Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants

AUTHOR INDEX 241

Sinclair, A.R.E., 132, 190, 191, 234 Thomas, W.R., 207, 235 87-8,88,110,192-3,194, 196,
Sjogren, P., 212, 234 Thompson, D.J., 133, 134-5, 136, 205,228.23 1,236
Skellam, J.G., 14, 234 Watson, A., 202, 236
Slade, N.A., 186, 234 235 Watson, D., 68, 236
Slobodkin, L.B., 170, 171, 234 Thompson, K., 26, 235 Watt, K.E.F., 169, 236
Smith, F.E., 179, 227 Tieszen, L.L., 130, 225 Way, M.J., 139, 236
Smith, H.S., 152, 179, 227 Tilman, D., 89-90, 104, 235 Weiner J., 130, 236
Snaydon, R.W., 89,234 Tinbergen, L., 123, 235 Weir, D.A., 199, 200, 236
Snyman, A., 64,234 Tomlinson, P.B., 24, 225 Weiss, A., 129, 233
Solomon, M.E., 29-30, 133, 177, Turchin, P., 186, 188, 190, 207, 209, Weller, D.E., 47, 236
Werner, P.A., 102, 104, 236
234,235 235 Westley, L.C., 128, 236
Southern, H.N., 118, 125, 203, 204, Turnbull, A.L., 142, 143, 235 Westoby, M., 47, 128, 233, 236
Tybjerg, H., 21-2, 235 White, J., 25, 43, 47, 48, 236
235 White, T.C.R, 132, 237
Southwood, T.R.E., 132-3, 187, 232, Ullyett, G.C., 145, 235 Whitham, T.G., 128, 237
Uranov, A.A., 11, 235 Whittaker, J.B., 164, 237
235 Usher, M.B., 169, 171, 172, 173, Willey, R.W., 38, 56, 237
Spitters, C.J.T., 112, 235 W i a m s , A.G., 128, 237
Spradberry, J.P., 144, 235 174,235,236 WilIiams, C.B., 223, 237
Stephens, D.W., 148, 235 Utida, S., 63, 64, 68, 118, 208, 236 Williamson, M., 186, 212,237
Stewart-Oaten, A., 160, 232 Wilson, D.E., 220, 237
Stiling, P., 187, 188, 235 Vance, R.R., 96-7, 236 Wison, E.O., 210, 214, 223, 231
Stimson, J.S., 202, 235 Vandermeer, J.H., 46, 90, 236 Woiwod, I.P., 189, 190, 229, 237
Stubbs, M., 64, 235 van der Meijden, E., 7, 8, 236 Wolf, L.L., 144, 203, 228, 23 7
Sugihara, G., 208, 209, 235 Varley, G.C., 15, 31, 125, 145, 155, Wynne-Edwards, V.C., 202, 237
Sugita, S., 48, 232 Yoda, K., 47, 237
Symonides, E., 20, 191, 192, 195, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 229, Yodzis, P., 66, 237
236
235 Vestergaard, P,, 21-2, 235
Vickery, W.L., 184, 186, 236
Takahashi, F., 136, 235 Volterra, V., 105, 149, 236
Tallamy, D.W., 128, 233
Tamrn, C.O., 204, 206, 235 Waloff, N., 6, 233 Zeide, B., 47, 237
Taylor, A.D., 157, 160, 209, 235 Watkinson, A.R., 43, 46, 48, 66, 68,
Taylor, L.R., 189, 235
Thomas, C.D., 212, 213, 230, 235

