Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

 India is divided into 29 States and 7 Union Territories.
 Delhi is the national capital of India.
 Rajasthan and Goa are the biggest and the smallest state

respectively.
 Important ranges of Himachal are Pir Panjal, Nag Tibba,

Mussoorie etc.
 There are two Coastal Plains of Deccan Plateau of India, viz.

Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains.
 There are two groups of islands viz. Lakshadweep and

Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.

 Himadri -- Himadri is the northernmost range. Its average elevation
extends upto 6000 meter.

 Himachal -- Himachal lies at the south of this mountain.
 Shiwalik -- Shiwalik is the southernmost range lies between the

Lesser Himalayas and the Plains.
 Purvachal -- The Mountains of the northeast region are called

Purvachal.

150 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the southernmost point of India?

2. How many States and Union Territories are there in India?

3. Write down the physical divisions of India.

4. What do you mean by Duns?

5. Where the Chilka Lake is located?

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands lies in the .

2. Garo, Kashi, Jaintia are some of the hills and ranges of the .

3. Pir Panjal, Mussoorie etc are some of the important ranges of .

4. The extent of India from north to south is about km and from east to

west is about km.

5. is the smallest State of India.

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Kanyakumari is the southernmost point of India.

2. Mount Godwin Austin is the highest peak of the Karakoram Range.

3. The river Brahmaputra lies in Orissa.

4. The black soil is most suitable for cotton cultivation.

5. Laccadeep and Minicoy Islands are parts of the Lakshadweep.

D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Write a short note on the Northern Mountains.

2. Discuss about the coastal plains and Island of India.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 151

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The Indian climate is classified as tropical monsoon climate. The physical features of
India have immense influences on its climate. The Himalayan ranges in the North
protect India from the frigid cold wind of central Asia. The Indian peninsula in the south
bounded on three sides by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean
plays an important role in the climate of India. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the
middle of India and divides it into two halves, namely, North Zone and South Zone.

The climate in the North Zone is cool in winter and hot in summer and the climate in
the South Zone is comparatively hotter than the North Zone.

Diversity in climatic conditions is seen in India. The Northern mountains are covered
with snow, the desert in the western side in Rajasthan is devoid of vegetation and
scarce of water, the eastern region is rich in vegetation with huge amount of rainfall,
and the climate in the Southern region is hot and humid.

Altitude, latitude, distance from the sea and wind are some of the factors having
effect on the climate of India.

The Seasons of India:

There are primarily four seasons in the cycle of seasons in India, viz.

1. The Cold Weather Season 3. The Advancing Monsoon
2. The Hot Weather Season 4. The Retreating Monsoon

152 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The Cold Weather Season:

Winter or the Cold Weather Season starts from the end of November and continues
till the end of March.

During this time the average temperature is 10-15 °C in the North Zone of India.

The temperature in the northernmost region is below 0°C in winter. The South Zone
enjoys comparatively higher temperature than the North Zone. This time cool and dry
wind blows from the north India towards the south where the air pressure is low.

A little rainfall occurs in the north-western plain.

The Hot Weather Season:

Summer or the Hot Weather Season stays from the middle of March to June. At this
time the Tropic of Cancer receives vertical sunrays and makes the weather very hot.
The average temperature is 35-40° C in India. The temperature in the Desert area of
Rajasthan is above 50° C. A very hot wind that blows at this time is known as Loo.

The Advancing Monsoon:

The period of this Season is from June to September. At this time winds blow from the
Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere. In India they blow from south-west
to north-east direction. As they blow from the sea to land so they carry a lot of
moisture which hit the Himalayas and cause heavy rainfall. Mowsynram in Meghalaya
gets 10000 mm of rain which is the highest in the world. Cherrapunji in the same
region also gets heavy rainfall. A branch of this monsoon wind hits the Western Ghat
and a heavy rainfall occurs in the coastal region of Kerala, Karnataka and Maharastra.
This wind passes over Rajasthan and Gujrat without causing any rainfall.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 153

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The Retreating Monsoon:

The months of October and November are the months of retreating monsoon. The
weather changes from hot and wet to cool and dry. Wind gets started to blow
from land to sea. Gradually monsoon withdraws from all parts of the country. The
weather in north India becomes clear but humidity remains high. Due to tropical
cyclones from the Bay of Bengal rainfall occurs in the eastern coast of South India.

 Due to Ferrel’s Law or Coriolis Force which is caused by the
rotation of the Earth, the trade winds are deflected at the time
of entering into a new hemisphere.

 India has tropical monsoon type of climate. The Tropic of
Cancer passes through the middle of India and divides it
into two halves, namely, North Zone and South Zone.

 Winter or the Cold Weather Season starts from the end of
November and continues till the end of March.

 The Summer or the Hot Weather Season stays from the
middle of March to June.

 The period of Advancing Monsoon is from June to September.
 The months of October and November are the months of

Retreating Monsoon.

 Loo – A very hot wind that blows in the Summer is known as Loo.
 Drought – Drought occurs when an area receives scanty rainfall

for a long period of time.

154 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. Write down the kinds of seasons are found in India.
2. How is the air pressure in Winter?
3. What do you mean by Loo?
4. Where does the highest rainfall occur in the world?
5. Why are the desert areas found in Rajasthan?
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The passes through the middle of India.

2. Winter starts from the end of and continues till the end of .

3. In the Summer the receives vertical sunrays and makes the weather
very hot.

4. In India from June to September winds blow from the Hemisphere to
the Hemisphere.

5. During the Advancing Monsoon, a branch of wind hits the and a heavy

rainfall occurs in the coastal region of Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra.

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The months of October and November are the months of Advancing Monsoon.
2. Cherrapunji is a place where heavy rainfall occurs.
3. The average temperature in the Summer is 50°C in India.
4. In Winter a little rainfall occurs in the north-eastern plain of India.
5. The eastern region of India is rich in vegetation.
D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Discuss about the seasons of India.
2. Write a short note on Returning Monsoon.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 155

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Tropical Rainforest in India:

Location:

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Western Ghats, West Bengal
and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are under the areas of the tropical rainforest in
India.

Climate:

Climate is wet and warm throughout the year. Tropical rain forests are located near the
Equator and the Tropic of Cancer and that is why it is hot and humid and high annual
rainfall of around 1750 mm to 2000 mm is found here.

