Bohr- Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish
physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic
structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1922.
Structure of the Atom-
The photo above is showing a stable atom.
The photo above is showing unstable atom. It is plus 1.
ELement Atomic Atomic
name Number mass Protons Neutrons electrons
Fluorine 9 19 9 10 10
Beryllium 49452
Neon 10 20 10 10 19
Bron 5 11 5 6 2
Atomic Mass- t he mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in
atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of
protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average
number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes.
Charge- also known as electric charge, electrical charge, or electrostatic
charge and symbolized q, is a characteristic of a unit of matter that
expresses the extent to which it has more or fewer electrons than protons.
... In a massive sample, this can amount to a considerable quantity of
elementary charges.
Valence Electrons- In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer
shell ` electron that is associated with an atom, and that can
participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not
closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bonds contribute one
valence electron in order to form a shared pair.
Isotopes
Mendeleev-In 1869, just five years after John Newlands put forward his law
of octaves, a Russian chemist named Dmitri Mendeleev published a
periodic table. Mendeleev Also arranged the elements known at the time in
order of relative atomic mass, but he did some other things that made his
table much more successful.
Definitions
a. Nucleus
The central part of an atom, which contains the protons and
neutrons.
b. Protons
A particle containing a positive charge that goes in the
nucleus. atom
c. Neutrons
A particle containing mass that goes in the nucleus of an
atom
d. Electrons
Particles with a negative charge that go on the outside, and
surround the nucleus.
e. Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom in atomic units. About equivalent to the
mass of amount of protons and neutrons in an atoms
f. Charge
A charge is something that is assigned to an atom that can
be based on its location on the periodic table
g. Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons are outer shell electrons, and can be
transferred to other atoms.
They can be used for other atoms that are in need of
electrons to balance, or stabilize them.
What is the difference between..
Sodium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride
.
Magnesium Chloride is made of Magnesium and Chlorine, while Sodium
Chloride is made of Sodium and Chlorine. The clear difference is the
elements that are used to make the different compounds. The difference in
elements can affect the mass and charge of the elements.
Isotopes quiz-
Directions construct a graph that will help you determine the age of fossils.
Isotope A Percent Isotope
Years 100
0 50
5730 25
11,460 12.5
17,190 6.25
22,920 3.125
28,650 1.06
34,380 .5
40,110
45,840 .25
51,570 .125
57,300 0
Hint: Remember to add gridlines
Graph: ( place graph here)
Questions: (Use your graph above to answer the questions below)
1. How old is the following fossil?
This fossil is about 5000 years old
Fossil A - 73% of Isotope A remaining
2. How old is the following fossil?
This fossil is about 15000 years old
Fossil B - 15% of Isotope A remaining
3. What percentage of Isotope A is remaining if the fossil is 1200 years old?
(Use your graph)
It is about 85 percent.
Average Atomic Mass Calculations
1. Naturally occurring chlorine that is put in pools is 75.53 percent 35Cl
(mass = 34.969 amu) and 24.47 percent 37Cl (mass = 36.966 amu).
Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.
75.53 * 0.34969= 26.412085
24.47 * 0.36966= 9.0455802
35.457665
2. Calculate the atomic mass of silicon. The three silicon isotopes have
atomic masses and relative abundances of 27.9769 amu (92.2297%),
28.9765 amu (4.6832%) and 29.9738 amu (3.0872%).
27.9769 * 0.922297= 25.80301
28.9765 * 0.046832= 1.3570274
29.9765 * 0.030872= 0.9254345
28.085471
Writing:
Use one of the examples above to discuss how y ou determine the number
of neutrons for each isotope. You also need to discuss how the
%abundance contributed to the Average Atomic Mass of the element.
(HINT: Think of the M&M Lab!)
Finding the amount of neutrons is pretty easy. If people get to know how to
do, it will be really easy to do it the next time. First off, you need to find the
atomic mass of the element you are looking for. To find this, you have to go
on your periodic table and find your element. Once you find it, you subtract
the overall mass of isotopes you are trying to find and then boom, you have
your amount of neutrons. This is because the amount of protons and
neutrons can be found in the nucleus together. The atomic number is the
amount of protons. So if you subtract the total amount of protons in the
isotope given then you would be left with the amount of protons. Finding
the amount of neutrons is very easy if you listen is follow the steps.
The abundance contributed to the average atomic mass. To find this you
must first moved the decimal 2 places up
Velocity Story-
Velocity Story
Name: A ndre Nguyen Date:
Directions: Work in a group to tell a story of a classmate in motion. You
must include 3 turns (change in direction) and 3 different velocities. Your
story must also have an amount of time where the classmate does not
move. What did the person do when they stopped? Where were they
going?
Data Table:
Velocity = Distance/Time
V = 12 m/3 sec
V = 4 m/sec.
