ThaiFilm

THAI FILMS KERAN WANG
AND TV SERIES (CHINA)

The Spread and Influence
in Mainland China
Since 2009

WHAT IS The film is the entertainment product of the rising living standard of the
FILMS American nation in the 19th century.

Film is a continuous image developed by the combination of activity
photography and slide projection. It is a modern art of vision and hearing, and a
synthesis of modern technology and art that can accommodate drama,
photography, painting, music, dance, text, sculpture, architecture and other arts.

It also has the characteristics of alone, the movie not only on the artistic
expression has the characteristics of other forms of art, and because they can use
Montage acid-base, this kind of artistic movie set skills, with above all other artistic
expression techniques, and can be a lot of duplicate film, with the development of
modern society, the film has in-depth to all aspects of human social life, is an
indispensable part of People's Daily life.

WHAT IS TV Play; The Teleplay; TV Drama; TV Series
TV SERIES A form of drama designed to be shown on television. It is compatible

with the film, drama, literature, music, dance, painting, modeling and other
elements of modern art, is a television broadcast characteristics, the integration of
stage and film art expression method and the formation of modern art style.

Generally, it divided into single play and series (TV series). TV drama is
developed with the birth of television broadcasting, behind the scenes there is a
certain role in promoting the birth of some TV drama websites, more typical
classification of online TV viewing sites are very popular.

TV drama (also known as TV series) produced using television
technology and broadcast through the network. After the invention of television, it
became more and more popular and finally changed the way people appreciated
art. TV drama broadcast platform is generally called the theater.

KOREAN South Korean TV drama, short for Korean drama, was born in the 1960s.
TV SERIES The mode of Korean dramas is to shoot and broadcast at the same time, and
the main type is love, followed by comedy, fantasy, time travel, action, detective,
revenge, suspense, campus, workplace, historical drama, costume drama and
so on.

On January 19, 1962, South Korea’s first TV drama, KBS produced “I
Want to Be a Man” broadcast.

In 1987, MBC produced and broadcast the TV series “Firebird”, which
marked the birth of the mini-series. After 2000, dramas such as “Blue Life and
Death” and “Dae Jang Geum” started the wave of Asian Korean wave.

KOREAN Korean films, or Han Ying for short, flourished in the 1970s, but local
FILMS cinemas still show mostly foreign films. The Korean film "impossible" was the
prelude to the revitalization of Korean film, which changed the Korean
people's preference for Hollywood movies into their own films.

In terms of content, there are only three categories of the most successful
and popular Korean films that have been censored what the system forbids:
politics, sex and violence.

In order to protect the Korean film industry, the Korean government has
made it mandatory for every theater to hold 146 days of local films every year.
National television stations must also broadcast a certain proportion of
domestic films.

JAPANESE Japanese TV series usually refers to the TV series broadcast by Japanese TV
TV SERIES stations at specific times of the day. The stories are diverse, mainly focusing on the
scenes of daily life of the public or the stories based on manga.

Many focus on describing the workplace ecology of specific occupations, and
even tend to be more social in nature. Like other countries in east Asia, Japanese
TV dramas are produced on a small scale, mostly with small indoor and outdoor
sets and computer generated. Japanese drama themes are very broad, love,
medical, urban, police, detective suspense, law, youth campus, politics, family
themes and a considerable part of the social issues.

Although Japanese TV series take entertainment as the theme, but it is the
bearing and embodiment of the spirit. From the perspective of content, it not only
shows the general characteristics of Oriental culture, but also has a deeper
aesthetic appeal of Japanese native TV drama culture. It does not emphasize the
stagnation and completeness of reality, but leads people to explore and dig deeper
into life and the meaning of life.

JAPANESE Japanese film (Nippon film) is a film made in Japan or produced by Japanese
FILMS people. In 1897, Inaba Katsura and Arai Saburo introduced Edison's "vitae
projector" and lumiere brothers' "motion picture machine".

It is mainly divided into "live action movie" and "animated movie", with
animated movie as the main live action movie.

Japanese animation refers to the animation produced by the Japanese
animation production company. Japanese animation is characterized by
contrasting images, personalized, colorful images, and distinct character traits.
Stories are often set in a variety of contexts and are aimed at a wide audience.
Japanese animation methods include television transmission, distribution through
media such as DVDS, or integration into video games. The first widely popular
animation was atsushi tezuka's astro boy (1963). Anime master hayao miyazaki's
2001 film spirited away is the highest-grossing film of all time in Japan.

