Formation of Social Groups
All the people living in the society should form a social group. This
group should organize programmes to clean their surroundings. It
should provide training related to solid waste management. Different
media like television, the radio and newspapers can be used to create
awareness among the people. All these activities discourage the practice
of throwing wastes in public places.
Memory Tips
It is almost impossible to clean our surrounding alone. So, we should make
a social group to clean the surrounding providing training and awareness.
Fig: 19.6: Cleaning the surroundings
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words.
awareness proper clean diseases environment
a) Everyone likes to live in a clean.............
b) There are fewer chances of the outbreak and spread of ......... in a
clean community.
c) People living in a community are responsible to keep their
community................
d) The wastes produced from a house should be managed in a
................ place.
e) All the people living in a society should be involved in ..........
programmes.
CLEAN ENVIRONMENT 143
2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a) A clean community is necessary for a healthy living.
b) Most of the diseases spread from air and water.
c) The wastes are the homes of mosquitoes and flies.
d) Everyone likes to live in a clean environment.
e) Flies and mosquitoes do not spread diseases.
3. Match the following:
Clean community should be kept clean
Water sources should clean the surroundings
Wastes healthy living
Community people should be managed properl
4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) Everyone ............. clean surroundings.
i. likes ii. hates iii. none of them
b) Waste produced at home should be managed .............
i. in the community ii. at home iii. by the government
c) Community user groups should .............
i. work for the nation ii. clean the house
iii. keep the community clean
d) Kitchen wastes should be .............
i. used to make compost manure ii. thrown iii. sold
e) Flies spread .............
i. communicable diseases ii. non-communicable diseases
iii. both
144 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
5. Answer the following questions.
a) Why is a clean surrounding necessary?
b) What should be done with the waste produced from the kitchen?
c) How do wastes cause diseases?
d) Name some sources of water in a community.
e) Why do we need to keep the sources of water clean?
f) What should be the role of the community user group?
6. Look at the following figures and explain what is happening.
Activity
Ask your parents how your surroundings is kept clean and explain it
to the class.
Project Work
Collect the pictures of the celebration of different festivals in your
community and paste them in your project work copy.
CLEAN ENVIRONMENT 145
Uni t
20 OUR FOOD
Estimated teaching periods : 3
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
state the functions of food.
classify foods into various types.
explain the importance of food.
No living things can survive without food. So, we need food. Nutritious
and fresh food makes us strong and healthy. It protects us from various
diseases.
We eat food from our infancy. A newly-born baby sucks its mother’s
breast to get milk. The baby gets all types of nutritions from mother’s
milk. When the baby grows up, s/he starts eating other foods. After s/
he becomes young s/he eats a variety of foods that are obtained from
various sources.
Memory Tips
All living things need food. Food provides us energy to do work. It makes
us strong and healthy. It also protects us from various diseases.
Fig: 20.1: Variety of foods
146 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Functions of Food
We work, play and do various activities in our daily life. To do these
activities, we need energy. This energy is obtained from food.
Food helps in the growth and development of our body. It also protects
our body from various diseases. Some major functions of food are given
below:
i. Food gives us energy to do work.
ii. Food protects our body from various diseases.
iii. Food helps to make our body strong and healthy.
iv. Nutritious food makes our brain sharp.
v. Food makes our body healthy and attractive.
Memory Tips
Food provides us energy, protects from various diseases, makes us strong,
healthy and attractive. It also sharpens our brain.
Fig: 20.2
Types of Food
On the basis of their functions, food items can be divided into following
types:
i. Energy-giving food
ii. Body-building food
iii. Protective food
iv. Fat and oil
v. Water
Memory Tips
On the basis of function, foods are classified into five groups. They are
energy-giving food, body-building food, protective food, fat and water.
OUR FOOD 147
Energy-giving Foods
The foods which give us energy are called energy-giving foods. Foods
like rice, potato, sweet potato, wheat, millet, sugarcane, etc. are some
examples of energy giving foods. Energy giving foods are also called
carbohydrates. The energy obtained from these foods is used to work,
play and do various other activities. The simple form of carbohydrate
is called glucose. So,drinking glucose solution provides us energy
instantly when we are tired.
Memory Tips
The foods which give us energy are called energy-giving foods. Examples:
rice, potato, sweet potato, wheat, millet, sugarcane, etc.
