm. _moR>çm CËgmhmZo "{edmOr _hmamO hmVo o \$ŠV dVZmda, Ohm{Jarda. dVZmgmR>r Vo
H$s O`' Agm _hmamOm§À`m ZmdmMm O`O`H$ma EH$_Ho $me§ r ^mS§ >V. AmnmngmV bT>V. Ë`mV
H$aVm. H$moU ~ao ho {edmOr _hmamO? Aer a`VMo o Iny hmb hmVo . `m gmè`m Jmîo Q>t_iw o a`V
H$moUVr _moR>r H$m_{Jar Ë`m§Zr Ho$br? ÌmgZy Jbo r hmVo r. gJirH$S>o AX§ mYXw§ r _mObr
hmVo r.
{edmOr _hmamO Á`m H$mimV hmoD$Z Jobo,
Vmo H$mi _Ü``wJmMm hmoVm. Ë`m H$mir gd©Ì {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ho gmao nm{hbo. a`Vobm
amOoemhçm§Mm A§_b Ago. ~aoM amOo àOoÀ`m gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdamÁ` ñWmnÊ`mMo n{dÌ H$m`©
{hVmEodOr Amnë`mM M¡Z{dbmgmV _½Z AgV; Ë`m§Zr hmVr KoVbo. ^m§S>Imoa dVZXmam§Zm Ë`m§Zr
nU Ë`m H$mimVhr Ago H$mhr amOo hmoD$Z Jobo, dR>Urda AmUbo. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m_r Ë`m§Mm
H$s Á`m§Zr àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r amÁ` Ho$bo. Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. VgoM a`Voda AÝ`m`
CËVaoVrb _wKb g_«mQ> AH$~a, X{jUoVrb H$aUmè`m gËVm§er {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr P§wO
{dO`ZJaMm g_«mQ> H¥$îUXodam` ho Amnë`m {Xbr. Owb_r amOdQ>tMm nam^d Ho$bm. Ý`m`mMo
H$ë`mUH$mar amOdQ>r§~X²Xb B{VhmgmV à{gX²Y qhXdr ñdamÁ` Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bo. ho ñdamÁ`
AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m~amo~aM {edmOr _hmamOm§Mohr gd© Om{VY_mªÀ`m bmoH$m§Mo hmoVo. ñdamÁ`mV
Zmd Jm¡admZo KoVbo OmVo. H$moUVmhr ^oX^md ZìhVm. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr
ñdamÁ`mV qhXy, _wgb‘mZ Agm H$moUVmM
{edmOr _hmamOmZ§ r _hmamîQ>´mV ñdamÁ` ^oX^md Ho$bm Zmhr. gd© Y_mªVrb gmYwg§Vm§Mm
{Z_mU© H$o b.o ñdamÁ` åhUOo ñdV:Mo amÁ`. Ë`m§Zr gÝ_mZ Ho$bm. Aer hr _hmamOm§Mr Wmoa
_hmamOmn§ dy u g‘w mao Mmaeo df} _hmamîQ>´mV ñdamÁ` H$m_{Jar nm{hbr, H$s Amnë`mbm àoaUm {_iVo,
ZìhV.o _hmamîQ>´mMm ~amMgm ^mJ Ah_XZJaMm ñ’y$Vu {_iVo.
{ZOm_emhm Am{U {dOmnay Mm Am{Xbemhm `m XmZo
gbw VmZmZ§ r AmngmV dmQ>yZ KVo bm hmVo m. Vo ‘ZmZo {edmOr _hmamOm§nydu gw_mao VrZ-Mmaeo
CXma ZìhV.o Vo àOdo a Obw _y H$aV hmVo .o `m XmKo mM§ o df} ‘hmamîQ´>m_Ü`o AZoH$ g§V hmoD$Z Jobo.
EH$‘Ho $me§ r hmS>da¡ hmVo .o Ë`mÀ§ `mV Zho _r bT>m`m Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_{JarMm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm
hmVo . Ë`mV a`VMo o hmb hmVo . a`V gIw r ZìhVr. ñdamÁ`ñWmnZoÀ`m H$m_r Cn`moJ Pmbm. g§Vm§Mr
CKS>CKS> CËgd H$aU,o nOy m H$aUo YmŠo `mMo Pmbo Vr H$m_{Jar AmnU nwT>rb nmR>mV nmhÿ.

1

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m©` {bhm. 3. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) n«OoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r amÁ` H$aUmè`m
(A) {edmOr _hmamO Á`m H$mimV hmoD$Z Jobo
Vmo H$mi ............ `wJmMm hmoVm. amOm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

(àmMrZ, _Ü`, AmYw{ZH$) (Am) {edmOr _hmamOmZ§ r H$mUo Vo H$m`© hmVr KVo b?o

(Am) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ............... ñdamÁ` (B) {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr H$moUmer P§wO {Xbr ?
{Z‘m©U Ho$bo.
4. doJim eãX AmoiIm.
(_hmamîQ´>mV, _Ü`àXoemV, CËVa àXoemV) (A) ñdamÁ`, Jwbm_{Jar, ñdmV§Í¶.

2. "A' JQ> d "~' JQ> `m§À`m OmoS>çm bmdm. (Am) a`V, àOm, amOm.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ> CnH«$_
(A) Vw_À`m dJm©V {edO`§Vr gmOar H$am.
(A) {dO`ZJaMm g_«mQ> (1) {ZOm_emhm
(Am) emioÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_mV Eo{Vhm{gH$
(Am) Ah_XZJaMm gwbVmZ (2) Am{Xbemhm JrVo, nmodmS>o `m§Mo gmXarH$aU H$am.

(B) {dOmnyaMm gwbVmZ (3) H¥$îUXodam`

(4) g_«mQ> AH$~a

2

2. g§Vm§Mr H$m_{Jar

_hmamîQ>´mV lrMH$« Ya, gV§ Zm_Xdo , gV§ lrMH«$Ya ñdm_r : lrMH«$Ya ñdm_r _yi
kmZío da, gV§ MmIo m_io m `m gV§ mn§ mgZy gêw $ JwOamV_Yrb EH$ amOnwÌ. d¡am½`d¥ËVr YmaU
Pmbbo r gV§ nan§ am g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVam_§ YZy H$ê$Z Vo _hmamîQ´>mV Ambo. `oWo ^«_U H$aV
Ambëo `m gV§ mZ§ r nTw >o Mmb{dbr. ¶m gV§ AgVm Ë`m§Zr g_VoMm CnXoe Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zm ñÌr-
_S§ >it_Ü`o gV§ Jmao m~o m, gV§ gmdVm, gV§ Zahar, nwéf, OmVrnmVr ho ^oX^md _mÝ` ZìhVo.˶m‘wio
gV§ EH$ZmW, gV§ eIo _h_§ X, gV§ VHw $mam_, Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ ñÌr-nwéf AZw`m`r {_imbo.
gV§ {Zim~o m BË`mXr gV§ mM§ m AV§ ^md© hmVo m.o Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m n§Wmg "_hmZw^md n§W'
Ë`mMà_mUo gV§ OZm~mB,© gV§ gm`o am~mB,© gV§ Ago åhUVmV. lrMH«$Ya ñdm_tÀ`m AmR>dUtMm
{Z_i© m~mB,© gV§ _Šw Vm~mB,© gV§ H$mÝhmno mÌm Am{U g§J«h åhUOo "brimM[aÌ' hm J«§W hmo`.
gV§ ~{hUm~mB© {eD$aH$a `mM§ mhr AV§ ^md© hmVo m.o
g§V Zm_Xod : g§V Zm_Xod {dR²>R>bmMo
Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm X`m, Aqhgm, namonH$ma, {Zñgr_ ^ŠV hmoVo. Vo Zagr JmdMo amhUmao.
godm, g_Vm, ~§Yw^md BË`mXr JwUm§Mr {eH$dU Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ A^§J aMbo, H$sV©Zo Ho$br d OZVoV
{Xbr. H$moUr bhmZ Zmhr, H$moUr _moR>m Zmhr,
gJio gmaIo Aer g_VoMr ^mdZm g§Vm§Zr
bmoH$m§À`m _Zm§V {Z_m©U Ho$br. VgoM _hmamîQ´>mV
g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr Amnbo H$m`© Ho$bo.

lrMH«$Ya ñdm‘r g§V Zm‘Xod

3

OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br. ˶m§Zr ^mJdV Y‘m©À¶m åhUmbr, ""VmQ>r CKS>m kmZoídam. Ahmo, AmnU

àgmamgmR>r ‘hmamîQ´>^a g§Mma Ho$bm. ˶m§Zr Xw:IrH$îQ>r hmoD$Z H$go Mmbob? OJmMo H$ë`mU

bmoH$m§Zm ^ŠVrMr {eH$dU {Xbr. Y_©ajUmMm H$moU H$arb?'' ~{hUrÀ`m CnXoemZo kmZoídam§Zm

d ^pŠV_mJm©Mm I§~ra {ZYm©a bmoH$m§À`m _Zm§V hþê$n Ambm. Xw:I {dgê$Z Vo H$m_mbm bmJbo.

{Z_m©U Ho$bm. g§V Zm‘Xodm§Zr nwT>o ^maV^a àdmg {R>H${R>H$mUr JmoaJ[a~m§Mm, _mJmgboë`m

H$ê$Z ‘mZdY‘m©Mm g§Xoe nmoMdbm. Vo n§Om~mV bmoH$m§Mm Y‘m©À`m ZmdmImbr N>i hmoV hmoVm.

Jobo. VoWrb bmoH$m§Zmhr Ë`m§Zr g‘VoMm g§Xoe Voìhm kmZoídam§Zr bmoH$m§Zm H$iH$irMm CnXoe

{Xbm. qhXr ^mfoV nXo {b{hbr. Ë`m§Mr H$mhr Ho$bm, ""B©ídamda lX²Ym R>odm. gJiçm§er

nXo AmOhr erI bmoH$m§À`m "JwéJ«§Wgm{h~' `m g‘VoZo dmJm. Xw:Ir _mUgm§Zm _XV H$am, Ë`m§Mo

Y_©J«§WmV g_m{dîQ> AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>mV Va Ë`m§Mo Xw:I Zmhrgo H$am.'' Ë`m§Mm CnXoe Jobr gmVeo

A^§J KamKam§VyZ _moR>çm ^ŠVrZo Jm`bo OmVmV. df} _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`m§V EH$gmaIm

g§V kmZoída : g§V kmZoída AmnoJmdMo Kw_V Amho.
amhUmao. {Zd¥{ËVZmW d gmonmZXod ho Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy.
‘w³Vm~mB© hr Ë`m§Mr ~hrU. Ë`m doiMo H$_©R> Ë`m H$mimV Y_m©Mo kmZ g§ñH¥$V J§«Wm§_Ü`o
bmoH$ `m _wbm§Zm g§Ý`memMr _wbo åhUyZ Zmdo ~§{XñV Pmbo hmoVo. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr
R>odV, Ë`mMo H$maU Ago- Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zr ~mobÊ`mMr d ì`dhmamMr ^mfm _mÌ _amR>r
g§Ý`mg KoVbobm hmoVm. Ka gmoS>bo hmoVo, nU hmoVr. kmZoídam§Zr _amR>r ^mfoVyZ "kmZoídar' hm
nwT>o Jwê$À`m Amkodê$Z Vo naV Kar Ambo Am{U \$ma ‘moR>m J§«W {b{hbm. Y_m©À`m kmZmMo ^m§S>ma
g§gma H$ê$ bmJbo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zm hr Mma _wbo Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm Iwbo H$ê$Z {Xbo. bmoH$m§Zm
Pmbr. ho Ë`m doiÀ`m H$_©R> bmoH$m§Zm _mÝ` ~§Yw^mdmMr {eH$dU {Xbr. kmZoídam§Zr VéU
ZìhVo. bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Zm dmirV Q>mH$bo d`mV nwÊ`mOdi Ami§Xr `oWo {Od§V g_mYr
hmoVo. bmoH$ Ë`m _wbm§Mm N>i H$aV
hmoVo.

kmZoída EH$Xm {^joMr Pmoir g§V kmZoída
KoD$Z JmdmV Jobo; nU H$moUr Ë`m§Zm
{^jm KmVbr Zmhr. gJirH$S>o
Ë`m§Zm doS>odmH$S>o ~mob EoH$mdo bmJbo.
Ë`m§À`m ~mb_Zmbm Iyn Xw:I Pmbo.
Vo Amnë`m PmonS>rV Ambo. PmonS>rMo
Xma ~§X H$ê$Z AmV Xw:I H$aV ~gbo.
BVŠ`mV VoWo ‘w³Vm Ambr. JdVmÀ`m
VmQ>rda {Q>MŠ`m _maV Vr kmZoídam§Zm

