Health and Physical Education 6

Amoebic Dysentery Bacillary Dysentery

It is caused by Entamoeba It is caused by Shigella, a

histolytica, a type of amoeba. bacterium.

Patient feels least stomach ache Patient feels excess stomach

and no fever. ache and suffers from fever.

Comparatively less probability of Comparatively more probability

dehydration. of dehydration.

Mucus seen in stool with clumpy Mucus seen in stool with

blood scattered blood

Modes of transmission:
a. Through polluted water and food to healthy person
b. Eating stale and rotten food
c. Eating food without washing hands

Preventive measures:
a. Do not eat any foods cooked in unhygienic circumstances such

as from street vendors
b. Only eat cooked foods that have been heated to a high

temperature
c. Do not eat raw vegetables
d. Drink boiled water

4.2.8 Jaundice
Jaundice is a condition where there
is infection in the liver. In jaundice,
there is excessive billirubin, a
yellowish pigment, in the blood.
Bad habits like consumption of
alcohol, drug addiction, excessive
use of medicine, use of polluted
water and food etc. are the major
causes of jaundice.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 43

Symptoms
a. Abdominal pain and itchy skin
b. Fatigue
c. Fever
d. Nausea and vomiting
e. Poor appetite
f. Weight loss and weakness
g. Preventive measures
h. Avoid junk food.
i. Wash hands before touching cooking and eating food.
j. Drink more water.
k. Always wash hands after using the toilet.
l. Avoid smoking cigarette, drinking alcohol and taking drugs.

4.2.9 Typhoid
Typhoid fever is an acute
illness associated with fever
caused by the Salmonella
typhi bacteria. It is transmitted
by ingesting food or water
contaminated with the
feces of an infected person.
Typhoid primarily infects the
small intestine.

Symptoms
a. Poor appetite
b. Headache
c. Fever as high as 104 degree Fahrenheit
d. Lethargy
e. Diarrhea

44 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Preventive measures
a. Wash hands with soap after using toilet.
b. Drink safe water and eat safe food
c. Avoid raw food and vegetables
d. Keep environment clean
e. Proper management of waste
f. Keep water resources clean

4.2.10 HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immune Deficiency Virus. HIV can lead to the
disease AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
HIV attacks the body’s immune system especially the WBC, which
helps develop immune system.

No effective cure for HIV currently exists, but with proper treatment
and medical care, HIV can be controlled. The medicine used to treat
HIV is called antiretroviral therapy or ART.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 45

Modes of transmission
a. Having unprotected sex.
b. Sharing needles for injections with other drug users and patients

who are likely to HIV positive.
c. Via transfusion of blood contaminated with HIV.
d. From infected mother to her baby before or after birth.
e. Via breast milk during lactation.

Stages of HIV Infection
A. Acute Infection (First stage)
i. Within 2 to 4 weeks after the entrance of viruses, they multiply

abundantly and start showing preliminary symptoms.
ii. Symptoms can include fever, swollen glands, rash, muscles and

joint aches, pains and headache. This is called “acute retroviral
syndrome”.
iii. During the acute HIV infection stage high risk of transmitting HIV
to partner because very high presence of viruses in the blood.

B. Clinical Latency state (Second stage)
i. After the acute stage of HIV infection the diseases moves into a

stage called the “clinical latency stage”.
ii. “Latency” means a period where a virus is living or developing

in a person without producing symptoms so that this stage also
called “asymptomatic HIV infection”.
iii. The clinical latency stage lasts an average of 10 years.

C. AIDS (Third stage)
i. This is the stage of HIV infection that occurs when Immune

system is badly damaged.
ii. At this stage number of CD4-positive white blood cells falls

below 200cell/mm3.
iii. Even without any treatment, people who progress to AIDS

typically survive about 3 years.

46 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Symptoms
a. Rapid weight loss
b. Extreme and unexplained tiredness
c. Diarrhea that lasts for more than one week
d. Sores of the mouth, anus or genitals.
e. Pneumonia
f. Memory loss, depression etc.

Preventive Measures:
a. Always test the blood before transfusion
b. Avoid multiple sex partners
c. Avoid sharing needles
d. Avoid drug addiction

Summary:
a. Diseases are classified into two groups: Communicable and

non-communicable diseases.
b. Common cold, diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid are the examples

of communicable disease.
c. Cancer, heart diseases, anemia are the examples of non-

communicable disease.
d. Roundworms are parasites and they live in our body, feed and

reproduce inside our body.
e. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and serious health problems.
f. Scabies is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact.
g. Amoebic dysentery is caused by a parasite, which is known as

Antamoeba histolytica.
h. Bacillary dysentery is caused by bacteria, which are known as

Shigella.
i. Antiretroviral treatment reduces the risk of death and

complications from HIV/AIDS.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 47

Exercise Arthropods
Dehydration
A. Match the followings Irritation in eyes
Diarrhoea Rhinovirus
Roundworm Salmonela
Scabies Retrovirus
Conjunctivitis Anaemia
Common cold Heart disease
Typhoid
HIV/AIDS

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. Causes of disease may be bacterial infection, environmental
effect, ............................. or injury.
b. Common cold, Ebola, measles, bird flu, swine flu, rabies,
typhoid, diarrhea and dysentery are some examples of
............................. disease.
c. Lifestyle, environmental factors, stress, .............................
and physical imbalance are the causes of noncommunicable
diseases.
d. Diarrhea is a ............................. communicable disease.
e. Once the roundworms are back in intestine, the worms will
............................. and lay more eggs.

48 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

C. Answer the following questions
a. How many types of diseases are there? Write three examples
of each.
b. What are the causes of Typhoid?
c. Write preventive measures of conjunctivitis.
d. How does the roundworm enter into our body?
e. Make a list of diseases, which are transmitted by polluted
water and food.
f. Write symptoms and preventive measures of scabies.