Eating a lot of food rich in carbohydrate is not good for health. This
extra carbohydrate is converted into fat inside the body. This makes our
body obese. Similarly, the uncontrolled consumption of carbohydrate
may cause a disease called diabetes.
Memory Tips
Excess eating of energy giving food causes obese and diabetes.
Fig: 20.3 Food items rich in carbohydrate
Body-building Foods
The foods which help our body to grow are called body-building foods.
Foods like chicken, mutton, fish, eggs, milk, ghee, butter, oil, etc. are
some examples of body-building foods. They are rich in protein and
help to repair wounds. Thus, for a healthy growth and development of
our body, protein is an essential component of our food.
Memory Tips
The foods which help our body to grow are called body-building foods.
Examples: chicken, mutton, fish, eggs, milk, ghee, butter, oil, etc.
148 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Fig: 20.4: Some body-building foods
Deficiency of protein in our food can result in various diseases. For
example, marasmus and kwashiorkor are caused by deficiency of protein
in the food. A person suffering from the above mentioned diseases has
weak bones and body parts. He has a weak mind and cannot remember
things for a long time.
Memory Tips
Deficiency of energy-giving foods causes marasmus and kwashiorkor
Fig: 20.5
Protective Foods
The foods which protect our body from various diseases are called
protective foods. They keep us healthy and fit. Different types of fruits
and vegetables fall under this group. They also give us a little amount
OUR FOOD 149
of energy and protein. Some examples of protective foods are apples,
grapes, lemon, spinach, garlic, onions, green vegetables, etc. Vitamins,
minerals and sunlight also protect our body from different diseases.
Memory Tips
The foods which protect our body from various diseases are called protective
foods. Examples: apples, grapes, lemon, spinach, garlic, onions, green
vegetables, etc.
Fig: 20.6: Some protective foods
Deficiency of vitamins and minerals in food can cause various problems
in the body. It may result in night blindness, decay of teeth, weak bones,
infertility, goitre, anaemia, etc.
Memory Tips
Deficiency of protective foods causes blindness, decay of teeth, weak bones,
infertility, goitre, anaemia, etc.
Fig: 20.7
Fat and Oil
Milk, ghee, cheese, butter, curd, soyabean, mustard, sunflower, etc. are
the sources of fat and oil. They keep our body warm and add beauty
to it. But, we should not take too much fat in our food. The extra fat
deposits in the body and makes us too fat or obese. An obese person
cannot walk for a long distance and work properly. Besides, there is a
greater chance for a fat person to get ill.
150 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Memory Tips
Fat and oil keep us warm and beauty. Milk, ghee, cheese, butter, curd,
soyabean, mustard, sunflower, etc. are the sources of fat and oil.
Fig: 20.8: Some sources of fat and oil
Water
Water is also an important component of food. Water must be clean and
pure. The functions of water in our body are:
Water plays an important role in digestion.
It helps to maintain the temperature of the body.
It helps to transport digested food.
It helps to discharge the waste materials from our body.
Memory Tips
Water helps in digestion of food, maintains body temperature, transports
digested food and waste products in the respective sites, etc.
Water does not give us energy but regulates different types of biological
activities. We need to drink at least 5-6 glasses of water everyday.
Fig: 20.9: Drinking water
OUR FOOD 151
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate words from the box.
diseases healthy carbohydrate proteins energy kwashiorkor
a) Clean and fresh food keeps us .................
b) Carbohydrate is an ............ giving food.
c) Rice, potato, sweet potato, etc. are rich in .................. .
d) Body-building foods are also called ....................
e) ............. is caused due to deficiency of protein.
f) Vitamins protect our body from ....................
2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a) All living things need food to live.
b) Vitamins are energy giving foods.
c) Protein helps in the growth of our body.
d) Water helps to digest food.
e) Butter is a source of carbohydrate.
f) Fat keeps our body warm.
