BMOS5103 Module

Topic  OSH Audits

4 and Safety
Inspections

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Discuss what OSH audits entail;
2. Explain how to manage safety inspections;
3. Describe general schedule inspections;
4. Evaluate union participations; and
5. Discuss the protection of trade secrets.

 INTRODUCTION

This topic will discuss what an OSH audit is and the people who carry out the
audit and what is covered by an OSH audit. We will also describe how to
manage safety inspection activities and briefly, explain general schedule
inspections. Additionally, we will proceed to discuss the importance of union
participations in OSH audits and inspections. Finally, we will discuss how to
protect trade secrets information during OSH audit activities.

4.1 WHAT ARE OSH AUDITS?

This subtopic presents the process of auditing OSH management system. Here,
employers must take into account the safety and health of workers such as the
following:
(a) Protecting and preventing occupational risks;
(b) Information and training of workers; and

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(c) Enhancing the protection level of workers.
Dobrescu (2016) defines OSH audit as:
„A systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining Âaudit
evidenceÊ and evaluating it objectively against standards to determine to what
extend the Âaudit criteriaÊ are fulfilled.‰
The auditor must discover evidences to prove or support the audit findings. In
doing so, auditors gather all information from different sources, such as (see
Figure 4.1):

Figure 4.1: Sources auditors used to gather information
In order to produce audit findings, information is validated and the relevant one
becomes audit evidence and will be compared with the audit standards for the
conclusion. The following principles are to be considered:
(a) OSH audit principles: It is evidence based and independent; and
(b) OSH auditor principles: It is about ethical behaviour, professionalism and

report accuracy.

SELF-CHECK 4.1

1. Define what an OSH audit is.
2. What are the principles underlying/behind the OSH audit and

OSH auditors?

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4.2 WHO CARRIES OUT AN OSH AUDIT?

This subtopic will focus on discussing the types of OSH audit (internal and
external OSH audit) and the qualifications and abilities of auditors (such as skills, 
knowledge, and capabilities in activities, audit standards and audit techniques).

4.2.1 Types of Audits

Basically, there are two types of OSH audits (See Figure 4.2). 
 

Figure 4.2: Types of OSH Audits
Now, let us look at the details of each type.
(a) Internal OSH Audit

The following are features of an internal OSH audit:
(i) It is the management decision to perform the internal OSH audit.
(ii) Use either internal auditors or to hire external expertise to ensure

impartiality.
(iii) The purpose is to determine whether the OSH management

system conforms to the legal standards and requirements.
(iv) To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of OSH management

system.
(v) To check that hazardsÊ identification, risk evaluation and controls are

in place and current.

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(b) External OSH Audit
The following are features of an external OSH audit:
(i) Second party audit
 It is also the management decision to perform the audit and/or by
external expertise.
 The purpose is to endorse if the auditee meets the requirements
and the level of performance.
 Normally, it is applied to the business activities of a second
organisation such as the supplier.
 The findings are presented to both organisations top management.
(ii) Third party audit
 Perform by knowledgeable or certified employees from the
certification agency
 It is performed following an application for certification/
registration
 The audit findings are presented to the company top management
and the certification body.

4.2.2 Qualification and Abilities of Auditors

An audit team consists of individuals (lead auditor, auditors, and technical
experts) having specific skills, knowledge, and capabilities in auditing. The team
shall have the following qualities (see Figure 4.3):

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Figure 4.3: Audit team qualities
Furthermore, an OSH auditor must have knowledge and abilities in the
following areas (see Figure 4.4):

Figure 4.4: Auditor knowledge and abilities
 
 

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In addition, a team leader must have the following additional knowledge and
abilities (Figure 4.5):

Figure 4.5: Additional knowledge and abilities of a team leader
People can gain the above competencies and abilities through education, training
and work experience.

SELF-CHECK 4.2

1. List down four (4) essential attribute of an OSH auditor.
2. OSH audit team leader must have additional knowledge and

abilities.
Discuss with your coursemates.

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4.3 WHAT IS COVERED BY AN OSH AUDIT?

Audit means an on-site audit and the activities are as the following (see Figure
4.6):

Figure 4.6: Audit activities
The following are the methods of collecting the necessary information:
(a) Interview all related parties (e.g., manager, OSH management

representative, workers, and external personnel);
(b) Direct observation (e.g., workplace activities and conditions); and
(c) Review OSH documents and records.
Finally, the audit report summarises all the activities performed and comprises
information on (see Figure 4.7):

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Figure 4.7: Content of audit report

SELF-CHECK 4.3

1. List down the typical activities in an on-site audit.
2. What are the methods of collecting the necessary information?

4.4 HOW TO MANAGE SAFETY INSPECTIONS?

This subtopic will discuss further on how to properly manage the OSH safety
inspections. Workplace inspections help prevent illnesses and injuries and done
through a joint OSH committee which can help to:
(a) Plan and perform the inspections; and
(b) Report and monitor the inspections.
Workplace inspections allow you to:
(a) Listen to workers views/issues and understand their jobs;
(b) Identify current and potential hazards;
(c) Identify the root cause and control the hazards; and
(d) Taking remedial actions (CCOHS, 2016).

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Table 4.1 gives you a guide on how to plan for an effective inspection:

Table 4.1: Planning for Inspection

Plans Description

What to  Inspect the workplace including parking lots, rest areas and etc.
Examine?
 Focus on items most likely to develop unsafe/unhealthy conditions
(e.g., heat, stress, vibration, chemical reaction and etc.).

Workplace  Workplace environment (e.g., noise, lighting, vibration, heat, and
Elements ventilation).

 Equipment conditions (e.g., materials, tools and apparatus).

 The process such as the worker relationship with the other elements in
a series of tasks or operations (CCOHS, 2016).

Source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (2016)

Refer to Table 4.2 for the types of information required to complete an inspection
report.

Table 4.2: Types of Information to Complete an Inspection Report

Types Description

Area Diagram  Use of floor plans or plant layout to draw a diagram and then
based on the workflow divide the workplace into zones.

 Visualise the workersÊ movement, work process, machinery
equipment, materials, the stairways, alarms and fire exits, air
ducts, and aisles (see Figure 4.8).

 Focus on specific types of hazards in the area (e.g., chemicals or
noise or lighting etc.) and make sure the diagram highlights the
hazards.

 Use „legends‰ to describe the diagram and ask worker and
supervisor to comments because they know the zone better
(CCOHS, 2016).

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Equipment Figure 4.8: Diagram of area
Inventory
 Find out the type of equipment and machinery and study the
Chemical manufacturers' safety manuals.
Inventory
 Study the work area records to find out the illness and injury
potential of the equipment or machinery.

 Find out the type of chemicals in used and whether material safety
records are there.

 Label all chemicals with appropriate information (such as storage,
handling, and waste disposal).