Distance= Velocity x Time
Time= Distance/Velocity
Description Distance Time Velocity
(m) (sec.) (m/s)
Science Class to Double Door 1.96
(skipping) 18m 9.28 sec 2.12
Double Door to Montano (fast 0
walking) 10m 4.72 sec 1.63
4.73
Standing in Montano 0m 8 sec 0
Doorway(standing)
1.48
Back to Double door (tip toe) 10m 6.13 sec
To Water Fountain (running) 16m 3.38 sec
Getting a Drink at 0m 5 sec
Fountain(standing)
Back to Lopez room (walking 7m 4.73 sec
Graph: (X-axis is Time; y axis is Distance)
Story:
We were breaking the rules and we snuck out of the science
class and were hanging out in the hallway during class. We walked
18 meters to the middle of the hallway near the double doors at a
velocity of 1.96 meters per second until Mr. Woods came walking
down the hallway. To hide, we fast walked 10 meters into Ms.
Montano’s room at a velocity of 2.12 meters per second and stood in
the doorway for eight seconds, traveling 0 meters at a velocity of 0
meters per second. Then we tip toed back to the double doors
traveling 10 meters at a velocity of 1.63 meters per second, checking
that Mr. Woods wasn’t there anymore. He was still there, making sure
nobody was sneaking out so we booked it to the water fountain,
running 16 meters at a velocity of 4.73 meters per second. We all
pretended to be getting a drink, which took 15 seconds, traveling 0
meters at a velocity of 0 meters per second. Feeling like we were
going to get caught, we walked backed to Mr. Lopez's science class,
traveling 7 meters at a velocity of 1.48 meters per second.
Velocity Worksheet-
1. What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 s? How about
if it sprints 50 m in 2 s?
V= D/T
V= 100m/ 4s
V= 25m/s
2. If a car moves with an average speed of 60 km/hr for an hour, it will travel a
distance of 60 km. How far will it travel if it continues this average rate for
4 hrs
D= V*T
D= 60 * 4
D= 240
3. A runner makes one lap around a 200 m track in a time of 25.0 s. What was
the runner's average speed? Answer: 8.0 m/s
V= D/T
V= 200m/ 25s
V= 8 m/s
4. Light and radio waves travel through a vacuum in a straight line at a speed
of very nearly 3.00 × 108 m/s. How far is light year (the distance light
travels in a year)? Answer: 9.50 × 1015 m.
D= V*T
D= (3.00 * 108 m/s)(3.15 * 107)
D= 109204.2
5. A motorist travels 406 km during a 7.0 hr period. What was the average
speed in km/hr and m/s? Answers: 58 km/hr, 16 m/s.
D= V*T
D= 406 km* 7hr
D= 2842 km/ hr
6. A bullet is shot from a rifle with a speed of 720 m/s. What time is required
for the bullet to strike a target 3240 m away? Answer: 4.5 s.
T= D/V
T= 3240 m/ 720 m/s
T= 4.5 s
7. Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0
× 108 m/s. In kilometers, how far is the earth from the sun?
Answer: 1.5 × 108 km.
D= V*T
D= (3.0 x 108 m/s)(8.3 m)
D= 2490,000,000 s
8. *An auto travels at a rate of 25 km/hr for 4 minutes, then at 50 km/hr for 8
minutes, and finally at 20 km/hr for 2 minutes. Find the total distance
covered in km and the average speed for the complete trip in m/s. Answers:
9 km, 10.7 m/s.
D= 9km
Average- 10.7 m/s
9. *If you traveled one mile at a speed of 100 miles per hour and another mile
at a speed of 1 mile per hour, your average speed would not be (100 mph + 1
mph)/2 or 50.5 mph. What would be your average speed? (Hint: What is
the total distance and total time?) Answer: 1.98 mph.
V=D/T
V=200/101
V=1.98mph
10. *What is your average speed in each of these cases?
a. You run 100 m at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk 100 m at a
speed of 1.0 m/s.
b. You run for 100 s at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk for 100 s at
a speed of 1.0 m/s. Answers: 1.7 m/s, 3.0 m/s.
V=D/T V=D/T
V=5/3 V=600/200
V=1.7m/s V=3m/s
11. *A race car driver must average 200 km/hr for four laps to qualify for a race.
Because of engine trouble, the car averages only 170 km/hr over the first
two laps. What average speed must be maintained for the last two laps?
800= 170+170+x+x
x+x+340= 800
2x + 340 = 800
2x= 460
x = 230
12. *A car traveling 90 km/hr is 100 m behind a truck traveling 50 km/hr. How
long will it take the car to reach the truck?
T = D/V
T = 100m / 50 km/hr
T = 3.22 hours
13. The peregrine falcon is the world's fastest known bird and has been clocked
diving downward toward its prey at constant vertical velocity of 97.2 m/s. If
the falcon dives straight down from a height of 100. m, how much time does
this give a rabbit below to consider his next move as the falcon begins his
descent?