Abramis brama. 137 Balanus cariosus, 218 Chrysocharis gemma, 188
Acacia comigera, 77-8 Balanus glandula, 218 Chrysolina quadrigemina, 118
Acanthina, 122 Chthamalus stellatus. 92-5, 97 Chthamalus stellatus, 92-5, 97
Aconitum columbianum, 94-5 Mitella polymerus, 218 Clethrionomys glareolus, 118
Agaricia agaricites, 11, 12 Bats, 222 Cloeon dipterum, 123
Agrostemma githago, 64, 66 Bedstraw, Heath (Galium saxatile), 216 Clover, 160-4
Aleurotracheus jelinekii, 187 Bees, Bumble (Bombus appositus, Coal tit (Parus ater), 100
Algae Coccinella septempunctata, 140, 145
B. flavijrons), 94-5, 97, 99 Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa
Asterionella jormosa, 89-90, 104-5 Beetles
benthic, 218 decemlineata), 65, 181-6, 207
Cyclotella meneghiniana. 89-90 Callosobruchus chinensis, 64, 118, Columba palumbus, 124
Lithothamnion, 48 208 Conyza canadensis, 33-7
Synedra ulna, 104-5 Corallina, 218
Allium tricoccum, 23, 24 Callosobruchus maculatus, 63, 64, 68 Corals, 220
Ambrosia artemisijolia, 26 Colorado (Leptinotarsa decemlineata),
Anagasta kuhniella, 145 Agaricia agaricites, 11, 12
Androsace septentrionalis, 191-2 65,181-6, 207 Corncockle(Agrostemmagithago), 64,66
Anemone hepatica. 204, 206 Blowflies (Lucilia cuprina), 64, 165-6 Crabs
Anisodoris, 218 Blue tit (Parus caeruleus), 99-100
Anisopteromalus calandrae, 208 Bombus appositus, 94-5, 97, 99 (Pagurus species). 96-7
Ants, 77-83, 128 Bombus flavijrons. 94-5, 97, 99 (Carcinus maenas), 120
Atta columbica tonsipes, 129 Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), 200 Cryptus inomatus, 145, 153
Lasius species, 212 Bream (Abramis brama), 137 Crytocarya cormgata, 220
Pseudomyrmex jermginea, 77-8 Brevicoryne brassicae, l 39-40, 145 Cy'clotella meneghiniana, 89-90
Veromessor pergandei, 81, 82, 83, Bromus sterilis, 84-5
Bromus uniloides, 38 Dactylis glomerata, 203-4, 205
98,114 Buttercups (Ranunculus repens), Dacus tryoni, 141
Apanteles glomeratus, 140, 141 Dahlbominus fuscipennis, 152, 153
Aphids, 125, 130, 132, 189-90 12-13, 24, 199-200, 201 Damselfly, 133,134-5
Butterflies, 202, 212 Daphnia species, 133, 134-5, 212
cabbage (Brevicoryne brassicae),
139-40,145 Euphydryas editha bayensis, 214-15 D. magna, 62-3, 135
Plebejus argus, 212-14 D. pulex, 131
Apodemus sylvaticus, 118, 137 Cacti D. pulicaria, 170-1
Arabidopsis thaliana, 26 Opuntia inermis, 140-1 Deer, 122, 123
Archaearanea tepidariorum, 142, 143 Opuntia stricta, 140-1 red (Cewus elaphus), 17-1 9
Ascaridia lineata, 146 Senita, l21 white-tailed (Odocoileushemionus),
Asellus aquaticus, 123 Cactoblastis cactorum, 140-1
Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, 158 Cakile edentula, 194, 196-7 20
Asterionella jormosa, 89-90, 104-5 Callaspidia dejonscolombei, 142 Delphinium barbeyi, 94-5
Astrocaryum mexicanum, 21 Callosobruchus chinensis, 64, 118, 208 Diadromus pulchellus, 140, 141, 145
Atta columbica tonsipes, 129 Callosobruchus maculatus, 63, 64, 68, Diaeretiella rapae, 140
Avena barbata, 85-7, 110-11 Dioclea megacarpa, 220
Avena fatua, 85-7, 110-11, 196, 198, 208 Doryphorophaga doryphorae, 182,
Capsella bursa-pastoris, 33-7, 64
199 Carcinus maenas, 120 184-5
Cardiaspina albitextura, 118 Douglas fir, 127
Badgers, 144 Carex arenaria, 24 Doves, Ground (Chalcophapsl
Balaenoptera musculus, 173-4 Carex bigelowii, 23
Balanus balanoides, 92-5, 97, 138 Carrion fly, 115-16 Gallicolumba), 95-6
Balanus cariosus, 218 Caryophyllaeus laticeps, 137 Dragonflies, 202
Balanus glandula, 218 Cewus elaphus, 17-19 Drosophila species, 123-4, 142, 143,
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 118 Chalcophaps indica, 95-6
Barnacles, 202, 217-18 Chalcophaps stephani, 95-6 207
Chelonus texanus, 145, 153 D. melanogaster, 50, 201
Balanus balanoides, 92-5, 97, 138 Chorthippus brunneus, 6-7 D. pachea, 121
D. pseudoobscum, 109-10
D. willistoni, 109-10