 Make sure employees have received training on how to handle
chemicals items.

 Discover whether actual and potential sources of chemical
exposure are properly controlled.

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Checklists  A checklist helps to:

 List out inspection responsibilities;

 Controls inspection activities;

 Provides a report;

 On-the-spot recording of findings and comments;

 Not to misses other hazardous conditions (CCOHS, 2016).

 Visit the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
(CCOHS) at https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/
effectiv.html to view a sample of checklist that your workplace can
utilise as a guideline to develop a checklist.

Reports  Inspection records are important because it display what has been
inspected;

 For example, the records show what the inspection team
concentrated on and what areas they did not inspect;

 However, donÊt repeat or copy previous inspection records
(CCOHS, 2016).

Other useful  There are three other types of inspection reports:
types of
inspection − Ongoing inspections (Supervisors and Workers
reports Responsibilities)

The frequency varies with the amount and conditions of
equipment. Daily inspections to assure that the equipment
meets minimum safety requirements. Usually, to detect
hazardous conditions and then immediately or report for
corrective action (CCOHS, 2016).

− Pre-operation inspections

Normally, performed after workplace shutdowns. To inspect
new or modified equipment or processes.

− Periodic inspections

It is done on a regular basis. To inspect equipment or systems
that has high potential to cause illness or injury. The law and
regulation required that certified persons to inspect some types
of equipment (e.g., elevators, boilers, and etc.) on regular basis
(CCOHS, 2016).

Source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2016)

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4.4.1 The Inspection Team Members

The best people to perform the inspections are the safety and health committee
members consisting of engineers, supervisors or managers, maintenance
workers, occupational hygienists, safety and health professionals and etc.
Inspection team cannot fail to report hazards, must maintain their objectivity,
and maintain an attitude that is firm, fair, and friendly (CCOHS, 2016).

4.4.2 How Long Should An Inspection Take To Do?

The objective of an inspection is to make sure the workplace is free from hazards.
Therefore, the time required depends on how big and complex the workplace is,
what is found, and how many questions are asked. Ineffective inspection occurs
when the time that was given is only for a quick look (CCOHS, 2016). The
inspection schedule should state:
(a) Who performs the inspection?
(b) What degree of detail to inspect?
(c) When to inspect?

4.4.3 How Frequent Should Inspections Be Done?

How frequent inspections should be carried out depends on several factors
including:
(a) Inspection frequency may be predetermined in the legislation;
(b) Number of works/activities;
(c) Size of work/activities;
(d) Total number of past accidents;
(e) Number of shifts;
(f) New processes or machine;
(g) Those equipment and work processes that are hazardous or potentially

hazardous may require frequent inspections; and
(h) High hazard or high-risk areas may require frequent inspections (CCOHS,

2016).

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It is best that the inspection is performed after the committee meeting. This is to
give the committee an opportunity to focus on issues demanding special action.

4.4.4 How Are Inspections Actually Done?

Before undertaking the inspection, discuss the inspection activities first such as
where the inspection team is going and what are they looking for. Team
members must wear personal protective equipment (PPE) where required.

(a) Observation
The following are some common poor workplace practices as suggested by
the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2016):

(i) Using tools and/or machinery without authority as well as failing to
wear guards or other safety devices;

(ii) Using equipment or tools in hazardous ways;

(iii) Using faulty equipment or tools and operate at hazardous speeds;

(iv) Using body or hands instead of tools or push sticks;

(v) Overloading, crowding, or failing to balance materials or handling
materials in other hazardous ways, including improper lifting;

(vi) Making unsafe, unsanitary, or unhealthy conditions such as improper
personal hygiene, poor housekeeping, or smoking in unauthorised
zones;

(vii) Repairing or adjusting equipment that is in motion or electrically
charged, etc.; and

(viii) Standing or working under suspended loads, scaffolds, shafts, or
open hatches, etc. (CCOHS, 2016).

(b) Inspection Principles
The following are some basic principles when performing inspections as
suggested by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
(CCOHS, 2016):

(i) Draw attention to any danger;

(ii) Close down any hazardous items that cannot be fixed instantly;

(iii) DonÊt operate any equipment. Ask the operator to do it. If the
operator doesnÊt know what dangers may be present, this is cause for
concern;

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(iv) Never discount any item because you do not have information to
make a perfect judgement of safety;

(v) Clearly describe each hazard and its exact location in your reports;
(vi) Ask questions, but do not disturb workplace activities;
(vii) Consider the static and dynamic conditions of the item. For example,

if machines break down, postpone the inspection until it is
functioning back;
(viii) Discuss as a group, "Can problem, hazard or accident exist from this
situation when looking at the equipment, the process or the
environment?" Determine the appropriate corrections or controls;
(ix) During the inspection donÊt try to spot hazards by relying on your
senses or by looking at them. You must monitor the equipment to
measure the exposure levels to chemicals, or biological agents, etc.;
and
(x) Take pictures if you are unable to clearly draw or describe a particular
situation (CCOHS, 2016).

4.4.5 The Content of Final Report

The following steps illustrate the process of completing a report (see Figure 4.9).

Figure 4.9: The process of completing a report
Source: CCOHS (2016)

State or assign a priority level to the hazards observed to show the urgency of the
corrective measure required. For instance:
Red = Major: Need for fast measure.
Yellow = Serious: Need for short-term measure.
Blue = Minor: Need for long-term measure.

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Make management understand the problems, allocate priorities and quickly
make decisions. If the correction takes a long time, the management must take
any short-term measures such as tagging out equipment. State the recommended
control and corrective techniques and stipulate a fixed correction date after each
listed hazard. Finally, examine the final report for accurateness and clearness
(CCOHS, 2016).

4.4.6 Follow-Up And Monitoring

The information and evidence pinpoint where immediate corrective measure is
needed such as the following:
(a) To enhance safe work practices;
(b) Prioritising the remedial measure;
(c) The need of education and training in certain areas;
(d) To understand why accidents are occurring in particular zones; and
(e) To identify the equipment and zones that need comprehensive hazard

analysis (CCOHS, 2016).
This will contribute to identifying trends for the maintenance of an effective
health and safety programme (CCOHS, 2016).

4.4.7 Example Of Workplace Inspection Report

The following form (see Figure 4.10) is an example of a workplace inspection
report:

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Figure 4.10: An example of a Workplace Inspection Report
Source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2016)

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4.4.8 Summary of Inspection Information Requirements

The following is a summary of inspection information requirements as suggested
by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2016):
(a) Basic layout plans displaying equipment, materials used, storage areas;
(b) Workplace rules and regulations;
(c) Information on chemicals etc.;
(d) Workforce size and work shifts;
(e) Job procedures, safe work practices, and engineering controls;
(f) Manufacturer's specifications;
(g) Personal protective equipment (PPE);
(h) Emergency procedures on fire, first aid, rescue etc.;
(i) Accident and investigation reports;
(j) Worker complaint reports on hazards;
(k) Safety and health committee recommendations;
(l) Former inspections report;
(m) Maintenance reports, procedures and schedules;
(n) Regulator reports or other external audits reports;
(o) Monitoring reports (e.g., levels of chemicals, physical or biological

hazards); and
(p) Names of inspection team members and any technical experts assisting.