4

KoVbr. AmOhr bmImo bmoH$ ‘moR>çm ^pŠV^mdmZo EHo$ {Xder Vo JmoXmdar ZXrda ñZmZmbm
Xagmb AmfmT>r - H$m{V©H$sbm Ami§Xr - n§T>arbm {ZKmbo hmoVo. XwnmaMr doi hmoVr. D$Z aIaIV
OmVmV. hmoVo. dmid§Q> Vmnbo hmoVo. Ë`m Vmnboë`m
dmid§Q>mda EH$ nmoaHo$ nmoa aS>V ~gbo hmoVo.
g§V EH$ZmW : g§V Zm_Xod d g§V Ë`mÀ`m aS>Ê`mMm AmdmO ZmWm§À`m H$mZr
kmZoída `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr na§nam g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr
Ambm. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMo AmB©~mn
Odi AmhoV H$m `mgmR>r
BH$S>o{VH$S>o nm{hbo. YmdV Vo
Ë`m _wbmOdi Jobo. Ë`m§Zr Vo
nmoa CMbyZ H$S>oda KoVbo. Ë`mMo
S>moio nwgbo. Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m Kar
nmohmoMVo Ho$bo.

g§V EH$ZmW Aem arVrZo ñdV:À`m
AmMaUmVyZ EH$ZmWm§Zr g‘VoMr
nwT>o Mmbdbr. Vo n¡R>UMo amhUmao. Ë`m§Zr d __VoMr ^mdZm bmoH$m§À`m
^pŠV_mJm©Mm àgma Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ _Zmda q~~dbr.
A^§J, Amoì`m d ^méS>o
{b{hbr. H$mUo Vmhr CÀMZrM g§V VwH$mam_ : {edmOr
^Xo ^md _mZy ZH$m, Agm _hmamOm§À`m H$mimV VwH$mam_ d am_Xmg ho
Ë`mZ§ r bmHo $mZ§ m CnXeo H$o bm. g§V hmoD$Z Jobo. g§V VwH$mam_ ho nwÊ`mOdirb
^ŠVrMm _mRo >no Um Ë`mZ§ r
bmHo $mZ§ m nQ>dbm. Jmao J[a~mZ§ m, g§V VwH$mam‘
_mJmgbëo `m bmHo $mZ§ m Ë`mZ§ r
Odi H$o b.o BVH$o M Zmhr, Va
_wŠ`m àmÊ`m§daXoIrb Ë`m§Zr
X`m Ho$br. àm{U_mÌm§da X`m
H$am, Agm bmoH$m§Zmhr CnXoe
Ho$bm. g§V EH$ZmW Ogo
~mobV Vgo dmJV.

5

Xohÿ JmdMo amhUmao. Ë`m§À`m Kar eoVr^mVr

hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo {H$amUm _mbmMo XwH$mZhr hmoVo.

Ë`m§Mo dmS>dS>rb AS>ë`mZS>ë`m§Zm H$O© XoV;

nU VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m dmQ>UrMr H$O©IVo

B§Ðm`Ur ZXr_Ü`o ~wS>dbr Am{U AZoH$m§Zm

H$O©‘w³V Ho$bo. OdiÀ`m S>m|Jamda OmD$Z Vo

{dR²>R>bmMo ^OZ H$aV. AmfmT>r-H$m{V©H$sbm

n§T>arbm OmV. H$sV©Z H$aV, A^§J aMV Am{U

Vo A^§J bmoH$m§Zm åhUyZ XmIdV. hOmamo bmoH$

Ë`m§À`m H$sV©Zmbm `oV. {edam`gwX²Ym Ë`m§À`m g‘W© am‘Xmg
H$sV©Zmbm OmV AgV. g§V VwH$mam_ bmoH$m§Zm
X`m, j_m, em§Vr `m§Mr {eH$dU XoV, g_VoMm _yi Zmd Zmam`U, nU Vo ñdV:bm "am_mMm Xmg'
CnXoe H$aV  åhUy bmJbo. "Xmg~moY' `m Ë`m§À`m J§«WmVyZ
Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm _mobmMm CnXoe Ho$bm. VgoM
"Oo H$m a§Obo Jm§Obo &Ÿ Ë`m§gr åhUo Omo Amnwbo Ë`m§À`m _ZmÀ`m íbmoH$m§VyZ Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm
gX²{dMma d gX²dV©Z `m§Mr {eH$dU {Xbr.
Vmo{M gmYw AmoiImdm & Xod VoWo{M OmUmdmŸ&' ~bmonmgZogmR>r Ë`m§Zr {R>H${R>H$mUr hZw‘mZmMr
_§{Xao C^mabr. bmoH$m§Zm eŠVrMr CnmgZm
hm g§Xoe Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§À`m _Zmda q~~dbm. H$aÊ`mg {eH$dbo. "gm_Ï`© Amho MidirMo,
bmoH$m§À`m ‘ZmV {dMma OmJo Ho$bo. bmoH$ g§V Omo Omo H$arb V`mMo', hm g§Xoe Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm
VwH$mam_m§Mm O`O`H$ma H$ê$ bmJbo. AmOhr {Xbm. am‘Xmgm§Zr bmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>Zm H$aÊ`mMr d
_hmamîQ´>^a Amnë`mbm "½`mZ~m-VwH$mam_' AÝ`m`m{déX²>Y à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mMr ñ’y$Vu {Xbr.
hm O`Kmof EoHy$ `oVmo. kmZoídam§ZmM "½`mZ~m' Ë`m_wio Ë`m H$miÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Yra Ambm.
Ago åhUVmV. "VwH$mam_JmWm' AmOhr KamoKar
dmMbr OmVo.

g_W© am_Xmg : Ë`mM H$mimV gmYwg§Vm§À`m H$m`m©_wio bmoH$OmJ¥Vr
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m H$S>oH$nmarV "O` O` aKwdra Pmbr. Y‘m©~X²Xb AmXa dmT>bm. bmoH$m§À`m
g_W©' Aer am‘Xmgm§Mr JO©Zm Kw_V hmoVr. Ë`m§Mm ‘Zm§V AmË‘{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm. g§Vm§À`m
OÝ_ _amR>dmS>çmV JmoXmdarÀ`m H$mR>r Om§~ `m H$m_{JarMm {edam`m§Zr ñdamÁ`ñWmnZogmR>r
Jmdr am_Zd_rÀ`m {Xder Pmbm. am‘Xmgm§Mo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm.

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

(A) g§V Zm_Xod ............ {Zñgr_ ^ŠV (Am) kmZoídam§Zr VéU d`mV nwÊ`mOdi
hmoVo. ........... `oWo {Od§V g_mYr KoVbr.

6

(B) g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m dmQ>UrMr H$O©IVo 3. XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`m§V CËVao {bhm.
............. ZXr_Ü`o ~wS>dbr.
(A) g§V kmZoída PmonS>rV Xma ~§X H$ê$Z H$m
(B©) g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr ~bmonmgZogmR>r ~gbo ?
{R>H${R>H$mUr ............ _§{Xao C^mabr.
(Am) g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr bmoH$m§À`m _Zmda H$moUVm
2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm. g§Xoe q~~dbm ?

(A) lrMH«$Ya ñdm_tZm H$moUVo ^oX^md _mÝ` CnH«$_
ZìhVo ?
nmR>mV Amboë`m g§Vm§{edm` AÝ` g§Vm§Mr {MÌo
(Am) g§V Zm_Xodm§Zr bmoH$m§À`m _Zm§V H$moUVm {_idyZ Ë`mImbr Ë`m§Mo {dMma {bhm.
{ZYm©a {Z‘m©U Ho$bm ?

(B) g§V EH$ZmWm§Zr bmoH$m§Zm H$moUVm CnXoe
Ho$bm ?

(B©) g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr H$moUVm g§Xoe {Xbm ?

7

3. ‘amR>m gaXma - ^mogë¶m§Mo H$V©~Jma KamUo

Ym_Yw_rMm H$mi : g§Vm§Zr bmoH$m§À`m em¡`m©Mr na§nam : ho gmao gaXma eya dra
_Zm§V ^pŠV^md {Z_m©U Ho$bm, Va eya _amR>m hmoVo, nU ˶m§À¶mn¡H$s AZoH$m§Mo AmnmngmV
gaXmam§Zr ‘hmamîQ´>mV em¡`m©Mr na§nam {Z_m©U hmS>d¡a Ago. ñdH$s`m§gmR>r EH$ hmoD$Z H$mhrVar
Ho$br. H$amdo Aer ÑîQ>r Ë`m§Zm ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo
em¡`© Ë`m doir naŠ`m§À`m Cn`moJr nS>V Ago;
Vmo H$miM _moR>m Ym_Yw_rMm hmoVm. {dOmnyaMm nU Ago Agbo Var, _hmamîQ´>mVrb hOmamo
Am{Xbemhm Am{U Ah_XZJaMm {ZOm_emhm `m VéUm§Zm Ë`m§Zr namH«$_mMr JmoS>r bmdbr. Ë`m§Zr
gwbVmZm§_Ü`o _hmamîQ´>mV Zoh_r bT>m`m hmoV. AZoH$ namH«$_r dra {Z_m©U Ho$bo. _amR>o gaXmam§Zr
bT>mB©gmR>r Ë`m§Zm \$m¡O bmJo. `m H$m_r Vo _amR>m _hmamîQ´>mV em¡`© {Od§V R>odbo. _hmamîQ´>mVrb
gaXmam§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoV. eya KamÊ`m§n¡H$s doê$iMo ^mogbo KamUo _moR>o
namH«$_r {ZKmbo.
eya _amR>m gaXma : _amR>o H$mQ>H$ d
eya hmoVo. VgoM Vo YmS>gr hmoVo, ñdm{_{ZîR> K¥îUoídamMo _§{Xa : gw_mao Mmaeo
hmoVo. bT>mB©da ‘moR>‘moR>o namH«$_ JmOdÊ`mV dfmªnyduMr JmoîQ>. doê$iÀ`m boÊ`m§Odirb
Ë`m§Zm _moR>m A{^_mZ dmQ>o. hmVmV ^mbm, K¥îUoídamMo gw§Xa _§{Xa _moS>H$irg Ambo hmoVo.
H$_aobm Vbdma Ago ho YmS>gr _amR>m OdmZ Ë`mÀ`m q^Vr§Zm ^oJm nS>ë`m hmoË`m. _§{XamVrb
KmoS>çmda _m§S> KmbyZ gaXmam§À`m \$m¡OoV XmIb nwOmarhr _§{Xa gmoSy>Z {ZKyZ Jobm hmoVm. EdT>o
hmoV. _amR>o gaXma \$m¡O~§X AgV. H$moUVmhr _hmZ X¡dV ! nU H$moU AdH$im Ambr hmoVr
\$m¡O~§X _amR>m gaXma gwbVmZmH$S>o Jobm, H$s Ë`m _§{Xamda. Ë`m _§{XamH$S>o nmhÿZ ^ŠVm§Zm
gwbVmZ Ë`mbm Amnë`m MmH$arg R>odr. Ë`mbm hihi dmQ>o. `oUmao-OmUmaohr hihiV, Cgmgo
gaXmaH$s XoB©. H$YrH$Yr OhmJrahr XoB©. OhmJra gmoS>V, nU Ë`mÀ`m XwéñVrMm {dMma H$moU
{_imbobo gaXma ñdV:bm Amnë`m Ohm{JarMo H$aVmo?
amOo g_OV.
Ë`m nS>Š`m _§{XamV EH$ {ed^ŠV

{dOmnya d Ah_XZJa `oWrb gwbVmZm§À`m {ZË` {Z`_mZo `oV Ago. {edmÀ`m qnS>rda
nXar AZoH$ _moR>_moR>o _amR>o gaXma hmoVo. Ë`m§V ~ob\y$b dmhV Ago. hmV OmoSy>Z Amnë`m
qgXIoS>Mo OmYd, \$bQ>UMo qZ~miH$a, _ZmVbo lr{edmbm gm§JV Ago. EH$ {Xdg Ë`mZo
_wYmoiMo KmoanS>o, OmdirMo _moao, doê$iMo ^mogbo JS>r_mUgo AmUbr. _§{XamÀ`m nS>Š`m q^Vr
ho à_wI hmoVo. qgXIoS>Mo OmYd ho Xod{JarÀ`m ZrQ> Ho$ë`m. _§{XamMr gmar ì`dñWm bmdbr.
`mXdm§Mo d§eO. {edam¶m§À¶m ‘mVmolr {OOm~mB© K¥îUoídamMm OrUm}X²Yma Ho$bm. _§{XamÀ`m
¶m qgXIoS>À¶m bIwOr OmYdm§À¶m H$ݶm hmoV. AmV~mhoa {Xdo bmdbo. K¥îUoídamMo Jobobo d¡^d

8

ehmOramOo
9

naVbo. ho H$moUr Ho$bo? H$moU hmoVo ho {ed^ŠV ? Xa~mamVhr Ë`m§Mr _moR>r à{VîR>m hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr
ehmOramOo Am{U {OOm~mB© `m§Mm {ddmh _moR>çm
Vo hmoVo _mbmoOramOo ^mogbo. WmQ>mV gmOam Ho$bm. {OOm~mB© ^mogbo Hw$imMr
bú_r Pmbr.
doê$iMo ^mogbo : doê$i JmdMo nmQ>rb
_mbmoOramOo ^mogbo ho Wmoa {ed^ŠV hmoVo. ehmOramOo : {ZOm_emhmZo
{dR>moOramOo Ë`m§Mo YmH$Q>o ^mD$. doê$iÀ`m
~m~mOramOo ^mogë`m§Mr hr _wbo. doê$i JmdMr _mbmoOramOm§Mr OhmJra ehmOramOm§Zm
nm{Q>bH$s ~m~mOramOo ^mogë`m§H$S>o hmoVr.
{Xbr. ehmOramOo namH«$_r hmoVo.
_mbmoOramOo d {dR>moOramOo _moR>o H$V©~Jma
hmoVo, VgoM Vo eya hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m nXar nwîH$i {ZOm_emhr Xa~mamV Ë`m§Zm _moR>m _mZ hmoVm.
hË`ma~§X _amR>o hmoVo. Vmo H$mi \$ma Ym_Yw_rMm _wKb ~mXemhmZo Vr {ZOm_emhr qOH$m`Mm
hmoVm. {ZOm_emhrda CËVaoÀ`m _wKb ~mXemhmZo ~oV Ho$bm. {dOmnyaMm Am{Xbemhmhr Ë`mbm
ñdmar Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m doir Xm¡bVm~mX hr
{ZOm_emhmMr amOYmZr hmoVr. VoWo _{bH$ A§~a {_imbm, Voìhm {ZOm_emhr dmMdÊ`mgmR>r
ZmdmMm Ë`mMm dOra hmoVm. Vmo _moR>m H$V©~Jma _{bH$ A§~a d ehmOramOo {ZH$amZo bT>bo.
d hþema hmoVm. Ë`mZo Xm¡bVm~mXOdirb XmoÝhr \$m¡Om§Mm Ë`m§Zr nam^d Ho$bm.
doê$iÀ`m ^mogbo ~§Yy§Mr H$V©~Jmar nm{hbr.
Ë`mZo {ZOm_emhmOdi Ë`m§À`m H$V©~JmarMr Ah_XZJaOdi ^mVdS>r `oWo hr à{gX²>Y
dmImUUr Ho$br. {ZOm_emhmZo _mbmoOramOm§Zm bT>mB© Pmbr. `m bT>mB©V ear\$Or _mabo Jobo,
nwUo d gwno naJÊ`m§Mr OhmJra {Xbr. nU ehmOramOm§Zr ‘moR>m namH«$_ JmOdbm.

