Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 1 5 Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi Bhaktapur Authors Chinta Mani Panthee M.Sc., B.Ed., Ph.D. Shishir Kumar Datta B.Sc. B.Ed., M.A. Kamal Neupane M.Sc.
2 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Published by: Nova Publication Pvt. Ltd. Satungal, Kathmandu Tel.: 01-4313205 www.novapublication.com.np Authors: Chinta Mani Panthee Shishir Kumar Datta Kamal Neupane Edition Fifth: 2080 Copyright: Chinta Mani Panthee Price : Rs. 354 /– Print Quantity : 10,000 Layout and Design: Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd. Printed in Nepal 5
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 3 PREFACE Modern Concept Science and Technology for grade 5 is written to meet the objectives of the curriculum of class 5 science and technology developed by CDC (Curriculum Development Center), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. This edition of our textbook meets the criteria of basic knowledge in science and technology for students who study in class 5. It will help students to achieve the goals of life by gaining of knowledge, skills and values in Science and technology. Logical placing of key points and well organized matter are given high priority throughout the textbook. Appropriate pictures, matter in simplified language and organization of the content with new features are our high expectation values about popularity of this textbook among the readers. Features of Modern Concept Science and Technology A notable concern of many teachers is to follow a well-organized textbook with step by step learnings in a continuous flow. The organization of this textbook is logically designed to make the book's information more accessible. 1. Top of the first page of each unit consists of about the scientist to inspire the learners. 2. Top of the first page of each unit, just below the scientist, there contains sequence of curriculum issued by CDC (Curriculum Development Center), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur for class 5. 3. The most important idea of writing terms and terminologies on the first page of each unit is devoted to screen out the main content to be covered. 4. Highlighted definitions, catchy memory tips and bubble box on pages inside of a chapter for a quick look on important points to be remembered are provided in each unit. 5. Activities and solved numerical problems are given in each unit of the same page with corresponding to the topic to develop the scientific skill in the readers. 6. Sample questions of Knowledge, Understanding, Application, and Higher Ability with their answer are given at the end of each unit under the title HOT skill to get idea to solve the questions given in the three steps exercise. 7. This text book focuses primarily on all three level questions to test students' skill under the title three steps exercise. With these all features in a well-organized content, the central focus of this book is to encourage students and make the text user-friendly for all. The HOT skill and three levels grid based exercise will help teachers to set test papers for assessments. Students' interest will be peaked when they will find the screen out terms and terminologies, the appropriate pictures and key points throughout the textbook. We hope that this book will help teaching in learner-centered way. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Megh Raj Poudel, Managing director of Nova Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this book. Similarly, thanks are due to Mr. Deepak Bahadur Bista, Mr. Ashim (Indra Rijal), Mr. Deepak Banjade, Mr. Dilip Belbase, Mr. Srijan Pasachhe, Mr. Shree Ram Lamsal, Mr. Srijan Adhikari and Mr. Yuwa Raj Guragain for their valuable help during the preparation and content editing of the book. Likewise, thanks are due to Mr. Jagadish Pokhrel for his praiseworthy language editing. Finally, we owe full responsibility of misprints and other technical errors, if any, found in this textbook in spite of our best effort to make this book error-free. Constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement of this book will be highly appreciated. Authors Kathmandu, Nepal
4 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Unit : 1 Scientific Learning 5 Unit : 1 .1 Scientific Learning Skills 6 Unit : 1.2 Measurement 24 Unit : 2 Information and Communication Technology 45 Unit : 2.1 Source of Information 46 Unit : 2.2 Paints Software, Typing Software and Word Processor 65 Unit : 3 Organisms and Environment 82 Unit : 3.1 Energy for the Organism 83 Unit: 3.2 Source of Energy in Environment 91 Unit : 4 Classification of Living Beings 100 Unit : 4.1 Vertebrates 101 Unit : 4.2 Structure of the Following Plant 110 Unit : 5 Life Process 126 Unit : 6 Matter 141 Unit : 6.1 State of Matter 142 Unit: 6.2 Effects of Heat on Matter 151 Unit : 6.3 Mixture 163 Unit : 7 Energy 176 Unit : 7.1 Light 177 Unit: 7.2 Sound 189 Unit : 7.3 Electricity 203 Unit : 8 The Earth and Space 216 Unit : 8.1 The Heavenly Bodies 217 Unit: 8.2 Motion of the Earth and the Moon 227 Contents
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 5 Unit 1 Scientific Learning We are curious animal. We always try to understand the events, objects, processes, etc. which are present around us. We always want to know what happened. Why did it happen? And what will happen next? Let us observe the given pictures. Fig: 1.1 Kids curiously looking at an animal in the zoo Fig: 1.2 A kid using a ruler to measure the length of the book Fig: 1.3 A kid asking questions to the parent about a new flower she saw Fig: 1.4 A kid experimenting in a science laboratory Fig: 1.5 Beakers and their schematic diagram In the first figure, kids are very curious about the animal. They want to know what the animal eats in the zoo. They are observing other animals very carefully. They want to know what other animals eat. They are trying to hear the sounds of these animals too. Such activities are called observation. In the second figure, a kid is measuring the length of the book. Measurement is necessary to know the exact value of the physical quantities. In the third figure, a kid is asking the name of the flower she saw in the magazine. It is an inquiry. Inquiry is an effective method for scientific learning. In the fourth figure, a kid is doing an experiment in a science laboratory. The experiment is the best way to verify the predictions. In the fifth figure, we can see beakers and their schematic diagram. A beaker is a scientific tool used in the laboratory. Schematic diagrams of the tools are used while making reports of an experiment.