ORGANISM INDEX 243

Encarsiaforrnosa, 145, 151 Haliclona, 218 Mice
Endocladia, 218 Hares, Snowshoe (Lepus americanus), House (Mus musculus), 118
Eotetranychussexmaculatus, 143-4 Wood (Apodemussylvaticus),118,137
Ephestia species, 138 4,118,164-5
Helianthus annus, 39-40 Mink (Mustela vison), 125-6
E. cautella, 146-8, 153 Helianthus tuberosus, 128 Minuartia glabra, 102-3
E. kuhniella, 153 Helix aspersa, 130-1 Minuartia unijlora, 103
Erophila vema, 192, 194, 195, 205 Hermit crabs (Pagurus species), 96-7 Mitella polymerus, 218
Eugenia brachyandra, 220 Herons, 122 Monkshood (Aconitum columbianum),
Euphydryas editha bayensis, 214-15 Heterospilus prosopidis, 118
Euterpe globosa, 220 Hieracium pilosella, 3 94-5
Fescue, Sheep's (Festuca ovina), 3, Holcus lanatus, 199-200 Moths, 189-90
Holcus mollis, 132-3
200,216 Hordeum vulgare, 118 Cactoblastis cactorum, 140-1
Festuca ovina, 3, 200, 216 Humming-birds, 144 leek, 141, 144
Field bean, 39-40, 41 Hydrobia ulvae, 98, 99, 114 Lymantria dispar, 158
Fiorinia extema, 158 Hydrobia ventrosa, 98, 99, 114 Plodia interpunctella, 64, 136
Fir, Douglas, 127 Hydrometra myrae, 126 Musca domestica, 152
Flax (Linum usitatissimum), 42, 43, 44 Hydryphantes tenuabilis, 126 Musk-rat (Ondatra zibethicus), 125-6
Fleabane, Canadian (Conyza Hypericum peqhoratum, 118 Mus musculus, 118
Hypocharis radicata, 130-1 Mussels, 120, 144, 217-18
canadensis), 33-7 Ischnura elegans, 133 Mytilus califomianus, 122, 218
Fleas (Spilopsylluscuniculi), 124 Ixodes trianguliceps, 137 Mytilus edulis, 122
Flies, 120 Katherina tunicata, 218 Mustela nivalis, 203
Laemophloeas minutus, 1l 8 Mustela vison, 125-6
carrion, 115-16 Larch Tortrix (Zeiraphera diniana), 65 Mytilus calijomianus, 122, 218
Musca domestica, 152 Lariophagus distinguendus, 208 Mytilus edulis, 122
Phytomyza ilicis, 188 Larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi), 94-5 Nasonia vitripennis, 152
Terellia serratulae, 157-8, 159 Lasius, 212 Nectarina reichenowi, 202, 203