^mogë`m§À`m Kar d¡^d Ambo. C_m~mB© Ë`m_wio eya goZmZr åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm gd©Ì bm¡{H$H$
hr ‘mbmoOramOm§Mr nËZr. Vr \$bQ>UÀ`m Pmbm. Xa~mamV Ë`m§Mr à{VîR>m dmT>br. BVH$s
qZ~miH$a KamÊ`mVrb hmoVr. `m C^`Vm§Zm H$s IwX²X _{bH$ A§~abm Ë`m§À`m~X²>Xb Agy`m
XmoZ _wbJo hmoVo. EH$mMo Zmd ehmOr Am{U
Xwgè`mMo Zmd ear\$Or. ehmOr nmM dfmªMm dmQy> bmJbr. Ë`mVyZ C^`Vm§V {dVwîQ> {Z_m©U
AgVmZm _mbmoOramOo B§XmnyaÀ`m bT>mB©V _mabo hmoD$Z ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhr gmoS>br Am{U
Jobo. {dR>moOramOm§Zr Amnë`m nwVÊ`m§Mm Am{U Vo {dOmnyaÀ`m Am{Xbemhrbm OmD$Z {_imbo.
Ohm{JarMm gm§^mi Ho$bm. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr ehmOrgmR>r
bIwOramd OmYdm§À`m _wbrbm _mJUr KmVbr. Am{XbemhmZo Ë`m§Zm "gabîH$a' hm {H$Vm~
OmYdm§Mr boH$ {OOm~mB© _moR>r gwbjUr hmoVr. XoD$Z Ë`m§Mm gÝ_mZ Ho$bm. nwT>o {ZOm_emhrV
{OOm~mB©gmR>r {dR>moOramOm§Zr KmVbobr _mJUr ~è`mM KS>m_moS>r Pmë`m. dOra _{bH$ A§~a
bIwOramdm§Zr ñdrH$mabr. bIwOramd åhUOo
{ZOm_emhrVrb EH$ eya d namH«$_r gaXma hmoVo. _¥Ë`y nmdbm. Ë`mMm nwÌ \$ËVoImZ hm _moR>m
Vo _moR>m \$m¡O\$mQ>m ~miJyZ hmoVo. {ZOm_emhmÀ`m H$mañWmZr hmoVm. Vmo AmVm {ZOm_emhrMm dOra
Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV {ZOm_emhrbm CVaVr

H$im bmJbr. _wKbm§À`m ñdmarMm YmoH$m
{Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mVyZ {ZOm_emhr gmdaÊ`mgmR>r
{ZOm_emhmÀ`m AmB©Zo ehmOramOm§H$S>o naV
`oÊ`mgmR>r gmH$S>o KmVbo, Voìhm ehmOramOo

Am{Xbemhr gmoSy>Z {ZOm_emhrV naV Ambo.

10

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m©` {bhm. 4. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) K¥îUoídamÀ`m _§{XamMm OrUm}X²Yma H$moUr
(A) _hmamîQ´>mVrb eya KamÊ`m§n¡H$s doê$iMo
............ KamUo _moR>o namH«$_r {ZKmbo. Ho$bm ?

(_moao, KmoanS>o, ^mogbo) (Am) {ZOm_emhmZo _mbmoOramOm§Zm H$moUË`m
naJÊ`m§Mr OhmJra {Xbr ?
(Am) ~m~mOramOo ^mogë`m§Zm _mbmoOr d ........
hr XmoZ _wbo hmoVr. (B) {ZOm_emhr dmMdÊ`mgmR>r H$moU {ZH$amZo
bT>bo ?
({dR>moOr, ehmOr, ear\$Or)
(B©) Am{XbemhmZo ehmOramOm§Zm H$moUVm
(B) {ZOm_emhmMm ............ hm H$V©~Jma {H$Vm~ {Xbm ?
dOra hmoVm.
(C) ehmOramOo Am{Xbemhr gmSo >yZ {ZOm_emhrV
(_{bH$ A§~a, \$ËVoImZ, ear\$Or) naV H$m Amb o ?

2. ZmVog§~§Y {bhm. CnH«$_
(A) _mbmoOramOo - {dR>moOramOo ................ _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m ZH$memV Ah_XZJa, \$bQ>U,
(Am) ehmOramOo - bIwOramd OmYd ........... doê$i, nwUo, gwno hr {R>H$mUo XmIdm.
(B) ehmOramOo - ear\$Or ....................
(B©) ~m~mOramOo - {dR>moOramOo ................. Q>rn : ¶oWrb "‘amR>m' hm eãX "{d{eîQ> OmVr‘Yrb
춳Vr' ¶m AWm©Mm ZgyZ "‘amR>r ^mfm
3. "A' JQ> d "~' JQ> `m§À`m OmoS>çm bmdm. ~mobUmao' dm "‘hmamîQ´>r¶' ¶m AWm©Mm Amho.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

(A) qgXIoS>Mo> (1) qZ~miH$a

(Am) \$bQ>UMo (2) KmoanS>o
(B) OmdirMo (3) ^mogbo

(B©) _wYmoiMo (4) _moao
(5) OmYd

11

4. {edam¶m§Mo ~mbnU

{edZoar {H$ëë¶mdarb {edam¶m§Mo OÝ‘ñWmZ

{edOÝ_ : Vo {Xdg \$ma Ym_Yw_rMo Ym_Yw_rV Am{U YmdnirV Ë`m§Zm R>odm`Mo Hw$R>o,
hmoVo. CËVaoH$Sy>Z _wKb ~mXemhm emhOhmZ hm àíZ C^m am{hbm. ehmOramOm§Zm {edZoar
`mZo X»IZ ga H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>o g¡Ý` admZm {H$ëë`mMr AmR>dU Pmbr. {OOm~mBªZm Ë`m§Zr
Ho$bo hmoVo. ehmOramOm§À`m Ohm{JarMo Jmd nwUo. {edZoarda R>odm`Mo R>adbo. {edZoar hm nwUo
{dOmnyaÀ`m Am{XbemhmZo Vo ~o{MamI H$ê$Z {OëhçmVrb OwÝZaOdirb {H$ëbm. Ë`mÀ`m
Q>mH$bo hmoVo. ehmOramOo AS>MUrV gmnS>bo Mmar ~mOy§Zm C§M H$S>o, ^ŠH$_ VQ>~§Xr Am{U
hmoVo. BH$S>o AmS> {VH$S>o {dhra ! ehmOramOm§À`m ~iH$Q> XadmOo hmoVo. {H$ëbm _moR>m _O~yV
dmQ>çmbm YmdnirMo Am`wî` Ambo. hmoVm. {dO`amO ho Ë`mMo {H$ëboXma hmoVo. Vo
^mogë`m§À`m ZmË`mVboM hmoVo. {OOm~mBªÀ`m
AemV {OOm~mB© JamoXa hmoË`m, Voìhm `m

12

ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabr. Voìhm Ë`m§Zm am_mÀ`m {Z H¥$îUmÀ`m, ^r_mÀ`m {Z
ehmOramOm§Zr {OOm~mBªZm {edZoarda R>odbo d A{^_Ý`yÀ`m JmoîQ>r gm§JV. VgoM H$Yr
Vo _wKbm§da MmbyZ Jobo. Zm_Xodm§Mo, H$Yr kmZoídam§Mo Va H$Yr EH$ZmWm§Mo
A^§J åhUyZ XmIdV. {edam`m§Zm eya nwéfm§À`m
.... Am{U Vmo gmoÝ`mMm {Xdg COmS>bm. JmoîQ>r AmdS>V. _moR>o Pmë`mda Ë`m§À`mgmaIo
\$mëJwZ dXç V¥Vr`m eHo$ 1551 åhUOoM B§J«Or namH«$_ H$amdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. {OOm~mB©
dfm©à_mUo 19 ’o$~«wdmar 1630. {edZoarÀ`m gmYwg§Vm§À`m M[aÌm§Vrb JmoîQ>rhr gm§JV. Ë`mVyZ
ZJmaImÝ`mV gZB©, Mm¡KS>m dmOV hmoVm. Aem Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr gmYwg§Vm§{df`r AmXa~wX²>Yr
_§Jb jUr {OOm~mBªÀ`m nmoQ>r nwÌ OÝ_bm. {Z_m©U Pmbr.
{H$ëë`mda AmZ§XrAmZ§X Pmbm. ~mimMo ~mago
Pmbo. {edZoar {H$ëë`mda OÝ_ Pmbm åhUyZ Jar~ _mdiçm§Mr _wbo {edam`m§~amo~a
~mimMo Zmd "{edmOr' R>odbo. Ioim`bm `oV. H$YrH$Yr {ed~mhr Ë`m§À`m
PmonS>rV OmV. Ë`m§Mr H$m§Xm^mH$a AmdS>rZo ImV.
{edam`m§Mo ~mbnU : {edam`m§À`m Ë`m§À`mer J_VrXma Ioi IoiV. _mdiçm§Mr
d`mMr n{hbr ghm df} \$ma YmdnirV Jobr; _wbo åhUOo OUy amZmVrb nmIao ! Vr nmonQ>,
nU `m YmdnirVhr {OOm~mBªZr {edam`m§Zm H$moH$si, dmK `m§Mo hw~ohy~ AmdmO H$mT>V.
CËV_ {ejU {Xbo. gm`§H$mir Ë`m gm§OdmV ‘mVrMo hËVr d KmoS>o ~ZdUo, _mVrMo {H$ëbo
bmdV. {ed~m§Zm Odi KoV, _m`oZo Hw$admiV,

dra‘mVm {OOm~mB© {edam¶m§Zm JmoîQ>r gm§JVmZm
13

gd§JS>çm§gmo~V {edam¶

aMUo ho Ë`m§Mo N>§X ! bn§S>md, M|Sy>, ^modam ho ~hmb Ho$br.

Ë`m§Mo Zoh_rMo Ioi. {edam`hr Ë`m _wbm§~amo~a Xaå`mZ dOra \$ËVoImZmZo _wKbm§er AmVyZ
ho Ioi IoiV. ‘mdiçm§À¶m _wbm§Zm {edam` hmV{_idUr H$ê$Z {ZOm_emhmMrM hË`m
\$ma\$ma AmdS>m`Mo.
Ho$br. {ZOm_emhrV A§XmY§wXr _mObr. \$ËVoImZ

ehmOramOo _wKb ~mXemhrH$S>o : {\$VwarZo {ZOm_emhr _wKbm§À`m KemV KmbUma
ehmOramOo {ZOm‘emhrV naVbo Iao, nU ho ñnîQ> Pmbo. EdT>oM Zìho, Va Ë`mMr ~{jgr
Ë`m§Zm {VWo ñdmñÏ` {_imbo Zmhr, H$maU IwX²X åhUyZ ehmOramOm§À`m Vmã`mV AgUmam _wbyI
{ZOm_emhmM hbŠ`m H$mZmMm d YagmoS> _wKbm§Zr Ë`mbm nañna XoD$Z Q>mH$bm, Voìhm
d¥ËVrMm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Xa~mamV H$mañWmZo d ehmOramOm§Zr g§VmnyZ _wKbm§Mr ~mOy gmoS>br
hodoXmdo `m§Zm D$V Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ {ZOm_- Am{U Amnë`m gm_Ï`m©À`m Omoamda _wKbm§Zm
emhmÀ`mM {MWmdUrZo bIwOramd OmYdm§Mr YS>m {eH$dÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm.