6 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 t .1 Observa Key terms and terminologies of the unit 1. Observation : The act of seeing, hearing, feeling, knowing or noticing something and some events is called observation. 2. Experiment : An experiment is a process to test the hypothesis. 3. Scientific Inquiry : Scientific inquiry is a learning process in which a set of questions are prepared related to the topic of research and asked to collect information. 4. Scientific learning processes: Thedifferentskillssuchasobservation,hypothesis, analysis, prediction, experiment, conclusion, inquiry, etc. are some steps of scientific learning processes. 5. Scientific learning : The way of learning by using all of the scientific learning processes is called scientific learning. 6. Scientific apparatus : The tools or devices used in a science laboratory are called scientific apparatus. 7. Schematic diagram : The schematic diagrams are simple visual representation of the device, apparatus or project prepared by using lines and icons. Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Introduction to scientific learning process General activities related to observation, experiment and inquiry Importance of observation, experiment and inquiry in scientific learning Identification and use of scientific apparatus Sketching of schematic diagrams UNIT Scientific Learning Skills 1.1 Estimated teaching periods Theory Practical 4 1 Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564 and died in 1642. Galileo invented telescope and the first pendulum clock. With the help of telescope,he discovered craters and mountains in the moon, phases of the Venus, Stars of Milky way galaxy, Jupiter’s moon and so on. Galileo Galilei is referred to as "the father of experimental science." Galileo Galilei About the Scientist
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 7 Observation Observation is the first and basic scientific process skill. A newly born child listens to the sounds of nearby people. The child observes all the things and activities that happen in his/her surroundings. The child tries to touch the objects present near to him/her. The child tries to taste the food. Most of the children like the sweet smell and hate the foul one. It means everybody always keeps on observing the surroundings. The sense organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin help us to observe our the surroundings. The act of seeing, hearing, feeling, knowing or noticing something, some events, etc. is called observation. Observation is the first step of scientific learning. It is used in the scientific learning. Observation helps us to collect information. Fig: 1.6 A scientist observing the growth of bacteria Fig: 1.7 A kid observing an insect Fig. 1.8 A kid observing coloured objects Fig 1.9: Students observing constellations What can and cannot be known from observation? Colour, scent, surface texture, taste, size, shape, habit, etc. can be known from the observation. But, there are many properties which cannot be known from the simple observation. For example, we cannot know the
8 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 boiling point, melting point, density, combustibility, etc. just by simple observation. We need to experiment to find these properties. We can know some of the properties by asking questions to others or studying the report. Observation, experimentation, inquiry, and so on help in collecting the information about the properties, habits, and nature of objects, events, and organisms. FACTS WITH REASONS Observation is an important step of scientific learning. Observation is an important step of scientific learning because it helps to collect information about the objects, events and phenomenon. ACTIVITY 1 Observe the parts of a flower, TV remote, computer, etc. present in your surrounding. List the information you get from there. Scientific tools used for observation As mentioned above, our sense organs help us to observe. Besides that, various tools help in observation. For example, a hand lens enlarges the image and makes it easier to observe parts of a flower. Telescope helps to observe heavenly objects which are billions of miles away from the earth. Some more tools that help in observation are stethoscopes, microscopes, scanners, transmitters, etc. Fig: 1.110 Stethoscope Fig: 1.11 Microscope Fig: 1.12 Scanner Experiment In scientific learning, the primary source of information is observation. We can collect lots of information from observation. We can process these information and make some hypotheses. For example, let us observe an Hypotheses are made after observation. A prediction that will be tested by an experiment is called a hypothesis. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 9 apple. When observed, we can find the colour, smell, shape, etc. of the apple. However, we cannot determine the mass and density of the apple. With the help of a physical balance, we can measure the mass of the apple. We can measure the volume of an apple by dipping it in water in a measuring cylinder. The increased level of water in the measuring cylinder shows the volume of the apple. We can learn a lot by doing it ourselves. The precess of collecting information by doing an activity ourselves is called an experiment. The experiment is a very useful step of scientific learning. Thus, an experiment is a process which is carried out to test the hypothesis. It helps to discover as well as to demonstrate the facts. Fig: 1.13 Filtration Fig: 1.14 Various experiments in laboratory Fig: 1.15 Making an electric circuit An experiment is a better way of learning. It increases the interest of learning in participants. It helps to collect further information about the topic. It also helps to test the predictions. FACTS WITH REASONS Experiments are designed based on hypotheses. The experiments are designed on the basis of a hypothesis. As a result, we can test if the hypothesis is true or not. ACTIVITY 2 Observe an experiment to remove mud from water and learn how to do it. There are three variables in an experiment. They are independent, dependent and controlled variables. MEMORY TIPS
10 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Inquiry Observation can collect information that can be used to make predictions. The experiments are carried out to verify predictions. Conclusions will be made after observing the result of the experiment. However, the conclusions may not be sufficient to us. There may be some reasons that experiments alone cannot explain. We may need to research further to know the facts. We may need to ask questions to others. It is called inquiry. Fig: 1.16 People asking questions (inquiry) Fig: 1.17 Children asking questions Scientific inquiry is the learning process in which a set of questions are prepared related to the topic of research, and asked to collect information. The basic steps involved in scientific inquiry are identifying the problems, asking questions, researching the questions, making predictions, conducting experiments, analysing data and drawing the conclusion. FACTS WITH REASONS Why is an inquiry as important as research? Inquiry is as important as research because it develops the problem-solving ability, critical thinking as well as logical thinking. ACTIVITY 3 Observe the night sky. It is dark. Make at least two hypotheses or questions related to the night sky. Discuss in a group to find out opinion of your friends about the dark night sky. Questioning, critical thinking, and the critical development of new knowledge through inquiry are as important as research. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 11 Importance of inquiry in scientific learning Scientific inquiry is a very important scientific learning skill. Researchers observe the natural processes or any topic very carefully. They make a set of questions and try to find answers to those questions. It helps to find the reasons behind the events, objects, processes, etc. Inquiry makes the scientific learning process more reliable. Scientific learning Different skills like observation, analysis, prediction, experiment, conclusion, inquiry etc. are used in scientific learning processes. These skills are used to learn the facts about the topics. The way of learning by using all the scientific learning skills is called scientific learning. FACTS WITH REASONS Why is information gained from scientific learning mostly accepted by many people? The information gained from scientific learning is mostly accepted by many people because it is collected by following the particular sets of scientific learning skills which produces reliable information. ACTIVITY 4 You saw a strange fruit in a picture of your book. The picture was taken 20 years ago. How can you learn more about that fruit? Discuss. Common examples of scientific learning Learning to ride a bicycle is also a scientific learning. We first observe other people riding bicycles. We collect some information on how they are riding it. We think about the ways to ride it. Then we start experiment by riding it. Now, we should practice, learn techniques, collect experience, do research, and then, finally, we can ride a bicycle. If we observe some one is cooking, then inquire, research and practice about it. Finally, we can learn to make tasty food. Observation is the first step of scientific learning. MEMORY TIPS