3. Match the following:
Proper food energy-giving foods
protect from diseases
Meat and fish keep body warm
healthy life
Rice and wheat body-building foods
Vitamins
Fat and oil
4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) Food that helps in the growth and development of our body is
called ................
i. carbohydrate ii. protein iii. fat
152 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
b) Chicken, mutton and fish are rich in .................
i. protein ii. fat iii. carbohydrate
c) Rice, potato and sweet potato are rich in ................
i. carbohydrate ii. protein iii. fat
d) Goitre is caused by the deficiency of .............. in our body.
i. protein ii. fat iii. minerals
e) Water helps to .....................
i. digest food ii. protect our body iii. give energy
5. Answer the following questions.
a) Write any four functions of food.
b) What are carbohydrates?
c) Name any four foods rich in protein.
d) What happens if there is a lack of protein in our food?
e) Why is protein essential for our body?
f) Name any two diseases that are caused by the lack of protein.
g) Name any three sources of fat.
h) What are the functions of fat in our body?
i) Why are minerals important to our body?
j) Why are vitamins important to our body?
k) Write any three functions of water in our body.
6. Look at the food items given below and write down their type.
Activity
Make a list of any five energy-giving foods, five body-building foods
and five protective foods.
Project Work
Collect some pictures of energy-giving foods, body-building foods
and protective foods. Paste them in your project work copy.
OUR FOOD 153
Unit KEEPING FOOD SAFE AND
TYPES OF DIET
21
Estimated teaching periods : 35
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
differentiate between healthy and unhealthy foods.
explain the methods of keeping food safe.
distinguish various types of food.
state the advantages and disadvantages of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets.
It is necessary to eat fresh and healthy food. We should wash, cook
and store food properly. Otherwise, it becomes unhealthy and unsafe
for our health. The nutrition of food should be preserved properly. It
should not be lost at all. Healthy food gives us energy to do work and
play. It also protects us from various diseases.
Memory Tips
We must eat fresh and healthy food. Healthy food makes our body strong
and our brain sharp.
Methods to Keep Our Food Safe
There are various methods to preserve the nutrition of food. Some
common methods are given below:
i. Green vegetables and fruits should be
washed properly.
ii. Vegetables should be cut just before
cooking.
iii. Green and leafy vegetables should not
be over cooked.
iv. Vegetables should be stored in cold
places.
154 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
v. Foods must be covered while cooking.
vi. Meat and fish should be well cooked.
viii. Utensils should be washed properly.
ix. Hands should be washed properly
before eating food.
x. Food should be covered properly to
protect it from dust and flies
Types of Diet
Some people like to eat only rice, dal, roti, vegetables, fruits, etc. But most
people like to eat meat as well. Therefore, on the basis of the presence or
absence of meat, diets are of two types.
i. Vegetarian Diet ii. Non-vegetarian Diet
Memory Tips
On the basis of the presence or absence of meat, diets are of two types. They
are vegetarian diet and non-vegetarian diet.
1. Vegetarian Diet
Vegetarian diet does not include meat. Many Fig: 21.1 Vegetarian diet
people in our community are vegetarians.
Some people become vegetarians because
of their belief in religion while some do
so because of their personal will. Eating a
vegetarian diet is very good for our health.
The vegetarian diet contains the entire range
of plant products and some dairy products.
Memory Tips
The diet which does not include meat is called vegetarian diet. It includes
plant products and some diary products. Example, rice, roti, dal, vegetables,
fruits, milk, ghee, butter, etc.
KEEPING FOOD SAFE AND TYPES OF DIET 155
For example, rice, roti, dal, vegetables, fruits, milk, ghee, butter, etc.
There are several advantages of vegetarian diet. Some important ones
are given below:
(i) Eating vegetarian diet reduces the chances of getting heart problems.
(ii) Vegetarians have less chances of getting various communicable
diseases like bird flu, hook worms, thread worms, etc.
(iii) Vegetarian diet develops soft nature in people.
(iv) Vegetarians are less likely to get angry and violent.
Memory Tips
People eating vegetarian diet have soft nature, less angry and less violent.
They have less chance of heart disease and communicable disease from bird
flu, hook worms, thread worms, etc.
2. Non-vegetarian Diet
The diet that includes meat, eggs, fish,
etc. is called a non-vegetarian diet. A
non-vegetarian diet contains products
from both plants and animals. In this
diet, protein and fat are present in a large
quantity. So, doctors advise weak persons
to have meat and fishes in their diet. A
non-vegetarian diet takes a long time to
be digested. Therefore, people eating
meat do not feel hungry for a long time. Fig: 21.2: Non-vegetarian diets
Memory Tips
The diet which includes meat is called non-vegetarian diet. It includes both
plant and animal products.