Type of trees:

These areas are covered with evergreen forests. These forests have three-storied
vegetation. The upper storey consisting of tall trees forms the top canopy receiving
most of the sunlight. Trees of lesser height
form the middle storey. The thick, dense
and rich environment is capable of
providing food and shelter to animals,
ground dwellers as well as tree dwellers. In
the south Nilgiris, Annamalai, Palani hills
and other south Indian ranges have
extensive grass land dotted with patches of dense evergreen forest. There are about
200 species of trees of which Padauk, Gurjain, silver-gray etc are prominent.

Types of Animals:

The highest number of tigers are found in mangrove forests which are found in
Sunderbans delta formed by the estuaries of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. The

156 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

other animals found here are spotted deer, pigs, rhesus, monkey, lizard, water
monitor, crocodile, crabs and fish.

Tropical Deciduous Forest:

Location:

The deciduous forests are found in Central India (dry deciduous forests), Shivalik
foothills, Bhabar, Tarai, Chhota Nagpur Plateau, the North-eastern Deccan Plateau
and North-south strip to the East of the Western Ghats.

Climate:

Tropical deciduous forests are grown in the areas with annual rainfall of 700-2000 mm.

Type of trees:

Tropical deciduous forests are also called the "Monsoon forests". Long dry season of
summer leads these forests to shed their leaves in order to prevent evaporation.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 157

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The main trees found in these forests include Teak, Sandalwood, Mahua, Sal,
Khair, Mango Tree, Jackfruit, Semal,
Myrobalan, Arjun, Banyan Tree, Wattle
and Bamboo. Teak is considered as one of
the most vital species of this region. Sal is
the most significant tree found in the dry
deciduous forests.

Types of Animals:

A huge number of Tigers are found in
Madhya Pradesh. Besides this Asian
Elephant, Bear and Deer are also found.

Tropical Thorn Forests:

Location:

These forests are found in the north-
western part of the country including Rajasthan (Thar Desert), south­western Panjab,
western Haryana, Kuchchh etc. Such forests also grow in Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu etc.

Climate:

The tropical thorn forests are found in
areas of low rainfall (less than 750 mm),
low humidity (less than 50 per cent) and
high temperature (25°-30°C). The trees are
low (6 to 10 metre maximum) and widely
scattered.

Type of trees:

Acacias, Euphorbia, Indian wild date are
generally found here. Some grasses also grow in the rainy season.

158 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Trees like khair, reunjha, neem, babul, thor,
cactii, khejra, kanju, palas, ak, nirmali,
dhaman, etc are also found here.

Types of Animals:

Mainly Camels are found here. They are the
best adaptable animal in the desert areas.
Snakes, Indian Bustards, Rats and Wild Ass
are also found here.

Indian Tidal or Mangrove Forests:

Location:

Indian tidal or mangrove forests are mainly situated on the Gangetic Delta and
in Coastal Plains in West Bengal, called the Sunderbans. The Sunderbans have recently
been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List and named as Sundarban National Park.
The Indian tidal or mangrove forests are considered as the largest mangrove forest in
the world.

Climate:

Moderate climate is found there. It receives rainfall between 65-70 inches.

Animals:

The most renowned amongst the wildlife present in the Sunderbans, is the Royal
Bengal Tiger. Other notable animals that
take shelter in this Indian tidal or
mangrove forest are Grey Mongoose,
Fishing Cat, Pangolin, Fox, Flying
Fox, Wild Boar, Jungle Cat, Macaque etc.
There are also many other species of
Birds, Spotted Deer, Crocodiles and
Snakes found in the Sunderbans.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 159

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Plants:

The two most important commercial
mangrove species found in Sunderbans, are
Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa
(Excoecaria agallocha). Other than these,
Poresia coaractata, Imperata cylindrica,
Palms, Myriostachya Eightiana, Nypa
Fruticans, Keora and Phragmites Karka are
widely available.

Mountain forests:

Location:

These forests lie at an altitude range of 350-4,500 m. They cover the states of Jammu
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram in India.

Climate:

The climate in the mountain forests in India is greatly influenced by the Himalayas. The
huge mountain range also exerts a major influence on monsoon and rainfall patterns in
the forests. The climate conditions vary depending on elevation and location, even
within the Himalayas. The climate usually ranges from subtropical in the southern
foothills, with average summer temperatures of about 30°C and average winter
temperatures of about 18°C. The forests in the Middle Himalayan valleys have warm
temperate conditions with average summer temperatures of about 25°C and cooler
winters. The forests in the higher parts of the Middle Himalayas has cool temperate
conditions, where average summer temperatures are 15°C to 18°C and winters are
below freezing. The climate is too cold with below freezing temperature at elevation
above 4880 m and the area is permanently covered with snow and ice. The forests
located in the eastern part of the Himalayas, usually receive heavy rainfall, while the
western part is drier.

160 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Animals:

The mountain forests in India once used to provide natural habitat to a large number of
animal species like Tigers, Leopards, Rhinoceroses, and many varieties of Deer.
However, most of these species are extinct to this region mainly because of

deforestation and hunting. These
important animal species have been
restricted to special protected areas like
the Jaldapara and Kaziranga sanctuaries in
India.

Plants:

The natural vegetation in the mountain
forests in India consists of several species of Pine, Oak, Rhododendron, Poplar,
Walnut, and Larch and these are found at elevations between 1520m and 3660 m. At
the places below than this elevation Spruce, Fir, Cypress, Juniper, and Birch are found.
On the other hand, Alpine vegetation occupies the higher part of the Great Himalayas,
just below the snow line, and this includes
the Shrubs, Rhododendrons, Mosses,
Lichens, and Wildflowers like Blue Poppies
and Edelweiss.

Conservation of Forests:

India is home to more than 80000 species
of animals and more than 1000 species of Plants. Nowadays forests in India are facing
problems due to anthropogenic activities. Cutting the trees, clearing the land and
deforestation are the main causes of the destruction of forest resources. These also
create problems for the animals living in forest areas. They are becoming extinct and
endangered due to shortage of space and lack of suitable environment for their
peaceful living.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 161

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Government of India has taken several steps to protect the animals and plants.
Creation of the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries have been very important
steps towards this.
At present there are more than 441 wildlife sanctuaries and 100 National parks in
India. The Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala and the Corbett National Park in
Uttarkhand are the very old reserved areas created by the Government of India.
With special attention many tiger reserves have also been created.
At present there are 39 tiger reserves in India among them most of the tiger reserves
are in Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and in the Himalayan region.