12 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Fig: 1.18 Chef smelling cooked food Fig: 1.19 Tasty foods prepared after learning Fig: 1.20 Practicing and inquiring to handle foods Importance of scientific learning Scientific learning is very important because it helps to expose traditional things, learn facts, develop new medicines, new technology, etc. Scientific apparatus Let us visit a science lab to see what kinds of apparatus are there. We will probably find beakers, watch glasses, test tubes, hard glass test tubes, spatulas, tripod stands, and many others. Each of those tools has its particular work. Beakers are used to collect liquid mixtures, keep acid, heat mixtures, etc. Woulfe’s bottle is used to produce gases. The microscope is used to view tiny things like plant cells. All of these tools are called scientific apparatus. Thus, the tools or devices which are used in a science laboratory are called scientific apparatus. Most of the apparatus used in science laboratories are relatively smaller than the utensils used in the kitchen. We need smaller apparatus in the science laboratory because we use them for sample tests only. Sample tests means conducting tests using small amount of substances. Fig: 1.21 Beaker Fig: 1.22 Test tubes Fig: 1.23 Microscope Fig: 1.24 Curved Mirror Importance of apparatus in science laboratory We use different types of apparatus in a science laboratory. While using these apparatus, we should know their uses. Without sufficient knowledge
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 13 about the apparatus, the practical work cannot be proceed smoothly. Use of the wrong apparatus in a science laboratory during an experiment increases the chance of error. It may cause accidents too. Therefore, we must know the appropriate use of the apparatus in the science laboratory. FACTS WITH REASONS Glass apparatus are mostly used in science laboratories. Glass apparatus are mostly used in the science laboratories because it is easy to see through them and it is easy to clean them. ACTIVITY 5 Visit a chemistry laboratory with your teacher and observe various scientific apparatus. Some scientific apparatus used in science laboratory and their uses SN Scientific apparatus Uses 1 Bunsen burner Source of heat 2 Weighing balance Weighs mass of the substances 3 Voltmeter Measures potential differences 4 Gloves Avoid direct touch with the chemicals and objects 5 Beaker Measures volume of liquid, hold solutions etc. 6 Burette Adds an accurate volume of the liquid 7 Thermometer Measures temperature 8 Funnel Separates insoluble solids from the mixture 9 Test tube Hold liquids, heat small amount of chemical samples etc. 10 Crucible Holds solids for heating at the higher temperature ACTIVITY 6 Compare kitchen wares with laboratory apparatus. Most scientific apparatus are made of glass. MEMORY TIPS
14 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Schematic diagram When the laboratory works are completed, we must make reports. While writing reports, we must draw very simple pictures of the apparatus. Drawing a 3D image might block major parts of the apparatus. So, to avoid that, a very simple diagram is made. Such simple diagrams are called schematic diagrams. The schematic diagrams are simple visual representation of the device, apparatus or project prepared by using lines and icons. Fig: 1.26 Schematic diagram of a house Schematic diagrams are 2D graphical representations of an object. MEMORY TIPS Fig: 1.25 Schematic diagram of an apple
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 15 Some laboratory apparatus and their schematic diagrams Laboratory apparatus Schematic diagram The figure of a test tube Schematic diagram of a test tube The figure of a gas jar Schematic diagram of a gas jar The figure of a beaker Schematic diagram of a beaker The figure of a tripod stand Schematic diagram of a tripod stand
16 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 The figure of a Bunsen burner Schematic diagram of a Bunsen burner The figure of a round bottom flask Schematic diagram of a round bottom flask The figure of a conical flask Schematic diagram of a conical flask The figure of a measuring cylinder Schematic diagram of a measuring cylinder The figure of a spring balance Schematic diagram of a spring balance
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 17 The figure of a physical balance Schematic diagram of a physical balance The figure of a thermometer Schematic diagram of a thermometer The figure of a funnel Schematic diagram of a funnel FACTS WITH REASONS Schematic diagrams are made using lines and icons. Schematic diagrams are made using lines and icons because they will be easy to draw and easy to understand the diagram. ACTIVITY 7 Draw the schematic diagram of a microscope, clinical thermometer, beaker and test tube.
18 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Importance of schematic diagram Most scientific reports contain schematic diagrams. The schematic diagrams are preferred because of the following reasons: i. It is easy to understand. ii. It is easy to draw. iii. It is simple and clear. iv. It shows all of the important parts of the device. Use of a schematic diagram Schematic diagrams are widely used by civil engineers to make blueprints of houses, bridges, etc. The catalog of electronic devices contains a schematic diagram of the device. The schematic diagrams are drawn in the scientific reports. Features of schematic diagram Schematic diagrams are different from 3D paintings. They are very simple. It is drawn by using very thin lines. It is not a closed shape. It does not block the major part of the tool. It is clear and simple. FACTS WITH REASONS While drawing a schematic diagram, we should not shade it. While drawing a schematic diagram we should not shade it because shading blocks the important parts of the diagram. ACTIVITY 8 Observe the schematic diagram of various tools drawn by your friends and try to find mistakes in them. Some basic ways to draw a schematic diagram and related precautions i. Take a sharp pencil and a ruler. ii. Draw a single line. iii. Do not close the shape. iv. The picture should be two-dimensional. v. The size of various parts should be proportional. Schematic diagrams are not coloured or shaded. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 19 HOT SKILL HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL 1. What is the objective of the observation? i. Test hypothesis ii. Scientific inquiry iii. Collect information iv. Form hypothesis Answer: The objective of the observation is to collect information. 2. Why is colour not used in schematic diagram? i. To avoid colourful pictures. ii. To avoid blocking important parts. iii. To make drawing picture easier. iv. To make it blur. Answer: We do not use colour in schematic diagram because colouring blocks the important parts. 3. Which sense organs help to collect chemical forms of information? The nose and tongue help to collect chemical forms of information. 4. What is a burette used for? The burette is used for adding correct volume of liquid. 5. Why are scientific apparatus made of glass? Scientific apparatus are made of glass because glass is not damaged by chemicals and we can see inside it easily. 6. Write any two differences between schematic diagram and scientific apparatus. The differences between schematic diagram and scientific apparatus are: SN Schematic diagram SN Scientific apparatus 1 Schematic diagrams are simple visual representation of the device, apparatus or project prepared by using lines and icons. 1 The tools or devices used in a science laboratory are called scientific apparatus. 2 They are used while writing scientific reports. 2 They are used while doing scientific experiments. 7. Let’s suppose we just observed an experiment. It was filtration of muddy water. The teacher asked us to draw a diagram of the filtration process in our report. How can we draw it and what should we avoid? If we are supposed to draw a diagram of the filtration process from an experiment in the report, we should make a schematic diagram.