D. Write short notes on:
a. Rabies
b. Scabies
c. Jaundice
d. HIV/AIDS

Pustak Prakashan Griha 49

Unit: 5 Adolescence, sex
and Reproductive
Health

5.1. Introduction to adolescence

Adolescence is a developmental stage of life that exists between
childhood and adulthood. It is a transitional period, normally ranging
from 10 years to 19 years of age. As it is accompanied with a number
of significant physical, mental, emotional and social changes, it
requires special attention and protection. Therefore, it is regarded
as a crucial period of human life. Physically, children go through a
number of transitions while they mature. Adolescence has been
described by Elizabeth B Hurlock as “the time period of storm and
stress of human life.”

5.2. Changes during adolescence

There are more rapid changes in adolescent’s physical, mental,
emotional, moral, social and sexual then childhood because of
secretion of hormones by sex glands. The changes are described
below.

A. Physical Changes
Physical changes in boys
For boys physical changes usually start
around 11 or 12 years, but they might
start anytime from 9 years to 14 years.
Physical changes in boys include:

a. Growth of penis and testes
b. Changes in body shape and height
c. Erections with ejaculation

50 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

d. Growth of body and facial hair
e. Changes to voice

Physical changes in girls
For girls, physical changes usually start about one year before than
that in boys (i.e. it may start around 10 or 11 years, but they might
start anytime from 8 years to 13 years). Physical changes among girls
at this stage include:
a. Breast development
b. Changes in body shape and height
c. Growth of public and body hair
d. The start of periods(menstruation)

B. Mental Changes in adolescence
The period of adolescence develops
with the following mental changes in
boys and girls both.

i. They develop their intelligence
very quickly

ii. They become more logical
scientific and systematic.

iii. They develop the ability to generalize and can think of the
solution of more difficult problems.

C. Emotional changes in adolescence
Adolescents exhibit the following emotional changes during their
age of adolescence.

i. Emotional feelings like
love, anger, jealousy, etc.
grow more sensitively and
significantly.

ii. Excitement level increases
iii. Feeling of uncertainty

develops

Pustak Prakashan Griha 51

iv. Conflicting thoughts becomes exclusive with each other
v. Desires of getting love and sexual feelings develop
vi. Development of cognitive power

D. Social changes in adolescence
People experience the following
social changes during the age of
adolescence.
i. Adolescents start seeking for

unique identities
ii. Seeking for more

independence
iii. Seeking for more responsibility
iv. Looking for new experiences and roles in the family and

community
v. Thinking more about right and wrong
vi. Influenced more by friends

5.3. SexEducationandReproductiveHealthEducation
5.3.1 Sex Education

Sex education is directly related to human sexuality, reproductive
phenomenon and sex-driven human behavior. Sexuality means the
direction of somebody’s sexual characteristics and behavior. The
process of sex education begins at birth and continues until the day of

52 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

death. It is a process of building a strong foundation of sexual health.
Sex education is concerned with biological, physical, emotional
and social aspects. Based on the sexual attraction and behavior
exhibited by people, sexuality is categorized into homosexuality
and heterosexuality. Homosexuality is the characteristics of sexual
behavior guided by the sexual attraction with other people of same
sex. Conversely, heterosexuality is the orientation of sexual attraction
with the people of opposite sex. Heterosexuality is the most common
and natural phenomenon. Sex education provides an opportunity
for young people to develop and understand their values, attitudes
and beliefs about sexuality.

Sex education is very important because it helps:
a. To learn to appreciate and recognize own sex.
b. To understand the differences and similarities that respects

themselves and others.
c. To correct misunderstandings that the youngsters may have

gained from sources such as media and their peers about sex.

5.3.2 Reproductive Health Education
According to world Health Organization’s (WHO), “Health is a state of
complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health or sexual health
or hygiene.” This definition addresses the reproductive processes,
function and system at all stages of life.

Reproductive health education tells us that all people should be able
to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life. They should be
able to reproduce. They should have choice to decide whether, when
and how often to do so. This definition also tells that people should
be informed and should have access to safe, effective, affordable and
acceptable methods of birth control, accesses to appropriate health
care services of sexual reproductive medicines, implementation of
health education program. This should help women to go safely

Pustak Prakashan Griha 53

through pregnancy and childbirth. Reproductive health should
provide the couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.

5.4 Structures of Male and Female Reproductive
Organs
5.4.1 Female Reproductive Organs

The female reproductive system has several functions. It produces
the female egg cells, which is necessary for reproduction. This egg is
called the ovum (pl: ova) or oocyst. The system transports ova to the
fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place. Fertilization is the
process of combination of sperm and ovum. After fertilization,
conception takes place in the uterus or the womb and the fertilized
egg is developed into the foetus. After maturity of the foetus, birth
of a baby takes place.

5.4.2 Male Reproductive organs
Most of the male reproductive organs are located outside the body.
These external structures are penis, scrotum and testicles. Testicles
produce male sex hormones and sperms. During sexual intercourse,

54 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

the sperms enter into the femal genital organs and a sperm fertilizes
an ovum. The sperm carry male genetic characteristics to the
offspring.

5.5 Cleanliness and Importance of Reproductive
Organs

Reproductive organs are very important organs for both male
and female. It is important to keep the reproductive organ clean.
Cleanliness of reproductive organs protects us from infection in
the sexual organ. Reproductive organs are comparatively more
susceptible to infections if there is accumulation of wastes and lack
of sanitation. It is especially important to maintain good hygiene
by keeping the genital area clean. Here are some ways to keep the
reproductive organs clean and germ-free:

Girls should wash the reproductive organs more frequently at the
time of menstruation.

a. Avoid sharing underwear.
b. Never use soap or any cream inside vagina.
c. Avoid keeping the reproductive organs moist.
d. Avoid unsafe sex.