 National parks – A national park is a section of land that has
been acquired by the government for preserving both the
vegetation and the animals that are indigenous to the area.

 Wildlife Sanctuaries -- A wildlife sanctuary is a reserved area
that is set aside exclusively for the use of wild animals. Wildlife
Sanctuaries are created for the preservation of the endangered
species.

 Tropical rainforests are located near the Equator and the
Tropic of Cancer and that is why it is hot and humid and
high annual rainfall of around 1750 mm to 2000 mm is
found here.

 These Tropical rainforests have three-storied vegetation.

162 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 The deciduous forests are found in Central India.
 Tropical deciduous forests are also called the Monsoon

forests.
 The tropical thorn forests are found in areas of low rainfall

(less than 750 mm), low humidity (less than 50 per cent) and
high temperature (25°-30°C).
 Indian tidal or mangrove forests are mainly situated on the
Gangetic Delta and in Coastal Plains in West Bengal, called
the Sunderbans.
 The Sunderbans have recently been listed in the UNESCO
World Heritage List and named as Sunderban National Park.
 The most renowned amongst the wildlife present in the
Sunderbans, is the Royal Bengal Tiger.
 The climate in the mountain forests in India is greatly
influenced by the Himalayas.
 These important animal species have been restricted to
special protected areas like the Jaldapara
and Kaziranga sanctuaries in India.
 India is home to more than 80,000 species of animals and
more than 1000 species of plants.
 Government of India has taken several steps to protect the
animals and plants in consequence whereof National Parks
and Wildlife Sanctuaries are being created.
 With special attention, many tiger reserves have also been
created.

 Deforestation – Cutting of trees
 Resources – Anything that satisfies human needs.
 Drought – Drought occurs when an area receives scanty rainfall

for a long period of time.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 163

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. State the location of Tropical Rainforest in India.
2. Write down three names of the plants found in Tropical Deciduous Forests

areas?
3. Where a large number of Tiger is found?
4. State the climatic conditions of the tropical thorn forests?
5. Name the largest mangrove forest in the world.
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Tropical rain forests are located near the and the .

2. Tropical deciduous forests are also called the .

3. Acacias, Euphorbia are generally found in .

4. The Royal Bengal Tiger is found in .

5. The two most important commercial mangrove species found in
Sunderbans, are and .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Sal is the most significant tree found in the tropical rainforest.

2. Most of the species of plant and animal are extinct mainly because of
aforestation.

3. At present there are 93 tiger reserves in India.

4. The Sunderbans have recently been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List
and named as Sundarban National Park.

5. Most of the tiger reserves are present in Madhya Pradesh.

D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Discuss briefly about the tropical rainforest and tidal or mangrove forests of
India.

2. Discuss briefly about the animal and plant of the mountainous region of India.

3. Write a short note on Conservation of Forests.

164 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

UNIT-III : Social and Political Life

Today, the population of India has exceeded 125 crore. The people of India have
different religions, languages, social cultures, festivals, food habits, dressing styles and
geographical backgrounds. Yet, they live together as a Nation united harmoniously,
under a common Indian political system.

Different People have different interests

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 165

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Geographical Diversity:

The Great Himalayas with cold climate and
a rugged mountainous region in the North,
presence of the fertile Gangetic Plains
running from north to north-east,
Mousinram in Meghalaya, a place that
receives highest annual rainfall in the world
present in the East, the desert areas with
hot climate in the West, the Western Ghats
and Eastern Ghats are two coastal zones in
the southern part of the country, the
plateau regions rich in minerals give India
a diverse physical structure with a variety
of climatic features.

Cultural Diversity:

The People of India consume food of
different kinds based on the available
natural resources including agricultural
production and animal species. The people
living in the fertile Gangetic Plains generally
eat rice, wheat, pulses etc while the people living in the coastal areas eat rice,

coconut and fishes.

The different climatic conditions of India
influence the dressing styles of the people.
A variety of faiths like Hinduism, Islam,
Buddhism, Christianity and Jainism are
followed by the people. The lifestyle and
clothing of the people is also influenced by
their religious beliefs.

166 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Diversity is also seen in the festivals and performing arts. Bihu in Assam, Baisakhi and
Lohri in Punjab, Pongal in Tamil Nadu,
Onam in Kerala are some of the festivals
performed in India. These prove the
diversity in festivals also. There are some
festivals like Holi, Dussera and Diwali
which are performed all over the country at
the same time.

Bharat Natyam in Tamil Nadu, Chhau in
West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Garba in Gujrat, Kathak in North India, Kathakali in

Kerala are some of the examples of
different kinds of classical dances in India.

Different states in India have different and
colourful folk dances.

Language Diversity:

According to the Eighth Schedule of the
Constitution of India, there are 22
recognized national languages. These are as follows:

Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani,
Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali,
Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

English and Hindi are the official languages of India. Besides these, a number of
dialects are spoken by many people of different areas of the country.

Unity in diversity:

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of Independent India used this phrase
"Unity in Diversity" to describe India. This means the people of different states with
their indigenous lifestyle, religions and beliefs are united and being ruled under a
common Government in the centre. This is a unique feature of our motherland India.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 167

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 The Sanskrit language is taught in the schools as the classical
language of India.

 The people of India live together under a common Indian
political system.

 India has a diverse physical structure with a variety of
climatic features.

 The People of India consume food of different kinds based on
the available natural resources including agricultural
production, animal species.

 The different climatic conditions of India influence the
dressing styles of the people. A variety of faiths like Hinduism,
Buddhism and Jainism are followed by the people.

 Diversity is also seen in the festivals and performing arts.
 According to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India

there are 22 recognized national languages.
 English and Hindi are the official languages of India.
 Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of Independent

India used this phrase “Unity in diversity” to describe India.

 Unity in diversity -- Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of
Independent India used this phrase "Unity in diversity" to describe
India. This means the people of different states with their
indigenous lifestyle, religions and beliefs are united and being ruled
under a common Government in the centre.