20 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 We should draw thin single lines with a sharp pencil. We should keep the shapes open. We should make the various parts proportional. We should avoid drawing blurry lines, thick lines, and double lines. We should avoid colouring and shading too. 3 STEPS 3 STEPS EXERCISE EXERCISE STEP1 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. Which sense organ helps to sense taste? i. Tongue ii. Ears iii. Eyes iv. Skin b. What is the process of a testing hypothesis called? i. Observation ii. Report writing iii. Experiment iv. Communication c. Why is inquiry important? i. To develop critical thinking. ii. To test hypothesis iii. To write report iv. To communicate d. Why is a glass apparatus popular in a science laboratory? i. It is a custom. ii. It looks attractive. iii. It is cheap. iv. It is easy to wash. e. Why do people use schematic diagram? i. It is simple and clear. ii. It is simple and coloured. iii. It is easy to draw and three-dimensional. iv. It is a shaded two-dimensional diagram. 2. Write True for the correct statements and False for the incorrect ones. a. Observation is the first step of learning. b. One experiment is enough to test one hypothesis. c. The first step of inquiry is to identify problems.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 21 d. The way of learning by using all of the scientific learning processes is called scientific learning. e. Schematic diagram is a three-dimensional picture. 3. Fill in the blanks using a suitable word. scientific apparatus observation blueprint heat scientific learning process a. The act of seeing, hearing, feeling, knowing, or noticing something, some events, etc. is called ________________ . b. Different skills such as observation, analysis, predictions, experiment, conclusion, inquiry etc. are useful _____________ . c. The tools or devices used in a science laboratory are called _______________ . d. The schematic diagrams are widely used by civil engineers to make a _________________ of houses. e. The test tubes are used to hold liquids and _________ chemicals. 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. Give examples of any two characters that can be known by observation. b. Give examples of any two characters that cannot be known by simple observation. c. What is the objective of the experiment? d. What is the function of a thermometer? e. Can we shade schematic diagrams? STEP2 5. Give reasons. a. Scientific learning is very important. b. Observation is an important step for scientific learning. c. Experiments are designed based on hypothesis. d. Experiment is a very important scientific learning process.
22 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 e. Scientists perform the same experiment many times. f. We must use tools for observation. g. Inquiry is as important as research. h. Information gained from scientific learning is mostly accepted by many people. i. Scientific apparatus are usually small in a science laboratory. j. Glass apparatus are mostly used in a science laboratory. k. Schematic diagrams are made using lines and icons. l. We should use a sharp pencil to make a schematic diagram. m. We should neither shade nor colour schematic diagram. n. Schematic diagram used mostly in scientific reports. 6. Differentiate between the following: a. Observation and experiment b. Scientific learning process and scientific inquiry c. Schematic diagram and scientific apparatus 7. Answer the following in short. a. Define observation. Give two examples of properties that can only be known by experiment. b. What kinds of tools are used by scientists for observation? c. What is an experiment? e. What is inquiry? f. Define scientific learning. g. Enlist scientific learning processes. h. What are scientific apparatus? Give any two examples. i. What is a schematic diagram? j. Write three features of the schematic diagram. STEP3 8. Answer the following questions. a. Discuss the importance of inquiry in scientific learning. b. Discuss the importance of scientific learning.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 23 c. Discuss the importance of scientific apparatus. d. What are the precautions while making a schematic diagram? e. What are the processes for drawing a schematic diagram? f. Draw a schematic diagram of a test tube, beaker and pan balance. g. What is the importance of a schematic diagram? h. Write the uses of the following scientific apparatus. Bunsen burner, gloves, funnel, crucible and beaker j. Identify and name the scientific apparatus from the following schematic diagrams. a. b. c. d. e. f.
24 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Measurement of length, mass and time Measurement of volume UNIT Measurement 1.2 Estimated teaching periods Theory Practical 4 1 Giovanni Giorgi was an Italian Scientist. He born in 1871 and died in 1950 in Italy. Giovanni Giorgi was a civil engineer, mathematician and university professor by profession. He proposed mechanical units of measurement for the first time. Giorgi International System of Measurement or MKSA (Meter, Kilogram, Second and Ampere) was later endorsed by international system of measurement as SI units. Giovanni Giorgi About the Scientist Key terms and terminologies of the unit 1. Measurement : The comparison of an unknown quantity with a known and standard quantity of the same kind is called measurement. 2. Length : The actual distance of the path between two points is called length. 3. Mass : The total amount of matter contain in a body is called the mass of the body. 4. Volume : The total space occupied by an object is called volume. 5. Time : The duration between two events is called time. Introduction Measurement is an important scientific learning process. It is used to find the exact value of the substances. It helps in experiments, research, synthesis of medicine, engineering, etc. It is also useful to take measurements of our bodies while stitching clothes. It is very useful when buying or selling things.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 25 The process of measurement Those quantities which can be measured using physical devices are called physical quantities. To measure any physical quantity, we must use tools and units. There must be a known substance whose magnitude is already described. For example, a ruler, a clock, a standard weight, a measuring cylinder, etc. These are called known substances. They have prescribed scales on them. These substances can be compared with other unknown substances to know their magnitude. Thus, the comparison of an unknown quantity with a known quantity of the same kind is called measurement. Devices used in measurement Various tools are used for the measurement of the physical quantities. For example, meter tape, meter rods, scales, etc. are used to measure the length of the substances. They help to measure our height, the length of a book, the length of clothes, the height of a tree, the length of a road, etc. Measuring tools such as physical balance, digital balance, pan balance, etc. are used to measure the mass of the objects. It is useful when buying rice, cereals, meat, etc. Tools such as mana, pathi, measuring cylinders, etc. are used to measure the volume of grains, milk, oil, etc. They are useful when buying grains, milk, oil, etc. Time is also a physical quantity. It is measured by the clock, sundial, etc. It is useful to know the exact time of a day. It makes the daily routine easier. The various tools which are used to measure physical quantities are called measuring devices. Fig: 1.27 Person measuring milk for trading A calendar helps us to measure time. MEMORY TIPS