T = D/V
T = 100m/97.2 m/s
T = 1.03 seconds
More Speed and Velocity Problems
14. Hans stands at the rim of the Grand Canyon and yodels down to the bottom.
He hears his yodel back from the canyon floor 5.20 s later. Assume that the
speed of sound in air is 340.0 m/s. How deep is the canyon?
D = V*T
D = 340m/s / 5.2 s
D = 65.4 m deep
15. The horse racing record for a 1.50 mi. track is shared by two horses: Fiddle
Isle, who ran the race in 143 s on March 21, 1970, and John Henry, who ran
the same distance in an equal time on March 16, 1980. What were the
horses' average speeds in:
a. mi/s?
V = D/T
V = 1.5 mi/143 s
V = .01 mi/s
b. mi/hr?
V = D/T
V = 1.5 mi/.04 hours
V = 37.5 mi/hr
16. For a long time it was the dream of many runners to break the "4-minute
mile." Now quite a few runners have achieved what once seemed an
impossible goal. On July 2, 1988, Steve Cram of Great Britain ran a mile in
3.81 min. During this amazing run, what was Steve Cram's average speed
in:
a. mi/min?
b. mi/hr?
a. V=1mile/3.81min=0.26mile/min
b. V=1mile/3.81min*60min/hr=15.7mile/hr
17. It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be
late for French class for the third time this week. She must get from one side
of the school to the other by hurrying down three different hallways. She
runs down the first hallway, a distance of 35.0 m, at a speed of 3.50 m/s.
The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers its 48.0 m length
at an average speed of 1.20 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette
sprints its 60.0 m length at a speed of 5.00 m/s.
a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for
being late again?
b. Draw a distance vs. time graph of the situation. (Assume constant
speeds for each hallway.
a. T=(35m/3.5m/s)+(48m/1.2m/s)+(60m/5m/s)=62s. Suzerre is late again.
b.
18. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon.
This allowed earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's
surface to determine its distance. The reflected laser beam was observed
2.52 s after the laser pulse was sent. The speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m/s.
What was the distance between the astronomers and the moon?
D=2.52s*3.0 x 108 =7.56x108 m
19. For many years, the posted highway speed limit was 88.5 km/hr (55 mi/hr)
but in recent years some rural stretches of highway have increased their
speed limit to 104.6 km/hr (65 mi/hr). In Maine, the distance from Portland
to Bangor is 215 km. How much time can be saved in making this trip at the
new speed limit?
Travel at 88.5km/hr, T=215km/88.5km/hr=2.43hr
Travel at 104.6km/hr, T=215km/104.6km/hr=2.06hr
Time saved=2.43hr-2.06hr=0.37hr
20. The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their
breed. The tortoise crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.2000
m/s while the rabbit runs the first 200.0 m at 2.000 m/s The rabbit then
stops to take a nap for 1.300 hr and awakens to finish the last 800.0 m with
an average speed of 3.000 m/s. Who wins the race and by how much time?
Time for rabbit to travel
1000m=(200m/2m/s)+1.3hr+(800m/3m/s)=100s+(1.3*3600)s+266.7s=5046.7s
Time for tortoise to travel 1000m=1000m/0.2m/s=5000s
The tortoise win the race.
21. Two physics professors challenge each other to a 100. m race across the
football field. The loser will grade the winner's physics labs for one month.
Dr. Rice runs the race in 10.40 s. Dr. De La Paz runs the first 25.0 m with
an average speed of 10.0 m/s, the next 50.0 m with an average speed of 9.50
m/s, and the last 25.0 m with an average speed of 11.1 m/s. Who gets stuck
grading physics labs for the next month?
Time for Dr De La Paz to run
100m=25m/10m/s+50m/9.5m/s+25m/11.1m/s=2.5s+5.3s+2.3s=10.1s
Time for Dr Rice to run 100m=10.4s
Dr Rice lost and will be grading physics lab for the next month.
Velocity Project-
Velocity Project 2018
Due: Friday night February 23, 2018
1. Define the following terms and include pictures if possible:
Motion: the action or Speed: t he rate at which Position: a place where
someone or something
process of moving or someone or something is
is located or has been
being moved. able to move or operate.
put.
Distance: a n amount Acceleration: a vehicle's Terminal Velocity: the
of space between capacity to gain speed within constant speed that a
two things or people. a short time. freely falling object
eventually reaches when
the resistance of the
medium through which
Time: the indefinite Initial Velocity: the first it is falling prevents
continued progress velocity of a given object further acceleration.
of existence and
events in the past, before force is given Displacement: the
present, and future moving of something
regarded as a whole. from its place or
position.