There are several disadvantages of a non-vegetarian diet. Some of them
are given below:
(i) Non-vegetarians have greater chances of getting heart and liver
problems.
(ii) Non-vegetarianshavehigherchancesofgettingvariouscommunicable
diseases like bird flu, hook worms, thread worms, etc.
(iii) Non-vegetarians mostly suffer from the problem of digestive system.
(iv) There is a higher chance of being fat.
156 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
(v) Non-vegetarians have higher chances of getting teeth problem.
(vi) A non-vegetarian diet develops aggressive nature in people.
Memory Tips
Non-vegetarians have greater chances of getting heart and liver problems.
They have risk from various communicable diseases like bird flu, hook
worms, thread worms, etc. They suffer from digestive and teeth problems.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks using suitable words.
soft make washed butter water vegeterian digest
a) Vegetables should be ......... properly.
b) A vegetarian diet helps to develop .............. nature.
c) ................. does not give energy.
d) ................. is a source of fat.
e) Water helps us to ................ food.
f) Protein helps us to ................ the body strong.
g) Eating ................. diet is good for health.
2. Write ‘T’ for true ‘F’ for false statements.
a) Healthy food makes our brain dull.
b) Rice is an energy-giving food.
c) Fat keeps our body warm during a cold season.
d) Green and leafy vegetables should be over-cooked.
e) Butter is a source of fat.
f) Water helps to transport digested food.
3. Match the following:
Nutritious food energy-giving food
protects us from diseases
Meat keeps body warm
healthy life
Rice body-building food
Vitamin
Fat
KEEPING FOOD SAFE AND TYPES OF DIET 157
4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) The diet that includes meat is called ...................... .
i. a vegetarian diet ii. a non-vegetarian diet iii. both
b) Vegetarians are mostly ............. in nature.
i. soft ii. aggressive iii. none of them
c) Milk, ghee, cheese, etc. are .............. products.
i. plant ii. animal iii. both
d) Rice, roti, pulses, etc. are ............... products.
i. plant ii. animal iii. both
e) Food must be cooked in a ............. vessel.
i. open ii. closed iii. none of these
5. Answer the following questions.
a) What is a vegetarian diet?
b) Name any four vegetarian food items.
c) What are the advantages of a vegetarian diet?
d) What is a non-vegetarian diet?
e) Why do doctors advise non-vegetarian diet for weak people?
f) What are the disadvantages of a non-vegetarian diet?
g) Why is it necessary to preserve food? h. Write any four methods
for preserving food.
6. Identify vegetarian and non-vegetarian food items from the
following pictures.
Activity
Ask your mother and note down the names of five vegetarian and
three nonvegetarian food items.
Project Work
Find out how many of your classmates are vegetarians and how many
of them non-vegetarians.
158 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
DISEASES Unit
22
Estimated teaching periods : 5
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
define a disease.
differentiate between healthy and unhealthy condition of the body.
describe the causes of diseases.
identify the types of diseases.
explain the methods to prevent diseases
We feel uneasy when we have pain in our teeth or any other part of the
body. The uneasy condition of the body is called sickness or disease.
When we are healthy, we study, play and walk normally. But, when we
are unhealthy, we cannot perform our regular activities. Sick people are
physically and mentally weak. There are several reasons why diseases
occur. Some of them are given below.
If a part of the body or the whole body does not work properly
If the body gets injured or wounded
If microbes enter our body
If we are not getting a balanced diet
Memory Tips
A disease is a condition of our body when we feel uneasy to perform our
regular activities.
Fig: 22.1 Different conditions of sickness
DISEASES 159
Types of Diseases
Diseases are of two types. They are:
A. Communicable Diseases
B. Non-communicable Diseases
A. Communicable Diseases
When you eat dirty food, you suffer from diarrhoea. Similarly, you
may suffer from a common cold if your best friend is suffering from it.
The diseases which can transmit from one person to another are called
communicable diseases. Dysentery, measles, hook worm infection, thread
worm infection, scabies, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, typhoid, tuberculosis,
etc. are some communicable diseases. These diseases are caused due to
infection by germs or other living organisms. Communicable diseases are
transferred from stool, urine, sputum, mucus, sneezing, coughing, etc.
Memory Tips
The diseases which can transmit from one person to another are called
communicable diseases. Examples: Dysentery, measles, typhoid,
tuberculosis, etc.