AMERICAN American films are classified according to the country. The United States is
the world's first film power. Although the United States only has a history of more
FILMS than 200 years, in the short development of several hundred years, it has gradually
formed a distinctive American culture, whose core is the pursuit of dreams,
equality, freedom and inclusiveness.

The invention of Edison and the creation of the “Tumbrero” photography
studio in 1893 is regarded as the beginning of the history of American cinema. In
1896, the vitae projector was introduced to begin the public release of American
films.

AMERICAN American TV series is the Chinese abbreviation for American TV and
TV SERIES network series, which broadly covers all American audio-visual programs.

American TV series usually shoot and broadcast at the same time.
Traditionally, one episode is broadcast at a fixed time every week from mid-
september to late April. Network dramas are different. As the highest honor in the
American television industry, the emmys honor outstanding TV programs and
network dramas every year. As an important symbol of American pop culture, she
does not stick to solid materials and types, but continues to attract global
audiences with sophisticated production, diverse expression and unremitting
pursuit of art.

BRITISH British TV series is short for British TV series by Chinese who like watching
TV SERIES British TV series. There are also rich types of British dramas, whether they are
short comedy sketches, short soap operas, or supernatural dramas with magical
colors, all of which are branded as “ made in Britain” because of their dry humor
and humanistic atmosphere.

“ British TV series” is similar to American TV series. British TV series also
has a “ season” operation mode. Each season is about three to nine episodes a
year.

The British pride themselves on locally styled, well-produced shows. There
are also many types of British dramas.

BRITISH In the history of British film development, Brighton school, documentary
FILMS film movement and free film movement have all contributed great spiritual wealth
to the world film industry. The bfi- picture and sound magazine's top 10 list is the
highest standard that professional filmmakers trust. Every year, the UK produces
more than 90 films worth 800m, both domestic and co-productions.

British cinema has become one of the best in the world thanks to its
outstanding directors, outstanding actors, highly skilled filmmaking techniques and
attractive film themes.

THAI Thai films date back to the early days of filmmaking, when King
FILMS Chulalongkorn’s 1897 visit to Bern, Switzerland in 1897 was recorded by
François-Henri Lavancy-Clarke. The film was then brought to Bangkok,

where it was exhibited.
This sparked more interest in film by the Thai Roral Family and

local businessmen, who brought in filmmaking equipment and started to
exhibit foreign films. By the 1920s, a local film industry was started and in
the 1930s, the Thai film industry had its first “Golden Age”, with a number
of studios producing films.

THAI The years after the Second World War II saw a resurgence of
FILMS the industry, which used the 16mm to produce hundreds of films, many of
them hard-driving action films.

Competition from Hollywood brought the Thai industry to a low
point in the 1980s and 1990s, but by the end of the 1990s, Thailand had its

“New Wave”, with such directors as “Nonzee Nimibuter”, “Pen-Ek
Ratanaruang” and “Apichatpong Weerasethakul”, as well as action hero

“Tony Jaa”, being celebrated at film festivals around the world.

HISTORY The Seven Stages of the Development
OF of Thai Film' History
THAI
FILMS 1) The Beginning of Thai Films
2) The “Golden Age” of Thai Films
3) Thai Dubbing Films
4) The Era From 16mm to 35mm
5) The 1970s and 1980s
6) A New Wave of Thai Films
7) Independent Films of Thailand

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 1) The Beginning of Thai Films
FILMS
Auguste and Louis held a film exhibition in Southeast Asia in

1894, and on June 9, 1897, “The Wonderful Parisian Cinematograph”

screened in Bangkok was known to be the first film that shown in
Thailand.

In the same year, the film “The Thai King Chulalongkorn’s
Visit to Europe” was brought back to Thailand, and the Thai prince
who is the king's brother, Prince Thongthaem Sambassatra brought

back the camera equipment and made many films and used them for
many commercial displays of his work, so he was also known as the
"Father of Thai Films".