Urophora stylata, 157-8, 159 Leaf-miner (Phytomyza ilicis), 188 Neodiprion sertifer, 134, 152, 153
see also Fruitflies Lebistes reticulatus, 172-3 Notonecta glauca, 122-3, 148, 149
Flour beetles, 92 Leek moth, 141, 144 Oak (Quercusrobur), 130
Flour moths (Ephestia species), 138 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 65, 181-6, Oat
E. cautella, 146-8, 153 Avena barbata, 85-7, 110-1 1
E. Kuhniella, 153 207 Avena fatua, 85-7, 110-11
Folsomia candida, 171-2 Lepus americanus, 4, 118, 164-5 Odocoileus hemionus, 20
Frogs, 212 Lime, 130 Ondatra zibethicus, 125-6
Fruitflies Limpets, 202, 218 Ooencyrtus kuwanai, 158
Dacus tryoni, 141 Opuntia inermis, 140-1
Drosophila species, 1 2 3 4 , 142, Patella cochlear, 48-9, 65 Opuntia stricta, 140-1
Linum usitatissimum, 42, 43, 44 Oryzaephilussurinamensis, 92
143,207 Linyphia triangularis, 131 Owls, 222
D. melanogaster, 50, 201 Lithothamnion, 48 tawny (Strix aluco), 118, 125, 203,
D. pachea, 121 Littorina sitkana, 97
D. pseudoobscura, 109-10 Lobster, Rock (Palinurus cygnus), 169 204,222
D. willistoni, 109-10 Lolium perenne, 45, 46, 133 Pagurus beringanus, 96-7
Fuchsia, 24, 43, 45 Loxostege stricticalis, 145, 153 Pagurus granosimanus, 96-7
Galium saxatile, 216 Lucilia cuprina, 64, 165-6 Pagurus hirsutiusculus, 96-7
Gallicolumba rufigula, 95-6 Lymantria dispar, 158 Palinurus cygnus, 169
Gall midge (Rhopalomyiacalijbmica), Lynx canadensis, 4, 118 Panicum maximum, 88, 97, 217
Marsh tit (Paruspalustris), 99-100, Parus ater, 100
158 Parus caeruleus, 99-100
Glycine species, 217 222 Parus major, 9-10, 63, 99-100, 140,
Mattesia dispora, 1l 8
G. javanica, 88, 97 Mayfhes (Cloeon dipterum), 123 202-3
G. max, 39 Meadow grass (Poa annua), 14-1 7, Parus montanus, 100, 222
Golden rod (Solidago), 102 Parus palustris, 100, 222
Grasshoppers(Chorthippus brunneus), 72-4 Patella cochlear, 48-9, 65
Mexican tree palm (Astrocaryum Pheidole species, 83
6-7
Great tit (Parus major), 9-10, 63, mexicanum), 21 Ph. gilvescens, 82
Ph. sitarches, 82
99-100,140,202-3
Guillemot, Common (Uria aalge), 50-1
Guppies, 123