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SELF-CHECK 4.4

1. What is the purpose of workplace inspections?
2. Briefly discuss the types of workplace hazards.
3. Discuss the following types of inspections report.

(a) On-going inspections report
(b) Pre-operation inspection report.
(c) Periodic inspections report.
4. List down the steps taken to complete the inspections report.

4.5 GENERAL SCHEDULE INSPECTIONS

The following are the types of general schedule inspections as suggested by
North Caroline Department of Labor (NCDL, 2016).
(a) Fatality or Catastrophe Inspections

All work-related fatalities and catastrophes which involve at least three
employees are investigated by the labour department. However, fatalities
and catastrophes which occur outside the work zones are investigated by
other authorities such as the police (NCDL, 2016).
(b) Complaint Inspections
There are two types of complaints (see Figure 4.11):

Figure 4.11: Two types of complaints

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An employee cannot be discriminated against or fired for filing or
participating in an OSH investigation.
(c) Referral Inspections
A referral is typically made by another government or regulatory agency,
or the media. Referrals usually result in an inspection when Department Of
Labor has jurisdiction (NCDL, 2016).
(d) Follow-up Inspections
A follow-up inspection may be conducted after an initial inspection has
been conducted, citations (if any) have been issued, the hazards have been
corrected and the inspection is considered closed (NCDL, 2016).
(e) General Schedule Inspections
These inspections are performed in businesses that have incurred a high
rate of injuries and illnesses, or fatalities, or have a history of serious
violations. The inspections are generated from a computer database of
country, states, and district employers (NCDL, 2016).

4.6 UNION PARTICIPATIONS

Basically, the union representatives role are to make sure that workers have input
(such as ideas, views, and concerns) in managerial decision-making when
preventive and protective measures are being developed. Therefore, there may
be a joint worker-employer safety and health committee in which union
representatives can participate to discuss safety and health issues and jointly
influence safety and health performance in the company.
Table 4.3 lists down some important points that should be considered to improve
union representativeÊs participation or involvement and any „No‰ answered
should be reviewed accordingly.

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Table 4.3: The Key Points to Improve Union Representation

Union/Worker Representatives Yes No

1 Is there a procedure for the union representativeÊs participation?

2 Do union representatives ask questions relating to safety and health?

3 Are union representatives involved in the drafting of procedures,
policies etc.?

4 Are union representatives involved in making the decisions?

5 Do safety and health audits include union representatives?

6 Are union representatives involved in incidents investigation?

7 Are unionÊs representatives getting administrative support to perform
their duties?

8 Are union representatives getting proper training related to safety
and health?

Source: Adapted from Worker Participation in Occupational Safety and Health. A
Practical Guide

4.7 PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS

For employers, the risk of OSHA inspection is the loss of the trade secrets.
Therefore, they must protect the trade secrets and this can be done during the
opening meeting with the OSH inspection team. According to Chadwick (2015),
there are four goals that can be attained by the employer during the opening
meeting (see Figure 4.12).

Figure 4.12: Four goals that can be attained by the employer during the opening meeting
Source: Chadwick (2015)

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Furthermore, if the inspection team is unwilling or unable to abide by its
agreement to protect the trade secrets, the employer should consider seeking the
legal counsel advice, whether the inspection should be ended, at least to areas
which encompass the trade secrets (Chadwick, 2015).

 OSH audit is a systematic, independent and documented process for
obtaining „audit evidence‰ and evaluating it against standards to determine
to what extend the ‰audit criteria‰ are fulfilled.

 The auditor must gather all information and data from different sources that
are relevant to the audit standards.

 There are two types of OSH audits: Internal and external OSH audit. An
audit team (may consist of lead auditor, auditors, and technical experts) must
have specific skills, knowledge and capabilities in audit.

 An audit report summarises all the activities that have been performed.

 Workplace inspections help to prevent illnesses and injuries.

 North Caroline Department of Labor (NCDL) has suggested the following
types of inspections:
− Fatality or Catastrophe Inspections;
− Complaint Inspections;
− Referral Inspections;
− Follow-up Inspections; and
− General Schedule Inspections.

 The union representative's role is to make sure that workers have a say in
managerial decision making when preventive and protective measures are
being developed.

 How do employers protect company trade secrets?
 First, pinpoint which trade secrets will be affected;
 Second, disclose to the inspection team all the trade secrets;

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 Third, pinpoint to the inspection team the specific work areas,
information or inquiries which might disclose a trade secret; and

 Fourth, the employer should attempt to reach an agreement with
inspection team on how its trade secrets will be protected.

Audit evidence Follow up inspections
Audit findings General schedule inspections
Audit report Periodic inspections
Biological hazards Physical hazards
Catastrophe inspections Pre-operation inspections
Chemical hazards Referral inspections
Complaint inspections
Ergonomic hazards Second-party audit  
External OSH audit Third-party audit  
Fatality inspections
Trade secrets

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Retrieved on June
7, 2016 from: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/effectiv. html

Dobrescu, E. Auditing, Reviewing and Certifying Occupational Safety and

Health Management Systems. National Research - Development for

Health and Safety, Romania. Retrieved on June 7, 2016 from:

https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Auditing,_reviewing_and_certifying_occupationa_

safety_and_health_management_systems

North Caroline Department of Labor (NCDL). Retrieved on June 7, 2016 from:
http://www.nclabor.com/osha/compliance/inspections.htm

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104  TOPIC 4 OSH AUDITS AND SAFETY INSPECTIONS
Chadwick, Jr. R.G. (Aug. 2015). How Can Trade Secrets Be Protected In An

OSHA Inspection? Retrieved on June 12, 2016 from: https://
howtosurviveanoshainspection.com/2015/08/
Worker Participation in Occupational Safety and Health. A Practical Guide.
Healthy Workplaces: Working together for risk prevention. Retrieved on June
12, 2016 from: https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/
publications/reports/workers-participation-in-OSH_guide

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Topic  Occupational

5 Safety and
Health
Programmes

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Explain the importance of OSH programmes to an organisation;
2. Discuss the planning of OSH programmes;
3. Describe how to organise OSH programmes; and
4. Examine the employer and employee rights and responsibilities in

relation to OSH programmes.

 INTRODUCTION

An OSH programme is a written programme that is designed to prevent
occupational accidents and diseases at the workplace. This will emphasise
management commitment and encourage employee involvement. An effective
programme is a fundamental value of an organisation.