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 1) The Beginning of Thai Films
FILMS
In 1905, Japanese businessmen opened the first permanent cinema

in Thailand -- the Japanese Cinematograph that also made Japanese films so

popular in Thailand.
In the 1920s, Thailand started its local film industry.
By the 1930s, the Thai film industry ushered in its first “golden age”.

The first all-Thai feature was “Chok Sorng Chan (Double Luck) ” was
directed by Manit Wasuwat, and produced by the Wasuwat Brothers'

Bangkok Film Company in 1927.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 2) The “Golden Age” of Thai films
FILMS
In 1928, the first sound films were introduced to Thailand.

The first sound film in Thailand was “Long Thang (gone
astray)”, produced by the Wasuwat brothers and premiered on April 1,

1932.

In 1933, Sri Kronge produced Thailand's first color film,
“Grandpa Sam's Treasure (Pu Som Fao Sap)” , in which time was

regarded by scholars as the "Golden Age" of Thai movies until 1942.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 3) Thai Dubbing Films
FILMS
The first voice actor in Thailand was Sin sibang or Tit Khiaw,

who had worked for the Siam Film Company as an editor of its film
magazine.

Due to the widespread use of 16mm film in filmmaking in
the 1970s, this technology has continued in recent years, especially for
open-air films shown at temple fairs in rural areas.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 4) The era from 16mm to 35mm
FILMS
From 1947 to 1972, when 16mm was the industry standard

for Thai filmmaking, the era's first hit was 1949's “Suparb Burut Sua
Thai (Thai Gentlemen Fighters)”, which at the time surpassed

Hollywood at the box office. This success further stimulated people's
enthusiasm for filmmaking and spawned the second "Golden Age" of
Thai films.

“Santi-Weena”, the first Thai film at the Tokyo Asia Pacific

Film Festival in 1954.

“Black Silk”, the first Thai film at the Berlin International

Film Festival in 1961.

History of Key Information of Each Stage
THAI
FILMS 5) The 1970s and 1980s

In 1985, the director Euthana Mukdasanit made the film “Pee
Seua Lae Dawkmai (Butterfuly and Flower)”, which highlighting

hardships along the Southern Thailand border.
This film not only expose urban Thais to regional poverty, but

also broke new ground in depicting the relationship between Buddhists
and Muslims that won the “Best Film Award” at the Hawaii
International Film Festival.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 6) A new wave of Thai films
FILMS
By 1981, Hollywood studios were once again sending films
to Thailand.

The first breakthrough of Thai films was in 1997.

Pen-Ek’s crime comedy “Fun Bar Karaoke” was selected for

the Berlin Film Festival in 1997l, which was the first time in 20 years
that the Thai film had made an international debut.

Nonzee's ghost story “Nang Nak”, was even more successful,

earning 149.6 million baht that made it the highest-grossing film at the
time.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
OF
THAI 6) A new wave of Thai films
FILMS
Wisit, who wrote the screenplays for “Dang Bireley's” and
“Nang Nak”, popped up with “Tears of the Black Tiger”.

This was a super-stylized western homage to the Thai action
films of the 1960s and '70s, which was also the first Thai film to be
included in the programme of Cannes Film Festival.

HISTORY Key Information of Each Stage
of
THAI 7) Independent films of Thailand
FILMS
Apichatpong Weerasethakul, whose film “Blissfully You” won

the UN Centain Regard Prize at Cannes Film Festival in 2002.

Apicha's next film, “Tropical Malady”, about a gay love affair

between an army soldier and a country boy, also won the grand Jury
Prize at Cannes.

TYPES of The Eleven Types of the Thai Film
THAI
FILMS 1) Thai Action Films “Muay Thai Warrior”, “Tom-Yum-Goong”
2) Thai Animations “The Adventure of Sudsakorn”, “Khan Khluay”
3) Thai Comedies “Ngern Ngern” , “Luang Phii Theng (The Holy Man)”
4) Thai Crime films “Fun Bar Karaoke” , “Zee-Oui”
5) Thai Gay films “Iron Ladies” , “Bangkok Love Story”
6) Thai Historical and Epic Films “The Legend of Suriyothai” , “Bang Rajan”
7) Thai Horror Films “Mae Nak Phra Khanong” , “Pee Mak Phra Khanong”
8) Thai musical films. “Monrak Luk Thung”, “Yam Yasothon”
9) Thai romances “Plae Chow ”, “Dear Dakanda”
10) Thai teen films “Wai Ounlawon” , “Fake”
11) Thai short films “Graceland” , “Twenty Twenty”

THAI “Lakorn” are a popular genre of fiction in Thai television. They
TV SERIES are known as “television dramas”, which are shown generally at prime-time
on Thai television channels, starting at 20:30.