168 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. In which state is Mousinram located?
2. Write down the food items generally used by the people living in the coastal areas?
3. Write down the names of the states of India where the following festivals are held –

Bihu, Pongal, Onam, Lohri.
4. Which festivals are performed all over the country at the same time?
5. How many national languages are recognized by the Constitution of India?
B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The plateau region of India is rich in .

2. and are the official languages of India.

3. Name of the first Prime Minister of Independent India is .

4. used this phrase "Unity in diversity ".

5. According to the Schedule of the Constitution of India there

are recognized national languages.

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Kathak is a dance of South India.

2. Chhau dance is performed in West Bengal.
3. Western Ghats and Southern Ghats are two coastal zones in the southern part of

our country.

4. Today the population of India has exceeded 320 crore people.

5. The unique feature of India is that the people of its different states are united and
being ruled under a common Government in the centre.

D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Discuss briefly about the Cultural diversity found in India.

2. Why Jawharlal Neheru used this phrase "Unity in diversity " to describe India?
Mention your point of views.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 169

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

What is Government?

A government is formed by a group of people who have the authority to govern or rule
a particular country or state.

Government can be of many types, e.g.

1. Monarchical form of Government: In this type of Government the head of the
state is a king and this post is hereditary. In such type of government the dynasties
rule for as long as they can.

Till today Bhutan is under the Monarchical rule. Till recent past Nepal was also
under the Monarchical rule.

2. Dictatorship type of Government: In this type of Government a single individual
gains absolute governing power through force and everyone has to follow his
policies. He is called the Dictator.

Examples of dictators are Adolf Hitler in Germany and Fidel Castro of Cuba.

3. Democratic form of government: It is a government of the people, by the people
and for the people. In such type of government people elect their representatives
by casting votes for a fixed term.

The Government of India is a Democratic form of government. India is the largest
Democracy in the world.

Pillars of the Government in a Democracy:

There are three pillars of the government in a Democracy which are Legislature,
Executive and Judiciary.

Legislature is the law-making body which makes laws on behalf of the government to
meet its objectives and carry out its functions. Laws can be changed or amended
according to the requirements of the society and for development.

170 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The Executive Body means the administrative officers who are to enforce or execute
the laws made by the legislature.

The Judiciary is an independent body which is not directly controlled by the
Government. The judiciary has to make sure that the government runs according to the
law. If the laws are violated by any person or any Body, the judiciary has the power to
take appropriate action, according to the Constitution.

People's Participation:

As stated above, India is the largest democratic country in the world. In the process of
forming government the people of India take active participation. According to
Universal Adult Franchise any person who is above 18 years of age irrespective of
caste, creed, colour, religion, region or language from any part of the country can cast
a vote. Political parties put up their candidates to get elected as the people's

representatives. There are many
political parties in India. In the
election process conducted by the
Election Commission of India the
political party gets maximum
number of votes is called by the
President of India to form
Government at the centre. In case
of states the Governors of the
People casting their votes in a polling booth during an election state calls the winning party to
form Government at the state. The
government is formed for a period of 5 years. All the works are judged by the people
after forming the new government. If they do not perform their duty properly people
can replace them in the next election.

Thus the role of the common people is very important in democracy.

It is the duty and right of the people to cast their vote judiciously.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 171

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Levels of the Government:

As India is a vast country, so the workload of the government is divided into three
levels,
1. National level - Government at the national level is called Central or Union

Government which works for the whole country. It also looks after the foreign
policy and keeps good relation with the other countries.
2. State level - The state government makes decision and performs functions to meet
the needs of the people of the State.
3. Village level - It is the lowest level of Government known as Village Panchayat
which is also an elected body. Water supply, Electricity, Transportation are some of
the requirements which are looked after by the Village Panchayat. This is also called
Self- Government.
The Governments at different levels organize, supervise and control the activities
which are very essential for the society as well as for the country. The Government not
only makes laws for the people but also executes them. Building of roads, generation
of electricity, imparting education, running of hospitals, transportation of goods and
passengers are some of the examples of government works.
We need to establish such a government that can provide us with good governance by
efficient functioning of its various departments and honest performing of the duties
and responsibilities of the government at different levels.

 Agitation for universal adult Franchise is called Suffragette.
 In 1948, a suffragette Movement started in America.

 Franchise – The right to vote is called franchise.

172 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 A government is formed by a group of people who have
the authority to govern or rule a particular country or
state.

 Democratic form of government is a government of the
people, by the people and for the people.

 India is the largest Democracy in the world.
 Legislature, Executive Body and the Judiciary are the three

pillars of the Government in a Democracy.
 According to Universal Adult Franchise any person who is

above 18 years of age can cast vote, irrespective of caste,
creed, colour, religion, region or language from any part of
the country .
 The election process is conducted by the Election Commission
of India.
 The political party getting maximum number of votes is called
by the President of India to form Government at the centre.
 In case of states the Governors of the state calls the winning
party to form Government at the state.
 The workload of the government is divided into three levels,
viz. at the national level the Central or Union Government, at
the state level the State Government and at the village level
the Village panchayat.
 The Governments organize, supervise and control the
activities which are very essential for the society as well as for
the country.
 The Government not only makes laws for the people but also
executes them.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 173

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What is Government?

2. Which type of government is formed in India?

3. How many organs are there in the democratic form of government?

4. Write down the function of the Judiciary in India.

5. State how many levels of government are functioning in India.

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Legislature is the body.

2. The election process in India is conducted by the .

3. The minimum age of a voter in the General Election in India is .

4. The government in India is formed for a period of years.

5. The lowest level of the Government in India is known as .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. In a Monarchical form of Government the head of the state is a Governor.

2. Till today Bhutan is under the Monarchical rule.

3. The Government of India is a democratic form of Government which is the largest
in the world.

4. The executive body is the law - making body which makes laws on behalf of the
government.

5. The Government only makes laws for the people.

D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Discuss about the organs of the government in a Democracy.

2. Discuss about the types of the government.

174 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

From the time immemorial, the villages of India are governed by a local-self
government, known as Panchayat. The members of the Panchayats are the inhabitants
of the respective village and they are headed by a person known as Sarpanch. As the
local people can better understand the issues and problems of the villages so the body
of the village Panchayat is formed by them. Whatever the decision has been taken on
any issue or on any problem of the villages or of the villagers by the Panchayat, the
local people have to obey the same. This is a traditional and common picture of the
village administration in India.