26 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Fig: 1.28 Mana and Pathi Fig: 1.29 Volume measuring tools Fig: 1.30 Tools to measure length FACTS WITH REASONS Measurement is an important scientific learning skill. Measurement is an important scientific learning skill because it helps to collect accurate value of the physical quantities, design models, etc. ACTIVITY 1 Observe the ruler. Draw its diagram and learn the meaning of each line drawn in it. Measurement of length Introduction to length Let us suppose we are in a classroom. Let it be the first point. Now let us go to the assembly hall. The assembly hall is the second point. If we look back and observe, we can see a long path joining these two points. This path has a certain magnitude. There is a distance between Fig: 1.31 Distance between a school and a house
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 27 these two points. It is called length. Thus, the total distance of the path between two points is called the length. Use of measuring tools Length is a physical quantity. It can be measured directly and indirectly. We can use various tools to measure length. A ruler is one of the measuring tools. It is 15 cm long or 30 cm long. It is used by students to measure the length of geometric shapes. They use it to draw margin lines, construct some shapes, etc. A 100 cm long meter rod is also available. It is used to measure the length of the cloth. The measuring tape can be very long. A 5 meter measuring tape is usually used by carpenters to measure the length of the furniture. Surveyors use even a 50 meter or longer measuring tapes. Fig: 1.32 Ruler Fig: 1.33 Measuring tape Fig: 1.34 Meter rod FACTS WITH REASONS We should put a ruler in a straight line while measuring length. We should put a ruler in a straight line while measuring length. Otherwise, it will give a longer reading than the actual value. ACTIVITY 2 Put your hand on a paper and draw its outline. Take a ruler and measure the length of each of your fingers. How to measure length? While measuring length, we need to use measuring tools. The scales are marked on the measuring tools. These scales are called known quantities. Then, we have unknown quantities such as a pencil, a picture, a textbook, When we measure anything, we determine a certain property of an object by comparing it with a standard substance. MEMORY TIPS
28 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 etc. Now to measure the length of the unknown quantity, we have to put a measuring tool along with the unknown substance and observe. For example, let us draw a random short straight line in a copy. Now, let us take out the ruler. If we look very carefully, we can see a zero mark written on the ruler. Put that ruler over the line so that one end of the line starts from the ‘zero-mark’ of the ruler. Now find out where the other end of the line is. Now we can observe them and tell how long the line is. ACTIVITY 3 Draw multiple straight lines on a paper and find out the length of each. Compare their length. What does it mean by 2 m in length? A two meter length means an object is two times longer than a 1-meter long scale. Units of length Whenever length is measured, it is expressed with the help of units. In Nepal, it is expressed locally in Kosh, haat, yojan, bitta, etc. Some standard units of length are foot, centimetre, and meter. Multiples and submultiples of the unit of length Millimetre and centimetre are sub-multiples of a meter. A kilometre is a multiple of the unit meter. 10 mm = 1 cm 100 cm = 1 m 1000 m = 1 km FACTS WITH REASONS The SI unit of length, meter, is used by most people. The SI unit of length, meter, is used by most people because it is scientific, easy to use and can be easily converted into other systems of units. A micrometre screw gauge is used by mechanical engineers to measure very small lengths. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 29 ACTIVITY 4 Observe the ruler and find out how many millimetres make 1 inch. Some other units of length are yard (gaj) and mile. 1 yard = 92 cm = 3 feet 1 inch = 2.54 cm 12 inch = 1 foot 1 mile = 1760 yard = 1609 meters Precautions while measuring length i. We should put a zero-mark of the ruler at one end of the unknown object. ii. The ruler should be parallel to the unknown object. iii. We should observe vertically above another end of the unknown object. Measurement of mass Introduction The objects that have mass and volume are called matter. A matter is made up of atoms and molecules. All the molecules of a matter The mass of 1 litre of pure water at 40C is equivalent to 1 kg. MEMORY TIPS
30 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 are at certain distance apart from each other. The intermolecular force binds the molecules together. If the intermolecular force is strong, molecules stay closer and change into solids. If intermolecular force is a bit weaker, molecules can move freely within a certain room. Liquids have such molecules. If intermolecular force is very weak, molecules will randomly move in any direction. Molecules can leave and go away from matter. Gases have such molecules. The total amount of molecules present in a body can be measured. It is a physical quantity. It is called a "mass. The total amount of matter present in a body is called the mass of the body. Light Shadow Wave Fig: 1.35 Objects without mass Rock Water Moon Fig: 1.36 Objects having mass FACTS WITH REASONS The dense objects have more mass. The dense objects have more mass because they contain more molecules in them. ACTIVITY 5 Find a digital balance scale and measure your mass. Compare your mass with the mass of your friend.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 31 Devices used to measure mass Only in a simple observation, we cannot tell how much mass is present in an object. We can predict, but we cannot know the exact value. Therefore, we must use measuring devices to know the exact value of the mass of the object. A pan balance, beam balance, digital balance, etc. are used to measure the mass of the objects. These tools are called mass measuring devices. The substances whose mass is unknown to us should be kept in these tools. We also need known substances such as standard masses such as 500g, 1 kg, 5 kg, etc. to measure the mass. Then we can compare to find the exact mass of the substances. Fig: a. Pan balance Fig: b. Digital balance Fig: c. Weighing machine Fig: 1.37 Instruments for measuring mass How can we measure mass? The shopkeeper uses a pan balance to measure the mass of sugar. A pan balance has two flat pans hanging on either side of the lever. When the pans are in equilibrium, the shopkeeper puts a bag of sugar in one of the pans. Then he puts the standard mass (1 kg) in another pan. Then the shopkeeper compares them. If the sugar is less than 1 kg, he will add more. If the sugar is more than 1 kg, he will remove some. This is how mass is measured. What does it mean by sugar is 2 kg? Sugar is 2 kg means that the mass of sugar is equal to two times of one kg standard mass. Most people think objects with more mass fall faster when dropped. But it is not true. MEMORY TIPS