Velocity: the speed Final Velocity: the last
of something in a velocity of a given object Key Metric units: A
system of measurement
given direction. after a period of time. in which the basic units
are the meter, the
second, and the
kilogram.
2. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity? Explain using
an example in your own words.
Speed refers to how fast an object is moving, while velocity is the rate that
any given object changes position at any given time. Velocity deals with
direction, while speed does not.
3. Pick 2 cities (minimum 500 miles apart) in the United States or
world and construct a data table and graph showing the amount of
hours that it would take to travel between the 2 cities with the
following modes of transportation:
NY to LA- 2,790 mi or 4490 km
A. Fastest Runner- 27.5 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/27 kmh
t= 199.29h or 6.91 days
B. Model T Ford- 72 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/72 kmh
t= 62.36h or 2.5 days
C. Hindenburg- 135 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/135 kmh
t= or 33.26h or 1.3 days
D. Tesla top speed- 250 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/250 kmh
t= 17.96 h or .75 days
E. Fastest train- 603 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/603 kmh
t= 7.45 h or 0.31 days
F. F35 Fighter Jet- 1 ,930 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/1930 kmh
t= 2.33 h or 0.096 days
G. Vehicle of your choice- Average
bike speed- 15 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/15 kmh
t= 299.33 h or 12.47 days
*Provide a map showing your cities
*Show Detailed Math Steps
Vehicle Time (h)
Fastest Runner
199.29h or 6.91
days
Model T Ford 62.36h or 2.5 days
Hindenburg 33.26h or 1.3 days
Tesla Top Speed 17.96 h or .75 days
Fastest Train 7.45 h or 0.31 days
F35 Fighter Jet 2.33 h or 0.096
days
Bike Average 299.33 h or 12.47
Speed days
4. What would like to see in this city when you arrive? What tourist
attraction? What restaurant would you like to visit in this city?
Provide pictures
What is the basic history of this city?
The first place I would go is definitely Disneyland, because I would want to
see how different or similar it is to Disneyworld, which I have been going to
for as long as I could remember. I would also go to the Hollywood walk of
fame, because it would be cool to see familiar celebrities names and would
also be a good photo opportunity. The last place I would make sure to go to
is the Hollywood sign, because it is a big tourist attraction and it would be a
cool experience to see it as well as another good photo opportunity. For a
restaurant, I would go to Perch, which is a French rooftop restaurant that
has a great view of the Los Angeles skyline and sunset. I would most likely
stay at an affordable hotel or condo that is close to downtown LA, and
would rely on taxi services for transportation.
5. Determine and graph an 18% increase in Velocity for each vehicle -
Show how the Times would be affected by the increase in speed.
Show a double bar graph with the 2 different times for each vehicle.
*Include pictures and brief description of each mode of transportation
H. Fastest Runner-32.45 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/ 32.45kmh
t= 138.37 hours or 5.76 days
I. Model T Ford- 72 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/ 84.96 kmh
t= 52.84 hours or 2.2 days
J. Hindenburg- 135 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/159.3 kmh
t= 28.18 hours or 1.18 days
K. Tesla top speed- 250 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/ 295 kmh
t= 15.2 hours or 0.63 days
L. Fastest train- 603 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/711.54 kmh
t= 6.31 hours or 0.26 days
M. F35 Fighter Jet- 1,930 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/ 2277.4 kmh
t=
N. Vehicle of your choice- Average
bike speed- 15 km/h
t= d/s
t= 4490 km/ kmh
t= 253.6 hours or 10.5 days
6. Use a math calculation to show how long it would take the F35
Fighter Jet to get to
A. Sun
t= d/s
t= 149,604,618 km/1,930 kmh
t= 8.48E+00 years (8.48 yrs)
B. Saturn
t= d/s
t= 1,200,000,000,000km/1,930 kmh
t= 7.09E+04 years (70930.29yrs.)
C. Neptune
t=d/s
t= 4,300,000,000,000km/1,930 kmh
t= 2.54E+05 years (2 54166.88 yrs.)
(Use scientific notation)
Density lab rewrite-
Density Lab Report Rewrite - Due Friday
Directions: A nalyze the following data and write a conclusion paragraph.
Data Table Density (g/cm3)
9.12
Known - Day 1 2.78
Metal 11.89
Copper 7.13
Aluminum
Lead
Zinc
Unknown - Day 2
Metal Density (g/cm3)
12.34
A 7.56
B 5.32
C 2.65
D
Make a Graph:
Conclusion:
*Use transition words (Therefore, however, In conclusion…)
1. Purpose of experiment
2. Hypothesis correct?
3. Describe data that supports your hypothesis - Are you able to identify
3 unknowns? Use evidence from the data table.
4. Which trial would you repeat? Why?
5. What would you improve in this lab?
Already wrote the conclusion on paper.