After 2014 on Friday nights, lakhorn are interrupted, or
broadcast on delay, due to simulcast of The Government-required Weekly
Address by the Prime Minister of Thailand. Lakhorn resumed already in
progress after Weekly Address is ended on 21:00 or 20:50 or later in
some nights until July 2019 that govern mental program ended after five
years before the sworn in of new cabinet after 2019 Thai general election.

An episode of a prime-time drama is two hours long including
commercials. Each series is a finished story, which unlike the western
dramas, but rather like the Hispanic telenovelas.

THAI A lakorn episode is normally 1 hour and a small amount or 30
TV SERIES minutes. When internationally broadcast, the running time is around 45
min. per episode.

A series will run for about three months. It may air two or
three episodes a week, the pattern being Monday–Tuesday, Wednesday–
Thursday, or Friday–Sunday. A channel will air three soap operas
simultaneously at any given time (each producing their own series).
Channels will compete for the most popular stars as they attract the most
viewers. Some examples are Channel 3, Channel 5, and Channel 7 as
well to a lesser extent Channel 9.

THAI While the “best” series are shown at night right after the news,
TV SERIES the ones with a smaller profiles (and shorter run time) will be shown in
the evenings from 17:00–18:00.

In some cases, the most popular prime-time series are shown
on re-runs a couple of years after their initial release, generally in the
afternoon.

ABOUT 1) Characters
THE
Thai soap operas have very distinctive, though formulaic,
THAI characters, and narrative conventions. Though some stray from these
TV SERIES conventions, most adhere to them, especially ones that are very
popular among Thai viewers.

2) Criticism
Thai soap operas present a melodramatic story line
featuring simple one-dimensional characterizations to capture the
broadest viewership and commercial sponsorship, they generally do
not foster critical insight, reasoning, or problem-solving skills, nor a
multi-perspective consideration of the human drama being viewed.
They are simply an attempt to create dramatic tension and a
“showdown” between the protagonist(s) and antagonist(s).

ABOUT 3) Evolution
THE
Most Thai soap operas portray the upper class of Thai
THAI society, usually through the male lead, but sometimes from both
TV SERIES leads. The male lead is usually rich, The rich male has since evolved
into businessmen from influential families. This change mirrors the
change in Thai society with the upper class now filled with business
people and not so much from the royal and noble classes.

4) Novel Adaptations

Most, if not all, Thai soap operas are based upon novels.
Romance abounds in Thai literature scenes and most have the
perfect boy-meets-girl scenario.

ABOUT 5) Folk Stories
THE
Thai television soap operas have contributed to
THAI popularize the spirits and legends of the folklore of Thailand. Some
TV SERIES
soap operas, such as “Raeng Ngao”, include the popular ghosts in

Thai culture interacting with the living, while others are based on

traditional Thai legends and folk tales such as “Nang Sib Song”, and
“Thep Sarm Rudoo”.

6) Novel Adaptations

Actors and actresses, referred to in Thai language as dara
“ดารา” (English means: stars) , are usually cast in the same roles over
and over again. An actress who plays the lead female would assume
the same role.

ABOUT 7) Law
THE Thailand has strict censorship laws on films containing
nudity, sexual intercourse, smoking opium, or which might offend
THAI religious sensibilities.
TV SERIES Some series are subject to a rating. Most of BBTV
Channel 7 programs are usually rated as G-18 (children under 18
should seek parental guidance).

8) Genre
Each series incorporates various dramatic elements such
as horror or comedic sub-plots. However, due to the popularity of
love stories, all series feature a love story. None do not.

ABOUT 9) Remarks
THE
Since the late–1990s, Thai soap operas are often remakes of
THAI old series, but with new actors and minor modifications to their plots.
TV SERIES
To add spice to older themes, producers add supplementary
sex, violence, and vulgarity. The tradition of remakes in Thai soap
operas began with the successful lakron.