^a Xa~mamV hË`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m KQ>ZoMr Zì`m {ZOm_emhrMr ñWmnZm : dOra

MrS> `oD$Z ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhrMm Ë`mJ \$ËVoImZmg d _wKb ~mXemhmg eh XoÊ`mgmR>r

Ho$bm Am{U Vo _wKbm§À`m godoV éOy Pmbo. _wKb ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_mÀ`m d§emVrb EH$ _yb

~mXemhm emhOhmZZo Ë`m§Zm Amnbr gaXmaH$s emoYyZ H$mT>bo Am{U OwÝZaOdiÀ`m no_{Jar

14

{H$ëë`mda Ë`mbm {ZOm‘emhm åhUyZ Omhra {OOm~mB© d {edam` H$Zm©Q>H$mV:
Ho$bo. Aem àH$mao Ë`m§Zr EH$ Zdo amÁ`M ñWmnZ ehmOramOm§Mr {ZOm_emhr ~wS>më`mZ§Va
Ho$bo. `m amÁ`mV JmoXmdar Vo Zram `m Xaå`mZMm {VMm àXoe _wKb d Am{Xbemhm `m§Zr dmQy>Z
àXoe _moS>V hmoVm. Amnë`m `m amÁ`mMo g§ajU KoVbm. ehmOramOm§Mr nwUo-gwß`mMr nydm©nma
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ehmOramOo _moR>çm eWuZo bT>bo. OhmJra Am{Xbemhr amÁ`mV Ambr, Voìhm
`m H$m_r Am{XbemhmZo àW_ Ë`m§Zm gmW {Xbr, Am{XbemhmZo Vr OhmJra Amnë`m dVrZo Ë`m§Zm
nU nwT>o IwX²X _wKb ~mXemhm emhOhmZ X{jUoV {Xbr. AmVm ehmOramOm§Zr Am{XbemhrMr godm
ehmOramOm§da MmbyZ Ambm Am{U Ë`mZo ñdrH$mabr. Am{XbemhmZo Ë`m§Mr nwÊ`mnmgyZ
Am{Xbemhmg V§~r {Xbr, Voìhm Am{XbemhmZo Xya H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb àXoe qOH$Ê`mÀ`m H$m_mda
ehmOramOm§À`m {damoYmV Ë`mÀ`mer _¡ÌrMm Vh Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. ehmOramOo H$Zm©Q>H$mV Joë¶mZ§Va
Ho$bm. H$mhr H$mimZo {OOm~mB© Am{U {edam¶hr
˶m§À¶mH$S>o Jobo.

AmVm _wKb d Am{Xbemhr `m§À`m g§`wŠV {edam`m§Mo _hmamîQ´>mVrb ~mbnU
\$m¡Om§er ehmOramOo J{Z_r H$mì`mZo bTy> bmJbo; Ym_Yw_rV Jobo hmoVo. AmO `m {H$ëë`mda, Va

na§Vw EH$Q>o ehmOramOo Ë`m§À`mer {H$Vr {Xdg CXçm Ë`m {H$ëë`mda Aer {OOmD$-{ed~m§Mr

bT>Uma? Ë`m§Mr eŠVr Anwar nSy> bmJbr. Ymdni Mmby Agm`Mr. Ë`m doir d{S>bm§À`m
namH«$_mÀ`m JmoîQ>r bhmZ½`m {ed~m§À`m
Voìhm ZmBbmO hmoD$Z 1636 gmbr ˶m§Zr H$mZr nS>V AgV. nwT>o H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amë`mda
‘wKbm§er Vh Ho$bm. ehmOramOm§Zm H$mi `m _m`boH$am§Zm WmoS>m ñdñWnUm {_imbm.
AZwHy$b ZìhVm, åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm ñdV§Ì H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb AZoH$ amOm§Zm ehmOramOm§Zr
amÁ` ñWmnÊ`mMm à`ËZ VS>rg Jobm Zmhr; qOH$bo, Voìhm Am{XbemhmZo Ë`m§Zm ~§JiyaMr
na§Vw Ë`m§À`m `m YmS>gm_wio _amR>r bmoH$m§V OhmJra ~jrg {Xbr. AmVm ~§Jiya ho
AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm. {edam`m§Zm hm ehmOramOm§Zr Amnbo _w»` R>mUo Ho$bo Am{U
AmË_{dídmg nwT>o ñdamÁ` ñWmnÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V
Cn`moJr R>abm. VoWo Vo EImXçm amOmgmaIo d¡^dmV amhÿ bmJbo.

Xa~ma ^ady bmJbo.

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m©` {bhm. 2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.

(A) {edam`m§Mm OÝ_ ......... {H$ëë`mda (A) {OOm_mVoÀ`m CnXoemZo {edam`m§À`m _ZmV
Pmbm. H$moUVo {dMma Kmoiy bmJbo ?

(nwa§Xa, {edZoar, nÝhmim) (Am) {edam` _mdiçm§À`m _wbm§~amo~a H$moUVo

(Am) Am{XbemhmZo ehmOramOm§Mr ............ Ioi IoiV AgV ?

àXoe qOH$Ê`mÀ`m H$m_mda Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. (B) ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhrMm Ë`mJ H$m

(H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb, ImZXoemVrb, H$moH$UmVrb) Ho$bm?

15

3. XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`m§V CËVao {bhm. CnH«$_

(A) {OOm~mB© {edam`m§Zm H$moUmH$moUmÀ`m JmoîQ>r (A) {edZoar {H$ëë`mMr ghb H$am. VoWrb
gm§JV ? {edOÝ_-ñWimMr _m{hVr {_idm.

(Am) ehmOramOm§Zr {ZOm_emhmÀ`m d§emVrb (Am) Vwåhr IoiV Agboë`m nma§n[aH$ Ioim§Mr Zmdo
_wbmbm {ZOm_emhm åhUyZ Omhra H$m {bhm. Ë`m§n¡H$s EH$m Ioim{df`r 10 AmoitV
Ho$bo? _m{hVr {bhm.

{edZoar {H$ëbm - _hmXadmOm
16

5. {edam¶m§Mo {ejU

{edam`m§À`m {ejUmg àma§^ : ñdV: IoiUo, Xm§S>nQ²>Q>m {\$adUo, Vbdma MmbdUo
ehmOramOo ho g§ñH¥$VMo JmT>o n§{S>V hmoVo. BË`mXr {dXçm {eH$dÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. Aem
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ~§JiyaÀ`m Xa~mamV AZoH$ àH$mao d`mÀ`m ~mamì`m dfm©n`ªV {edam`m§Zm
^mfm§À`m n§{S>Vm§Zm Am{U H$bmd§Vm§Zm Aml` {d{dY {dXçm d H$bm `m§Mm n[aM` Pmbm.
{Xbm hmoVm. {edam`m§gmR>r Ë`m§Zr hþema
{ejH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. VoWo d¶mbm bdH$aM Am{XbemhmZo ehmOramOm§Zm
gmV df} Pmë¶mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m {ejUmbm àma§^ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Zm`H$m§Mr amÁ`o qOH$Ê`mÀ`m
Pmbm. WmoSçmM H$mimV {edam` {b{hÊ`m- _mo{h_oda nmR>dbo. `m ‘mo{h‘oda OmÊ`mnydu
dmMÊ`mÀ`m H$boV nma§JV Pmbo. am_m`U, ehmOramOm§Zr {OOmD$ d {edam` `m§Mr
_hm^maV, ^mJdV `m§Vrb JmoîQ>r Vo ñdV: dmMy nwUo Ohm{JarH$S>o admZJr Ho$br. Ë`m doir
bmJbo. ehmOramOm§Zr {edam`m§Zm `wX²YH$bm Ë`m§À`m~amo~a ehmOramOm§Zr hËVr, KmoS>o,
{eH$dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {ejH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br nm`Xi, I{OZm, ÜdO, VgoM {dídmgy àYmZ,
eya goZmZr Am{U {d»`mV {ejH$ `m§Zm YmS>bo.
hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr {edam`m§g KmoS>çmda ~gUo, Hw$ñVr

ehmOramOm§À¶m XoIaoIrImbr {edam¶m§Mo {ejU
17

nwÊ`mMm H$m`mnmbQ> : {OOmD$ Am{U H$mhr df} eoVgmè`mMr gyQ> {Xbr. Ë`m_wio eoVo
{edam` nwÊ`mbm Ambo. {edam`m§Zm ~mbnUMo bmJdS>rg Ambr. _mObobo bm§S>Jo eoVH$è`m§Zm
{Xdg AmR>dbo. ~mbnUr {edZoarÀ`m _mVrV Ìmg XoV, åhUyZ bm§S>Jo _maÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr
Vo Ioibo hmoVo. ghçmÐrMr C§MC§M {eIao ~{jgo bmdbr. Ë`m_wio ~aoM bm§S>Jo _mabo
Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm {Xgbr. Ë`m§Zm IynIyn AmZ§X Jobo. Mmoam§Mm gwigwimQ> Pmbm hmoVm. XmXmOtZr
Pmbm. Ë`m doiMo nwUo AmOÀ`mBVHo$ _moR>o eoVH$è`m§Mr nWHo$ C^mabr d Ë`m§Mm nhmam
ZìhVo. ehmOramOm§À`m eÌy§Zr ho Qw>_Xma Jmd ~gdbm. Mmoam§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. O{_ZrMr
COmS> H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo hmoVo. JmdmVrb _mb_ËVoMr àVdmar R>adyZ {VÀ`mda gmam AmH$mabm.
ZmgYyg Pmbr hmoVr. Kao _moS>br hmoVr, Xodio Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm AmZ§X Pmbm. XmXmOr H$m|S>Xod
nS>br hmoVr. eÌyÀ`m ^rVrZo bmoH$ Jmd gmoSy>Z Am{U {ZOm‘emhrMm dOra ‘{bH$ A§~a ¶m§Mo
niyZ Jobo hmoVo. eoVo AmogmS> Pmbr hmoVr. O§Jbo H$m¶© eoVr gwYmaUm Am{U gmamdgwbr ¶m joÌm§V
dmT>br hmoVr. amZmV bm§S>Jo _mObo hmoVo. Aer ‘mobmMo d nm¶m^yV ‘mZbo OmVo.
nwÊ`mMr X¡Ý`mdñWm Pmbr hmoVr.
{edam`m§Mo {ejU : {edam`
{OOm~mB© {edam`m§gh nwÊ`mV amhÿ bmJë`m, nwUo Ohm{JarV Ambo, Var {OOm~mBªÀ`m
ho AmgnmgÀ`m Jmdm§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm g_Obo, XoIaoIrImbr Ë`m§Mo {ejU MmbyM am{hbo.
Voìhm bmoH$m§Zm _moR>m Yra Ambm. {OOm~mBªZr ~§JiyahÿZ `oVmZm ehmOramOm§Zr gmo~V {Xboë`m
Ë`m§Zm Odi ~mobmdyZ {Xbmgm {Xbm. bmoH$ Zm_d§V {ejH$m§Zr {edam`m§Zm AZoH$ emñÌo,
nwÊ`mbm `oD$Z amhÿ bmJbo. eoVmda OmD$ bmJbo. {dXçm d ^mfm {eH$dë`m.
{OOm~mBªZr nS>H$s Xodio XwéñV H$ê$Z KoVbr.
Xodim§V gH$mi-g§Ü`mH$mi nyOm hmoD$ bmJbr. CËV_ amÁ`H$ma^ma H$gm H$amdm, eÌyer
Jmd bmoH$m§Zr JO~Oy bmJbo. Ë`m_wio nwÊ`mMo `wX²Y H$go H$amdo, {H$ëbo H$go ~m§Ymdo, KmoS>o
ê$n nmbQ>bo. d hËVr `m§Mr narjm H$er H$amdr, eÌyÀ`m
XwJ©_ àXoemVyZ {ZgQy>Z H$go Omdo BË`mXr AZoH$
XmXmOr H$m|S>Xodm§Mr H$m_{Jar : {OOmD$ {dXçm {edam`m§Zm AdJV Pmë`m. {edam`m§Mr
d {edam` H$Zm©Q>H$mV AgVmZm BH$S>o nwUo {ejUmVrb hr àJVr nmhÿZ {OOmD§$Zm _moR>m
Ohm{JarMr ì`dñWm XmXmOr H$m|S>Xod nmhV AmZ§X Pmbm.
hmoVo. Vo H$m|T>mÊ`mMo gw^oXmahr hmoVo. Vo _moR>o
B_mZr godH$ hmoVo. H$ma^mamV MmoI hmoVo, VgoM dra‘mVm {OOm~mBªMr {edam`m§g
Vo Ý`m`r hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr {eñV H$S>H$ hmoVr. Vo {eH$dU : {OOm~mB© hr H$mhr gm_mÝ` ñÌr
{ZîR>md§V hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV ehmOramOm§À`m ZìhVr. Vr bIwOramd OmYdm§gma»`m ~bmT>ç
AmXoemZo nwÊ`mV EH$ _moR>m dmS>m ~m§YʶmV gaXmamMr H$Ý`m Am{U ehmOramOm§gma»`m
Ambm. Ë`mMo Zmd bmb _hmb. eoVH$è`m§Zr namH«$_r nwéfmMr nËZr hmoVr. amOH$maUmMo
eoVm§V bmJdS> H$amdr, åhUyZ XmXmOtZr Ë`m§Zm d `wX²YZrVrMo ~miH$Sy> {OOm~mBªZm

18

bhmZnUmnmgyZM {_imbo hmoVo. OmYd d
^mogbo `m XmoÝhr à{gX²Y KamÊ`m§Mr bT>mD$
na§nam Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr EH$Ì Ambr hmoVr.
{OOm~mB© ‘moR>çm ñdm{^_mZr d ñdmV§Í`{à`
hmoË`m. _amR>m gaXmamZo {H$Vrhr namH«$_ Ho$bm,
Var gwbVmZm§À`m Xa~mamV Ë`mMo MrO hmoV
Zmhr, `mMm Ë`m§Zm dmB©Q> AZw^d Ambm hmoVm.
{ZOm_emhmZo ^a Xa~mamV Ë`m§À`m {nË`mMr
hË`m Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mMo Xw:I Ë`m§Zr nMdbo
hmoVo. {OOm~mBªZr AmVm {ZíM` Ho$bm hmoVm, H$s
Ë`m§Mm {ed~m Aer naŠ`m§Mr MmH$ar H$aUma
Zmhr. Vmo ñdV:M Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo amÁ`
åhUOo ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ H$arb. `m {dMmamZo Ë`m
{edam`m§Zm KS>dV hmoË`m.