No programme will work without management commitment and employee
involvement. The management shall set examples in terms of obeying all safety
rules and regulations. At the same time, the worker shall through any means
develop and express their own commitment as stipulated in the writing, both for
themselves and their colleagueÊs safety at work. The ultimate success of OSH
programmes will depend on employeesÊ support. The employees also should

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provide the organisation with insight on the hazards since they are within the job
circle.
Reducing losses is the goal of all organisations. Continuous improvement of OSH
programmes must be promoted to prevent occupational injuries, disease and
death in the workplace and indeed, loss. We will be discussing these issues in
this topic. So, let us get started!

5.1 IMPORTANCE OF OSH PROGRAMMES TO
AN ORGANISATION

There are numerous features in a business that you want to deliberate on
particularly if you want to be successful. One very important factor of a decent
business is safety and health. No organisation wants accidents to happen in his or
her business. A disaster, permanent disabilities, or death of the owner, worker or
anyone related to the business can cause the loss of profit or even an entire
business (OSHA, 2005).
A well designed and executed OSH platform is every so often believed to be
good for corporate image as well as a social obligation. Moreover, the so-called
„best practice‰ organisation not only knows the elementary value of a good OSH
but make certain additional steps to guarantee that its persons are not maltreated
or ended up ill while working.
There are many reasons why OSH is critical for a successful business, among
them are (see Figure 5.1):

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Figure 5.1: Reasons why OSH is critical for a successful business
Simply put, minor enhancements might increase cost-effectiveness, attractiveness
and also inspire the workforce. By implementing effective OSH programmes the
workers can have an active and well-organised structure to aid, reduce or avert,
mishaps, health disorders and even death at the workplace. This inevitably also
means monies for the business.
Many organisations, particularly the bigger ones, are expected by law to exhibit
high ethics of business authority about Risk and Safety and better transparency
in reporting practices. The mixture of functioning in a market obsessed economy,
together with a culture that is extra mindful of risks which means that several
businesses now understand the status portion that can be made from mixing
OSH performance into their corporate ideal and plans. The benefits include:

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(a) Enhancements in brand value and broader status;

(b) Conveying on business social obligation (or corporate social responsibility
[CSR]) assurances;

(c) Maintaining and promoting investor confidence; and

(d) Developed helpful participant commitment at all stages.

Of course, these businesses are typically in big scale and can pay for expert OSH
persons in their employees. So is it conceivable for a small business to follow
OHS quality? For many authorities the answer is „yes‰ and even without expert
OSH staff, it is conceivable to increase attentiveness to start developed OSH
programmes. There is no need to change the company drastically or spend a lot
of money in adopting OSH programmes. Small businesses need to use good
business sense and apply recognised prevention principles.

5.2 PLANNING OSH PROGRAMMES

In order to have an impact towards the formulated OSH programme, action has
to proceed at various levels. The OSH programme should address the types of
occupational hazards that could happen in the organisation. According to the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the U.S.
Department of Labor, there are four basic elements for a good OSH programme
to be applied to any size of business. This is as follows (refer to Table 5.1):

 
Table 5.1: The Four Elements of a Good OSH Programme

The Elements Description Suggested documents

Management The manager or  Worksite policy
Commitment and management team
Employee leads the way, by  Current yearÊs goals, objectives,
Involvement setting policy, action plans, and programme
assigning and sup- evaluation
porting responsibility,
setting an example  Job descriptions including OSH
and involving responsibility
employees
 Performance evaluations on OSH
responsibilities

 Budget for OSH

 Contractor bidding proposal sheets
showing all contractors prior safety
and health record

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TOPIC 5 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMES  109

 Orientation outline for all site
visitors, including contractors

 Evidence of employee involvement,
such as committee minutes

Worksite Analysis The worksite is  Results of baseline safety and health
continually analysed surveys, with notation of hazard
to identify all existing correction
and potential hazards
 Forms used for change analyses,
including safety and health
considerations in the purchase of
new equipment, chemical, or
materials

 Job Hazard Analysis

 Employee reports of hazards

 Site safety and health inspection
results, with hazard corrections
noted

 Accident investigation reports, with
hazard corrections noted

 Trend analyses results

Hazard Methods to prevent or  Preventive Maintenance Schedule
Prevention and
Control control existing or  Disciplinary programme and
potential hazards are records
put in place and

maintained  Site Rules

 Written Programmes mandated by
OSHA

 Maintenance records

 Emergency drill procedures and
critiques

 Health surveillance and monitoring
records

 Reports and investigations of near
misses and first aid

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Training for Managers, supervisors  List of yearly training topics with
Employees,
Supervisors and and employees are name of trainer and his/her
Managers
trained to understand qualifications

and deal with  Yearly training class schedule with
worksite hazards attendance lists

 Individual employee training
records with evidence of subject
mastery.

Source: Adapted from OSHA (2005)

 
There are also quite a few important principles of planning OSH programmes to
be considered. The viewpoints on Figure 5.2 apply to a majority of organisations,
regardless of its size. It is essential to realise that having a good establishment is
that we know the significance of our status and image. Not only do big
establishments benefit from OSH, small start-ups will also benefit and sometimes
more as the cost will be greater for a small company especially if we have to
contend with liable issues and end up closing shop.

Figure 5.2: The principles of planning OSH programmes in organisation

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SELF-CHECK 5.1

1. Why is OSH important to the success of your business?
2. How can you save cost and at the same time, also provide

practical OHS programmes for your employee?

Modest enhancements to place of work and safety practices can rapidly increase
effectiveness, viability and the motivation of workers. To begin changing OHS
programmes it is vital for the senior management to identify that both business
performance and worth to interested parties are affected by OHS performance,
thus this entails each person to exhibit constructive outlook and active assurance.
First, we need to:
(a) Include OHS as a key subject in broader business governance advantages;
(b) Ensure OHS threats are suitably acknowledged and sufficiently addresses; and
(c) Actively motivate everyone to take OHS problem earnestly and keep

spread on peer pressure by fulfilling good outcomes.

5.2.1 What are OSH Programmes?

OSH programmes or guidelines provide a rigorous, flexible outline for
addressing OSH matters in the place of work. Among the issues being covered in
the procedures are:
(a) A practical method to discover and fixed threats in advance;
(b) Improvement of OSH in all types of place of work;
(c) Aids for business especially the minor or ordinary size business to

efficiently care for their workforces;
(d) Increment of employee participation, so everyone has a voice in OSH

issues; and
(e) Improved communication and direction on worksites.

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5.2.2 The Benefits of OSH Programmes

Start-up companies are usually reluctant to spend money on OSH; they feel the
pinch every time they have to pay for OSH related issues such as fire escape
door, safety harness, prevention of slippery floors, even to pay for those
necessary fire hydrants in the office. If you think you can rest on your laurels and
hope that no disaster will strike, and then be prepared to spend large sums of
money for OSH issues in future.