Gradually the local self-government at rural level which is known as Panchayati Raj
system has come under the coverage of the Constitution of India with its 73rd
amendment in 1993 on the recommendation of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. It
ensures the direct participation of the people at the grassroot level. Through this
system self-reliance, initiative, power of decision-making and participation in the
democratic process of the government are developed by the people. This system
serves as an important link between the people and government in the central and
state level.

Panchayati Raj:

This is a three-tier structure in Panchayati Raj system.

1. Gram Panchayat at the village level,

2. Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti at the Block level, and

3. Zila Parishad at the District level.

The 3-tier Panchayati Raj system was first adopted by Rajasthan (Nagur District) on
October 2, 1959.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 175

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Gram Panchayat:

There is a Panchayat in every village, Known as Gram Panchayat. The number of
Members of the Gram Panchayat varies since it depends upon the population of the
village. The number of Members is always an odd number like 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and so on.
The members are elected by the people for 5 years. The Panchayat is headed by the
Pradhan or the Head-man who is known as Sarpanch or Mukhiya in some states. He is

elected by the Gram Sabha which is the
general body of the village and all the
village inhabitants who have attained 18
years of age are registered as voters from
the Gram Sabha. Gram Sabha meets twice
a year. The secretary of the Gram
Panchayat who is appointed by the
government has to convene the meeting of
the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat to
take important decisions about the welfare and development of the village. Later these
are implemented by the Gram Panchayat. The power of approval of the annual budget
of the Gram Panchayat is vested in Gram Sabha.
In the Gram Panchayat, some seats are reserved for the SC, ST and Women (⅓rd) etc.

Functions of Gram Panchayat:

The Panchayat can plan and implement schemes related to agriculture, cottage
industries, fisheries, rural housing and electrification, clean drinking water for all,
poverty alleviation, adult education, health and sanitation, and welfare of the weaker
sections such as remote forest tribes in their area.

Sources of Income:

Taxes and grants or aid from the Government are the sources of income of the Gram
Panchayat.

176 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Block Samiti:

A Block is a group of villages. Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti is the next level of the
Gram Panchayat and is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the Zila Parishad.
With the limited resources of the Gram Panchayat, all the needs of a village like
building Higher Secondary schools, Colleges, Hospitals cannot be fulfilled and therefore
some neighbouring Gram Panchayats form a Block and work together for the welfare
of the people. Some members of the Block Samiti are directly elected by the people for
a term of five years.

The Pradhans or Sarpanchs of all the Gram Panchayats in that Block, all members of
the Vidhan Sabha, Vidhan Parshad, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha representing from that
Block are the Ex-officio members of the Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti. One third of
the total seats are reserved for women. The members elect a chairman and a vice -
chairman from amongst themselves for a period of 5 years. A Block Development
Officer (BDO) carries out the administrative work.

Functions of the Block Samiti :

1. The Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti has the power to undertake schemes of giving
financial assistance relating to the development of agriculture, livestock, cottage
industries, co-operative movement, rural credit, water supply, irrigation, public
health and sanitation including establishment of dispensaries and hospitals,
communication, primary and adult education.

2. The Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti coordinates and integrates the development
plans and schemes prepared by the Gram Panchayats in the Block.

3. It also examines and sanctions the budget estimates of Gram Panchayats in the
Block.

Sources of Income:

1. Grants and aids from the State Governments.

2. Taxes on land, house, water, fairs and festivals.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 177

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Zila Parishad:

It is the apex body of the 3-tier Panchayati Raj system. It supervises all the works of the
Block Samities and the Gram Panchayats under them. The responsibilities of the district
are vested in the Zila Parishad. The members of the Zila Parishad are elected by the
people of the respective district.

The composition of Zila Parishad is similar to that of the Panchayat Samiti. The
chairperson of all the Panchayat Samitis in the Zila, all members of the Vidhan Sabha,
Vidhan Parshad, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha representing from that Zila constitute the
Zila Parishad. One third of the total seats are reserved for women. The members of the
Zila Parishad elect a President and a Vice-President from amongst themselves for a
period of 5 years.

Functions of the Zila Parishad:

Zila Parishad acts as link between the State Government and the Block Samities and
the Village Panchayats.

It makes development plans for the Blocks
and villages. It keeps the state government
informed about their works.

It distributes the government funds to
Block Samities.

It implements the 5-year plans for the rural

development.

It prepares plans for the development of
agriculture, livestock, cottage industries,
education, rural credit, water supply,
irrigation, public health and sanitation
including establishment of dispensaries and
hospitals, communication as well as child
and adult education.

178 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Sources of Income:

1. Grants and aids from the State Governments and Central Government.
2. Taxes on properties like land and houses, water and electricity as also fairs and

cattle.

 According to the constitutional amendment passed in 1992, one
third of the Seats are reserved for the women in Panchayati Raj
institution and Municipal Corporation.

 From the time immemorial, the villages of India are
governed by a local-self government, known as
Panchayat.

 The members of the Panchayats are the inhabitants of the
respective village.

 As the local people can better understand the issues and
problems of the villages so the body of the village Panchayat
is formed by them.

 Gradually the local self - government at rural level which is
known as Panchayati Raj system has come under the
coverage of the Constitution of India with its 73rd
amendment in 1993 on the recommendation of the Balwant
Rai Mehta Committee.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 179

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 This is a three tier structure in Panchayati Raj system, viz.
a) Gram Panchayat at the village level, b) Block Samiti or
Panchayat Samiti at the Block level, and c) Zila Parishad at
the District level.

 The 3-tier Panchayati Raj system was first adopted by
Rajasthan (Nagur District) on October 2, 1959.

 There is a Panchayat in every village, Known as Gram
Panchayat.

 The Panchayat is headed by the Prodhan or the Head-man
who is known as Sarpanch or Mukhiya in some states.

 In the Gram Panchayat some seats are reserved for the SC,
ST and Women (⅓rd) etc.