Summary
a. Boys and girls of age group 10-19 are called adolescents.
b. It is a period of curiosities, conflicts and complexities.
c. Adolescents develop their intelligence very quickly.
d. Sexuality means the direction of some body’s sexual desire.
e. Reproductive organs are comparatively more susceptible to

infections.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 55

Exercise

A. Match the followings Goes to attend other's
Physical Change marriage
Mental Change
Emotional Change Growth of penis
Social Change
Gets angry fast

Memorize more than previous

Participates in public
programme

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. Adolescence exists between ...................... and adulthood.
b. The physical changes accelerate due to the effect of
............................. produced from sex glands.
c. ............................. feelings like love, anger, jealousy, etc.
grow more sensitively and significantly during adolescence.
d. Sex education is concerned with biological, physical,
emotional and ............................. aspects.
e. The external sex organs of males are penis, scrotum and
.............................

C. Answer the following questions
a. Define adolescence.
b. Why adolescence period is called “the period of storm and
stress of human life”?
c. What are the social changes seen in the adolescents?

56 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

d. List down the physical changes among adolescent boys and
girls.

e. What do you mean by sexuality?

D. Write short notes on
a. Importance of Reproductive health
b. Importance of sexuality education
c. Adolescence

Pustak Prakashan Griha 57

Unit: 6 Alcohol, Drugs
and Smoking

6.1 Introduction

Alcohol is a substance produced from the process of fermentation of
organic matters. When a person drinks alcohol, it affects the nervous
system and gives a kind of different feelings. It is commonly used
in special occasions like feast, festivals and ceremonial functions. In
some ethnic communities like Mongols and Tharus, it is also used in
religious functions. Besides, some people take alcohol regularly as
addiction. It is very harmful for human health.

Drugs are the chemical substances that can bring chemical changes
in body. Medicines are also types of drugs because of their functional
characteristics. The chemical substances produce either positive or
negative effects on our nervous system that makes us either numb
or active. Drug abuse destroys our life. It also destroys our family and
social relations. People do not get addicted to such drugs or chemical
substances overnight. People who become addicted to smoking
cigarette, alcohol, cocaine, heroin etc. are generally habituated over
a period of long time.

58 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

6.2 Uses of drugs and its harmful effects
a. Unable to think properly
b. Unable to concentrate into studies
c. Malnutrition
d. May transmit HIV/AIDS, if there is

use of shared needles
e. May get involved into illegal

activities
f. May die due to excessive drug dose
g. Deteriorate memories

6.3 Preventive measures

a. Avoid using alcohol
b. Involve in physical activities, sports and games
c. Rules and regulations against the use of drugs should be strictly

followed
d. Say no to drugs
e. Avoid peer pressure
f. Aware other friends about the negative effects of drugs

Summary
a. As dependency increases, tolerance to the drugs also increases.
b. Say ‘No’ to Drugs.
b. Drug dependents may end up killing themselves.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 59

Exercise

A. Match the followings Nicotine
Alcohol Liquid
Drugs Gutkha
Smoking Medicine
Addiction Habituation

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. Alcohol is a substance produced from the process of
........................... of organic matters
b. In some ethnic communities like ............................. and
............................., alcohol is also used in religious functions.
c. Drug abuse may transmit HIV/AIDS, if there is use of
.............................
d. Involvement in physical activities, sports and ....................
can be useful in prevention of drug abuse and addiction.

C. Answer the following questions
a. What is a drug?
b. What can you do if you see your friend smoking?
c. Why drug abuse is harmful to us?
d. Write five harmful effects of drugs.
e. Write four preventive measures from drug.
f. Write short notes on:
g. Drug Abuse
h. Alcohol

60 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Unit: 7 Environmental
Health

7.1 Introduction

Environment includes all the living and nonliving things in our
surrounding. Environment is the sum of total physical and biological
factors along with their interactions that affect an organism or a
group of organisms. Environmental health is a stream of science that
studies how the environment influences human health and disease.
It is a process of keeping human health better through the process
of environmental sanitation and promotion of the state of healthier
surrounding. It is the state of human health determined by the
state of environmental situation. If the wastes are thrown carelessly,
the environment becomes polluted. The polluted environment is
harmful for all living organisms including human being.

7.1.1 Water
Water is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two
parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. Water is essential for all
living beings. We get water from several sources. Some sources of
water are river, lake, pond, stream, well, sea etc. we use water for
several purposes. Importance of water are as follows:

a. Water is the major constituent of human body. It makes most of
the weight of our body.

b. Water is essential to quench our thrust.
c. Water is used for cooking, bathing, washing, cleaning and

several other household uses
d. Industrial use water used for generating hydro-electricity ,

transportation, running factories etc as industrial use
e. Agricultural use water used for irrigating land, fish farming etc

as agricultural use

Pustak Prakashan Griha 61

7.2 Water pollution

Water is the universal solvent.
It can contain many soluble or
suspended impurities in it. The
suspended materials can be
living or nonliving. The living
things that pollute water are
bacteria, worms, protozoa, eggs
of insects, etc. The nonliving
things that pollute water are
dust, soil, plastics, etc. Some
causes of water pollution are as follows:

a. Throwing the industrial waste in to the sources of water
b. Washing clothes, cleaning household utensils, having bath at

the sources of water
c. Letting cattle drink and have bath at the source of water
d. Accidental oil leakage in to the sea
e. Over use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

7.3 Solid waste

The solid wastes are produced from home, hospital, factory, school
and other several places. Some solid wastes like paper, leaves of
plants, parts of vegetables, peels of fruits are biodegradable. Some
solid wastes like plastics, pieces of metals are non-biodegradable.
The main sources of solid wastes are given below:

a. Kitchen
We prepare our meals in the
kitchen. We throw several wastes
while preparing food. These
wastes include peels or skin of
vegetables, vegetable parts and

62 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

pieces, plastics, cans or packs of food, eggshell etc. If we throw such
wastes haphazardly, it pollutes our household environment.

b. School and Hospital
Many solid wastes produced
from school and hospital.
Wastes produced from the
schools are paper pieces,
torn books and copies,
broken pens and pencils,
dust, broken play-items etc.
The wastes produced from
the hospitals are wrappers,
packs or cartons, needles,
syringes, broken glass,
unused medicines, bottles etc. Our surrounding becomes dirty due
to unmanaged scatter of these wastes.

c. Surroundings
Solid wastes can be produced in our surrounding due to human
activities or natural phenomenon in our surrounding. Excreta of
domestic animals, fallen leaves, paper and plastics blown by air may
be collected at a place as wastes. Besides, developmental activities
and construction works like building bridges, roads, buildings, etc.
can produce solid wastes.