ABOUT 10) Mainly Records
THE
“Dao Pra Sook” became the most popular series in the 1990s and
THAI
TV SERIES one of the first of leading the Thai soap opera reputation into aboard screen
within the highest rate drama at 1994 including several foreign release.

“Susan Khon Pen” is a series which mostly remake as at least three

times just in only one channel.

“Sisa Marn” is noted the scariest series along with Pob Pee Fa and
Tayat Asoon.

In 2008, “Kom Faek” set the record for the highest rated Thai soap

opera in history as well as for BBTV Channel 7, with almost 15 million viewers.

“Kaew Tah Peehas” proved to be one of the most beloved series

amongst international fans.

ABOUT Examples of the International broadcasts
THE
1. Thai TV soap operas are popular overseas in countries such as Cambodia
THAI and Laos. Several Cambodian television channels aired Thai soap operas.
TV SERIES
2. Dao Pra Sook was the most popular series for Khmer viewers.
3. Thai TV soap operas have begun to become popular in Singapore as

Nang Tard aired successfully in that country.
4. Malaysia used to broadcast some Thai soaps with considerable success.
5. Thai TV soap operas have begun to become popular in Vietnam as Song

Kram Nang Fah aired successfully in that country.

ABOUT Examples of The International broadcasts
THE
6. According to China Radio International, many Thai soap operas are
THAI aired in China, dubbed into Chinese language, mostly on Anhui Television.
TV SERIES
7. Thai soap operas were also broadcast in the Philippines for a short while
in 1998.

8. Thai soap operas are available in Nepal alongside English language, Hindi,
Korean and Chinese dramas.

9. Thai soap operas are available to stream with subtitles on Iflix in Sri Lanka.
10. Recently, a historical romantic drama set in the Ayuttahaya Kingdom

Love Destiny (2018) became hit across countries including Russia.

THAI The Spread in Mainland China
FILMS
1. In 2002, the Thai film screened at the Shanghai International Film
AND Festival, this was also the Thai film publicly for the first time appeared in
TV SERIES the Chinese audience's sight.

2. In the same year, CCTV-6, the film channel of China Central Television

broadcast the Thai film “Snake Lady”, which became the first Thai film

to be officially shown on Chinese TV screens.

3. in 2003, the first Thai TV series “Pretty Maid” was broadcast in the

“Overseas Theatre” program of CCTV-8, the series channel of China
Central Television.

4. In 2006, the Thai TV series “Luaed Hong” was broadcast for three times

on CCTV-1 and CCTV-8 TV channels. Since then, the Thai TV series
has entered the Chinese TV screen completely.

THAI The Spread in Mainland China
FILMS
AND 5. Among this group of mobile phone netizens, the young group has
TV SERIES become the main force of this group of audiences of Thai dramas.

6. CNTV, PPS, PPTV, UUsee, Xun Lei Vedio, Potatoes Video, Youkoo
Video, Youtube Video, Tencent Video, IQIYI Video, BiliBili Website,
Sina Webset, and so on, these network media channels have become the
mainstream network media positions for audiences and even Chinese
netizens to get the information of Thai dramas.

THAI The Spread in Mainland China
FILMS
A short table of some earlier representative works of Thai TV series in their
AND original Thai names that introduced by CCTV and local TV stations:
TV SERIES

THAI The Spread in Mainland China
FILMS
AND A short table of some earlier representative works of Thai TV series in their
TV SERIES original Thai names which were voted as the most popular ones on the
internet:

THAI The Research Reviewed
FILMS
AND This paper will study the spread and influence of Thai films and TV
TV SERIES series in mainland, it is necessary to focus on the academic market and research
field of China based on the actual research environment and situation.

However, in mainland China, there are no books on Thai movies and
TV series with Chinese as the first author. In addition, the literature materials
are mainly the master's thesis and some small articles in the journals, which
contents are relatively long time ago that at least 7-8 years. So for the current
latest research, its reference significance is not very big.

On the contrary, there are many researches on Japan and South
Korea, which is why the I hope to take this content as a topic to complete a
breakthrough in the academia. The following are the main relevant studies of
predecessors.