 A Block is a group of villages.
 Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti is the next level of the

Gram Panchayat and is the link between the Gram
Panchayat and the Zila Parishad.
 The members of a Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti elect a
chairman and a vice - chairman from amongst themselves
for a period of 5 years.
 A Block Development Officer (BDO) carries out the
administrative work in the Block Samiti or Panchayat
Samiti.
 Zila Parishad is the apex body of the 3-tier Panchayati Raj
system. It supervises all the works of the Block Samities
and the Gram Panchayats under each Zila Parishad.
 The responsibilities of the district only are vested in the
Zila Parishad.

180 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 Panchayat -- local-self government at rural level.
 Gram Panchayat -- There is a Panchayat in every village, Known as

Gram Panchayat.
 Block -- A Block is a group of villages.
 Block Samiti -- Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti is the next level

of the Gram Panchayat and is the link between the Gram Panchayat
and the Zila Parishad.
 Zila Parishad -- Zila Parishad is the apex body of the 3-tier
Panchayati Raj system. It supervises all the works of the Block
Samities and the Gram Panchayats thereunder.
 Revenue – Land tax
 Act – A law which is passed by the parliament.
 Amendment – Revision or some improvement made on an Act of
the Parliament or any other document.

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.
1. What do you mean by Panchayat?
2. What is Panchayati Raj system?
3. Which state of India first adopted the 3-tier Panchayati Raj system?
4. Who appoints the secretary of the Gram Sabha?
5. Who are the members of Panchayat Samiti?

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 181

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Panchayats are headed by a person known as .

2. Panchayati Raj system serves as an important link between and in
the central and state level.

3. Gram Sabha meets a year.

4. and from the Government are the sources of income of
the Gram Panchayat.

5. The apex body of the 3-tier Panchayati Raj system is .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Gram Panchayat implements the 5 years plans for the rural development.

2. Block Development Officer (BDO) carries out the administrative work at the block
level.

3. In the Gram Panchayat ⅔rd seats are reserved for the Women.

4. The power of approval of the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat is vested in
Gram Sabha.

5. The Panchayati Raj system has come under the coverage of the Constitution of India
with its 37th amendment in 1939.

D. Write down the answers in brief.

1. Discuss briefly about the Panchayati Raj system.

2. Write a short note on Gram Panchyat.

3. What are the functions of Block Samiti and Zilla Parishad?

182 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

According to the 74th amendment to the Indian Constitution towns and cities are
governed by the municipalities. The urban citizens participate in the election process
through which the members of the municipal bodies are elected.

The urban local bodies make plans for the management and maximum utilization of
available natural resources.There is provision for the urban local bodies to look after
the issues of drinking water, electricity, transportation, educational centres, hospital
etc. and improve the quality of life in the urban areas.

On the basis of population, resources and the need for civic amenities and services the
municipal bodies can be categorized as-

1. Municipal Corporation - Urban local self - government in large cities. They directly
deal with the State Government.

2. Municipality or Municipal Council - Urban local self - government in smaller cities
and towns. They have no direct access to the State Government and they are
answerable to the District Collector and Divisional Commissioner.

3. Nagar Panchayat - An urban centre with inhabitants between 30000 and 100000.

The Urban local self-government, popularly known as Municipality is formed through
election. The cities are divided into Wards. Based on the population the number of
wards is determined. One member from each ward is elected for a period of 5 years.
He is designated as Councillor. His age should not be less than 21 years. Some seats are
reserved for the SC, ST and OBC. One third of the total seats are reserved for women.

The central and state governments supervise the Municipal Corporation and
Municipalities respectively. The procedure of election, composition, functioning and
sources of income are the same for both the bodies (Municipal Corporation and
Municipalities).

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 183

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

The urban local bodies work for the welfare and development of the urban areas.
Government has the right to dissolve any of the bodies if they are not satisfied with
their performances.

Composition of the Corporation:

1. Mayor: The head of the Municipal Corporation is Mayor who presides over the
meetings of the Municipal Corporation. The Mayor and the Deputy Mayor are
elected from the members of Municipal Corporation for a period of 1 year.

2. There are different committees set up by the corporation to supervise on different
issues of the society like drinking water, electricity, transportation, educational
centres, hospital etc.

3. Some seats are reserved for the SC, ST, OBC and women.
4. MPs and MLAs from the city are also its member.
5. There is the Municipal Commissioner or the Chief Executive Officer appointed by

the State Government in every Municipal Corporation to look after the functioning
of the Corporation.

Function of the Municipal Corporation:

The following are the functions of the Municipal Corporations:
1. Construction, maintenance and

cleaning of drains and drainage works
and of public latrines, urinals etc.;
2. Providing supply of water for public
and private purposes;
3. Registration of births and deaths;
4. Construction and maintenance of
municipal markets and slaughter-
houses.

184 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

5. Lighting, watering and cleansing of
public streets and other public places.

6. Naming and numbering of streets and
premises;

7. Maintenance of municipal offices;
8. Maintenance of sanitation, health

services, water supply, electricity, roads, markets, education etc.

Functions of Municipality:

The functions of the Municipalities are to:-
1. Maintain hygienic and sanitary conditions;
2. Ensure proper supply of drinking water and electricity;
3. Construct and maintain roads, bridges, markets, water tank, parks etc.;
4. Adopt measures to prevent epidemic and other infective diseases;
5. Keep records of births and deaths;
6. Open primary schools, hospitals , shopping complex etc.

Sources of Income:

The sources of income are mainly of two kinds:
Taxes like water tax, octroi, property tax, entertainment tax, toll tax etc. that the
corporation can levy, and
Grants from the government (Both Central and State).

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 185

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 At the time of independence, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai
were the only three Municipal Corporations in India.

 According to the 74th amendment to the Indian
Constitution towns and cities are governed by the
municipalities.

 The urban citizens participate in the election process through
which the members of the municipal bodies are elected.

 The urban local bodies make plans for the management and
maximum utilization of available natural resources.

 There is provision for the urban local bodies to look after the
issues of drinking water, electricity, transportation,
educational centers, hospital etc. and improve the quality of
life in the urban areas.

 Municipal Corporation is the urban local self - government in
large cities. They directly deal with the State Government.

 Municipality or Municipal Council is the urban local self -
government in smaller cities and towns.

 Nagar Panchayat is an urban centre with inhabitants
between 30,000 and 10,0000.

 The cities are divided into Wards. Based on the population the
number of wards is determined.

 One member from each ward is elected for a period of 5
years. He is designated as Councillor.