GPE/KE quiz-
QUIZ REVIEW 2: GPE/KE
Scenario: You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will
design the lift motor and safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the
planet Hoth in Star Wars. Hoth has a gravity equal to 37% greater than
Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you with the velocity
of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller
coaster will be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 125 m.
Your roller coaster will “The Falcon” will have a mass of 7000 kg. You will
need to compare the needs for safety on Earth to the needs on Hoth.
Explain your reasoning for the changes on Hoth.
Hoth:
Directions: Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the
Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster on Earth and Hoth. Describe the types of
restraints that you would need on the faster coaster.
Calculations: Hoth
GPE=KE
Earth M x G xH=0.5v2
GPE=KE 7000kg x 13.42600 m/s2x
M x G x H=0.5v2 125m=0.5(7000)v2
7000 kg x 9.8m/s2 x 125 7000kg x 13.42600m/s2 x 125m=
m=0.5(7000)v2 11777500
7000 kg x 9.8m x 125 km= 0.5 x 7000= 3500
8575000 11747750/3500= 3365
0.5x 7000kg= 3500 v= 57.93530875 m/s
8575000/3500= 2450
v2=2450
v=49.48747468 m/s
Data Table: Gravity Velocity
9.8 49.48747468
planet 13.42600 57.93530875
Earth
Hoth
Graph:
Conclusion:
The purpose of this experiment was to find the velocity of the roller
coaster on this planet to help you with your design. They are building
the next roller coaster on the planet Hoth in Star Wars. Our
independent variable is gravity and our dependent variable is The
velocity. My hypothesis of this experiment was the it wasn't going to
be good on Hoth because because we need to find a whole new safety
plan because it has a different gravity. Our data came out great but
the roller coaster might not work because its too fast so we need time
to think about the safety out of the roller coaster. The average speed
of a roller coaster is 81 mph. Which is 36.21. The speed of the roller
coaster on hoth is 127 mph which is 57.93530875 m/s. But the roller
coaster might work since its in a different gravity.
Extra Problems:
1. The Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster has a mass of 3200 kg on
Planet Tatooine. The height of the roller coaster is 15 m which
results in a Potential Energy of 800,000 J. What is the gravity on
Planet Tatooine?
GPE/mh=g
800000j/15m x 3200=16.6
G=16.6 m/s2
2. The Tie Fighter Roller Coaster has a height of 150 m. on Planet
Hoth. Hoth has a gravity of 5.2 m/s2 . This roller coaster has a
Potential Energy of 600,000 J. What is the mass of the Tie Fighter?
GPE/gh=M
600000j/5.2 x 150= 769.2307692
M= 769.2307692 kg
Inclined plane Quiz-
QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: W ednesday and Thursday
Directions: A nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage? Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using
data.
If the angle increases the the Mechanical advantage will decrease
because the higher the angle the lower the force it's going to take to
pull something up a amount of height. There an impossible machine.
It is impossible because the efficiency of the machine was over 100.
For the ramp that has the 46 degrees, the efficiency was over 100, it
was 105%. Which making it impossible.
Hypothesis: (Use proper form!)
If the angle increases then mechanical advantage decreases.
Diagrams of Inclined Planes: (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)
possible possible
Angle Chart:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSM
Xc
Calculations ( Examples):
ID/OD= IMA OF/IF= AMA WO/WIx100=E
Efficiency=840J/1200
IMA= 300m/70m= 4.28 AMA= 12n/4n= 3 J=0.7
0.7x 100=70%
m
WO/WIx100=E
ID/OD= IMA OF/IF= AMA Efficiency=840J/1200
J=0.7
IMA= 200m/20m= 2.85 AMA= 12n/6n= 2 0.7x 100=70%
m WO/WIx100=E
Efficiency=840J/800J
ID/OD= IMA OF/IF= AMA =1.05
IMA= 70m/100m= 0.7 AMA= 12n/8n= 1.5 1.05x 100=105%
m
Data Table: (Located on Google Classroom)
Trial Output Output Output IMA Effic
Force Dist. Work Input Input Input AM ienc
(N) (m) (J) Force Dist. Work Ay
angle 12 70 840 4 300 1200 4.28 3 70%
= 13
angle 12 70 840 6 200 1200 2.85 2 70%
=19
angle 12 105
= 46 70 840 8 100 800 0.7 1.5 %
Graph: (Angle and Mechanical Advantage)
Conclusion:
Option #1 Write a Conclusion.