THAI The Relevant Research Reviewed
FILMS
AND 1. Liu Yunchun, Liu Weibo. 2013.03.
TV SERIES
“Analysis On The Popular Culture And Art Of Thai Film And TV Series
In Recent Years”

2. Lanchakorn Sapthonglang (THAI). 2014.05

“A Study On The Spread Of Thai TV Series In China”

3. Mutthawan Pinkul (THAI). 2015.05

“A Study Of Chinese Idol Drama Broadcasting in Thailand”

4. Wu Yaqian.

“Brief Analysis Of TV Series About Youth Campus In Thailand -- Taking
The TV Series ‘Trapped In Love’ As An Example”

5. Bo Wenze. 2011.08

“Why Do Thai Films And TV Series Attract Audiences”

THAI The Relevant Research Reviewed
FILMS
AND 6. Shi Ting. 2014.12
TV SERIES
“SWOT Analysis Of The Development of Thai Film And Television
Industry”

7. Wang Chunhua. 2013

“The Enlightenment Of The Current Situation Of Thai Film And TV
Industry To China”

8. Liu Jinjing. 2013

“Inspiration Of Thai Film And Television Works To The Film And
Television Industry In China”

9. Hou Fangfang. 2011.06

“The Communication Analysis Of The Thai TV Drama To Enter The
Chinese Market”

THAI The Relevant Research Reviewed
FILMS
AND 11. Li Min. 2015.
TV SERIES
“An Analysis Of The Spread Of Thai Films And TV Series In China”

12. Yin Xiaona. 2014.04.

“Based On The Geographical Perspective Of The Film And Television
Works ‘Thailand Hot’ Phenomenon Analysis”

13. Duan Zhaoyang. 2011.12.

“The Influence Of The Trend Of Thai Film And Television On Chinese
Outbound Tourism To Thailand”

14. Wang Yiwen, Li Miao, Li Yue. 2018.

“Research On The Development Of Chinese Costume TV Series In Thai
Film And Television Market”

15. Fan Lanzhen (THAI). 2015.06.

“The Research Of The Spreading Of China’s History Film And Tevelision
Drama In Thailand Through ‘Three Kingdoms’”

THAI Mainly Reasons For Research And Study
FILMS
AND 1. Nowadays, Thai films and TV series are very popular among the Chinese
TV SERIES audiences of all ages.

2. More and more Thai movies and TV stars are coming to China to
participate in the shooting of Chinese movies and TV series as well as
various kinds of TV variety shows and activities.

3. Thai films and TV series has influenced the heat of Thailand tourism.
4. Thai films and TV series have enriched the spiritual and cultural life of

Chinese people.
5. Related cultural products derived from Thai films and TV series are

seen increasingly in different parts.

THAI Mainly Reasons For Research And Study
FILMS
AND 6. There is no complete summary or reflection of Thai films and TV series in
TV SERIES Chinese academia.

7. There is a lack of serious monographs in research areas of relevant content.
8. There is no doctoral dissertation about the culture of Thai films or TV

series in mainland China at present.
9. The political, economic and cultural exchanges between China and

Thailand are increasingly close, and more knowledge about all aspects of
Thailand is needed in China.
10. As more and more Chinese students and visiting scholars are coming to
Thailand, they need to know full parts about Thailand.
11. Thai dramas are started to be remake in China, and the cultural value is
worth studying.

THAI Mainly Intended Research purposes
FILMS
AND 1. Overview of the Thai films and TV series spreading in mainland China
TV SERIES from 2009-2019.

2. The main factors influencing the spread of Thai films and TV series
during this period of time.

3. The main themes and characteristics of the different Thai opuses.
4. The transmission and industrial operation of Thai films and TV series.
5. The appreciation of the classical and representative opuses.
6. The revelation and strategies in the future development.
7. Bring the results of study and research back to China and provide reliable

value for the related fields of Thai cultural research in China.
8. To explore a new mode of film and television cultural exchange and

cooperation between China and Thailand in the new era.

THAI Places selected for study
FILMS
AND 1. Beijing, the capital city,
TV SERIES with CCTV.

2. Shanghai, the No.6
biggest and famous city
in the world.

3. Anhui Province, the first
to broadcast Thai TV series

4. Chongqing, the leading city
in the mid-western China

people selected for study

THAI 1. University students
FILMS 2. Office workers
AND 3. Retired people
TV SERIES

THANKS A LOT !

KERAN WANG
(CHINA)