7.4 Types of wastes

Based on the characteristics of decaying or non-decaying naturally
in environment, the wastes are classified into two groups. They are
organic waste and inorganic waste.

a. Organic waste
b. Inorganic waste

Pustak Prakashan Griha 63

a. Organic/Biodegradable waste
Biodegradable or organic waste means the useless discarded things
that can decay itself in the environment. Such wastes or broken down
in to carbondioxide, water, methane or any simple organic molecule
by microorganisms. Organic waste includes food waste, peels of
fruits and vegetables, sewage, human waste, paper, dead body of
animals, etc. Biodegradable waste can be used for composting or a
source of fuel.

b. Inorganic waste
Inorganic wastes are non-biodegradable. Non-biodegradable wastes
cannot be decayed or broken down by microorganisms. It includes
metal-pieces, plastic bags, bottles, utensils, nylon and polyester
cloths etc. Inorganic wastes can be reduced by recycling and reusing
them in proper ways. The practice of making new things for their use
by processing the wastes is called recycle. We can use plastic bags
many times until they remain usable. This process is called reuse.
Similarly, the rags can be used to make pillow, dolls and mattress if
we know the ways of reusing and recycling them properly.

7.5 Harmful effects of wastes and environmental
pollution

If the wastes are not managed
properly, they affect us adversely in
our health directly and indirectly.
Some of the major adverse effects
are given below.

i. If the wastes are thrown
haphazardly around the house
and community, the area looks
dirty and uncivilized.

64 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

ii. Decaying and degrading wastes produce very bad smell.
iii. Wastes make the surrounding dirty and polluted.
iv. Wastematerialspollutewaterresourcesandfacilitatetransmission

of several diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, cholera, etc.

7.6 Management of wastes

As the wastes around us are very harmful for us, we should not let
the wastes accumulate in our surroundings. Some of the common
measures of waste management are:

i. Compost manure should be prepared from biodegradable
wasters.

ii. Non-biodegradable wastes should be recycled and reused as far
as possible.

iii. We should produce minimum waste as far as possible.
iv. We should not use those things which should be thrown after

their short use.
v. We should educate people about the methods of minimizing

and managing wastes.

7.7 Incineration

The process of managing the wastes by burning is called incineration.
Many germs like bacteria cannot survive at high temperature. So this
method is mainly useful to manage the hospital wastes which may
contain dangerous germs. But it can be used to burn to wastes from
other sources also.

7.8 Human Excreta and its Management

Human excreta are the wastes produced from human body. We
excrete several wastes like feces, urine, mucus, sweat, spit, sputum
etc. as waste things from our body. Among them, urine and feces
are produced comparatively at higher amount. They produce foul
abundant smell and are likely to transmit communicable diseases
from a person to others.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 65

Most of the communicable diseases like diarrhea, jaundice, cholera,
etc. are spread due to improper management of human excreta.
Many people in developing countries like Nepal defecate at open
area due to lack of latrines. It causes spread of disease germs in
the environment. Using latrine is the best option for the proper
management of human excreta. We should always keep our latrine
clean. Some of the common ways to keep latrine clean and healthy
are given below:

i. The latrine should be flushed properly after its use.
ii. We should wash our hands with soap and water after using the

latrine.
iii. The pan of the latrine should be brushed properly with a toilet

cleaner.
iv. Germicides and flies repellents should be used in the latrine to

keep it free from vectors like flies and other insects.

Summary
i. The sum of all the living and nonliving things and interaction

between them is called environment.
ii. Environmental health is the field of science that studies how

the environment influences human health and disease.
iii. Water is used for household, industrial and irrigation purposes.
iv. We should wash our hands with soap and water after using the

latrine.
v. The process of managing the wastes by burning is called

incineration.
vi. Non-biodegradable wastes should be recycled and reused as far

as possible.

66 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Exercise

A. Match the followings Risk of infectious germs

Organic Glasses and plastics
Waste
Do not get decomposed
Inorganic
Waste Air and water

Solid Waste Decomposed easily in
the environment
Hospital
Waste

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. ............................. is the state of human health determined
by the state of environmental situation.
b. Generation of hydro-electricity and use of water in
transportation are the examples of ............................. use
of water.
c. ............................. wastes cannot be decayed or broken
down by microorganisms.
d. Compost manure should be prepared from ..........................
wasters.

C. Answer the following questions
a. Define environmental health.
b. Write any three household uses of water.
c. Write any three ways of management of waste.
d. What is the best way to manage human excreta
e. How can you manage non-biodegradable wastes?
f. Define incineration.
g. What do you mean by recycle?
h. Write any three causes of water pollution.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 67

Unit: 8 Safety and
First AID

8.1 Introduction

Safety is the state of being safe from the occurrence
or risk of injury, danger or loss. Accident may occur
anywhere at any time. Accidents can occur at school,
home, road or playground. Most of the accidents
can be avoided by adopting the safety measures.
Instructions from teachers or parents should be
followed while doing different activities to avoid
accidents. We should follow different types of safety
habits at different places and circumstances.