186 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

 The procedure of election, composition, functioning and
sources of income are the same for both the bodies
(Municipal Corporation and Municipalities).
The head of the Municipal Corporation is Mayor.

 Some seats are reserved for the SC, ST, OBC and women in
every municipal body.

 There is the Municipal Commissioner or the Chief Executive
Officer appointed by the State Government in every
Municipal Corporation to look after the functioning of the
Corporation.

 Municipal Corporation -- Municipal Corporation is the urban local
self - government in large cities. They directly deal with the State
Government.

 Municipality -- Municipality or Municipal Council is the urban
local self - government in smaller cities and towns.

 Nagar Panchayat -- Nagar Panchayat is an urban centre with
inhabitants between 30000 and 100000.

 Ward – A division of city or town for administrative or political
purposes.

 M.P. – Member of Parliament.
 M.L.A. – Member of Legislative Assembly.
 Octroi – A local tax collected on various articles brought into a

district for consumption.
 Toll Tax – A tax paid by the vehicle users for using the roads or

highway.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 187

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

TEST YOURSELF

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you mean by Municipality?

2. Who is the governing authority of the towns and cities?

3. State the categories of the municipal bodies.

4. Who is a Councillor? What are his functions?

5. Who is Mayor? What are his functions?

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The urban local self-government, popularly known as .

2. look after the functions of the Municipal Corporation.

3. Registration of births and deaths is the function of .

4. ensures proper supply of drinking water and electricity in a town or
city.

5. In every Municipal Corporation Some seats are reserved for the , _
and .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Municipal Corporation implements the 5 years plan for the urban development.

2. The Mayor and the Deputy Mayor are elected from the members of Municipal
Corporation for a period of 5 years.

3. In the Gram Panchayat ⅔rd seats are reserved for the Women.

188 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

4. Nagar Panchayat is an urban centre with inhabitants between 100000 and 3000000.
5. The Government has no right to dissolve any of the bodies, if they are not satisfied

with their performances.
D. Write down the answers in brief.
1. Discuss briefly about the urban local self-government.
2. Write a short note on Municipal Corporation.
3. What are the functions of Municipal Corporation and Municipal Council?

Model Test Paper-1

A. Answer the following questions.
1. Name two important sites of Mesolithic and Neolithic Period .
2. Write down the usage of Potter's Wheel?
3. In which field Mehrgarhians were experts?
4. What do you mean by 'Dharmachakrapravartan'?
5. Where did Goutam Buddha get the enlightenment?
6. In which language the Tripitakas were written?
7. Who was the court poet of Pulakeshin II?
8. What was the matter of conflict arose between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas?
9. Who killed the Chalukyan Pulakeshin II?
10. Define Perihelion and Aphelion.
11. What is the utility of a political map of a country?

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 189

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

12. Why a scale is maintained in every map?

13. Where does the highest rainfall occur in the world?

14. Where a large number of Tiger is found?

15. State the climatic conditions of the tropical thorn forests?

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen -Tsang who visited India during the reign of .

2. The year 1 A.D. immediately follows the year 1 B.C. as there is no existence of
any year in the above consideration.

3. The earliest traces of human life have been found in in Madhya

Pradesh. According to Buddha is the medium to attain the Nirvana.

4. Jainism was very popular during the reign of .

5. Pataliputra was situated at the confluence of River , and .

6. The was excluded from the list of the planets.

7. Halley’s Comet appears in the sky after every years.

8. The Orbit of the Earth is and its Axis is not .

9. The government in India is formed for a period of years.

10. Panchayats are headed by a person known as .

11. Panchayati Raj system serves as an important link between and in
the central and state level.

12. Registration of births and deaths is the function of .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. The birth year of Jesus Christ is considered to be the demarcating line between the
B.C and the A.D.

190 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

2. BCE stands for Before Christian Era.
3. Maski is a habitation-cum-factory site.
4. The followers of Jainism organized four Jain Councils.
5. Mahavira was mainly the preacher of violence.
6. The site of Rajgir was rich in iron deposits.
7. Earth completes one revolution around the Sun in 365 days.
8. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars are made up of liquid materials.
9. Latitudes and Longitudes are nothing but imaginary lines.
10. Australia is the smallest continent of the world.
11. The mountain ranges with a large number of active volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean

are known as the 'Fiery ring of the Pacific'.
12. Block Mountains are generally very high with sharp peaks.
13. The Government of India is a democratic form of Government which is the largest

in the world.
14. The executive body is the law - making body which makes laws on behalf of the

government.
D. Discuss briefly about the followings:
1. the importance of the geographical framework of any country.
2. the sources that provide information about the Primitive people.
3. Mehrgarh and Daojali Hading.
4. the town planning of the Harappan civilization .
5. the Big Bang Theory and the Phases of the Moon.
6. the relationship between the Time and the Longitude in determining the time of a

particular place.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 191

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

7. the differences between Latitudes and Longitudes.
8. the effects of Rotation and Revolution of the Earth.

Model Test Paper-2

A. Answer the following questions.
1. What are called the Literary Sources of information?
2. In which languages the Buddhist and Jaina texts were written?
3. What are microliths?
4. Who was Chanakya?
5. Who wrote Mudrarakshasa?
6. Who conquered the Kalinga War?
7. Who was the great patron of Gandhara School of Art?
8. Who gave patronage to Mathura School of Art?
9. What do you mean by the Constellation?
10. Define Lithosphere.
11. What is the highest point on the Earth’s surface?
12. Name the two most important rivers of North America.
13. Write down the names of the states of India where the following festivals are held –

Bihu, Pongal, Onam, Lohri.

192 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

14. How many national languages are recognized by the Constitution of India?

15. Write down the function of the Judiciary in India.

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. They noticed fire when forest fire used to occur due to .

2. The traces of Wheat and lentils have been found at .

3. knew how to weave fabric and use the same as a cloth.

4. first deciphered the Inscriptions of Ashoka..

5. Red sandstone made life-size image of Lord Buddha produced during the reign

of was the example of ' School of Art'.

6. In the Sangam Age, and of Tamil Nadu used coins.

7. On 21st June rays from the Sun fall vertically on the .

8. A collection of maps in the form of a book is called an .

9. The word ‘map’ comes from a Latin word .

10. used this phrase "Unity in diversity " for the first time.