If you think about it, our defiance could result in reduced income, proficiency,
time, legal actions, coverage premium hikes, expertise and much more. On top of
that, there are also countless ethical and legal obligations to take into
consideration. Keeping everybody safe and healthy, will certainly escalate the
adeptness and production and will lead to success.

No matter how small the company, you have to know that OSH is vital, as you
are accountable for the well-being of countless elements in your organisation.

5.3 THE METHOD OF ORGANISING OSH
PROGRAMMES

Let us now turn our attention to learning about how to organise OSH
programmes. Besides providing guidance, to develop a strategy has its
advantage. We could learn about unrecognised unsafe situations that would
worsen disasters, thus we will be able to start work to eradicate them.

The development practice might highlight shortages, such as the lack of funds
(tools, skilled staff, and provisions) or bits and pieces that can be corrected in
advance. Additionally, a strategy will promote OSH alertness and demonstrate
the organisationsÊ obligation to the protection of employees.

5.3.1 Overall Minimum Objective of the Plan

To meet the minimum requirement, a plan will specify the measures for conduct
at least in speedy or unforeseen circumstances. The goal is to be ready to:

(a) Avert death toll and harms;

(b) Decrease destruction to structures, stock, and tools;

(c) Safeguard the surroundings and the public; and

(d) Speed up the continuation of standard procedures.

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5.3.2 Risk Control

Risk evaluation is the method where the organisation detects threats, evaluate
the risks related to hazards and decide suitable methods to remove or regulate
the hazards.

In real-world terms, a risk calculation is an in-depth aspect of place of work to
ascertain those effects, circumstances, methods and etc., that may cause harm,
mainly to people.

Threat assessment is vital as they form an essential portion of a worthy OSH
strategy. The benefit is as follows:
(a) Construct attentiveness of threats and hazards;
(b) Detect who might be in jeopardy;
(c) Control the current mechanism measures and make sure it is acceptable;
(d) Avoid harms or contamination at the designing or planning stage; and
(e) Highlight hazard and mechanism processes.

The objective is to remove a risk or reduce the level of danger by placing safety
measures as needed. We hope to be able to create a safer and healthier
workplace.

This assessment ought to be completed by capable crew with working
knowledge. It should include managers and employees that are conversant with
the process.

5.3.3 Rule of Thumb of Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is the process of the following:
(a) Categorise threats;
(b) Assess the probability of damage or illness happening, and its rigorousness;
(c) Deliberate standard status quo as well as non-standard measures such as

blackouts, power outages, crises and etc.;
(d) Evaluate all existing OHS material about hazards such as MSDSs,

productions reference, evidence from trustworthy groups, outcomes of
analysis and etc.;

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(e) Pinpoint action needed to remove or switch the hazard;

(f) Observe and assess to endorse the threat is eliminated; and

(g) Retain, document and register anything required, including detail of a
process, outlining any evaluations or how conclusions were made.

Risk assessment also includes the real and possible contact of employees with the
actions and processes needed to regulate such contact by means of production
process, work process, sanitation effort and amenities. It is imperative to think
about valuation obligation and take into justification not only the present state of
the place of work under any possible circumstances.

5.3.4 Development of the Plan

At the design stage, it is crucial that several groups be invited to join. From these
groups, the OSH team can offer valued contribution and a wealth of broader
employee participation. Suitable public officials such as the Fire Department,
ought to also be consulted. These officials could also offer additional resources
that are readily available at their disposal. Communication, training and periodic
drills will ensure adequate performance should the plan need to be carried out
(CCOHS, 2016)

5.3.5 Exposure Calculation

Though accidents are unexpected occurances, their incidence can be forecast with
a certain point of inevitability. The main phase is to discover which risks pose a
danger to any exact zone of the business. For example, if you are building a plant
to process chemical that will end up as shampoo, body wash or soap you will
need to ensure that your flooring is slip resistant, or fall resistant.

When a hazards list is planned, archives of past incidences and work-related
involvement are not the only information. Since big crises are unusual occasions,
data of both technical (biochemical or physical) and regular threats can be
expanded by referring with the Fire Department, Coverage Concerns, Industry
gurus, and Government bodies. Examples of hazards are:

(a) Fire;

(b) Eruption;

(c) Structural failure;

(d) Main mechanical catastrophe;

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(e) Leaks of inflammable solutions;
(f) Unintentional ejection of deadly matters;
(g) Measured discharge of lethal genetic agent, toxic chemicals or biochemical;
(h) Extremist actions;
(i) Contact with ionising radioactivity;
(j) Electrical power failure;
(k) No water source; and
(l) Communication down.
Location for fire, explosives, or substances being kept must be well-thought-out
as it is the hot spot for incidents. The threat from nature in Malaysia will differ
with other countries but will include the following:
(a) Floods and flash floods;
(b) High tide;
(c) Landslide and earthquake;
(d) Haze;
(e) Vibrations;
(f) Tsunami;
(g) Monsoon rain;
(h) Severe wind and rainstorms;
(i) High temperature (hot); and
(j) Virus ă bird flu.
The likelihood of an incident that implicate others need to be measured. A
monsoon rain could lead to flash floods and cause electrical shutdown while hot
temperatures can start other events not listed above.

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5.3.6 Assessments to Think About

Once threats have been recognised, the likely effects need to be detailed as
follows:

Table 5.2: OSH Assessment

Consecutive actions Action to be done Needs and other requirements

 Clearing  Announce crisis  Medicinal provisions
period  Supplementary
 Victims fatalities
 Alert everyone communication gear
 Destruction of  Power generators
structure  Vacate threat sector  Breathing apparatus
 Substance and
 Missing file and  Central shutdown
archives contamination detector kit
 Alert outside  Portable gear
 Harm to tools assistance  Backup protective outfit
 Firefighting gear
 Disturbance of  Start salvage actions  Ambulance
labour  Salvage tools
 Assist victims  Skilled people

 Control flammable
source

5.3.7 The Plan

The plan should include the following:

(a) All conceivable disasters, concerns, compulsory arrangements, inscribed
measures, and the means accessible;

(b) Comprehensive lists of employees as well as their contact number, their
responsibilities and job;

(c) Large scale maps that display escape path and removal courses and
amenity outlets (such as power, gas and water lines); and

(d) Blueprint.
 
 

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Written instructions about their particular duties should be made available.
According to the Canadian Centre of Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS),
the plan should include the following:

(a) Objective
Is a brief summary of the purposed plan and the degree of authority of the
staff must be plainly designated.