32 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 FACTS WITH REASONS Both pans of a pan balance must be in equilibrium. Both pans of a pan balance must be in equilibrium so that we can measure mass of the substances accurately. ACTIVITY 6 How can we measure mass? Visit the grocery with your guardian and buy 1 kg of vegetables by yourself. Observe the process carefully and share it in the class. Units of mass Locally, mass is measured in pau and dharni in Nepal. The standard units of mass are pound, gram and kilogram. Multiple and sub-multiple of unit of masses Milligram, decagram, centigram, etc. are sub-multiples of a kilogram. Quintal and tonne are multiples of a kilogram. Precautions to be taken while measuring mass i. We should check if the pan balance is at horizontal level or not. ii. If it is a digital balance, make sure ‘zero’ is displayed in the reading screen. iii. Observe if the standard masses are rusted or not. × √ × √ Measurement of volume ACTIVITY 7 Collect 1 kg of salt, 1 kg of cotton and 1 kg of iron. How much space do they occupy? Do they occupy an equal volume? Observe and discuss.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 33 Introduction As we mentioned above, matters are made up of molecules. Based on the intermolecular force, molecules are either far away or closer to each other. Objects with strong molecular force occupy small three dimensional (3D) space. Objects with weak molecular force occupy a larger 3D space. The total space occupied by the object is called the volume. Fig: 1.35 Objects without volume Circle Rectangle Fig: 1.38 Objects with volume Cube Cuboid Prism FACTS WITH REASONS Volume is not a special property of matter. Volume is not a special property of matter because it changes on heating and cooling. ACTIVITY 8 Find the volume of your science textbook. Devices used to measure the volume We can predict but cannot say the exact value of the volume of the an objects without using tools. Various tools and methods are used to measure The two-dimensional objects do not have height. They do not have volume either. MEMORY TIPS
34 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 volume. The volume of regular objects is measured directly by using certain formulas. The volume of an irregular solid is measured by using liquid displacement method using a measuring cylinder. The volume of liquid is measured by using a measuring cylinder, beaker, burette, etc. The volume of gas is also measured by a measuring cylinder. Fig: 1.39 Beaker Fig: 1.40 Mana and Pathi Fig: 1.41 Measuring cylinder Unit of volume The volume is locally measured in units such as mana, pathi and muri. The standard units of volume are cubic feet, cubic centimetres and cubic meters. The volume of liquid and gas is expressed in litres, millilitres etc. FACTS WITH REASONS We cannot measure the volume of liquids using a formula. We cannot measure the volume of the liquids using a formula because liquids do not have a fixed shape. ACTIVITY 9 Take one litre of water and measure its weight. Now, compare between kg and litre. How can we measure the volume of regular solids? Regular objects have fixed geometrical shapes. Their length, breadth, height, vertical height, radius, etc. are measured by a ruler. Then, the information can be used to directly calculate the volume of such solids. 1 gallon = 3.785 litre. 1 barrel = 159 litre MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 35 Cube Cuboid Sphere Fig: 1.42 Regular solids (objects) For example, Cube = length × length × length Cuboid = length x breadth × height Sphere = πr3 How is the measuring cylinder made? The volume of a liquid is measured using a measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder is a long cylindrical tool with a scale on it. It is prepared by taking 1000 cm3 as a reference. Let us say there is a cubical box with a length of 10 cm, breadth of 10 cm, and height of 10 cm. Then the volume of that cubical box is 1000 cm3 . The total quantity of liquid that fits within 1000 cm3 is called 1 litre. 1 litre = 1000 cm3 = 1000 ml 1 ml = 1 cm3 Based on this scale, a measuring cylinder is made. How can we measure the volume of liquid? The liquid with an unknown volume should be poured into a measuring cylinder. Then, we should observe the upper level of liquid to find its volume. ACTIVITY 10 Make a model of a measuring cylinder. Fig: 1.43 The calibrated measuring cylinder
36 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Precautions while taking a reading of volume in a measuring cylinder i. The measuring cylinder should be placed on a flat surface. ii. The volume of the liquid should be read from the base of the meniscus. iii. We should watch for the exact height of the liquid. We should not look from below or above the height of the liquid. How do we measure the volume of irregular solids? The volume of irregular solids can be measured by liquid displacement method using a measuring cylinder. First of all, fill water up to a certain volume in a measuring cylinder. Then, put an irregular solid object in the water. The water level will rise. Observe the new volume. Then calculate the difference between the final volume and the initial volume. The difference between the final and initial volumes is the volume of that irregular solid. Fig: 1.45 Measuring the volume of an irregular object using measuring cylinder How can we measure the volume of irregular solids that do not fit in the measuring cylinder? In case the solid does not fit in the measuring cylinder, we can measure its volume in a larger bowl. Keep a bowl on a plate. Fill the bowl completely with water. Put the solid into the bowl. When Fig: 1.44 Correct way of taking reading in measuring cylinder The gases do not have a fixed volume because gases are compressible. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 37 the solid drowns in the water, the water will overflow from the bowl. The overflow water will be collected on a plate. If we measure the volume of the collected water in the plate by using the measuring cylinder, we will know the volume of the solid. FACTS WITH REASONS We dip irregular solid in water to measure its volume. We dip irregular solid into water to measure its volume because solids displace water equal to its volume. ACTIVITY 11 Fill some gas in a balloon. Fill water in a measuring cylinder and keep it inverted in the water-filled trough. Then open the mouth of a balloon in the mouth of an inverted measuring cylinder. The air will be collected in a measuring cylinder. Read the volume of gas now. Measurement of time Introduction Time is a very important physical quantity. Multiple events occur around us. For example, sunshine, rainfall, sunset, morning bell, lunchtime bell, school starting bell, new year, festival etc. Do all of the events occur simultaneously? No, they do not. They do not occur simultaneously. There is always a certain period of time between two events. Thus, the duration between two events is called time. For example, let us say the sunshine today is the first event. Then, it appears as if the sun is traveling and finally sets in the west. We sleep at night. The sun rises again in the morning. Let us say this is the second event. There is a certain duration between these two sunrises. That duration is called time. It is particularly called "one mean solar day." One mean solar day is equivalent to 24 hours. FACTS WITH REASONS We should use a clock to measure time. We should use a clock to measure time because it measures time accurately. The ongoing sequence of events is called time. MEMORY TIPS
38 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 ACTIVITY 12 Is time same all over the earth. Research. What time zone your country belongs to? Devices used to measure time Time can be measured by observing the position of the sun with respect to the land. Based on the position of the sun, sundial can measure the time of the day. The tools like water clock, pendulum clock, quartz clocks, digital clocks, atomic clocks, etc. which are used to measure time are called time measuring devices. Fig: 1.46 Quartz clock Fig: 1.47 Water clock Fig: 1.48 Atomic clock Units of time Time is traditionally measured as pal, lava, renu, etc. The standard unit of time is second. Multiple and sub-multiple of units of time The sub-multiples of second are microsecond, millisecond, nanosecond, etc. The multiples of seconds are minutes, hours, days, years, etc. How to measure time? Time can be measured by using a stopwatch and timer. We can start a stopwatch when we start the activity. It will start to measure the time. When the activity is completed, we can stop the stopwatch. Then we can observe the time on a monitor. Research on water clock and make its model. MEMORY TIPS