Lebistes reticulatus, 172-3

244 O R G A N I S M INDEX

Phleum arenarium, 87, 88, 111 Senecio vulgaris, 68 Tribolium castaneum, 92
Phleum pratense, 25 Senita cactus, 121 Tribolium confusum, 92
Phytomyza ilicis, 188 Sheep, Tasmanian, 62-3 Trifolium repens, 102
Phytoseiulus persimilis, 145 Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa- Triticum aestivum, 40, 42
Picea sitchensis, 42, 45 Tubificids, 123, 124
Pieris brassicae, 141 pastoris), 33-7, 64 Tuna, Yellow fin, 169
Pigeon, Wood (Columba palumbus), 124 Slugs, 133 Typhlodromus longipilus, 144
Pisaster ochraceus, 217-19 Snails, 130-1 Typhlodromus occidentalis, 143-4
Planchonella, 220
Plantago major, 33-7 Acanthina species, 122 Uria aalge, 50-1
Plantain (Plantago major), 33-7 Helix aspersa, 130-1 Urophora stylata, 157-8, 159
Plebejus argus, 212-14 Hydrobia ulvae, 98, 99, 114
Pleolophus basizonus, 134, 153 Hydrobia ventrosa, 98, 99, 114 Venturia canescens, 136, 138, 146-8,
Plodia interpunctella, 64, 136 Thais species, 122, 138, 218 153
Poa annua, 14-17, 7 2 4 Solidago, 102
Pogonomyrmex barbatus, 81 Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), 216-1 7 Veromessorpergandei, 81, 82, 83, 98,
Pogonomymex califomicus, 81 Soybeans (Glycine max), 39, 215 1l 4
Pogonomyrmex desertorum, 81 Spiders
Pogonomyrmey magnacanthus, 82 Archaearanea tepidariorum, 142, 143 Vibumum tinus, 187
Pogonomyrmex maricopa, 81 Linyphia triangularis, 131 Viciafaba, 3 9 4 0 , 41
Pogonomyrmex pima, 81, 83 Spilopsyllus cuniculi, 124 Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), 118
Pogonomyrmex rugosus, 81 Spondias mombin, 220 Vulpia jasiculata, 47, 68, 87, 88, 111,
Polygonatum verticilatum, 21-2 Sponge (Haliclona),218
Poppies, 27 Spruce (Picea sitchensis), 42, 45 192-3,196
Porphyra, 218 Starfish, 144, 217-18
Pseudomyrmex jermginea, 77-8 Pisaster ochraceus, 217-19 Wagtail, Pied, 120
Pteridium aquilinum, 200 Sterculia apetala, 220 Wasps (Heterospilusprosopidis), 118
Pteromalus elevatus, 158 Strix aluco, 118, 125, 203, 204, 222 Water-boatmen (Notonecta glauca)
Sunbird, Golden winged (Nectarina
Quercus robur, 130 122-3,148,149
reichenowi), 202, 203 Waterfleas(Daphnia species), 133,
Ragwort (Seneciojacobaea), 7-9 Sunflowers (Helianthus annus), 3 9 4 0
Ranunculus repens, 12-13, 24, Synedra ulna, 104-5 134-5,212
Syrphus, 118, 142 D. magna, 62-3, 135
199-200, 201 D. pulex, 131
Red deer (Cervus elaphus), 17-19 Tapeworms (Caryophyllaeus laticeps), D. pulicaria, 170-1
Rhizobium, 88, 97 137 Weasels (Mustela nivalis), 203
Rhodomela, 218 Weevils, Bean
Rhopalomyia cali;fomica, 158 Terellia serratulae, 157-8, 159 Callosobruchus chinensis. 64, 1l 8
Rhyssa persuasoria, 144 Tetranychus urticae, 145 Callosobruchus maculatus, 63, 64, 68
Rumex acetosella, 216-1 7 Tetrastichus cirsii, 158 W h a l e , Blue (Balaenoptera musculus),
Ryegrass, 160-4 Thais species, 122
173-4
Lolium perenne, 45, 46, 133 Th. canaliculata, 138 W h e a t (Triticum aestivum), 40, 42
Th. emarginata, 138, 218 W h e l k s (Thais species), 122, 138
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 135 Th. lamellosa, 138
Sardine, Pacific (Sardinops caerulea), Thrips imaginis, 178-80 Th. emarginata, 138, 218
Thymus drucei, 3 Whiteflies
168-9 Ticks (Ixodes trianguliceps), 137
Sardinops caerulea, 168-9 Timothy grass (Phleum pratense), 25 Aleurotracheus jelinekii, 187
Sawfly, 134 Tits (Parus species) Trialeurodes vaporariorum, 145, 151
Scheelea rostrata, 220 P. ater, 100 Wildebeest, 132
Searlesia dira, 97 P. caeruleus, 99-100 Wild oat (Avenajatua), 85-7, 110-11,
Sea rocket (Cakile edentula), 194, P. major, 9-10, 63, 99-100, 140,
196,198,199
196-7 202-3 Willow tit (Parus montanus), 100, 222
Sedge (Carex arenaria), 24 P. montanus, 100, 222 Woodpeckers, 222
Sedum smallii, 102 P, palustris, 100, 222 Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), 124
Senecio jacobaea, 7-9 Torymus baccaridis, 158
Trialeurodes vaporariorum, 145, 151 Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 135