11. According to the Schedule of the Constitution of India there

are recognized national languages.

12. The minimum age of a voter in the General Election in India is .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Generally Red, Blue, Green and Yellow colours were used in rock paintings.

2. Practices of Potter’s wheel could not spread uniformly in all parts of India.

3. Among the tribals men conducted all the agricultural work generally.

4. Udayin annexed Vaishali and Kosala.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 193

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

5. Tamralipti in the west and Broach in the east were the important seaports.
6. A massive brick structure was found at Mathura.
7. Hadley's Octant is to calculate the longitude of Southern Hemisphere.
8. Latitudes and Longitudes are nothing but imaginary lines.
9. Hadley's Octant is to calculate the longitude of Southern Hemisphere.
10. The Ladakh plateau is located in the southern India.
11. The black soil is most suitable for cotton cultivation.
12. Laccadeep and Minicoy Islands are parts of the Lakshadweep.
13. The power of approval of the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat is vested in

Gram Sabha.
14. The Panchayati Raj system has come under the coverage of the Constitution of India

with its 37th amendment in 1939.
D. Discuss briefly about the followings:
1. the Aryans and also discuss about their political and social life.
2. the Janapadas and the Mahajanapadas.
3. the religious Doctrine of Goutam Buddha.
4. the administration, social condition and economic condition of Mauryan Dynasty.
5. How to study a Map -- Discuss.
6. the different layers and significance of the Atmosphere.
7. the Oceans on the Earth.
8. Definition, types and significance of Mountains.

194 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Model Test Paper-3

A. Answer the following questions.

1. Who was Sir John Marshall?

2. What do you mean by Citadel?

3. How many types of the Vedas are there?

4. What do you mean by Second Urbanization?

5. Write down the types of cities that were developed in 16 century BC.

6. Who wrote 'Buddhacharita' and 'Madhyamik Sutra' ?

7. Define Comets and Meteors.

8. What is the 'Milky Way Galaxy'?

9. Name the longest latitude.

10. Where the Great Barrier Reef is situated?

11. Write an example of Block Mountain and a Lava Plateau?

12. How the Plains are generally formed?

13. State how many levels of government are functioning in India.

14. What is Panchayati Raj system?

15. Which state of India first adopted the 3-tier Panchayati Raj system?

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Fire Altars have been found at and .

2. A statue of a that has been excavated from there is a sample of the
Harappan art.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 195

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

3. The procedure for the performance of sacrifices is the main subject of Veda.

4. was the Chairman of the fourth Buddhist Council.

5. The Sangam Age was the age of , and .

6. Nalanda University was established during the reign of .

7. is called the 'Roof of the World'.

8. absorbs the harmful UV rays of the Sun and act as a protective shield
for the living beings.

9. The Greenwich meridian passes through the continent.

10. In India from June to September winds blow from the Hemisphere to
the Hemisphere.

11. Acacias, Euphorbia are generally found in .

12. The Royal Bengal Tiger is found in .

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Lothal was a very important trade centre in ancient times.

2. Dholavira is the fifth largest Harappansite in the Indian sub-continent.

3. Soma and Maruts were personified as the god of storm and plants respectively.

4. From the inscription written by Gautam Buddha, all the information regarding
Gautamiputra Satakarni has been collected.

5. Kushans controlled the famous Silk Route..

6. Harshavardhana shifted his capital from Kanuj to Thaneswar.

7. Due to inclination of the Earth on its axis, the polar areas experience 6 months’ Day
and 6 months’ Night.

8. The edge dividing the daylight from the night is called the Circle of Illumination.

196 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

9. A map provides a lot of information like rainfall, vegetation, population etc.
10. The average temperature in the Summer is 50°C in India.
11. In Winter a little rainfall occurs in the north-eastern plain of India.
12. The Sunderbans have recently been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List and

named as Sundarban National Park.
13. Municipal Corporation implements the 5 years plan for the urban development.
14. The Mayor and the Deputy Mayor are elected from the members of Municipal

Corporation for a period of 5 years.
D. Discuss briefly about the followings:
1. the causes of emerging the 'Second Urbanisation'.
2. the people who invaded India from the Northwest direction.
3. the Sangam Age.
4. the Silk Route.
5. the Northern Mountains.
6. seasons of India.
7. the tropical rainforest and tidal or mangrove forests of India.
8. Conservation of Forests.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 197

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

Model Test Paper-4

A. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the Upanishads?

2. What do you mean by ‘Ashvamedha Yajna’?

3. What is the difference between Janapadas and Mahajanapada?

4. Where the fourth Buddhist Council was held??

5. Who wrote the Prayag Prashasti?

6. Who is known as the 'Napoleon' of India?

7. What do you mean by Hemisphere?

8. What is Coriollis Force?

9. What do you mean by the Revolution of the Earth?

10. What do you mean by Duns?

11. Where the Chilka Lake is located?

12. What do you mean by Loo?

13. Who is a Councillor? What are his functions?

14. Who is Mayor? What are his functions?

15. State the categories of the municipal bodies.

B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The Aryans called them .

2. There were also some Ganasanghas or Republics where the ruler was chosen
by .

198 Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved

3. was the basic economic activity.

4. Harshavardhana himself wrote three plays, viz. , and .

5. The Jain scriptures are divided into several sections like , and .

6. and played a great role in spreading Buddhism in the
world..

7. The Greenwich meridian passes through the continent.

8. Kangaroos are the mostly found animal of .

9. An example of Volcanic Mountain is .

10. Pir Panjal, Mussoorie etc are some of the important ranges of .

11. The extent of India from north to south is about km and from east to
west.

12. In the Summer the receives vertical sunrays and makes the weather
very hot.

C. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Niska and Mana were a kind of gold coins.

2. The Mahajanapadas were formed in the Southern India..

3. Lichchhavis of Vaishali was the example of Ganasanghas or Republics.

4. Most of the paintings and sculptures of Ajanta and Ellora were completed during
the reign of the Pallavas.

5. The Tripitakas were written in Pali language.

6. Arthashastra was written by Chanakya.

7. Maps of larger size provide more detail information.

8. Mesosphere is the hottest layer of the Atmosphere.

Purushottam's Bright Learners Social Science 6 199

Sample Ebook © Copyright Reserved