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 39 Fig: 1.49 Stopwatch Fig: 1.50 Timer ACTIVITY 13 A clock can be set to make a loud sound at a particular time. The clock that goes off with a loud sound at a certain time is called an alarm clock. Practice using an alarm clock. Time can also be measured by using a timer Before starting the activity, we can put the time on the timer of the clock. The time will start to run down. When the reading becomes zero on the monitor, it means a certain amount of time has passed. Hour glass works similarly. Nowadays, a same device has the functions of stopwatch and timer. FACTS WITH REASONS There is a timer bell in the school. There are number of classes of fixed duration in the school. To make the teachers and the students aware of the duration of their class automatically by ringing the bell, timer bell is used in the school. ACTIVITY 14 Set time 2 minutes on a timer of a mobile device or a clock. Start the count down. Then start typing in a word processor. How many words did you type in that time limit? An hourglass is a device to measure time. It is a timer. It has sand inside it. It takes an hour to pass sand from upper bulb to lower bulb. MEMORY TIPS Fig: 1.51 Sand timer (Hour glass)
40 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 ACTIVITY 13 Find an analogue clock and try reading the time. How to see the time on the clock? In digital clocks, time is shown numerically. For example, 11:30 a.m. Here, 11 represents an hour. 30 represents minutes and a.m. means before noon and p.m. means afternoon. Some digital clocks show seconds also. In analogue clocks, we need to know the hands of the clock. The long and thick one is called the minute hand. The short and thick one is called hour hand. The long but thin one is called a second hand. Usually, twelve numbers are inscribed along the circumference of the clock. Three hands are fixed at the centre of the clock. When the second hand moves from number 1 to number 2, the duration is 5 seconds. When the minute clock passes from number 1 to number 2, the duration is 5 minutes. When the hour hand passes from the number 1 to the number 2, the duration is 1 hour. HOT SKILL HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILL 1. Mana and Pathi are used to measure rice for selling in Nepal. Which physical quantity is being measured here? i. Time ii. Volume ii. Mass iv. Density Answer: Mana and Pathi are used to measure the volume of the physical quantity. 2. How long is a decimetre? i. 10 cm ii. 10 meters ii. 10 mm iv. 10 kilometres
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 41 Answer: Decimetre is 10cm long. 3. What are standard weights? The weights defined by the law with which the masses of unknown substances are compared are called standard weights. 4. What is the relation between millilitre and cubic centimetre? The required relation is 1 ml = 1 cm3 . 5. Denser objects have more mass. Why? Denser objects have more mass because they contain more molecules in a small volume. 6. Write any two major differences between measuring cylinder and clock regarding measurement. The differences between measuring cylinder and clock regarding measurement are: SN Measuring cylinder SN Clock 1. It is a device to measure volume of liquid. 1. It is a device to measure time. 2. Unit millimetre is used in it. 2. Unit hour, minute and second is used in it. 7. Which device is used to measure time? Convert a mean solar day into an SI unit of time. A clock is used to measure time. Solution: The SI unit of time is second. So, let us convert one mean solar day into second. One mean solar day = 24 hours = 24 × 60 minutes [∵ 1 hour = 60 minutes] = 24 × 60 × 60 seconds [∵ 1 minute = 60 seconds] = 86400 seconds ∴There are 86,400 seconds in 1 mean solar day. 3 STEPS 3 STEPS EXERCISE EXERCISE STEP1 1. Select the best answer from the given alternatives. a. What is the comparison of known substances with unknown substances called? i. Experiment ii. Research iii. Measurement iv. Calculations
42 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 b. What is the total amount of matter present in a body called? i. Volume ii. Mass iii. Time iv. Density c. Why are the pans of a pan balance must be in an equilibrium? i. To make it bilateral. ii. To take correct measurement of mass. iii. To measure volume. iv. To measure length between two masses. d. Why the volume of liquid cannot be measured by using formula? i. It does not have fixed shape. ii. It does not have fixed volume. iii. It does not have volume. iv. Its volume keeps changing. e. Why is irregular solid dipped in water to measure its volume? i. It does not have fixed mass. ii. It does not have fixed volume. iii. It displaces water equal to its volume. iv. It sinks in water. 2. Write True for the correct statements and False for the incorrect ones. a. The total path between two points is called length. b. Millimetre, centimetre and kilometre are sub-multiples of the meter. c. In solids, the intermolecular force is strong and molecules stay closer. d. The volume of an irregular solid can be measured by using a measuring cylinder. e. The water clock, pendulum clock etc. can be used to measure volume. 3. Fill in the blanks using a suitable word. strong molecular force one cm3 length 2.54 cm time a. The distance of the path between the two points is called _______ b. The objects with ______________ occupy small 3D space. c. The total quantity of liquid that fits within ___________________ is called 1 ml.
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 43 d. The duration between two events is called _______________ . e. 1 inch is equal to _______________ . 4. Answer the following questions in very short. a. What is sundial used for? b. How many meters are there in 2.5 kilometres? c. Which tool is used to measure the volume of liquid? d. Write down the SI unit of time and length. e. What is stopwatch? STEP2 5. Give reasons. a. Measurement is an important scientific learning skill. b. Measurement is important in our daily life. c. Measuring tools are very important. d. We should put ruler in a straight line while measuring a length. e. Sub-multiple of units is necessary. f. Dense objects have more mass. g. A car is heavier than a cycle. h. Both pans of the pan balance must be at equilibrium. i. Standard masses must be rust free. j. Volume is not a special property of a matter. k. The volume of a cube can be measured using a formula. l. The volume of liquid cannot be measured using a formula. m. Irregular solids are dipped in water to measure their volume. n. A clock is used to measure time. o. Timer is used in school bells. 6. Differentiate between the following: a. Length and mass b. Volume and length c. Time and length d. Measuring cylinder and ruler 7. Answer the following questions in short. a. What is measurement?
44 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 b. Define length and write its SI unit. c. What does it mean by 5 m length? d. How many centimetres makes a meter? e. Define mass and write its SI unit. f. Make a list of tools that are used to measure a mass. g. How many kilograms are there in a quintal? Find out. h. What do you mean by volume? Write its SI unit. i. What tools are used to measure volume of liquid? j. Define 1 litre. k. What is time? Write a name of device to measure it. What is its SI unit? STEP3 8. Answer the following questions. a. Enlist importance of measurement. b. Discuss on the role of tools for measurement. c. How to measure length of a straight line? Explain. d. Convert the following: i. 8848 meters into kilometres. ii. 6 minutes into seconds iii. 5 ml into cm3 iv. 1785 gram into kilogram e. Let us suppose we are going to measure the length of a text book. What should we be aware of? f. If you go to the grocery to buy one kg of rice, how would the shopkeeper measure it? Discuss. g. Enlist the precautions while measuring a mass. h. Describe the process to measure the volume of liquid. i. If you are supposed to measure the volume of an irregular shaped rock, how would you do it? Explain. j. How many minutes are there within 10:30 am to 12:50 pm?