***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?
1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on
the Law of Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use
Explore Tool research - INLINE CITATIONS )1
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.\
The purpose of our experiment is to find out w hether If the angle
increases the mechanical advantage decreases. If the angle
increases the the Mechanical advantage will decrease because the
higher the angle the lower the force it's going to take to pull
something up a amount of height. We did this experiment and our
data shows that when the angle increa se the Mechanical Advantage
decreases. When the angle was 13 the Mechanical advantage was 3
and when the angle was 19 the mechanical advantage was 2. There
is a impossible machine. The angle was 46 degree and the
mechanical advantage went down. For that machine the efficiency
was 105%, which making it impossible. To make a machine possible
the efficiency the has to be under 100. The two possible machines
had an efficiency of 70 percent.Machines has a relationship with
Newton's first law because in the that law he said¨e very object will
remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.¨
which means the force will stay rest if no force attacks it. For
example the inclined plane, I f there's something going up an
inclined plane, it needs force to attack it.
TEXTBOOK REVIEW pg. 152-153 (1-28) Study these
Rubric
Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections
Data/ 12 3 4
____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is
1 "Introduction to mechanical advantage (video) | Khan Academy."
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-
mechanical-advantage. Accessed 9 Apr. 2018.
Observat organized or represented represented clearly and
ions missing altogether. in a table or in the table or accurately
No mention of graph, but it is graph with represented
observations incomplete or minor errors. in a table or
there are More graph.
major errors. complete Observations
Some discussion of include
discussion of observations. discussion of
observations both
qualitative
and
quantitative
observations.
____No conclusion ____Somewh ____Adequat ____Clearly
ely explains explains
Conclusio is written in this at explains whether or whether or
not the not the
n/ report or it is very whether or hypothesis hypothesis
was was
Analysis brief. No data is not the supported. supported.
Data is cited Data was
cited. hypothesis to support cited to
hypothesis. support the
____No analysis is was ____Possible hypothesis.
sources of ____Possible
included or it is supported. error are sources of
adequately error are
extremely brief no ____ Possible explained. clearly
____Some explained.
sources of error sources of discussion of
patterns or ____Trends
are explained. error are trend in the and Patterns
data in the data are
____No discussion somewhat clearly
discussed.
of patterns or explained.
trends in the data ____ No
discussion of
patterns or
trends
Specific Heat lab-
Name: An
Class: S2
Teacher: Lopez
Date: 5/10/18
Investigation Title:
I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:
Can metals be identified by using their specific heat?
B. Hypothesis: (Hint: Something about comparing metals to water - use
increase or decrease)
If the specific heat is known, the metal can be identified
.
C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV
*What metals did you use?
Copper zinc Aluminum
D. Dependent Variable:
Specific Heat
metal
E. Constants:
Temp of water Amount of water Time metal & water goes in
cup
F. Control:
*What substance makes good control in many labs?
copper
G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1.) Beaker
2.) Hot Plate
3.) Two Thermometer
4.) Water
5.) Coffee cup
6.) Metal
7.) Chromebook
8.) graduated cylinder
H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Gather materials
2. Measure mass of metal on triple beam balance to nearest tenth of
gram and record.
3. Fill Calorimeter Cup (Foam coffee cup) with exactly 100 grams of
water.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter cup to nearest tenth of
degree Celsius
5. Fill glass beaker halfway with hot water and submerge metal in
beaker.
6. Leave metal in hot water until the temperature stops rising.
7. Record the hot water temperature after temperature stops rising. -
Metal Initial Temp.
8. Use tool to remove metal from hot water and carefully place into
calorimeter cup and close lid with thermometer placed in spout.
9. Record Final Temperature for Metal and Water after the water
temperature stops rising.
10. Perform the calculations using the examples discussed class -
Record Specific Heat for the metal.
A. Heat Gained Water = mass of water * Change in temp of water *
Specific Heat of Water
copper =- HG=100g . (24.8-22.5) . 1 cal/g
100 . 2.3. 1
HG=230
Zinc- HG=100 . (25.1-23.7) . 1 cal/g
100 x1.4x1= 140
B. Heat Lost Metal = Mass of metal * Change in Temp of Metal *
Specific Heat of Metal
Copper- CU=68g . (51-24.8) . 1 cal/g
68 . 26.2 . 1
HL= 1781.6
Zinc- 29.3x(75-25.1)x1
29.3x49.9x1=1462.07
zinc-140/1462.07=0.093
copper-230/1781.8= 0.129
II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations: (Describe the metals using characteristics)
B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table
Mass Mass Δ Heat Heat SH real
Object Metal Water Temp Δ Temp Gain Lost Metal SH
H20 Metal H20 Metal
Examp 27-21 = 75-21 =
le 65
100 6 54
Coppe 24.8-23 76.8-24.
r 28.6 100 .1=1.7 8=52 170 170 0.11 0.092
0.095
25.1-23
Zinc 29.3 100 .7 75-25.1 140 140 8 0.093
Alumin 26-24= 200 0.196 0.215
ium 19.6 100 2 78-26= 200
2. Graph - Metal and Specific Heat
*Compare your results to Periodic Table (Think about this graph)
3. Calculations - Show examples of how you solved for specific heat
(2 or 3 examples)
III. Data Analysis/Conclusions
Purpose
Hypothesis correct?