8.2 Safety measures at different places

a. Safety measures at home: We spend most of our comfortable
and resting time at home. In spite of good acquaintance with
the most of the things at home, there may be occurrence of
accident at home. Some of the common measures to avoid
accidents at home are given below.

i. Never play with sharp and pointed instruments like knife, saw,
needles, blade, etc.

ii. Keep the things in their proper place after their use.
iii. Keep the floors dry especially in the kitchen.
iv. Don’t fly kites from the roof or terrace where there is no strong

fencing.
v. Don’t play with fire.
vi. Don’t play with electrical appliances.
vii. Manage adequate light at staircases and dark corners inside the

home.
viii. Keep common household articles like brooms, toys, boxes etc at

the right place.

68 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

b. Safety measures at school: School is a shared place destined
for learning. Many children and teachers gather at school
during school-time. We should take the following points into
consideration to avoid accidents at school.

i. Don’t jump or run on the desks, benches and tables.
ii. Always follow the rules of the game.
iii. Don’t fight with your friends.
iv. Don’t push others for your thrill.
v. Handle the glass apparatus carefully in the science lab.
vi. Don’t touch any unknown chemicals.

c. Safety measures on the road: Road is the means of travel from
a place to others. There are many people on roads. Some of
them may be riding on vehicles and some may be pediatricians.

i. Never play on the road.
ii. Always follow the traffic rules.
iii. Always cross the road from zebra crossing.
iv. Always walk from the left side of the road.
v. Don’t get into or get down from a moving bus.
vi. Be careful while walking on the slanted road.

8.3 First aid

First aid is the temporary and immediate assistance given to any
person suffering a sudden illness or injury. There are many situations
which may require first aid. Knowledge of first aid is very important
to save the life of injured person. Wrong first aid given by an
untrained person can further worsen
the condition of victim. Accidents may
occur at any time. Keeping this fact in
consideration, we must keep a first aid
box with us when we are on a vehicle
or at school or at any susceptible place
with a chance of an accident.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 69

First aid box
A first aid box is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used
to give help to the injured person. A First aid box possesses the
following things.

a. Clean cotton
b. Bandages
c. Safety pins
d. Gloves
e. ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution)
f. Torchlight
g. Antiseptics
h. Medical dropper
i. Vaseline
j. Soap
k. Hot-water bag
l. Stitch needle and thread
m. Scissors

8.4 First aid for some common cases
a. Cuts or wounds

Cuts and wounds are the painful injury involving an external or
internal break in body tissue. Cuts and wounds should be responded
immediately with the following first aid measures.

i. Clean the wound or cut with an antiseptic and clean cotton.
ii. Cover wound with a sterilized

piece of gauze and dress it with a
bandage.
iii. Seek medical care if the bleeding
does not stop because a delay
can increase the rate of wound
infection.

70 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

b. Bleeding
Bleeding is the condition or process of
losing blood from body or having blood
flow. Bleeding occurs due to the rupture of
blood vessels. Excessive and uncontrolled
bleeding can result in death. Bleeding can
be stopped with the following steps.

i. Let the injured person lie down and elevate the site of bleeding.
ii. Remove any visible objects in the wound that easy to remove.
iii. Remove clothing from around the wound.
iv. Apply steady, direct pressure and elevate the area for 5 to 10 minutes.
v. If there is an object in the wound, apply pressure around the

object, not directly over it.
vi. If blood is soaked heavily by the clothes on the wound, do not

remove it. Instead, apply another without lifting first.
vii. When the bleeding stops completely, clean the wound, place

sterilized gauze and dress it up with a bandage.
viii. Provide hot drinks, fresh air and cheerful environment to the

injured person.

c. Nosebleed
Nosebleed is an occurrence of bleeding from nose. It is usually
noticed when the blood drains out through the nostrils. There are
two types of nosebleed, i.e. anterior (the most common type) and
posterior (less common, more likely to require medical attention).
Sometimes in more severe cases, the blood can come up to the
nasolacrimal duct and out from the eye. Nosebleed, sometimes, is
a symptom of high blood pressure. When there is nosebleed, the
following measures of first aid can be applied.

First aid for nosebleed
i. Firmly pinch the entire soft part of the nose just above the

nostrils.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 71

ii. Sit and lean forward. This will ensure
that blood and other secretions do
not go down to the throat.

iii. Breath through mouth.
iv. Hold this position for 10 minutes.
v. If bleeding does not stop, go to the

hospital.

d Mad-dog bite
Mad dog refers to the dog with rabies disease. When a dog gets
rabies, it becomes a reservoir of rabies virus. The viruses are
abundantly present in saliva of the dog. Thus, a mad dog can easily
transmit the virus of rabies through a simple bite. Rabies causes
inflammation of the brain and nervous tissues. A dog infected with
rabies loses its sense of determining correct target of attack and start
biting anybody in front of it. Such behavioral change makes it more
dangerous than a normal dog. Early symptoms can include fever and
tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one
or more than following symptoms; violent movement, uncontrolled
excitement, fever of water (or hydrophobia), confusion and loss
of consciousness. The treatment of rabies is impossible after the
progress of its symptoms.

First aid for mad dog bite
i. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 15

minutes.
ii. Apply ethanol or a similar antiseptic to prevent secondary

infection.
iii. Go to the hospital for getting anti-rabies vaccine.

e. Drowning
Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under
the water. Drowning is common in river, pools, ponds etc. Only the

72 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

expert people can rescue the drowned people. An unskilled person
may get drowned while rescuing others.

First aid for drowning
i. Don’t enter in to water to save drowning person if you don’t

have swimming skill.
ii. If you are unable to reach the victim, use a rope to pull him/her

outside.
iii. After rescue, press the body around the stomach and make the

victim vomit the swallowed water.
iv. Cover with a blanket and check for hypothermia (declined body

temperature) symptoms with a thermometer.
v. If the victim not breathing then

provide artificial breathing.
vi. Keep the victim as warm as

possible.
vii. If the condition is serious,

make arrangement for taking
the victim to the hospital.