Fig: 22.2
How can we be safe from communicable diseases?
To be safe from communicable diseases, we must:
eat fresh and clean food.
avoid junk and rotten food.
keep our body neat and clean.
160 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
put on clean and proper clothes.
cover our face with clean handkerchief while coughing and sneezing.
Memory Tips
To protect from communicable diseases, we must eat fresh and clean food. We
should avoid junk and rotten food. We should wear clean and seasonal clothes.
Fig: 22.3
Introduction to Some Communicable Diseases
a. Common Cold
Common cold is a disease which mostly occurs during the winter season.
It is caused by viral infection. Common cold is marked by a headache,
sneezing, coughing and running nose.
Memory Tips
Common cold is a viral disease which occurs mostly in winter season. It is
characterized by headache, sneezing, coughing and running nose.
Causes of Common Cold Fig: 22.4
Contact with an infected person
Improper clothing and unhygienic lifestyle
Impure and dirty drinking water
Staying or moving in polluted area
Symptoms of Common Cold
Running nose
Sneezing and coughing
Headache and fever
DISEASES 161
Prevention from Common Cold
Prevention from Common Cold The key preventive measures of a Fig: 22.5
common cold are:
Avoid direct contact with the patient.
Always drink clean and boiled water.
Always wear proper clothes according to the season.
Never wear the clothes used by an infected person.
Always put a mask while walking in polluted areas.
Memory Tips
To protect from common cold, we should avoid contact with the patient,
drink clean and boiled water, do not wear clothes of infected person, put a
mask while walking.
b. Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is a communicable disease which is marked by watery stool.
It is caused by contaminated food and drinks.
Causes of Diarrhoea
Drinking impure and dirty water
Playing with dirt and stool
Eating unhygienic food
Symptoms of Diarrhoea
Watery stool Fig: 22.6
Loss of appetite
Uneasiness
Drowsiness and vomiting
Prevention from Diarrhoea
Always use pure and clean drinking water. Fig: 22.7
Wash your hands properly before eating food.
Never play with dirty things.
Keep your nails short and clean.
Memory Tips
Diarrhoea is a water born communicable disease. It is marked by watery
stool. It can be protected mainly by drinking pure and boiled water.
162 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
B. Non-communicable Diseases
Diseases like blindness, deafness, tumour, malnutrition, diabetes,
cancer, etc. do not transfor form one person to another. They are called
non-communicable disease. Thus, the diseases which do not transmit
from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases.
These diseases are caused either by infection of germs or due to the
malfunction of a body part. Some non-communicable diseases cannot
be treated easily.
Memory Tips
The diseases which do not transmit from one person to another are called
non-communicable diseases. Examples: blindness, deafness, tumour,
malnutrition, diabetes, cancer, etc.
Fig: 22.8
How can we be safe from non-communicable diseases?
The causes of non-communicable diseases are not known clearly. The
cause differs according to the case and conditions. So, it is very difficult
to adopt any safety measures. However, proper food habit, personal
cleanliness, regular exercise, adoption of safe lifestyle, etc. can keep us
safe from non-communicable diseases.
Memory Tips
Proper food habit, personal cleanliness, regular exercise, adoption of safe
lifestyle, etc. can keep us safe from non-communicable diseases.
DISEASES 163
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks using suitable words.
microbes common cold sickness spread transmit face blindness
a) The uneasy condition of a body is called ................
b) Communicable diseases .............. from one person to another.
c)
............... is a non-communicable disease.
d) The entry of ................. into our body causes disease.
e) We must cover our ............. while coughing and sneezing.
f)
............... is a communicable disease.
2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a) A healthy person can work normally.
b) Germs cause various diseases.
c) Clean and fresh food keeps us healthy.
d) We must put on clean and proper clothes.
e) Typhoid and scabies are communicable diseases.