Data to support your hypothesis
IV. Research
1. How does Specific Heat relate to a real life application?
(Land/Sea Breezes, Cooking, Mercury in Thermometers?, Water in
engines, think of others…)
2. Include 2 sources for evidence
Heat Project-
Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th
1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet
Conduction - Heat - Heat Insulator - An Calorie - a unit
The definition of energy is the insulator is a of heat energy
conduction is the result of the material or
movement of movement of method that
something such tiny particles restricts the
as heat or called atoms, transfer of either
electricity molecules or heat or
through a ions in solids, electricity.
medium or liquids and
passage gases.
Convection - the Temperature - Second Law of Turbine - a
movement The degree of Thermodynamic machine for
caused within a hotness or s - The second producing
fluid by the coldness of a law of continuous
tendency of body or thermodynamics power in which a
hotter and environment. states that the wheel or rotor,
therefore less total entropy of typically fitted
dense material an isolated with vanes, is
to rise, and system can made to revolve
colder, denser never decrease by a fast-moving
material to sink over time. The flow of water,
total entropy can steam, gas, air,
remain constant or other fluid.ma
in ideal cases
where the
system is in a
steady state
(equilibrium), or
is undergoing a
reversible
process.
Radiation - the Heat Engine - a Specific Heat - Generator - a
emission of heat engine is a the heat required dynamo or
energy as system that to raise the similar machine
electromagnetic converts heat or temperature of for converting
waves or as thermal the unit mass of mechanical
moving energy—and a given energy into
subatomic chemical substance by a electricity.
particles, energy—to given amount
especially mechanical (usually one
high-energy energy, which degree).
particles that can then be
cause ionization. used to do
mechanical
work.
First Law of Conductor - A Kinetic Energy -
energy that a
Thermodynamic material or an body possesses
by virtue of
s - It states that object that being in motion.
the change in conducts heat,
the internal electricity, light,
energy ΔU of a or sound.
closed system is
equal to the
amount of heat
Q supplied to the
system, minus
the amount of
work W done by
the system on its
surroundings. An
equivalent
statement is that
perpetual motion
machines of the
first kind are
impossible.
2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids,
and gases.
*How are they different?
All solids liquids and gases are made up of molecules. As shown in the
diagram, as the solid gets more heat energy added to it, the molecules start
to move around more . As more energy is collected by the liquid, the
molecules become much more far apart from each other.This in turn makes
it go through a phase change into a gas. For example, as you add energy
to ice, those molecules move around faster and when enough energy is
absorbed by those molecules to make the entirety ice more than 0 degrees
celsius, the solid becomes a liquid. When even more heat energy is added
to the water and it becomes 100 degrees celsius, and as a result of this,
the liquid turns into a gas. The way the molecules react depends on the
amount of heat added to the solid, liquid, or gas.
3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into
steam. Use a graph and one calculation from our unit on Phase
Changes.
0℃ ice => 0℃ water: 335.55J/g * 15g = 5033.25 J
0℃ water =>100℃ water: 4.186J/g * 15g * 100℃ = 6279 J
100℃ water => 100℃ steam: 2257J/g * 15g = 33855 J
Total = 5033.25 J + 6279 J + 33855 J = 45167.25 J
4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a
definition, picture and video link to help you review.
Heat is the amount of kinetic energy of an objects moving molecules.
Temperature is the measure of the average heat energy of molecules.
5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in
Hartford, CT., a city on the equator and a city in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Questions:
.
1. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?
With this information, I believe that heat from the sun strikes it’s strongest
at the equator. As you move further from the equator and travel across the
Earth, the heat weakens causing it to be colder and colder as you move
further away from the equator. But, because of the Earth’s orbit around the
Sun, we still experience warmer weather during the summer months.
4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
C. Nuclear Plant
The nuclear reactor inside the nuclear power plant generates heat. The
heat is used to generate steam and power a steam turbine. That turbine is
connected to a generator which creates electricity.
D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate?
When the die off of ancient species like the dinosaurs and different plant
life happened, all the dead carcuses and plants sank to the bottom of
swamps and oceans. They formed layers and layers of spongy materials
called peat. After hundreds and thousands of years, layers and layers of
rocks piled more and more on top of the peat squeezing out all of the
water. After millions of years, the peat became coal, oil, petroleum, or
natural gas..
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of
energy?
The difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy is
that renewable energy sources can be replenished and reused naturally
and over a short period of time. Nonrenewable energy sources are often in
short supply and take a long time, if ever, to be replenished.
Part II - Water, Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the Heat Gained by 20 g of each
substance
2. You must measure the mass of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil.
3. Research the Specific Heats of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil in
Calories/g C not in Joules.