(b) Organisation
One staff member to be appointed and trained to act as coordinator, as well
as „back-up‰ coordinator. Critical initial decisions must be done instantly.
Among the responsibilities of the appointed staff are:
(i) To report the crisis;
(ii) Activate emergency plan;
(iii) Assume overall command;
(iv) Establish communication;
(v) Alert staff;
(vi) Order removal;
(vii) Alert external supports;
(viii) Confirm removal completion;
(ix) Alert general public of threat;
(x) Request outside assistance;
(xi) Coordinate actions of groups;
(xii) Advise family of victim;
(xiii) Provide medicinal aid;
(xiv) Ensure emergency shut offs are closed;
(xv) Sound the all clear; and
(xvi) Advise mass media.

This list of duties should be accomplished for each situation. Adequate
substitutes for the person in-charge must be assigned to ensure that
somebody with full capability is accessible onsite at all times.

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Some of the external body that may be accessible to assist the organisation
are:
(i) Fire departments;
(ii) HAZMAT;
(iii) Mobile rescue squads;
(iv) Police departments;
(v) Hospitals and ambulance services;
(vi) Telecommunication companies;
(vii) Utility companies;
(viii) Industrial neighbours and
(ix) Government agencies.

Common assistance with other businesses should also be explored. Pre-
planned coordination is essential to prevent inconsistent tasks to evade
administrative complications. Under certain conditions, an outside support
may undertake command.
All staff with forewarning or reporting accountabilities must be provided
with an existing list of telephone numbers and addresses of those people
they may have to contact.
(c) Procedures
Factors to govern what actions are required, such as:
(i) Nature of crisis or case;
(ii) Degree of crisis condition;
(iii) Extent of business;
(iv) Competencies of the business in a circumstance;
(v) Proximity of outside assistance; and
(vi) Physical plan of the locations.

Other elements to be considered in all situations include pre-plan
preparation and provision for alerting and evacuating staff, handling
casualties, and dangerous situations are:

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(i) Ascertain evacuation courses, alternative route of escape, inform all
staff, and keep the routes clear;

(ii) Specify safe locations. Do head counts. Assign individuals to assist
employees with disabilities;

(iii) Treat the injured and search for the missing at the same time;
(iv) Provide alternate source of medical aid when necessary; and
(v) Ensure the safety of all staff and or the general public first.

(d) Testing and revision
Carrying out a plan for handling OSH issues is a most important step
towards avoiding tragedies. A regular and gradual appraisal after each
exercise or drill will point out areas that require improvement.

The plan should be revised periodically, or when shortcomings are
identified. Otherwise, it should be reviewed at least once a year.

If they are expected to execute effectively, a yearly full-scale exercise will
help in maintaining a high level of ability (CCOHS, 2016).

SELF-CHECK 4.2

List the factors that decide what actions are required in an emergency.

5.4 STAFFING NEED FOR OSH
PROGRAMMES

From time to time, there may be a need to fill vacant positions. Some employers
might have to resort to fill them with new or temporary workers. The next issues
that should be well-thought-out and addressed before the post is filled are:
(a) Who directs and controls the employees at the work site?
(b) Who employs the employee's supervisor?
(c) Have the parties allocated themselves responsible for complying with OSH

Acts?
(d) Who do the temporary employees consider their employer to be?
(e) Who has the authority to control the physical conditions of the work site?

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(f) Who has knowledge of the workplace hazards and conditions?

(g) Does the staffing firm have the right or the authority to remedy any
hazardous conditions or unsafe practices at the work site?

(h) Who provides the tools and equipment used by the temporary employees?

Not one of these factors is decisive, but direction and control of the employees
and of the work site are generally the most important factors. Discussions with
Human Resources Department are vital to ensure that the right person fits the
right role.

As turnover costs can be very expensive, certain expenditures are more
noticeable and easier to quantify than others. For instance the expense for posters
or salary paid to new or short-term workers, but what about the discussion
course that involves a loss of time on the part of the interviewers.

Roughly, cost can habitually be distributed into four types: separation, replace,
train and efficiency. It is tough to count, but cost also includes moral issue,
consumer frustration, reduction manufacture, the  rise  of faulty rates  and  effects 
on the reputation. 

5.5 EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES AND
RIGHTS

The full participation of employees in any OSH programme designed for their
benefit will not only ensure the efficacy of such measures but will also make it
possible to sustain an acceptable level of safety and health at a reasonable cost
(Alli, 2008). As an employer, it is vital to provide sound OSH programmes,
including programmes that cover the following:

(a) Providing and maintaining safe work place area or plant;

(b) Make available and maintain safe workplace area including machinery,
equipment and identify entry to high-risk areas;

(c) Monitoring work pace, frequency and providing systems to prevent falls
from high locations;

(d) Application and arrangement for the non-toxic application of materials and
substance;

(e) Treatment, putting away and conveyance of chemicals such as dangerous
ingredients;

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(f) Maintaining the workplace in a safe status quo such as guaranteeing fire
exits are not obstructed;

(g) Tools is serviced, maintained and place of work is kept orderly;
(h) Make available to workers sufficient amenities such as hygienic lavatories;
(i) Clean cold water and sterile cafeteria;
(j) Ensure employees have sufficient facts and figures; and
(k) Instructions and training are supervised in a healthy and safe method.

Employers also need to:
(a) Effectively observe OSH needs such as ear test for those that are exposed to

extreme noise levels;
(b) Retain evidence and chronicles pertinent to employeesÊ OSH issues such as

histories of one-to-one care, asbestos valuations, first-aid histories and
additional applicable health data;
(c) Employ qualified OSH staff to make available advice on issues affecting the
employees;
(d) Refer to the workers on problems that may openly upset their well-being;
(e) Suggest a high-ranking supervisor in order to deal with employees and
their OSH issues in resolving OHS issues in the organisation.
(f) Provide workers with information about workplace protection
preparations, as well as the representative that employees can direct an
inquiry or grievance.

5.5.1 Preceding Injuries

Before contracting new staff you must mention in writing, the task and ask if
they have any pre-existing injury or illness that may be affected by the work.

You should also inform in writing that failure to inform or trying to hide
previous damaged or sickness which might be affected by the nature of the
proposed employment, could result in that injury or illness being ineligible for
future compensation claims.

Last but not least is the OSH obligation to other people such as customers,
visitors and general public are not endangered by the conduct of your business.
For example providing safe worksite to ensure no falling debris around the

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construction sites, controlling traffic access to the workplace, limiting access
within your workplace and putting up warning signs to warn people of the risk
they are facing when entering the workplace.

According to Work Safe Victoria (2016), this obligation includes:

(a) Manufacture, importation, transportation, supply, storage, handling or use
of dangerous goods;

(b) Design, manufacture, importation, supply, erection or installation of plant;
and

(c) Manufacture, importation or supply of substances.