_mdimV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm _mdio dra‘mVm {OOm~mB©
åhUV. _mdio B_mZr, H$îQ>miy d Mni hmoVo.
H$mQ>H$nUmV Ë`m§Mm hmV H$moUr YaV Zgo, nU AmB©À`m `m CnXoemZo {edam`m§Zm hþê$n
Vo gwbVmZr amOdQ>rZo Jm§Obo hmoVo. gwbVmZm§À`m `oB©. am_, H¥$îU, ^r_, AOw©Z `m dram§À`m
bîH$amH$Sy>Z JmdoÀ`m Jmdo bwQ>br OmV. a`V JmoîQ>r Ë`m§Zm AmR>dV. ho dranwéf {edam`m§Zm
namJ§Xm hmoB©. {Vbm H$moUr dmbr Zgo. Aem gVV Ü`mZr, _Zr, ñdßZr {XgV. ho dra
Xw:Ir-H$îQ>r bmoH$m§gmR>r AmnU H$mhrVar AÝ`m`m{déX²>Y Ogo bT>bo, Vgo AmnU bT>mdo.
H$amdo, Ago {edam`m§Zm dmQ>o. Ë`m§Zr XwîQ>m§Mm Zme Ho$bm, Vgm AmnU H$amdm.
Ë`m§Zr àOobm gwIr Ho$bo, Vgo AmnU H$amdo.
Kar Amë`mda {edam` {OOm~mBªnmer AmnU Ý`m`r ìhmdo, YmS>gr ìhmdo, namH«$_r
{hVJwO H$aV. {OOm~mB© åhUV, ""{ed~m, ìhmdo, Ago {edam`m§Zm gVV dmQy> bmJbo.
^mogë`m§Mm nyd©O lram_M§Ð. lram_M§ÐmZo XwîQ>
amdUmbm _mabo Am{U àOobm gwIr Ho$bo. {edam`m§Mm Zdm A§_b : nwUo Ohm{JarV
OmYdm§Mm nyd©O lrH¥$îU. Ë`mZo XwîQ> H§$gmbm AmVm {OOm~mBªÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr {edam`m§Mm
R>ma Ho$bo Am{U àOobm gwIr Ho$bo. lram_ Am{U Zdm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm. `m H$m_mgmR>r
lrH¥$îU `m§À`m d§emV VwPm OÝ_ Pmbm Amho. Aao,
VygwX²>Ym XwîQ>m§Mm g§hma H$ê$ eH$erb. VygwX²Ym
Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm Iyn gwIr H$ê$ eH$erb.''

19

ehmOramOm§Zr nyd©V`mar H$ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr. ehmOramOm§À`m Ohm{JarMm H$m`mnmbQM> hmoV
Ë`m§Zr {edam`m§Zm ~§JiyahÿZ nwÊ`mbm nmR>dVmZm hmoVm. nwT>o hmoD$ KmVboë`m ñdamÁ`mMm Z_wZmM
gm_amO ZriH§$R> noedo, ~miH¥$îU hZ_§Vo ‘mdiçm§Zm nmhm`bm {_iV hmoVm. OUy Vmo
_wOw_Xma, _mUH$moOr XhmVm|S>o gaZmo~V, aKwZmW ñdamÁ`mMm AéUmoX`M hmoVm  !
~ëbmi g~Zrg, gmoZmon§V S>~ra Aer _mVã~a
_§S>ir Ë`m§À`m~amo~a {Xbr hmoVr. OUy ho gd© {edam`m§Mm {ddmh : Ë`m H$mimV AJXr
ñdV§Ì amOmMo A{YH$marM. {edam`m§Zr Amnë`m bhmZnUrM b½Z H$aÊ`mMr nX²YV hmoVr, Voìhm
Ohm{JarMm H$ma^ma CËV_ arVrZo nmhmdm, {OOm_mVm åhUmë`m,""AmVm {ed~mMo Xmohm|Mo
åhUyZM ehmOramOm§Zr ho A{YH$mar nwÊ`mg Mma hmV H$am`bm nm{hOoV.'' ‘J {ed~mH$[aVm
nmR>dbo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _XVrZo {edam` Ohm{JarMm _wbr nmhUo gwê$ Pmbo. EH$ ‘wbJr Ë`m§Zm ng§V
H$ma^ma nmhÿ bmJbo. bmoH$m§À`m gwIXw:ImÀ`m nS>br. {VMo Zmd gB©~mB©. \$bQ>UÀ`m ZmB©H$
JmoîQ>r§H$S>o bj XoD$ bmJbo. a`Voda AÝ`m` qZ~miH$a KamÊ`mVrb Vr _wbJr. hm {ddmh
H$aUmè`m§Zm {ejm hmoD$ bmJë`m. EH$ àH$mao _moR>çm WmQ>m_mQ>mZo gmOam Pmbm.

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m©` {bhm. 3. XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) nwÊ`mMo ê$n H$go nmbQ>bo ?
(A) ehmOramOo ......... JmT>o n§{S>V hmoVo.
(Am) {edam`m§Zm H$moUË`m {dXçm AdJV
(g§ñH¥$VMo, H$ÝZS>Mo, V_riMo) Pmë`m?

(Am) _mdimV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm ........... (B) {OOm~mBªZr H$moUVm {ZíM` Ho$bm hmoVm ?
åhUVmV.
CnH«$_
(eoVH$ar, g¡{ZH$, _mdio) (A) {OOm~mB© d {edam` `m§À`m_Yrb g§dmXmMo

2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm. ZmQ>çrH$aU H$am.

(A) {edam`m§Zm {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Mr (Am) dra_mVm {OOm~mBªMo M[aÌ dmMm.
Zo_UyH$ H$moUr d H$moR>o Ho$br ?

(Am) {edam`m§Zm {ejH$m§Zr H$moUË`m {dXçm
{eH$dÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm ?

(B) XmXmOr H$m|S>Xodm§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVgmè`mMr
gyQ> H$m {Xbr ?

20

6. ñdamÁ¶ñWmnZoMr à{Vkm

am`aoídamMo Xodmb` : nwÊ`mÀ`m AmnU {H$Vr H$mi Inm`Mo ? gmJ§ m, Våw hrM
Z¡F©$Ë`obm Agbobo am`aoídamMo Xodmb` ho gmJ§ m ! dVZmÀ§ `m bm^o mZo AmnU ho AgMo Mmby
_moR>o a_Ur` ñWmZ hmoVo. VoWo 1645 gmbr Xçm`Mo H$m ?''
EH$ {dbjU KQ>Zm KS>br. {edam` d
AmOy~mOyÀ`m Imoè`m§_Yrb H$mhr _mdio _§S>ir {edam` AmdoemZo ~mobV hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm
_gbVrgmR>r {VWo O‘br hmoVr. Ë`m {H$a© Moham amJmZo bmb Pmbm hmoVm. ~mobVm ~mobVm
AaÊ`mV PmS>mPwS>nm§V bnboë`m am`aoídamÀ`m Vo Wm§~bo. Ë`m VéU gd§JS>çm§H$S>o nmhÿ bmJbo.
Xodmb`mV {edam`m§~amo~a H$gbo Ib~V Vo am`aoídamÀ`m Jm^mè`mV O‘bobo Vo VéU _mdio
_mdio H$aV hmoVo ? lre§H$amnmer H$moUVo _mJUo {edam`m§À`m ~mobÊ`mZo Wamê$Z Jobo. ZdrM ÑîQ>r
_mJV hmoVo ? Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s EH$OU åhUmbm,
""~mobm ~mbamOo, ~mobm. Amnbm _ZmoX` gm§Jm
~mb{ed~mMr VOo ñdr dmUr : {edam` Amåhm§bm. Vwåhr Oo gm§Jmb Vo H$aÊ`mgmR>r
AOZy d`mZo {H$VrVar bhmZ hmVo ,o nU Ë`mÀ§ `m Amåhr EH$m nm`mda V`ma AmhmoV.'' ""hmo
_ZmMr ^amar ‘mRo >r hmVo r. Ë`mZ§ r EH$ _mRo >m amOo, Vwåhr Oo gm§Jmb Vo Amåhr H$ê$ ! Am_Mo
KmQ> KmVbm hmVo m. Ë`m Xdo mb`mV O_bëo `m àmUhr XoD$ !'' Vo gmao VoOñdr VéU dra EH$m
gdJ§ S>çmZ§ m Vo H$iH$irZo åhUmb,o ""JS>çmZ§ m,o AmdmOmV ~mobbo.
_r AmO Våw hmb§ m _mÂ`m _ZmVrb EH$ Jmîo Q> gmJ§ y
H$m? Am_Mo dS>rb ehmOramOo {dOmnay Mo gaXma ñdamÁ`mMr enW : _mdiçm§À`m `m
AmhVo . Ë`mZ§ rM Amåhmb§ m `Wo ë`m Ohm{JarMm eãXm§Zr {edam`m§Zm ñ\w$aU MT>bo. EHo$H$mH$S>o
A{YH$ma {Xbm Amh.o gd© H$go N>mZ Mmbbo nmhV Vo AmZ§XmZo åhUmbo,""JS>çm§Zmo ! Amnbm
Amh,o nU JS>çmZ§ m,o _bm `mV _iw rM AmZX§ _mJ© R>abm. Amnë`m Ü`o`mgmR>r AmnU gdmªZr
dmQ>V Zmhr. gbw VmZmÀ§ `m dVZXmarda AmnU PQ>m`Mo, gdmªZr Inm`Mo, gdmªZr àmU An©U
gV§ îw Q> amhmdo H$m? Xgw è`mÀ`m AmO| irZMo AmnU H$am`bmhr V¶ma ìhm¶Mo. Amnbo ho Ü`o` åhUOo
nmUr ß`mdo H$m? Amnë`m Mmar ~mOZ§y m AZHo $ "qhXdr ñdamÁ`'! Vw_Mo, _mPo gmè`m§Mo ñdV§Ì
naH$s` amOdQ>r AmhVo . Ë`mÀ§ `m_Ü`o gmaIr `Xw Y² o amÁ` ñWmnZ H$am`Mo. naŠ`m§Mr Jwbm_r AmVm
Mmby AgVmV. Amnbr _mUgo `m `Xw Y² mV ZmhH$ ZH$mo. CR>m, `m am`aoídambm gmj R>odyZ AmnU
_aVmV. H$w Q>w~§ Ào `m H$w Q>w~§ o Xeo mYo S>rbm bmJVmV. à{Vkm H$ê$. ñdamÁ`ñWmnZogmR>r AmVm Amåhr
Amnë`m _bw ImMr Yiy YmU hmVo o Am{U BVH$o Am_Mo gd©ñd dmhUma.''
gmgo Zy hr Amnë`m nXar H$m` ? Va Jbw m_{Jar !
AmnU ho {H$Vr {Xdg ghZ H$am`M?o Xgw è`mgmR>r gmao _§{Xa {edam`m§À`m eãXm§Zr Kw_y
bmJbo. ""qhXdr ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ê$nmZo ho amÁ`

21

22

ñdamÁ¶ñWmnZoMr à{Vkm

ìhmdo, Ago ltÀ`m _ZmV Amho. ltMo _ZmoaW Ë`mbm Amim Kmbm`Mo Ë`m§Zr R>adbo. {edam`

AmnU nyU© H$ê$`m.'' {edam` eodQ>r {ZíM`mZo Xoe_wIm§À`m Jmdm§Zm ^oQ>r XoV. Ë`m§Mr g_OyV

~mobbo. KmbV. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m Ü`o`mZo Ë`m§Zm ^mê$Z Q>mH$V.