Summary
i. First aid is the temporary assistance given to any person suffering

a sudden illness or injury.
ii. Safety is the state of being safe from the occurrence or risk of

injury, danger or loss.
iii. The patient of rabies afraid of water. This condition is called

hydrophobia.
iv. A first aid box is a collection of supplies and equipment that is

used to give help to the injured person.
v. The bite of mad dog transmits the virus of dangerous disease

called rabies or hydrophobia.
vi. Cuts and wounds are the painful injury involving an external or

internal break in body tissue.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 73

Exercise

A. Match the followings Risk of infectious germs

Organic Glasses and plastics
Waste
Do not get decomposed
Inorganic
Waste Air and water

Solid Waste Decomposed easily in
the environment
Hospital
Waste

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s

a. ............................. is the state of human health determined

by the state of environmental situation.

b. Generation of hydro-electricity and use of water in

transportation are the examples of ............................. use

of water.

c. ............................. wastes cannot be decayed or broken

down by microorganisms.

d. Compost manure should be prepared from ..........................

wasters.

C. Answer the following questions.
a. What do mean by first aid?
b. How can you avoid accidents on the road?
c. What is first aid box? What kits does it have?
d. How can you provide first aid in case of bleeding?
e. Write any four symptoms of rabies.

74 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

f. What do you mean by safety habits?
g. How can you avoid accidents at the home?

D. Write short notes on.
a. Safety habits at the school
b. First aid for cuts and wound
c. First aid box

Pustak Prakashan Griha 75

Part-II
Physical Education

76 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Unit: 9 Family and
community Health

9.1 Family health

A group of people living under same roof, sharing kitchen and having
blood relation is called family. The health of each member of family
determines the family health. Personal cleanliness, nutritious food,
study, education, exercise, etc are the aspects of healthy family. A
family may include children, pregnant woman and disable. Other
members of family should take care of them. All the family members
need each other’s help and support. Some aspects of family health
are explained below.

a. Cleanliness
All the family members should
take care about their personal
hygiene to make a family healthy.
Bathing regularly, streaming
nail, brushing teeth and cleaning
other parts of body are the
ways to maintain the personal
hygiene. Besides this cleaning
house and its surrounding is
essential for the family health. Doing so, we can prevent from
different communicable diseases. Cleanliness is a characteristic
feature of civilized family.

b. Nutritious food
Nutritious food is required to proper development of our body and
prevent from many diseases. Rice, meat, daal, green vegetables,
milk, egg, grains should be eaten in proper composition. We should
have balanced diet. Stale and junk food are not good for our health.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 77

Cancer like dangerous diseases may be caused due to bad habits like
smoking and alcoholism. We should keep ourselves away from such
bad habits.

c. Being safe from accident
Accidents may occur inside or outside of the home while working
or walking. Burning, electric shock, snake bite, dog bite, drowning,
bleeding, cuts and wounds are the common accidents. We may lose
our property or relatives in such accidents. If we adopt preventive
measures in time, we can remain safe from accidents and injuries.

d. Vaccination
Small child and pregnant woman may suffer from different
communicable diseases, health institutions have managed
vaccination programmed for them. They should be vaccinated in
time in order to prevent from many diseases.

e. Care, love and respect
Quarrels among brothers, sisters, husband, wife and other members
of family may cause adverse effects in mental health. Therefore,
family members should maintain adequate love, care and respect
with each other.

f. Family planning
Size of family also affects the family health. We cannot manage
proper education, health services and nutritious food for bigger
family with limited income. Family size can be maintained by proper
family planning process.

9.2 Community health

Community is a group of families living in a certain area. Family is
a unit of community and each individual are a unit of a family. So
the health of individuals and community are mutually dependent.
Sanitation, provision of safe drinking water, prevention of diseases,
health service etc are the characteristics of healthy community.

78 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

9.3 Importance of community health

Pollution, smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse and superstations are
the prominent challenges of community health in the context of
Nepal. Community health education is important to reduce these
problems from society and maintain the good community health. If
people are unaware of healthy habits, epidemic and fatal diseases
spread in the community, the community health status declines.
Community health cannot be maintained by the effort of a single
individual. It needs contributions of feasible efforts from each and
every individuals of communit

9.4 Problems of community health

In the context of Napali community, some of the common problems
of community health are as follows:

a. Lack of sanitation
In dense residential areas, the production of household wastes is
comparatively more. Due to the lack of proper management, wastes
seem widespread, foul smell has been ever-existing, and many
communicable disease germs are spreading. So drainage, sewage
and all sorts of waste management system should be monitored and
maintained properly.

b. Lack of clean and safe drinking eater
Due to lack of clean and safe drinking water, diseases like typhoid,
jaundice, dysentery, cholera, etc. may spread in the community.
Therefore, clean and safe drinking water should be managed for
good community health.

c. Lack of health education
Health education gives us knowledge and awareness regarding
various health problems. In everyday life, people may not know the
causes and preventive measures of highly prevailing communicable
diseases due to lack of health education. Therefore, people must be

Pustak Prakashan Griha 79

provided with proper health education related to diseases, modes of
communication and their prevention and control methods.

d. Lack of health services
In most of the Nepali communities, available health services do
not meet the need for the increased population. So, there must
be adequate health service centers in the community to provide
necessary health service.

e. Bad tradition and superstitious beliefs
In some of the underdeveloped communities of Nepal, the girls are
kept in an isolated room during menstruation period. This system is
notorously known as 'Gufa-System'. Isolation in this period develops
guilty-feeling in them which hampers their mental and physical
development. Similar other bad traditions and beliefs are also
existing in our community. Many people belief in witchcrafts, evil
spirit, etc. superstitious beliefs and myths should be eliminated from
the community through scientific education and awareness.