They later posit that this obligation needs to:

(a) Meet with particular licensing, registration and certification requirements;

(b) Immediate notification of work safe issues of certain incidents;

(c) Cooperate with inspectors; and

(d) Comply with inspectorÊs notice and written direction issues by the OSH
inspectors, which are:

(i) Penalties
Employers can be imposed a fine for each violation that an inspector
finds. There are four categories of violations:
 Wilful;
 Repeated;
 Serious; and
 Not serious.

An inspection usually uncovers several violations, so the fine can
mount up very quickly. Wilful violations can also result in criminal
penalties.

An employer that disagrees with the results of an inspection has two
options. First, he can request an informal conference with the local
OSH director to explain why he disagrees with the alleged violations.
Second, the employer can protest the alleged violation, the proposed
penalties or both by filing a sample Notice of Contest. At that point,
OSHA will commence an administrative proceeding against the
employer or a lawsuit.

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(ii) Insurance and Claims
It is necessary for employers to provide insurance coverage for their
workers such as Social Security Organization (SOCSO). Thus it is
important for employers to faithfully pay up the premium by the due
date.

It is good to keep a register of injuries to keep track of work-related injuries and
illness. If the worker needs to take extended leave, it is better to discuss their
possible return to work or alternative duties option. According to Work Safe
Victoria (2016), it is an offence to:

(a) Dismiss or threaten to dismiss a worker from employment;

(b) Alter or threaten to alter the position of a worker to the workerÊs detriment;
and

(c) Treat a worker less favourably than another worker in relation to a
promotion or reemployment.

The benefits of playing an active role to ensure the injured workers return to
work are:

(a) They will recover faster after injury;

(b) Retention of skills and knowledge;

(c) Reduce the costs of lost productivity;

(d) Reduce cost of recruiting and training new staff;

(e) Help build morale; and

(f) Reduce the impact of claim.

The worker does not need to be 100 per cent recovered to return to work as the
worker could do reduced hours or alternative duties. This is an important part of
their rehabilitation while they are recovering.

5.6 WORKER RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS

A worker can be full time, part time or casual and who has entered into work
under a contract of service including domestic help. All workers have a duty of
care to ensure that they work in a manner that is not harmful to their own health
and safety and the health and safety of others (Work Safe Victoria, 2016). A
worker must notify the employer of any injury or illness within 30 days of
becoming aware of it. If the worker needs medical treatment or time off work

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because of injury or illness, you need to make a claim and choose your preferred
healthcare provider.

An injured worker can be represented, assisted and supported in the return to
work process, and the employer must consult directly with the injured worker
about their return to work. According to the Work Safe Victoria (2016), the
worker needs to find out information on:
(a) The employerÊs return to work obligations and how the employer is

meeting these obligations;
(b) The return to work right and obligations;
(c) The name and contact details of employerÊs authorised agent; and
(d) The procedure for resolving return to work issues.

The worker would also expect the privacy of your confidential information to be
maintained.

SELF-CHECK 5.3

1. List the companyÊsresponsibilities in providing OSH facilities.
2. List the workerÊs responsibilities towards the OSH facilities.

5.7 THE FUNDAMENTALS FOR SETTING UP
PROGRAMMES

While organisations will differ in their OSH needs and issues, there are a few
specific elements that are essential and must be included in planning for OSH
programmes. The following are some basic elements that every business should
consider:
(a) Individual responsibility;
(b) Joint occupational health and safety committee;
(c) Health and safety rules;
(d) Correct work procedures; and
(e) Employee orientation.

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The following are some basic training elements that every business should
consider:
(a) Workplace inspections;
(b) Reporting and investigating accidents/incident;
(c) Emergency procedures;
(d) Medical and first aid;
(e) Health and safety promotion and awareness; and
(f) Workplace specified items.
The following are some general rules that every business should consider in each
case:
(a) Your budget constraints
(b) Practicality
(c) Functionality
(d) Good taste and design
(e) Location

SELF-CHECK 5.4

Imagine you are setting up your very own business. List down what
kind of OSH plan that you are going offer to your employee.

 An OSH programme is a written programme that is designed to prevent
occupational accidents and disease. It provides a rigorous, flexible outline or
guidelines for addressing OSH matters in the place of work.

 The OSH programme should address the types of occupational hazards that
could happen in the organisation and action has to proceed at various levels.

 There are four basic elements of OSH programmes: Management
Commitment and Employee Involvement; Worksite Analysis; Hazard

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Prevention and Control; and Training for Employees, Supervisors and
Managers.

 OSH programmes or guidelines provide a rigorous, flexible outline for
addressing OSH matters in the place of work.

 One staff should be appointed and trained to act as coordinator as well as
„back-up‰ coordinator. Specific duties, responsibilities, authority and
resources must be clearly defined.

 List of responsibilities should be completed using the previously developed
summary of countermeasures for each situation.

 The full participation of employees in any OSH programme designed for their
benefit will not only ensure the efficacy of such measures but will also make it
possible to sustain an acceptable level of safety and health at a reasonable cost.

 Many factors determine what procedures are needed, such as common
elements to be considered in all situations including pre-plan preparation and
provision for alerting and evacuating staff, handling casualties, and for
containing the danger.

 Each organisation will have different OSH needs and issues. There are a few
specific elements that are essential and must be included in planning for OSH
programmes such as individual responsibility, OSH committee, OSH rules,
work procedure and employee orientation.

Committee Planning
Employees Prevention
Employer Procedure
Methodology Protection
Organizsation Responsibilities
OSH elements Risk Assessment
OSH programprogramme Risk Control
Participation Rules

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Alli, B. O. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety.
International Labour Organization (2nd Ed.). Retrieved from
http://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pd\nhttp://
dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/handle/123456789/21581

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Retrieved on
June 7, 2016 from: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/effectiv.
html

OSHA. (2005). Small Business Handbook. Small Business Safety and Health
Management Series.

Work Safe Victoria. (2016, October 10). Employer rights and responsibilities.
Retrieved from Work Safe Victoria: http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/laws-
and-regulations/employer-rights-and-responsibilities

Work Safe Victoria. (2016, October 10). Worker rights and responsibilities.
Retrieved from Work Safe Victoria: http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/
laws-and-regulations/worker-rights-and-responsibilities

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ATTACHMENT 1

The following is a sample programme prepared for prevention of injuries
associated with falls for residential construction site developed by the United
States Department of Labour (2016).

Sample Fall Protection Plan for Residential Construction
(Insert Company Name)

This Fall Protection Plan Is Specific For the Following Project:
Location of Job
Date Plan Prepared or Modified
Plan Prepared By
Plan Approved By
Plan Supervise By

The following Fall Protection Plan is a sample programme prepared for the
prevention of injuries associated with falls. A Fall Protection Plan must be
developed and evaluated on a site by site basis. It is recommended that builders
discuss the written fall Protection Plan with their OSHA Area Office prior to
going on a jobsite.