am`aoídamÀ`m Xodmb`mVyZ gmao _mdio ~mhoa {edam`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm JmoS> eãXm§Zr Amnbogo Ho$bo,
nS>bo, Vo ñdamÁ`mÀ`m AmUm^mH$m KoD$ZM. nU H$mhtZr Xm§S>JmB© Ho$br. Ë`m§Zmhr {edam`m§Zr
{edam`m§Mo _Z CM§~iyZ Ambo. Vo nwÊ`mg dR>Urda AmUbo. _amR>çm§Mo AmnmngmVrb
`oVmM VS>H$ bmb _hmbmV _mVmoltH$S>o Jobo. PJS>o Ë`m§Zr Wm§~dbo. Omo Vmo Ë`m§Zm YÝ`dmX
KS>bobm àg§J Ë`m§Zr {OOm~mBªZm gm§{JVbm. XoD$ bmJbm. _mdi Imoè`mVrb P§wOmaamd _ai,
Ë`m _mCbrbm YÝ`YÝ` dmQ>bo. AmnU _Zr Oo h¡~Vamd {ei_H$a, ~mOr nmgbH$a, {dR>moOr
Yabo Vo ~mbamOo nyU© H$aUma Aer Amem, Agm {eVmoio, OoYo, nm`JwS>o, ~m§Xb BË`mXr Xoe_wI
{dídmg Ë`m§Zm dmQy> bmJbm. _§S>ir {edam`m§Mm eãX _mZy bmJbr. _mdim§V
ñdamÁ`mMr KmoS>Xm¡S> gwê$ Pmbr.
_mdi Imoè`mVrb O_dmO_d : {edam`
Amnë`m Zì`m CXçmoJmbm bmJbo. _mdiçm§Zm {edam`m§Mr amO_wÐm : {edam`m§À`m
KoD$Z Vo VbdmarMo hmV H$ê$ bmJbo. KmoS>Xm¡S> ZmdmZo Ohm{JarMm H$ma^ma gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm.
H$amdr, S>m|Jam§Vrb AmS>_mJ© emoYmdo, qIS>r, ehmOramOm§Zr {edam`m§Mr ñdV§Ì amO_wÐm V`ma
KmQ>, MmoadmQ>m {ZaImì`m, Agm Ë`m§Mm {ZË`H«$_ Ho$br hmoVr. Vr _wÐm Aer 

gwê$ Pmbm. {edam`m§Zr _mdiçm§Mr A§V:H$aUo à{VnÀM§ÐboIod d{Y©îUw{d©ídd§{XVm Ÿ&&
qOHy$Z KoVbr. VéU _mdio {edam`m§gmR>r doS>o
Pmbo. {edam`m§gmR>r OJm`Mo, {edam`m§gmR>r emhgyZmo… {edñ`¡fm _wÐm ^Ðm` amOVo Ÿ&&
_am`Mo, Ago Vo ‘mZy bmJbo. AmVm {edam`m§À`m
hmbMmbtZm CYmU Ambo, g_wÐmbm ^aVr `mdr à{VnXoÀ`m M§ÐH$boà_mUo dmT>V OmUmar
Vgo. {edam`m§Zr nwÊ`m^modVrMo gd© H$moQ>, {H$ëbo Am{U gmè¶m {dídmbm d§Xç hmoUmar Aer
Amnë`m gd§JS>çm§gh ~marH$ ZOaoZo Ý`mhmibo. ehmOramOm§Mm nwÌ {edmOramOo ¶m§Mr amO‘wÐm
bmoH$m§À¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r Amho; Ago gm§JUmar

MmoadmQ>m, ^w`mao, ViKao, Xmê$Jmoim, hË`mao

Am{U eÌy§À`m \$m¡Om§Mr R>mUr `m§Mr IS>mZ²IS>m

_m{hVr {_idbr.

_mdim§Vrb gmo~Vr : ~mam _mdim§V
{R>H${R>H$mUr H$mhr Xoe‘wI _§S>ir Amnbr dVZo

gm§^miV ~gbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m dVZmMm

{dbjU bmo^ hmoVm. dVZmgmR>r Vo AmnmngmV

^m§S>V. `m ^m§S>UmV _amR>çm§Mr eŠVr CJmM amO‘wÐm
dm`m OmV Amho, ho {edam`m§Zr AmoiIbo.

23

Vr amO_wÐm åhUOo ñdamÁ`mÀ¶m ñWmnZoMm ñdY_© hdm. Ë`m~amo~aM Xwgè`m Y_m©Mm
g§Ho$VM hmoVm. X²>dofhr ZH$mo. {edam`m§Zr Amnbm H$ma^ma
bmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>rM gwê$ Ho$bm Amho, ho gmè`m
Ë`m H$mimV amO_wÐm ~hþYm \$mgu ^mfoV _mdiçm§À`m MQ>H$Z bjmV Ambo.
H$moaboë`m AgV, nU {edam`m§Mr _wÐm g§ñH¥$V
^mfoV hmoVr. ñdamÁ` hdo Ver ñd^mfm hdr,

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm. (B) {edam`m§Zr H$moUË`m JmoîQ>tMr IS>mZ²IS>m
_m{hVr {_idbr ?
(A) nwÊ`mÀ`m Z¡F©$Ë`obm Agbobo ...........
Xodmb` _moR>o a_Ur` ñWmZ hmoVo. (B©) {edam`m§Zr H$moUË`m JmoîQ>tZm Amim
Kmbm`Mo R>adbo ?
(Am) _mdim§V {R>H${R>H$mUr H$mhr ...........
_§S>ir Amnbr dVZo gm§^miV ~gbr 3. XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`m§V CËVao {bhm.
hmoVr.
(A) {edam`m§Mo Ü`o` H$moUVo hmoVo ?
(B) ehmOramOm§Zr {edam`m§Mr ñdV§Ì .........
V`ma Ho$br hmoVr. (Am) {edam`m§Mm H$moUVm {ZË`H«$_ gwê$ Pmbm ?

2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm. CnH«$_
{ejH$m§À`m _XVrZo ñdamÁ`ñWmnZoÀ`m àg§JmMo
(A) am`aoídamÀ`m Xodmb`mV {edam` eodQ>r {MÌ V`ma H$am.
{ZíM`mZo H$m` ~mobbo ?

(Am) {OOm~mBªZm H$moUVm {dídmg dmQy> bmJbm?

24

7. ñdamÁ¶mMo VmoaU ~m§Ybo

am`aoídamÀ`m Xodmb`mV {edam`m§Zr {H$ëbo {dOmnya Xa~mamVrb A{YH$mè`m§À`m
Amnë`m gd§JS>çm§gh ñdamÁ`ñWmnZoMr Vmã`mV> hmoVo. {H$ëë`m{§ edm` H$gbo Amho
à{Vkm Ho$br, nU Ho$dT>o AdKS> H$m`© hmoVo ñdamÁ` ! Á`mMo {H$ëbo Ë`mMo amÁ` ! {H$ëbm
Vo ! {XëbrMm _wKb ~mXemh, {dOmnyaMm Vmã`mV Agbm, H$s AmO~y mOÀy `m àXoemda
Am{Xbemhr gwbVmZ, Jmoì`mMo nmoVw©JrO Am{U gËVm MmbVo. S>mJ| ar {H$ëbm åhUOo amÁ`mMm
O§{Oè`mMm {gX²Xr Aem Mma gËVm Ë`m doir EH$ _»w ` AmYma. Vìo hm EImXm ^ŠH$_ {H$ëbm
_hmamîQ´mda hþH$_V JmOdV hmoË`m. `m gËVm§Mm bdH$a hñVJV Ho$bm nm{hO,o Ago {edam`mZ§ r
Xamam _moR>m hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m{déX²Y ~« H$mT>m`Mr _Zmer R>adbo. VmoaUm {H$ëbm {edam`m§À`m
Hw$UmMr qh_V ZìhVr. Aem {~H$Q> n[apñWVrV S>mio çm§nwT>o hmoVm. nÊw `mÀ`m ZF¡ ©$Ë`og Mmg¡ îQ>
{edam`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMm _§Ì CÀMmabm hmoVm. {H$bm_o rQ>ada H$mZX Imèo `mV hm {H$ëbm Amh.o
Hw$R>o eÌyÀ`m \$m¡Om§Mo A\$mQ> ~i Am{U Hw$R>o S>moJ§ ar {H$ëë`mV Vmao Um {H$ëbm _moR>m ~mH$m.
{edam`m§À`m gd§JS>çm§Mo Aën ~i ! nU Ë`m {H$ëë`mda XmoZ ^ŠH$_ _mÀ`m hmoË`m. EH$
{edam`m§Mm {ZíM` AT>i hmoVm. Ë`mVyZM ~i PO§w ma _mMr Am{U Xwgar ~wYbm _mMr. _mMr
{Z‘m©U Pmbo. åhUOo {H$ëë`mÀ`m MT>Urda Z¡g{JH© $arË`m
gnmQ> Pmboë`m ^mJmMr VQ>~X§ r. Pw§Oma _mMr
Vmao UJS> : {edam`m§H$S>o nUw ,o gwn,o MmH$U d Zmdmà_mUoM P§Ow ma Amh,o bT>mD$ Amh.o
B§Xmnya `m naJÊ`m§Mr OhmJra hmoVr. Ohm{JarVrb

VmoaUm {H$ëbm (Pw§Oma ‘mMr)
25

{H$ëë`mdê$Z Imbr CVaÊ`mgmR>r EH$M dmQ> Ho$ë`m. {e~§XrV _mdio, H$moir, am_moer, _hma

Amh.o Vr Amho POw§ ma _mMrdê$Z. hr dmQ> A{Ve` BË`mXr OmVrO_mVtVrb eya _mUgo Zo_br.

AdKS> Amh.o dmQ>do ê$Z MmbVmZm Oamgm Vmob ñdamÁ`mÀ`m g¡Ý`mV Om{V^oX, dU©^oX Agm

Jobm Var MmbUmam Imbr XarV H$mgo iyZ nS>Uma! H$moUVmhr ^oX^md ZìhVm. {H$ëë`mMr XwéñVr

_hmamîQ>´mVrb ~iH$Q> {H$ëë`mV§ VmoaUm {H$ëbm gwê$ Pmbr Am{U H$m` AmíM`© ! ‘moham§Zr

JUbm OmVmo. {H$ëë`mda VmoaUOmB© XodrMo XoD$i JÀM ^aboë`m Mma KmJar, H$m_ Mmby

Amho. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m {H$ëë`mbm "VmoaUm' ho Zmd AgVmZm {H$ëë`mda gmnS>ë`m ! H$m_H$è`m§Zm

nS>b.o EdT>m àMS§ > {H$ëbm ! nU Am{XbemhmMo AmZ§XrAmZ§X Pmbm. "{edam`m§Zm Xodr ^dmZr

`m {H$ëë`mH$S>o \$mago bj ZìhVo. {H$ëë`mda àgÝZ Amho, {VZoM YZ {Xbo', Ago Omo Vmo

naw ogo nhmaoH$ar ZìhVo, H$s Xmê$Jmoim ZìhVm. åhUy bmJbm. H$m_H$è`m§Zr _moR>çm AmZ§XmZo

{edam`mZ§ r ho hoab.o {edam`mZ§ m Zo_Ho$ hoM hdo YZmÀ`m KmJar {edam`m§Odi AmUyZ {Xë`m.

hmoV.o VmoaUm qOHy$Z ñdamÁ`mMo Vmao U ~mY§ m`Mo, EH$m _mohaobmhr Hw$Ur hmV bmdbm Zmhr.

Ago Ë`m§Zr R>adb.o ñdamÁ`mMo YZ hmoVo Vo ! Vo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m

ñdamÁ`mMr Zm¡~V PSbr : {ZdS>H$ YÝ`mÀ`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r
_mdiçm§À`m VwH$S>çm KoD$Z {edam` H$mZX EdT>o YZ EH$mEH$s gmnS>bo åhUyZ {edam`m§Zm
Imoè`mV CVabo. gmè`m _mdiçm§gh Vo qghmÀ`m hþê$n Ambm. Amnë`m H$m`m©bm AmB©^dmZrMm
N>mVrZo d haUmÀ`m doJmZo PnPn VmoaUm MTy>Z Amerdm©X Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo.

Jobo. _mdiçm§Zr ^am^a _moŠ`mÀ`m OmJm ho YZ ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m_r Ambo. `m

Vmã`mV KoVë`m. VmZmOr _mbwgao `m dramZo YZmVyZ {edam`m§Zr eñÌo {dH$V KoVbr.

XadmOmda _amR>çm§Mo {ZemU C^mabo. `ogmOr Xmê$Jmoim O_m Ho$bm. Caboë`m YZmVyZ

H§$H$ hm {edam¶m§Mm {dídmgy Am{U {ZîR>mdmZ Ë`m§Zr EH$ ~oV {gX²Yrg ZoÊ`mMo R>adbo. Vmo

ghH$mar. Ë`mZo Mm¡H$sda nhmao ~gdbo. {H$ëbm ~oV Agm. VmoaÊ`mnmgyZ n§Yam {H$bmo_rQ>ada

Vmã`mV Ambm. gdmªZr {edam`m§Mm O`O`H$ma nyd}bm _wé§~XodmMm S>m|Ja Amho. {edam`m§Zr Vmo

Ho$bm. qhXdr ñdamÁ`mMr Zm¡~V PS>br. hoê$Z R>odbm hmoVm. hm S>m|Ja Iyn C§M, AdKS>

ZJmè`m§Mm Am{U qeJm§Mm AmdmO ghçmÐrÀ`m Am{U _moŠ`mMm hmoVm. Am{XbemhmZo `m S>m|Jamda

Xè`mImoè`m§V Kw_bm. {edam`m§Zr `m {H$ëë`mbm EH$ {H$ëbm AY©dQ> ~m§YyZ gmoSy>Z {Xbm hmoVm.