Summary
i. All members of a family need each other help and support.
ii. Pollution, smoking, alcoholism, drug abuse, superstations etc

are the challenges of community health.
iii. The health of individuals and community are mutually

dependent.
iv. The good health of the community cannot be maintained by the

efforts of a single individual.
v. A group of people living under same roof, sharing kitchen and

having blood relation is called family.

80 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Exercise Drainage Management
A. Match the followings

Personal Health

Family Health Brushing Teeth
Community Health Surgery and Operation
Nutritious food

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word/s
a. Cleanliness is a characteristic feature of .............................
family.
b. Quarrels among family members of family may cause
adverse effects in ............................. health.
c. Family size can be maintained by proper ..........................
process.
d. The system of isolating girls during her menstrual period is
called .............................

C. Answer the following questions

a. What is a family?
b. What do you mean by family health?
c. Write names of three diseases caused by polluted water.
d. What is community health? Define.
e. What are the problems of your community? Explain briefly.
f. How the superstitious beliefs can be eliminated from the

community?

Pustak Prakashan Griha 81

Unit:10 PHYSICAL EXERCISE

10.1 Introduction to Physical Exercise

Physical exercises are the integral parts of physical education.
Exercises make our body active, fresh, agile and smart.

Physical exercises can be defined as the bodily activities that enhance
the physical, mental and social wellness of people.

They help in acquiring physical fitness, mental freshness and ability
of proper adjustment among other people.

It is not necessary to run outdoor every day for physical exercises. We
can perform various items of physical exercises staying indoor singly
or with others' company. Physical exercises can be performed any
time; in the morning, during daytime or in the evening. Moreover,
morning exercises are regarded as best among all because they keep
us fresh and energized throughout the rest daytime with our busy
and active work schedule. It is essential to perform some physical
exercises as 'warming-up exercises' before starting games and sports.

Let's practise some of the physical exercises like jogging, arms
exercises, shoulder exercises and back exercises.

a. Jogging
Jogging is the regular periodic movements of hands and legs as
exercise. It is regarded as the exercise of whole body parts. We
perform jogging in loose and comfortable dress. Jogging can be
performed indoor as well as outdoor. While performing outdoor,
we advance ahead but we perform jogging at a fixed place while
performing indoor. The steps of jogging are:

82 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

i. Stand straight.
ii. Start flexing knees alternately. Move hands also alternately.
iii. Keep your spine straight and look forward during all movements.
iv. Keep balance between the movement of hands and legs.
v. Start counting as ‘1…… 2……

3…….’ .... or 'Left ... right...
left........
vi. Start it slowly and increase the
rate of movement gradually.
vii. Avoidexcessiveandproblematic
jerk on any joints or organs
viii. Cool down slowly.

b. Exercises of the arms
Arms play very important roles in most of the physical works in our
everyday life. Lifting things upwards, holding then in hands, writing,
typing and raising hands for various purposes require the support of
arm's muscles. We can strengthen the muscles of arms by exercising
them properly. The technique of exercising arm is described below.

Steps of exercising arms:
i. Stand straight with raised

head.
ii. Keep your feet apart about

two feet.
iii. Slowly raise the left hand

upward straight with deep
inhalation. Bend it at the
elbow.
iv. Raise the right hand upward
and catch the left elbow.
v. Keeping the body and head
vertically erect, pull the left

Pustak Prakashan Griha 83

elbow rightward by the right hand for about fifteen seconds. In
order to estimate time, you can count one to fifteen with one
second lapse between each successive count.
vi. Release the elbow slowly, exhale out your breath and lower
both hands down slowly.
vii. Repeat the similar exercise for another side. Perform the arms'
exercise alternately for about ten times for each arm.

c. Exercise of the waist
The waist has the largest joint with the largest bone in our body.
The waist bones are collectively called pelvic girdle. The joint is
supported by tendons, ligaments and muscles around it. In order
to keep it strong and agile, we need to exercise waist regularly in
proper ways. We can exercise the waist with the following method.

Steps of exercising the waist:
i. Stand straight with raised head keeping the feet apart about

two feet.
ii. Slowly raise the left hand upward straight and bend it at the

elbow.

iii. Raise the right hand upward and catch the left wrist at just
above the head.

iv. Keeping both the legs straight and intact on the ground, bend
the trunk rightward from the waist for about fifteen seconds

84 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

with fifteen progressive counts. On sixteenth count, bring the
trunk back to erect position.
v. Release the hands slowly and bring them down to the lateral
position.
vi. Repeat the similar exercise on the right side. Perform this
exercise alternately for about ten times on each side.

d. Exercise of the chest and spine
The chest is the superior part of our trunk. It has ribcage that protects
the vital organs like the heart, lungs and liver. It is separated by the
diaphragm from the abdominal cavity. The chest is made up of
twelve pair of rib-bones, twelve pieces of vertebra and a sternum
supported by several muscle tissues, tendons and ligaments.

The spine (or backbone) is composed of thirty three pieces of irregular
bones extending from the neck to the waist at lower back part of
the dorsal side. The joints between vertebra are semi-movable in
nature. The spine holds the spinal cord that connects the central
and lower part of body to the brain. In order to keep the chest and
spine strong and agile, we should perform regular exercise of the
chest and spine. One of the techniques of exercising chest and spine
is described below.

Steps of exercising the chest and the spine:
i. Lay down at prone position

(keeping the abdomen
intact with the ground) on
a soft mat or carpet placed
on a plain surface.
ii. Keep both hands at crossed position on the back part of the
waist.
iii. Raise the head and chest upward slowly with deep and long
inhalation.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 85

iv. Keep the head and chest

raised for about fifteen

seconds with fifteen

progressive counts.