Zea mays, 38
Zeiraphera diniana, 65

Age-specific fecundity, 10 Colonization events, 210-1 2 yellow fin tuna, 167, 169
Cervus elaphus, 17-1 8 Commensalism, 77 Fluctuations in population size
models for, 66-74 Community structure, 210, 216
Poa annua, 16, 72-4 Competition see Interspecific causes, 60-2
examples, 62-5
Age-specific mortality-rate, 15 competition; Intraspecific host-parasitoid models, 150-5
classification, 18-20 competition intrinsic factor models, 60-2
Poa annua, 16 Competitive exclusion, 87, 90, 92-5 in plants, 191-200
Lotka-Volterra modelling and, 108 predator-prey patterns, 118-19
Age-specific survivorship, 16 see also Interspecificcompetition Food chains, 222
Cervus elaphus, 17 Competitive release, 95 Food preference, 122-4
Conservation aspects, 214-1 5 Food quality and predation, 132-3
Age states classification,10-13 Consumers see Predation Foraging strategies, 80-1
Aggregative behaviour, 137-44 Continuous breeding model, 58-60 predator-prey, 148-9
Cooperation in Uria aalge, 50-1 Fruit-eating herbivores, 127
interference and pseudo- Cropping (harvesting), 165-74 Fungi, 77
interference, 146-8, 155, 157 Defoliation see Herbivores Genet, 13
Density-dependence Genetic aspects, 200-1
mathematical model, 154 delayed, 125, 190 Grazing system model, 160-4
Allee effect, 51,160 in Growth of organisms
Allelopathy, 77 Helianthus annus, 39-40 indeterminateldeterminate, 38-9
Amensalism, 77, 78, 101 Triticum aestivum, 40-1 life cycles and individual size, 11
Annual species, 6 Viciafabia, 39-40 modular, 21-5, 37
b (competitiorddensityparameter), interspecificcompetition and, 83-9 Guilds, 79
intraspecific competition and, Habitat
46-8 29-3 1 definition, 91
definition, 46 predation and, 133-5, 155-60 habitat heterogeneity, 114-16
Biennial species, 7-9 spatial, 187 size differences, 222-3
Buried seeds, 26-7, 198-9 see also Regulation of population versus ecological niche, 91
Carrying-capacity(K), 53-4, 151 Density-independence, 29, 177-8, Handling time, 121-2.134-7, 148-9
definition, 31 186 mathematical model, 152
metapopulation models and, Desert ecology, 78-83 Harvesting, 165-74
Differentiation,59 matrix models of, 173-4
210-12 Disturbance and community in structured populations, 170-3
Census data, 186, 188-90 structure, 219-20 Herbivores, 77, 117
Chaos detection, 60, 205-9 d,-values, 15 effect on plant fitness, 126-31
Character displacement, 98 Ecological neighbourhood area, 57 see also Predation
Chicken pox, 209 Ecological niche, 90-2 Instability of community structure,
Childhood diseases, 209 niche overlap, 112- 14
Clone, 13 versus habitat, 91 220-2
Cloning (natural), 24 Extinction of populations, 210-16 Interspecificcompetition, 77-1 16
Cobwebbing, 65-6 butterfly studies, 212-14
Coexistence, 87-8, 95-8 Fisheries research, 65, 167-8 between
guppies, 172 algae species, 89-90
of Asterionella and Synedra, 104-5 lobsters, 169 barnacles, 92-4
in carrion flies, 115-16 sardines, 168, 169 bumble bees, 94-5, 99
habitat heterogeneity, and, 114-1 6 flour beetles, 92
in hermit crabs, 96-7 fruitflies, 109-10
Lotka-Volterra modelling and,

105-8
in mud snails, 98
niche overlap and, 112-14
of Panicum and Glycine, 88
in Sedum and Minnartia, 102-103
Cohort, 13