"àM§S>JS>' Ago Zmd {Xbo. `m {H$ëë`mdahr nhmam {T>bmM hmoVm, Voìhm

^dmZr_mVoMm Amerdm©X : VmoaUm ñdamÁ`mÀ`m amOYmZrgmR>r hm {H$ëbm Vmã`mV
{H$ëë`mda {edam`m§Mm H$ma^ma gwê$ Pmbm. ¿`m`Mm, Ago {edam`m§Zr R>adbo.

Ë`m§Zr {H$ëë`mMr ~marH$ nmhUr Ho$br. ñdamÁ`mMr n{hbr amOYmZr : EH$

{H$ëë`mda _amR>m {H$ëboXma, ~«måhU g~Zrg, {Xdg {edam` Amnë`m {ZdS>H$ gd§JS>çm§gh

à^y H$maImZrg BË`mXr A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m `m {H$ëë`mda MT>bo Am{U Ë`m§Zr {H$ëbm

26

amOJS> - nmbr XadmOm

Vmã`mV KoVbm. VmoaÊ`mda gmnS>bobo H$mhr {dOmnyabm gm§S>Urñdma nmR>dyZ {edam`m§À`m
YZ _wé§~XodmÀ`m S>mJSw>OrgmR>r IM© Pmbo. ¶m KmoS>Xm¡S>rMr hH$sH$V Am{XbemhmÀ`m H$mZr
{edam`m§Zr `m {H$ëë`mbm Zmd {Xbo "amOJS>'. KmVbr.
JS>mda nmWadQ>m§Zr XJS> KS>dbo. bmohmamZo
^mVm ’w§$H$bm. gwVma, Jd§S>r, _Oya, {^ñVr {edam`m§Mo MmVw`© : Am{Xbemhm
Aer gmar _mUgo H$m_mbm bmJbr. amOdmS>m, M{H$V Pmbm. Ë`mZo ehmOramOm§Zm Om~
~mam _hmb, AR>am H$maImZo Am{U amOJmXr {dMmabm. ehmOramOm§Zm _moR>m noM nS>bm,
V`ma Pmbr. amOJS> hr ñdamÁ`mMr n{hbr nU Ë`m§Zr doi {Z^mdyZ Zobr. "Ohm{JarMo
amOYmZr gObr. ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:H$S>o EH$hr {H$ëbm
Zmhr, åhUyZ {edmOramOm§Zr {H$ëbm KoVbm
ñdamÁ`mMr KmoS>Xm¡S> : {edam`m§Mr Agmdm,' Ago ehmOramOm§Zr Am{Xbemhmg
KmoS>Xm¡S> gwê$ Pmbr. ~mam _mdim§Vrb H$idbo. {edam`m§Zrhr Am{XbemhmH$S>o OmgyX
{H$ëë`m§_mJyZ {H$ëbo Ë`m§Zr Vmã`mV KoVbo. nmR>dbm. "Ohm{JarMm H$ma^ma ì`dpñWV Mmbmdm
~mam _mdim§V AmZ§X Am{U CËgmh `m§Zm nya åhUZy Amåhr {H$ëbm KVo bm. Am{XbemhmÀ`m
Ambm. JmdmoJmdMo nmQ>rb, Xoe_wI {edam`m§À`m {hVmgmR>rM {H$ëbm KVo bm. `mV Xgw am H$mhrhr hVo y
_wOè`mbm `oD$ bmJbo; na§Vw Vm§XimV Ogo H$mhr Zmhr.' Ago YVy n© UmMo CËVa {edam`mZ§ r nmR>db.o
IS>o AgVmV, VgoM _mdim§Vhr H$mhr XwîQ> bmoH$
hmoVo. {edam`m§Mm CËH$f© ~KyZ Ë`m§À`m nmoQ>mV XwIy H$mo§T>mUm Am{U nwa§Xa ho XmoZ {H$ëbohr
bmJbo. {eadiÀ`m Am{Xbemhr R>mUoXmamH$S>o _moŠ`mMo hmoVo. {edam`m§Zr Vohr `wŠVrZo H$m~rO
{edam`m§{déX²Y VH«$mar Joë`m. R>mUoXmamZo Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va amo{hS>m Vmã`mV KoVbm. ñdamÁ`mMr
KmoS>Xm¡S> Aer OmoamV gwê$ Pmbr.

27

ñdmÜ`m`

1. [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrb `mo½` n`m©` {bhm. (Am) {edam`m§Zr VmoaUm {H$ëë`mda H$moUË`m
A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m Ho$ë`m ?
(A) {edam`m§H$S>o nwUo, gwno, MmH$U d ........
`m naJÊ`m§Mr OhmJra hmoVr. (B) {edam`m§Zr Am{Xbemhmbm H$moUVo CËVa
nmR>dbo ?
(B§Xmnya, gmgdS>, doëho)
3. H$maUo {bhm.
(Am) {edam`m§Zr .......... qOHy$Z ñdamÁ`mMo
VmoaU ~m§Ym`Mo, Ago R>adbo. (A) ñdamÁ`mMo VmoaU ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r {edam`m§Zr
VmoaUm {H$ëë`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br.
(qghJS>, {edZoar, VmoaUm)
(Am) VmoaUm {H$ëë`mda gmnS>boë`m YZmÀ`m
(B) ñdamÁ`mMr n{hbr amOYmZr ......... hr KmJar H$m‘Jmam§Zr {edam`m§Odi AmUyZ
gObr. {Xë`m.

(amOJS>, am`JS>, àVmnJS>) CnH«$_

2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm. {ejH$m§À`m _XVrZo Vw_À`m n[agamVrb
{H$ëë`mda ghb Am`mo{OV H$am.
(A) _hmamîQ´>mda H$moUË`m Mma gËVm hþH$_V
JmOdV hmoË`m ?

28

8. ñdH$s¶ eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV

Oa~ ~gdbr : {edam`m§À`m AdVr^modVr Xw_Xw_bo. {edam` bmoH$m§Mo amOo Pmbo, nU Vo
~mam ‘mdim§Vrb _mdio Jmoim Pmbo. {edam` H$mhr bmoH$m§À`m S>moiçm§V Iwnbo. OmdirMo
gm§JVrb Vr H$m_{Jar Vo ~OmdV hmoVo. _moao AgoM hmoVo. _moao ho OmdirMo OhmJraXma.
ñdamÁ`mgmR>r OJm`Mo Am{U ñdamÁ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr OhmJra am`JS>mnmgyZ H$mo`Zm Imoè`mn`ªV
_am`Mo, Ago Vo _mZV hmoVo. gmYr-^moir hmoVr. Vo {dOmnyaÀ`m Am{XbemhmMo OhmJraXma
_amR>_moir _mUgo Vr ! Ë`m§Zm {edam` åhUOo hmoVo. Am{XbemhmZo Ë`m§Zm "M§Ðamd' hm {H$Vm~
Ord H$s àmU dmQ>V; nU H$mhr ‘§S>itZm {Xbm hmoVm. OmdirMo O§Jb AË`§V XmQ> hmoVo.
{edam`m§À`m H$V¥©ËdmMm hodm dmQ>o. Aem§Mm ^a{Xdgm gy`©{H$aUm§Zmhr VoWo {eaH$md ZìhVm.
~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo {edam`m§Zm ^mJ nS>bo. Ë`mV dmK, bm§S>Jo, Añdbo BË`mXr ídmnXo g§Mma
H$aV. ‘moè¶m§Mr Omdir åhUOo OUy dmKmMr
I§S>moOr Am{U ~mOr KmoanS>o ho gaXma OmirM hmoVr! Ë`m_wio _moè`m§À`m dmQ>obm H$moUr
Am{XbemhmÀ`m MmH$arV hmoVo. Am{XbemhmZo OmV Zgo, nU Vr qh_V Ho$br eya {edam`m§Zr.
Ë`m§Zm {edam`m§À`m {déX²Y {MWmdbo. H$m|T>mUm
^mJmV Ë`m§Zr Yw_mHy$i _mOdbm; na§Vw Ë`mbm H$maU Ago - Xm¡bVamd _moao
{edam`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr S>mi {eOy {Xbr Zmhr. 1645 gmbr _aU nmdbm. Ë`mÀ`m dmagm§_Ü`o
{edam`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm {nQ>miyZ bmdbo. V§Q>o gwê$ Pmbo. {edam`m§Zr `ed§Vamd _moao
`mbm _XV Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m _XVrZoM `ed§Vamd
VgoM \$bQ>UMo ~OmOr ZmB©H$ qZ~miH$a, OmdirÀ`m JmXrda M§Ðamd åhUyZ ~gbm. Ë`m
ho Va {edam`m§Mo _ohþUo. {edam¶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m doir `ed§VamdmZo {edam`m§Zm I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo
{damoYmV OmD$Zhr bT>m¶m H$amì¶m bmJë¶m; H$~yb Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©V _XV H$aÊ`mMohr
VWm{n nwT>o ¶m KamʶmVrb 춳Vr {edam¶m§À¶m H$~yb Ho$bo, nU JmXrda ~gë`mda _mÌ Vmo
~amo~a am{hë¶m. gmao {dgabm. Hw$R>bm {edmOr Am{U Hw$R>bm
H$ama ! Vmo ~ondm©B©Zo dmJy bmJbm. ñdamÁ`mVrb
{edam`m§Mm OdiMm ZmVbJ g§^mOr _wbImda ñdmè`m H$a, àOobm Ìmg Xo, Aer
_mo{hVo. hm Ë`m§À`m gwno naJÊ`mV hmoVm. Xm§S>JmB© `ed§Vamd H$ê$ bmJbm. doirM Ë`mMm
Ë`mZohr {edam`m§{déX²Y H$madm`m gwê$ Ho$ë`m. ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm Zmhr Va ñdamÁ`mbm YŠH$m
{edam`m§Zr gwß`mbm OmD$Z Ë`mbm nH$S>bo nmohmoMob, ho {edam`m§Zr AmoiIbo.
Am{U Ë`mMr admZJr H$Zm©Q>H$ àm§VmV Ho$br.
H$V©ì`mnwT>o {edam` ZmVoJmoVo _mZV ZgV.

OmdirMo M§Ðamd _moao : "~§S> Ho${b`m _mabo Omb' : {edam`m§Zr
{edam`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr Wmoadr gmè`m `ed§Vamd _moao `mbm àW_ EH$ Ia_arV nÌ

_mdiçm§Zm nQ>br. Ë`m§Mo Zmd gd©Ì YmS>bo. "Vwåhr amOo åhU{dVm. amOo Amåhr.

29

Amåhm§g lre§^yZo amÁ` {XYbo Amho, Va Vwåhr _{hZm^a `ed§VamdmZo P§wO {Xbr, nU Ë`mMo
amOo Z åhUmdo.' Iyn g¡Ý` _mabo Jobo. AIoarg Amnë`m _wbm§Zm
KoD$Z `ed§Vamd am`arda nimbm. {edam`m§Zr
`ed§Vamd _moè`mZo CX²YQ>nUo CËVa {b{hbo, Omdir KoVbr. Z§Va {edam` am`arda MmbyZ
"Vwåhr H$mb amOo Omhbm. Vwåhm§g amÁ` H$moUr Jobo. Ë`m§Zr am`arÀ`m {H$ëë`mbm ^ŠH$_ doT>m
{XYbo? `oVm Omdir, OmVm Jmodbr....Amåhm§g {Xbm. `ed§Vamd VrZ _{hZo {ZH$amZo bT>bm,
ltMo H¥$noZo Am{XbemhmZo amOo hm {H$Vm~, nU AIoarg Ë`mbm _mKma ¿`mdr bmJbr.
N>ÌMm_a, qghmgZ _ohoa~mZ hmoD$Z {XYbo. `oWo
Cnm` H$amb Va Anm` hmoB©b.' {H$ëbo am`JS> : OmdirMm {dO` \$ma
_hËËdmMm hmoVm. Ë`m {dO`m_wio {edam`m§Mo
{edam`m§Zr CbQ> Q>mobm {Xbm, "Omdir ñdamÁ` nydunojm XwßnQ> Pmbo. `ed§VamdmMo
Imbr H$ê$Z, amOo Z åhUmoZ, N>ÌMm_a Xya g¡Ý`hr {edam`m§Zm `oD$Z {_imbo. am`arMm àM§S>
H$ê$Z, hmV é_mbo ~m§YyZ, ^oQ>rg `oD$Z, {H$ëbm ñdamÁ`mV Ambm. hm {H$ëbm ~KyZ
hþOwamMr MmH$ar H$aUo. BV{H$`mda ~§S>Imoar {edam`m§Zm YÝ` dmQ>bo. Ë`m§Zr `m {H$ëë`mMo
Ho${b`m, _mabo Omb.' Zmd "am`JS>' R>odbo. ˶mZ§Va ˶m§Zr OdiM
Agboë¶m ^moaß`m S>m|Jamda EH$ ZdrZ {H$ëbm
Omdir^modVr KZXmQ> O§Jb hmoVo. am`arMm ~m§Ybm. Ë`mMo Zmd R>odbo àVmnJS>.
{H$ëbm AqOŠ` hmoVm. _moao _§S>irhr nwîH$i
hmoVr. Omdir qOH$Uo gmono ZìhVo. ^anya V`mar
H$ê$Z {edam`m§Zr Omdirda ñdmar Ho$br. gw_mao

{H$ëbo am¶JS>
30

ñdmÜ`m`

1. MwH$sMr OmoS>r AmoiIm. 3. XmoZ-VrZ dmŠ`m§V CËVao {bhm.
(A) \$bQ>U - qZ~miH$a
(A) OmdirÀ`m _moè`m§À`m dmQ>obm H$moUr H$m
(Am) Omdir - _moao OmV Zgo ?