Keep the legs joined and

straight. This position

looks like 'cobra pose' in yoga.

v. Lower the head and chest slowly on the ground with prolonged

exhalation.

vi. Repeat the similar exercise for about ten times.

e. Exercising with front-bend in pair with hands on

the shoulders.
This exercise is performed to gain strength and agility of arms,
shoulder, neck and waist. This exercise is performed in pair. Both
individuals in the pair must have almost equal weight and height.

Steps of exercising the front-bend in pair with hands on the

shoulders:
i. Stand straight in pair with

fact-to-face position and
separated at a distance of
about two feet.
ii. Keep both hands on the
shoulders of each others.
i i i . Slowly bend down keeping
the legs straight, the
elbows bent and the heads
touching each other.
iv. Remain in the bent position for about thirty seconds.
v. Bring the trunks upwards, keeping the hands intact on shoulders.
Make your body straight.
vi. Repeat the similar exercise for about ten times.

86 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Exercise

Answer the following questions
1. Define physical exercises. What are physical exercises
important for us? Explain.
2. What are the steps of jogging? List down.
3. How can we exercise the arms? Describe.
4. Draw a neat and clean picture illustrating the exercise of
waist.
5. Write short notes on:
a. Exercise of the spine and chest.
b. Exercise of bending in pair with the hands on shoulders.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 87

Unit: 11 DRILL

11.1 Introduction to Drill

Physical exercises are the integral parts of physical education. Drill is
a set of physical activities performed with repeated body movements
in a periodic order under the commands of a commander. The
role of commander may be played by the teacher or troop leader
among students. Drill is a kind of disciplined body movements. It
develops the skill of cooperation and teamwork. Therefore, drill is
also regarded as an integral part of civil life.

A troop is a group of individuals with well-defined common
characteristics. A troop may be composed of students of a same
class or a specific house-division of students at school.

While performing drill, the troop members are asked to be in a line
or specific numbers of lines (also called file/s), each file consisting of
equal number of members. The troop performs different steps of drills
according the command from the commander. Drill encompasses
the following three steps in its proper execution.

Instruction: It is the preparatory phase of drill. The instruction is
composed of purpose, timing, mission and the commands. Troop is
mentally and physically prepared for the performance of drill at this
stage.

Command: It is the command given by the commander. Instructions
may be given verbally or signally.

Action: This stage is the exposure-stage of the drill-troop. The
troop listen the commands and execute the drill according to the
instructions given at the first stage.

88 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

11.2 Some Items of Drill

There are various items of drill performed with different purposes.
Some of the basic drill items which are used in our everyday school-
life are:

i. Cover up
ii. Stand at ease
iii. Attention
iv. Right turn
v. Left turn
vi. About turn
vii. Mark time
viii. Halt
ix. March forward
x. Eyes right/left
xi. Eyes front

Cover Up
This command helps arrange the
file in proper order. As soon as
the command is heard, all troop
members (except the front one
of every file) extend their hands
straight forward towards the
shoulders of front member. The
palms are closed lightly with
fingers and elbows are made
straight horizontal. The front-most
member of each file keeps both
hands on waist as there is nobody
in front position.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 89

Each file becomes straight and all files become parallel to each other.
The troop members are arranged in increasing order from the front
to the back position.

Stand at Ease
It is the position with comfort or ease. As soon as the command is
given, the left leg is raised about 15 to 20 cm and stepped about 28
to 30 cm leftward from the position of right leg.

The hands are taken back
simultaneously at the back-waist. They
are kept at crossed position. Body and
spine are set vertically straight and the
body weight is balanced on both legs
equally. Both arms are kept intact with
the lateral side of the trunk. The head is
raised with the eyes looking frontwards
straight. This drill help relax the troop
members without getting distracted
from the files. This command generally
comes together with 'attention' position in drill in alternate order.

Attention
It is the position of vertically erect head, trunk,
hands and legs. The feet touch each other at
the base of ankles and toes separated. Feet
are set at 'v' shape making an angle of about
30 degrees.

Hands are kept at lateral sides with loose
fists on palms. Head and chest are raised and
eyes look straight frontwards. Lips are closed
with full nasal respiration. Weight of body is
balanced between both legs equally.

90 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6

Right Turn
It is a drill command to turn whole troop rightwards. The body
weight is balanced on both feet equally in the beginning and at the
end. During the time of movement of the left leg, body weight is
fully allocated to the right leg.

As soon as the command 'right turn' is given, the drill is performed
in the following four successive counts.

Count one: All the troop members turn their body rightwards at
90 degrees from the initial position. The legs slide on the ground,
leaving the left leg backwards.

Count two and three: The left leg is raised about 15 cm upwards and
brought at the level of right leg.

Count four: The left leg is stepped sharply on the ground, keeping it
together with the right leg.

Left Turn
It is a drill command to turn whole troop left. The body weight is
balanced on both feet equally in the beginning and at the end. During
the time of movement of the right leg, body weight is fully allocated
to the left leg.

Pustak Prakashan Griha 91

As soon as the command 'left turn' is given, the drill is performed in
the following four successive counts.

Count one: All the troop members turn their body leftwards at
90 degrees from the initial position. The legs slide on the ground,
leaving the right leg backwards.
Count two and three: The right leg is raised about 15 cm upwards
and brought at the level of left leg.
Count four: The right leg is stepped sharply on the ground, keeping
it together with the left leg.
About Turn
It is a drill command to turn whole troop to opposite direction at 180
degrees. It is a kind of extension of 'right turn' drill because the troop
rotates from rightwards to the opposite direction. There is execution
of double 'right turn' drill in 'about turn'.
The body weight is balanced on both feet equally in the beginning
and at the end. During the time of movement of the left leg, body
weight is fully allocated to the right leg.
As soon as the command 'about turn' is given, the drill is performed
in the following four successive counts.

92 Health and Physical Education, Grade 6