4. Make a data table
5. Construct a 3 Line graph for 2 minutes of data collection - 1 pt every 10
seconds
6. Write a conclusion about your results.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?
2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use
data
3. Which substance does research say should show the greatest
temperature increase? Least? Why? How does this relate to Specific
Heat?
4. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?
5. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?
Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that
increased its temperature from 35 C to 75 C?
Heat Gain = m * change in Temperature * SH
Heat Gain = 50g * 40 C * 1 cal/g C
Heat Gain = 2000 calories
2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that
increased its temperature from 24 C to 95 C?
Heat Gain = m * change in Temperature * SH
Heat Gain = 350g * 71 C * 1 cal/g C
Heat Gain = 24850 calories
Lopez Lab
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm
Use this to help solve problems
6. Lab Experiment:
*Conduct an experiment that tests 3 different cups for their ability to
insulate.
A. Conduct experiment
B. Create Data Table - Include Specific Heat
C. Write short conclusion paragraph that relates your data to research
about the effectiveness of the 3 materials to provide insulation.
Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the
harmful radiation from space?
There is a large amount of radiation in space. This radiation comes in
different forms such as UV rays, x rays, gamma rays, and small energy
particles. The easiest of these to repel are the UV rays. The suits are
covered with substance that cause the harmful UV rays to repulse. The x
rays and gamma rays however are much harder to protect against. The
lining that the suit would require would make it very heavy. The most of the
remaining atomic and subatomic particles are absorbed by the suit.The
small particles that contain radiation can’t even penetrate a piece of paper
making them not a very big threat . As for the deadlier rays with radiation,
they are so hard and inconvenient to protect astronauts against that it is
best to not even try.
2. How is your home insulated? Research the “R” value system for
insulation.
3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?
The different sections the atmosphere is made up of are the exosphere,
thermosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. The atmosphere protects
the earth from getting overheated from the sun and also keeps in all of the
heat that resides within it. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the
radiation that comes from things like gamma rays.
7. Lab Experiment: April 28-30
Name: An
Class: S2
Teacher: Lopez
Date: 5/10/18
Investigation Title:
I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:
Can metals be identified by using their specific heat?
B. Hypothesis: (Hint: Something about comparing metals to water - use
increase or decrease)
If the specific heat is known, the metal can be identified
.
C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV
*What metals did you use?
Copper zinc Aluminum
D. Dependent Variable:
Specific Heat
metal
E. Constants:
Temp of water Amount of water Time metal & water goes in
cup
F. Control:
*What substance makes good control in many labs?
copper
G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1.) Beaker
2.) Hot Plate
3.) Two Thermometer
4.) Water
5.) Coffee cup
6.) Metal
7.) Chromebook
8.) graduated cylinder
H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Gather materials
2. Measure mass of metal on triple beam balance to nearest tenth of
gram and record.
3. Fill Calorimeter Cup (Foam coffee cup) with exactly 100 grams of
water.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter cup to nearest tenth of
degree Celsius
5. Fill glass beaker halfway with hot water and submerge metal in
beaker.
6. Leave metal in hot water until the temperature stops rising.
7. Record the hot water temperature after temperature stops rising. -
Metal Initial Temp.
8. Use tool to remove metal from hot water and carefully place into
calorimeter cup and close lid with thermometer placed in spout.
9. Record Final Temperature for Metal and Water after the water
temperature stops rising.
10. Perform the calculations using the examples discussed class -
Record Specific Heat for the metal.
A. Heat Gained Water = mass of water * Change in temp of water *
Specific Heat of Water
copper =- HG=100g . (24.8-22.5) . 1 cal/g
100 . 2.3. 1
HG=230
Zinc- HG=100 . (25.1-23.7) . 1 cal/g
100 x1.4x1= 140
B. Heat Lost Metal = Mass of metal * Change in Temp of Metal *
Specific Heat of Metal
Copper- CU=68g . (51-24.8) . 1 cal/g
68 . 26.2 . 1
HL= 1781.6
Zinc- 29.3x(75-25.1)x1
29.3x49.9x1=1462.07
zinc-140/1462.07=0.093
copper-230/1781.8= 0.129
II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations: (Describe the metals using characteristics)
B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table
Mass Mass Δ Heat Heat SH real
Object Metal Water Temp Δ Temp Gain Lost Metal SH
H20 Metal H20 Metal
Examp 27-21 = 75-21 =
le 65
100 6 54
Coppe 24.8-23 76.8-24.
r 28.6 100 .1=1.7 8=52 170 170 0.11 0.092
0.095
25.1-23
Zinc 29.3 100 .7 75-25.1 140 140 8 0.093
Alumin 26-24= 200 0.196 0.215
ium 19.6 100 2 78-26= 200
2. Graph - Metal and Specific Heat
*Compare your results to Periodic Table (Think about this graph)
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Andre Nguyen (Class of 2022) - Blue Science Portfolio
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