(B) gwno - OmYd (Am) {edam`m§Zr `ed§Vamd _moao `mbm H$moUVo
nÌ YmS>bo ?
2. àË`oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
(A) OmdirÀ`m _moè`m§Zm Am{XbemhmZo H$moUVm CnH«$_

{H$Vm~ {Xbm hmoVm ? (A) am`JS>mMr {MÌo g§J«{hV H$am.

(Am) OmdirMm {dO` \$ma _hËËdmMm H$m (Am) {XdmirÀ`m gwQ²>Q>rV Vw_À`m {_Ìm§gh am`JS>mMr
hmoVm? à{VH¥$Vr V`ma H$am.

31

9. àVmnJS>mdarb namH«$‘

Am{Xbemhr hmXabr : {dOmnyaÀ`m qH$dm _mê$Z AmUÊ`mMm {dS>m ^a Xa~mamV

Xa~mamVrb JmoîQ>. {edam`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m CMbbm. gmam Xa~ma Iye Pmbm. Xa~mamV hOa

hmbMmbr EoHy$Z Am{Xbemhr Xa~ma H$miOrV Agboë`m àË`oH$mbm dmQ>bo, "AmVm {edmOr

nS>bm. Xa~mamV PmSy>Z gmao gaXma Jmoim ^mogbm H$gbm {Od§V amhVmo ! WmoS>çmM {Xdgm§V

Pmbo. EHo$H$ JmObobo g_eoa~hmX²Xa Xa~mamV {dOmnya Xa~mamV gmIiX§S>mV ~m§Yboë`m

hOa hmoVo. Am{Xbemhr H$ma^ma ~KUmar ~S>r AdñWoV {edmOr hOa hmoUma, ZmhrVa Ë`mMo

gmho~rU OmVrZo Xa~mamV hOa hmoVr. Xa~mamnwT>o _w§S>Ho$ Var Xa~mamV gmXa hmoUma.'

_hËËdmMm àíZ hmoVm- "{edmOrMm ~r_moS> A\$ObImZ _moR>çm EoQ>rZo, WmQ>m_mQ>mZo
H$gm H$am`Mm ?'
{dOmnwamVyZ ~mhoa nS>bm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m~amo~a

~S>r gmho~rU {hZo Xa~mamVrb gaXmam§Zm àM§S> \$m¡O d bT>mB©Mo$ gm_mZ KoVbo. `mnydu

IS>m gdmb Ho$bm, ""gm§Jm, H$moU V`ma Amho A\$ObImZ ~mam df} dmB©Mm gw^oXma hmoVm.

{edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$am`bm ?'' Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm Ë`m _wbImMr Mm§Jbr _m{hVr

Xa~mamV em§VVm ngabr. Omo Vmo Amnë`m hmoVr. _moR>çm K_|S>rZo Vmo _hmamîQ´>mMr dmQ> Mmby
OmJr Myn! {edam`m§er _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mMo bmJbm.

YmS>g H$moU XmIdUma? Omo Vmo EH$_oH$m§H$S>o ñdamÁ`mdarb g§H$Q> : {edam` Ë`m doir

~Ky bmJbm. EdT>çmV {YßnmS> XohmMm EH$ amOJS>mda hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm A\$ObImZ MmbyZ `oV

gaXma bdyZ _wOam H$aV nwT>o Ambm. Ë`mMo Zmd Amho hr ~mV_r H$ibr. ñdamÁ`mda _moR>o g§H$Q>

hmoVo A\$ObImZ. Ambo, ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo, nU Vo S>J_Jbo

ImZmZo {dS>m CMbbm : V~H$mVrb {dS>m ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm - ImZ H$nQ>r,
CMbV A\$ObImZ åhUmbm, ""{edmOr ? Ë`mMr \$m¡O _moR>r. Amnbo amÁ` bhmZ, Amnbo
Hw$R>bm {edmOr ? Ë`mbm _r {Od§V H¡$X H$ê$Z g¡Ý` bhmZ. CKS>çm _¡XmZmda H$mhr ImZmnwT>o
`oWo nH$Sy>Z KoD$Z `oVmo Am{U Vgm Z gmnS>bm Amnbm {Z^md bmJUma Zmhr ! Ë`mÀ`mer
Va Ë`mbm R>ma _mê$Z {dOmnwar AmUVmoM `wŠVrZoM gm_Zm {Xbm nm{hOo, Ago {edam`m§Zr
AmUVmo.'' R>adbo. Vo {OOm‘mVoer gëbm_gbV H$ê$Z,
VgoM Ë`m§Mm Amerdm©X KoD$Z amOJS>mdê$Z
A\$ObImZ åhUOo {dOmnya Xa~maMm {ZKmbo Am{U Ë`m§Zr àVmnJS>mH$S>o Hy$M Ho$bo.
^mar gaXma. Vw\$mZ VmH$XrMm ! nmobmXr nhma
hmVm§Zr dmH$dUmam. ^ë`m~wè`m H$moUË`mhr A\$ObImZmMo S>mdnoM : {edam`
_mJm©Zo Amnbo H$m_ H$aÊ`mV Ë`mMm hmVI§S>m ! àVmnJS>mda Jobo, hr ~mV_r ImZmbm H$iVmM
Aem A\$ObImZmZo {edam`m§Zm {Od§V nH$Sy>Z Vmo {MS>bm. Ë`mbm _mhrV hmoVo, àVmnJS>mda

32

MmbyZ OmUo gmono Zmhr, H$maU Vmo {H$ëbm hmoVm H$nQ>r S>md IoiVmo Amho, ho {edam`m§Zr PQ>H$Z
S>m|JamV. ^modVmbr KZXmQ> O§Jb hmoVo. dmQ>oV AmoiIbo. Vo gmdY{JarZo dmJV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr
C§MC§M S>m|Ja hmoVo. \$m¡Oobm Om`bm Mm§Jbr dmQ> ImZmbmM àVmnJS>mImbr IoMyZ AmUÊ`mMm
ZìhVr. Vmo\$m MT>dm`bm _mJ© ZìhVm. {edm` {ZYm©a Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr ImZmbm {Zamon nmR>dbm,
VoWo O§Jbr OZmdam§Mm Va ^`§H$a gwigwimQ> ! "ImZgmho~, _r Vw_Mo {H$ëbo KoVbo. _r AnamYr
Amho. _bm j_m H$am. AmnUM àVmnJS>mImbr
{edam`m§Zr àVmnJS>mdê$Z CVê$Z Imbr ^oQ>m`bm `mdo. _bm {VH$S>o `oÊ`mMr ^rVr
`mdo, åhUyZ ImZmZo S>mdnoM IoiÊ`mg gwédmV dmQ>Vo.'
Ho$br. VwiOmnya, n§T>anya `m XodñWmZm§Zm CnÐd
{Xbm. a`VoMm Iyn N>i Ho$bm. ho EoHy$Z Var {edam`m§Mm {Zamon EoHy$Z A\$ObImZ
{edam` àVmnJS> gmoS>Vrb d ~mhoa `oVrb, hgbm."dm ! ~hmoV Iwer!' Amnbr XmT>r
Agm ImZmMm S>md hmoVm. {edam`m§Zr ImZmMm Hw$admiV Vmo åhUmbm. Ë`mbm dmQ>bo, `m
S>md AmoiIbm. Ë`m§Zr àVmnJS> gmoS>bmM A\$ObImZmnwT>o {edmOrMr H$m` {~emX !
Zmhr, Voìhm ImZmZo Xwgam S>md Q>mH$bm. hm S>anmoH$ _mÂ`mer H$gbr bT>mB© IoiVmo !
ào_inUmMo gm|J KoD$Z Ë`mZo {edam`m§Zm {Zamon AmnUM Omdo Am{U ^oQ>rV Ë`mbm {MaSy>Z
nmR>dbm, "Vwåhr _mÂ`m _wbmgmaIo. _bm Q>mH$mdo. ~ñg ! ImZ {edam`m§Zm àVmnJS>mImbr
^oQ>m`bm `m. Am_Mo {H$ëbo naV Xçm. Vwåhm§bm ^oQ>m`bm V`ma Pmbm.
_r Am{XbemhmH$Sy>Z gaXmaH$s Xod{dVmo.'
^oQ> R>abr : àVmnJS>mImbÀ`m _mMrda
eoamg gìdmeoa : ImZ Amnë`mer ^oQ>Ê`mMr OmJm R>abr. {Xdg R>abm, doi

{H$ëbo àVmnJS>
33

dmKZIo

{~Mdm {OaoQ>mon

{MbIV

nQ²>Q>m

R>abr. ^oQ>rÀ`m doir XmoKm§Zr Amnë`m~amo~a ~mhoa gaXma C^o hmoVo. {edam` Ë`m§Zm
EH$-EH$ godH$ AmUmdm Am{U Amnbo Xhm åhUmbo, ""JS>çm§Zmo, Amnmnbr H$m_o ZrQ>
A§JajH$ R>aboë`m {R>H$mUr Xya R>odmdo, Ago H$am. ^dmZrAmB© `e XoUma Amho, nU g_Om
R>abo. _hmamOm§Zr ImZmgmR>r Mm§Jbr dmQ> V`ma Am_Mo H$mhr ~aodmB©Q> Pmbo, Va Vwåhr Yra
H$adyZ KoVbr. ^oQ>rgmR>r N>mZgm em{_`mZm gmoSy> ZH$m. g§^mOramOm§Zm JmXrda ~gdm.
C^mabm. _mgmho~m§À`m AmkoV dmJm. ñdamÁ` dmT>dm.
a`V gwIr H$am. Amåhr {ZKmbmo !'' {edam`
{edam` \$ma gmdY{JarZo dmJV hmoVo. {ZKmbo. ~amo~a dH$sb n§VmOr JmonrZmW Am{U
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm VwH$S>çm {OdmOr _hmbm, g§^mOr H$mdOr, `ogmOr H§$H$,
Ho$ë`m. O§JbmV H$moUr H$moR>o bnyZ amhm`Mo, H¥$îUmOr Jm`H$dmS>, {gX²Xr B~«m{h_ BË`mXr
H$m` H$am`Mo, `m~X²Xb Ë`m§Zm gyMZm {Xë`m. Xhm A§JajH$ hmoVo.
H$S>oH$moQ> ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. ImZ H$nQ>r Amho,
{edam`m§Zr Ë`mMr ^oQ> KoD$ Z`o, Ago Ë`m§Zm ImZ {edam`m§À`m AmYrM em{_`mÝ`mV
H$mhr gëbmJmam§Zr gm§{JVbo, nU {edam`m§Zr `oD$Z ~gbm hmoVm. _ZmoamÁ` H$aV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m
ImZmbm ^oQ>m`Mo ZŠH$s R>adbo. eoOmar ~S>m gæ`X ZmdmMm Ë`mMm hË`ma~§X
{enmB© C^m hmoVm. Vmo nQ²>Q>m MmbdÊ`mV _moR>m
^oQ>rMr V`mar : ^oQ>rMm {Xdg COmS>bm. nQ>mB©V hmoVm. {edam` em{_`mÝ`mÀ`m XmamOdi
gH$mir {edam`m§Zr ^dmZrXodrMo Xe©Z KoVbo. Ambo. ~S>m gæ`XH$S>o nmhVmM Vo VoWoM C^o
WmoS>çm doimZo Ë`m§Zr nmoemI H$aÊ`mg gwédmV am{hbo. ImZmZo _hmamOm§À`m d{H$bmbm
Ho$br. nm`m§V gwadma MT>dbr. A§JmV {MbIV {dMmabo, ""{edmOramOo AmV H$m `oV ZmhrV?''
KmVbo. Ë`mda OarMo Hw$S>Vo d A§JaIm KmVbm.
S>moŠ`mg {OaoQ>mon KmVbm. Ë`mda _§Xrb ~m§Ybm. dH$sb åhUmbm, ""Vo ~S>m gæ`Xbm
S>mì`m hmVmÀ`m ~moQ>m§V dmKZIo MT>dbr. Ë`mM {^VmV. Ë`mbm VodT>m Xya H$am !''~S>m gæ`X Xya
hmVmÀ`m AñVZrV {~Mdm bndbm. gmo~V Pmbm. {edam` AmV Jobo. ImZ CRy>Z åhUmbm,
nQ²>Q>m KoVbm. {edam` ImZmÀ`m ^oQ>rgmR>r Ago ""`m, amOo, ^oQ>m Amåhm§bm.''
V`ma Pmbo.

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