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 45 Unit 2 Information and Communication Technology
46 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Key terms and terminologies of the unit 1. Information : The set of knowledge and facts from the surrounding environment is called information. 2. Communication : The act of transmitting information from one person to another is called communication. 3. Means of communication: The tools that help in transmitting or exchanging information are called means of communication. 4. Intra-personal Communication : The act of communication in which we collect information through our senses, process it, and conclude is called intra-personal communication. 5. Inter-personal Communication: The act of exchanging information between multiple parties is called inter-personal communication. 6. Mass Communication: The act of communication in which one party relays information to the mass of receivers at once is called mass communication. Sequence of Curriculum Issued by CDC Examples of sources of information Collection of information from differences sources Use of mobile phone in learning Intra-personal communication Interpersonal communication Mass communication Similarities and differences between human and computer UNIT Sources of Information 2.1 Estimated teaching periods Theory Practical 10 5 Johannes Gutenberg was a German craftsman born in 14th century and died in 1468. He invented printing press. Invention of printing press help manufacturing large number of books, magazines and newspapers at very little cost. Low cost of published books and magazines made it easily accessible to readers. The credit for information revolution in the Europe goes to Johannes Gutenberg. Johannes Gutenberg About the Scientist
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 47 7. Computer : An electronic device that has computing ability is called computer. 8. Hardware : The physical part of any device (device that we can see and touch it) is called hardware. 9. Software : The set of instruction or instructions that operates hardware are called software. 10. Input device : The device that helps to enter raw information into the computer is called input device. 11. Output device : The device that helps to display the result processed by the computer is called output device. 12. Storage device : The device that stores data is called storage device. Information Science and technology have helped in many fields, such as education, communication, transportation, agriculture, space exploration, astronomy, medicine, and many other fields. Science and technology have heavily affected the communication field. In the last hundred years, there has been a revolution in the field of information and communication. The set of knowledge and facts from the surrounding environment is called information. Sources of information Information is obtained from different sources like speech, conversation, books, newspaper, television, radio, magazines, Internet, etc. All information are not trustworthy, so we must trust the information for authentic source. Communication The act of transmitting information from one person to another is called communication. In ancient time, sending a person to convey information, sending letters, using homing pigeons to communicate, or making certain signals such as making fire and waving hand signs, etc. were common modes of communication. However, as time has passed, there has been Fig: Communication satellite and ground stations
48 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 significant development in the field of communication. The world has upgraded from postal letters to e-mails. Means of communication People nowadays can communicate through telephones, mobile phones, communication applications, Internet-connected computers, etc. Newspapers, Online articles, study materials in Online libraries, radio, television, etc. are means of communication. The Internet is also a modern technology for communication. It helps to access knowledge throughout the world. It also helps in Online shopping, Online banking, booking flights, and bus tickets, and paying bills for water, electricity, school, etc. FACTS WITH REASONS Why is communication easier, faster and cheaper nowadays? Communication is easier, faster and cheaper nowadays because of modern technology and the internet. ACTIVITY 1 Make a list of the source of information used in our house. The computer helps us to store information. Various application software, such as word processors, installed on our computers help us to create documents. Documents can be mailed to anyone through the Internet. Computers simplify the work in banks, corporate offices, stores, and schools. Paint software such as Tux Paint and MS Paint can be used to create digital paintings. Typing software like Typeshala can be used to improve typing speed and get better at typing. Wikipedia is a source of information. It is maintained by thousands of bots. MEMORY TIPS Fig: Smartphone
Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 49 Where do we find information? Information is everywhere around us. The environment around us is full of information. The horn of a vehicle tells us that there is a vehicle nearby. The barking of dogs can mean that there are strangers nearby. Radios and televisions inform us about the daily weather. Our parents listen to the news on the radio and television. We can find out about various events that occur around the globe through different websites on the Internet. Social media sites such as Meta, Messenger, Twitter and Instagram allow us to share information with friends and family. Google, Bing, and other websites allow us to use maps. Various companies, schools, and industries advertise on the Internet, on the radio, or on television. All of these activities discussed above are sources of information. They are a primary source of information for us. Radio, TV, Internet, Onlinenews, newspapers, books, e-Books, computers, smart-phones, and other information and communication technology (ICT) tools help people share information. Google Platform Television Newspapers Fig: Source of information FACTS WITH REASONS Information is necessary for everyone. Information is necessary for everyone because we can process information to conclude and make decisions. It prevents us from making mistakes. ACTIVITY 2 Talk to your grandparents or parents and ask about the means of communication that they used when they were children. Internet or Net is the largest source of information in the current world. MEMORY TIPS
50 Modern Concept Science and Technology Book 5 Comparison of the source of information in the past and present Computers, smart-phones, smart televisions, Online-newspapers, the Internet, email, etc. are the modern means of communication. These are the main sources of information nowadays. However, these means were not available a few decades ago. Letters through post offices, visiting people personally, radio, and homing birds were some of the common modes of communication a few decades ago. There were hardly any telephones in the country. Major cities or village centers had a few telephone booths. Means of communication few decades ago Means of communication today Post office Email Homing birds Messenger, viber, etc. Sending messages Phone calls on smart-phone Smart-phones as a source of information Smart-phones are modified versions of computers. They are hand-held electronic devices that can receive, process, store, and output information. They are the most commonly used source of communication nowadays. Besides making a call from network, it can be connected to the Internet and used for communication. It can actually perform multiple functions. It can run an audio-visual file like a television. It can play music, drama, etc. like a radio. It can be used for taking photos and recording videos. We can use mirror, stopwatch, timer, GPS, measurement and conversions, etc. We surf internet and run different learning applications. Using all these functions of smart-phones, we get more and more information on the area of our interest. But for all these functions, we should have installed relevant applications (program software) in our smart-phone. Smart-phones in learning Smart-phones are becoming popular and accessible device for learning. Applications like Midas E-Class, BYJU's, toppr, Vedantu, Unacademy etc. are popular learning apps for smart-phones. We can also learn from Fig: smart-phones