1. Statement of Company Policy
(Company of Name) is dedicated to the protection of its employees from
on-the-job injuries. All employees of (Name of Company) have the
responsibility to work safely on the job. The purpose of the plan is to
supplement our existing safety and health programme and to ensure that
every employee who works for (Name of Company) recognises workplace
fall hazards and takes the appropriate measures to address those hazards.
This Fall Protection Plan addresses the use of conventional fall protection at
number of areas on the project, as well as identifies specific activities that
require non-conventional means of fall protection. During the construction of
residential buildings under 48 feet in height, it is sometimes infeasible or it
creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection systems at specific
areas for specific tasks. The areas or tasks may include, but are not limited to:
Ć Setting and bracing of roof trusses and rafters
Ć Installation of floor sheathing and joists
Ć Roof sheathing operations and
Ć Erecting exterior walls

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In these cases, conventional fall protection systems may not be the safest choice
for builders. This plan is designed to enable employers and employees to
recognise the fall hazards associated with this job and to establish the safest
procedures that are to be followed in order to prevent falls to lower levels or
through holes and openings in walking/working surfaces.

Each employee will be trained in these procedures and will strictly adhere
to them except when doing so would expose the employee to a greater
hazard. If, in the employeeÊs opinion, this is the case, the employee is to
notify the competent person of their concern and have the concern
addressed before proceeding.

It is the responsibility of (Name of competent person) to implement this Fall
Protection Plan. Continual observational safety checks of work operations
and the enforcement of the safety policy and procedures shall be regularly
enforced. The crew supervisor of foreman (Name of competent person) is
responsible for correcting any unsafe practice or conditions immediately.

It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that all employees
understand and adhere to the procedures of this plan and to follow the
instructions of the crew supervisor. It is also the responsibility of the
employee to bring to managementÊs attention any unsafe or hazardous
conditions or practices that may cause injury to either themselves or any
other employees. Any changes to the Fall Protection Plan must be approved
by (Name of Qualified Person).

2. Fall Protection System To Be Used On This Job
Installation of roof trusses/rafters, exterior wall erection, roof sheathing,
and joist/truss activities will be conducted by employees who are
specifically trained to do this type of work and are trained to recognise the
fall hazards. The nature of such work normally exposes the employee to the
fall hazard for a short period of time. This Plan details how (Name of
Company) will minimise these hazards.

(a) Controlled Access Zones
When using the Plan to implement the fall protection options
available, workers must be protected through limited access to high
hazard locations. Before any non-conventional fall protection systems
are used as part of the work plan, a controlled access zone (CAZ) shall
be clearly defined by the competent person as an area where a
recognised hazard exists. The demarcation of the CAZ shall be
communicated by the competent person in a recognised manner,
either through signs, wires, tapes, ropes or chains.

(Name of Company) shall take the following steps to ensure that the
CAZ is clearly marked or controlled by the competent person:

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130  TOPIC 5 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMES

Ć All access to the CAZ must be restricted to authorise entrants

Ć All workers who are permitted in the CAZ shall be listed in the
appropriated sections of the Plan (or be visibly identifiable by the
competent person) prior to implementation

Ć The competent person shall ensure that all protective elements of
the CAZ be implemented prior to the beginning of work.

(b) Installation Procedures for Roof Truss and Rafter Erection
During the erection and bracing of roof trusses/rafters, conventional
fall protection may be present a greater hazard to workers. On this
job, safety nets, guardrails and personal fall arrest systems will not
provide adequate fall protection because the nets will cause the walls
to collapse, while there are no suitable attachment or anchorage points
for guardrails or personal fall arrest systems.

On this job, requiring workers to use a ladder for the entire installation
process will cause a greater hazard because the worker must stand on the
ladder with his back or side to the front of the ladder. While erecting the
truss or rafter the worker will need both hands to manoeuvre the truss
and therefore cannot hold onto the ladder. In addition, ladders cannot be
adequately protected from movement while trusses are being
manoeuvred into place. Many workers may experience additional
fatigue because of the increase in overhead work with heavy materials,
which can also lead to a greater hazard.

Exterior scaffolds cannot be utilises on this job because the ground,
after recent backfilling, cannot support the scaffolding. In most cases,
the erection and dismantling of the scaffold would expose workers to
a greater fall hazard than erection of the trusses / rafters.

On all walls eight feet of less, workers will install interior scaffolds
along the interior wall below the location where the trusses/rafters
will be erected. „Sawhorse‰ scaffolds constructed of 46 inch
sawhorses and 2 x 10 planks will often allow workers to be elevated
high enough to allow for the erection of trusses and rafters without
working on the top plate of the wall.

In structures that have walls higher than eight feet and where the use
of scaffolds and ladders would create a greater hazard, safe working
procedures will be utilised when working on the top plate and will be
monitored by the crew supervisor. During all stages of truss/rafter
erection the stability of the trusses/rafters will be ensured at all times.

(Name of Company) shall take the following steps to protect workers
who are exposed to fall hazards while working from the top plate
installing trusses/rafters:

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TOPIC 5 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMMES  131

Ć Only the following trained workers will be allowed to work on the
top plate during roof truss or rafter installation:

Ć Workers shall have no other duties to perform during truss/rafter
erection procedures

Ć All trusses/rafters will be adequately braced before any worker
can use the truss/rafter as support

Ć Worker will remain on the top plate using the previously
stabilised truss/rafter as a support while other trusses/rafters are
being erected

Ć Workers will leave the area of the secured trusses only when it is
necessary to secure another truss/rafter

Ć The first two trusses/rafters will be set from ladders leaning on
side walls at points where the walls can support the weight of the
ladder and

Ć A worker will climb onto the interior top plate via a ladders to
secure the peaks of the first two trusses/rafters being set

Ć The workers responsible for detaching trusses from cranes and/or
securing trusses at the peaks traditionally are positioned at the
peaks of the trusses/rafters. There are also situations where
workers securing rafters to ridge beams will be positioned on top
of the ridge beam.

(Name of Company) shall take the following steps to protect workers
who are exposed to fall hazards while securing trusses/rafters at the
peak of the trusses/ridge beam:

Only the following trained workers will be allowed to work at the
peak during roof truss or rafter installation

Ć Once truss or rafter installation begins, workers not involved in
that activity shall not stand or walk below or adjacent to the roof
opening or exterior walls in any area where they could be struck
by falling objects

Ć Workers shall have no other duties than securing/bracing the
trusses/ridge beam

Ć Workers positioned at the peaks or in the webs of trusses or on top
of the ridge beam shall work from a stable position, either by
sitting on a „ridge seat‰ or other equivalent surface that provide
additional stability or by positioning themselves in previously
stabilised trusses/rafters and leaning into and reaching through
the trusses/rafters

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