246 SUBJECT INDEX

Interspecific competition (Cont.) Linear recurrence equations, 69 optimal foraging, 148
granivorousants, 78-83, 98 Logarithms, use of, 16-17 parasitoid-host density and,
ground doves, 95 Logistic equation, 59-60, 61
plant species, 83-90, 101-5, Lotka-Volterra models, 105-8, 149, 156-60
110-12 Polycarpic fluctuations, 20
tits, 99-100 222 Predation, 77,117-74
wheat and Bromus, 84-5 1,-values, 15
wild oats, 85-7, 110-11 Mathematical models abundance patterns, 118-19
community structure and, 217-19
character displacement, 98 age-specific fecundity, 66-74 harvesting, 165-74
coexistence: in plants, 101-5 continuous breeding, 58-60 mathematical models, 149-64
coexistence: resource partitioning, grazing systems, 160-4 optimal foraging, 148-9
interspecificcompetition, 105-10 predator coevolution and
95-8 intraspecific competition, 52-74
community structure and, 216-1 7 Lotka-Volterra, 105-8, 149, 222 specialization, 119-24
competition avoidance, 98-101 metapopulation, 210-12 predator fitness, l 31-3
competitive exclusion, 87, 90, population regulation, 185-6 predator interference/pseudo-
predation, 149-64
92-5,108 usefulness of, 52 interference, 144-8, 155, 157
competitive release, 95 see also Matrix modelling prey availabilty, 133-7
ecological niche and, 90-2 Matrix modelling, 69 prey fitness and, 125-31
habitat heterogeneity and, 114-16 harvesting, 173-4 stabilizingfactors, 164-5
logistic models, 105-10 single-species populations, 69-72 timing aspects, 124-5
niche overlap, 112-14 m (coefficient of interference), 145-6 Predation-rate
Intraspecific competition, 28-5 1 Ephestia and Venturia, 146-7 aggregation and. 137-44
case studies, 33-50 Measles, 209 effect on predator fitness, 131-3
Lucilia cuprina, 165-6 .Metapopulation, 210-16 effect on prey fitness, 125-31
characteristics,29-3 1 Models see Mathematical models; foraging strategies and, 148-9
in host-parasitoid systems, l 51 mutual predator interference,
negative competition, 50-1 Matrix modelling
scramble and contest, 31-2, 50 Monocarpic fluctuations, 20 144-6
single-species models, 52-74 Mutual interference by predators, prey density and, 133-7
Inverse density-dependence, 153, Rainforests, 214-15, 220
144-8 Ramet, 13
155-6 mathematical modelling, 155, 157 Refuges for prey, 138-9
Island biogeography theory, 210, Mutualism, 77-8 mathematical modelling and,
Nature reserve design, 214
214-16 Niche 154
Island habitats, 222-3 ecological niche, 90-2 partial refuges, 139-40
Iteroparous species, 20 niche differentiation in plants, Regulation of population, 29-3 1,
K (carrying-capacity),53-4, 151
101-4 177-209
definition, 31 niche overlap, 112-14 Andrewartha and Birch's view,
metapopulation models and, Nicolson-Bailey model, 150-5
Optimal foraging, 148-9 177-8
210-12 Parasites, 77, 117, 121 chaos detection, 60, 205-9
Killing-power see k-values host immune responses, 146 Colorado beetle, 181-6
k-values, 15 parasite-host distributions, 137-8 genetic change, 200-1
predation-rates, 126 Nicholson's view, 177
Colarado beetle study, 182-6 Spilopsyllus cuniculi. 124 in plants, 191-200
competition experiments, 64 see also Predation
intraspecific competition and, 31-7, Parasitoids, 117, 121, 156-60 space capture, 104, 203-5
host-parasitoid models, 150-5, 208 territoriality, 201-3
47, 55 predation-rates, 126 Thrips imaginis, 178-80
Leslie matrix model, 69-72 Patchiness of prey distributions, in vertebrates, 190-1
see also Density-dependence;
practical application, 173-4 143-4
Life cycles, 6-10 Metapopulation
Relative yield totals, 87-8
Aleurotracheusjelinekii, 187-8
Poa annua, 72 for Panicum and Glycine, 88
Life-tables Reproduction-rate,population size
analyses, 186-8
Colorado beetle, 181-6 and, 201
conventional, 13-1 8 R (net reproductive rate)
diagrammatic, 5-13, 68
definition, 52

SUBJECT INDEX 247

of Poa annua, 74 Semelparous species, 20 in plants, 104, 203-5
Rotharnsted Insect Survey, l 8 9 Size Time-lags
Saprophytism, 77
Search efficiency of predators, 142, habitat size differences,222-3 population fluctuationsand, 61-2
life cycles and individual size, 11 in predator-prey interactions, 125
147 see also Fluctuations in population Transition matrices see Matrix
host-parasitoid models, 150
Seed banks, 7-9, 195 size modelling
buried, 26-7, 198-9 Skewed populations, 42 Yields
granivorous ants study. 78-83, 128 Space capture, 104,203-5
seed-eating animals, 127 Survivorshipcurve, 16 intraspecific competition and, 37
Self-thinningin plants, 43-8 relative yields, 87-9
in Agrostemma githago, 64 of Phleum pratense, 25 yield-density models, 56-8
Territoriality, 201-3 yield-density relationships, 39-42

in birds, 191, 201-2, 203