3. Match the following:
Disease viral infection
communicable disease
Germs cause diseases
unhealthy condition
Diarrhoea cold non-communicable disease
Diabetes
Common
4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) Disease makes us feel .........
i. uneasy ii. difficulty in working iii. both
b) Common cold is a .........
i. communicable disease ii. non-communicable disease
iii. both
164 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
c) Non-communicable diseases can be caused by ..............
i. parental characters ii. deep injury iii. both
d) Personal cleanliness prevents us from .........
i. diseases ii. accidents iii. none of these
e) Clean and pure drinking water is necessary to be safe from......
i. diarrhoea ii. cancer iii. AIDS
5. Observe the following figures and write the name of the diseases.
6. Answer the following questions.
a) Define a disease. Give any five examples.
b) Name the two types of diseases.
c) How do germs enter our body?
d) What are communicable diseases?
e) What are non-communicable diseases?
f) Name any three non-communicable diseases.
g) How can we be safe from communicable diseases? Write any three
safety measures. h. How can we be safe from non-communicable
diseases? Write any two safety measures
Activity
Write any five measures that you apply when you suffer from common
cold and diarrhoea.
Project Work
Make a list of diseases that your family members have suffered from
and write what your family did to cure those diseases.
DISEASES 165
Uni t
23 SAFETY AND FIRST AID
Estimated teaching periods : 4
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
explain how accidents occur.
take safety measures.
apply the first aid methods for various types of accidents.
We may burn our hand while lighting a candle. Similarly, we may cut
fingers while chopping vegetables. Likewise, we may get injured playing
the games, crossing a road, boarding a bus, etc. These incidents happen
unknowingly and suddenly. They are called accidents. Therefore,
accidents occur suddenly and unknowingly.
Memory Tips
An unpleasant event that happens suddenly and causes injury or damage is
called an accident.
Fig: 23.1 Fig: 23.2
Most of the accidents take place when we become
careless. Following proper rules and regulations can
prevent or minimize the accidents. The rules that we
follow in different areas are called safety rules. For
example, we should cross the road from an overhead
bridge or a zebra-crossing; we should store sharp
objects properly; we should keep things that catch fire
out of the reach of children; we should not pull or push
our friends while boarding a bus, etc.
166 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Memory Tips
The rules that we follow in different areas to protect from the different
accidents are called safety rules.
Safety
We follow various rules to avoid accidents. These rules are called safety
rules. If we do not follow the safety rules, we may meet with accidents.
Some common safety rules to be followed in different places are as follows:
a. In the Playground
We must follow the given safety rules while playing on the ground.
We should wear proper clothes and
shoes while playing on the ground.
Sharp and pointed objects like broken
pieces of glass, pins, nails, etc. should be
removed from the playground.
We should play safe games.
We should follow the rules and
regulations of the game that we play. Fig: 23.3
We should not quarrel and fight with friends while playing games.
Memory Tips
To protect form accidents in the playgroup, we should wear proper clothes
and shoes, remove sharp and pointed things from the field. Play the safe
games.
b. Inside Classroom
Running on the bench, quarreling with friends, etc. can cause accidents
in the classroom. The safety rules that we should follow inside the
classroom are given below:
We should obey our teachers.
We should not run on desks and
benches.
We should not quarrel with our
friends. Fig: 23.4
We should not run around inside the
classroom.
SAFETY AND FIRST AID 167
Memory Tips
To avoid accidents in the classroom, we should obey our teachers, we should
not run on the desk and benches and should not fight with friends.
c. On the Road
A careful walk on the road makes our movement safe. The safety rules
that should be followed on the road are given below:
We should walk on the footpath.
We should cross the road from the zebra crossing or from an overhead
bridge.
We should follow traffic rules.
We should not travel hanging from a bus.
Memory Tips
To avoid accidents on the road, we should follow the traffic rules, walk on
the footpath, cross the road from the zebra crossing or overhead bridge etc.
d. At Home
We spend most of our time at our
home. We also do various activities in
our home. So, there are higher chances
of accidents at home. The safety rules
that we should follow at home are Fig: 23.5: Accidents at home
given below:
We should keep sharp and pointed objects properly.
Electric wires should not be left open.
We should not touch electric sockets.
The floor should not be slippery so that we won’t slip and fall down.
Fire should be put out when we finish cooking.
Memory Tips
To avoid accidents at homes, we should not play with sharp and pointed
objects, electric switch and plugs, fire, etc.
168 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
e. At the Swimming Pool
The safety rules that should be followed
at the swimming pool are given below:
Never go for swimming alone.
If you cannot swim properly, first
learn to do so in a shallow place using
a rubber tube.
Never go for swimming with those Fig: 23.6: Swimming
who do not know how to swim.
Never go to a deep pool unless you have learnt to swim properly.
Memory Tips
To avoid accidents in swimming pool, do not go swimming alone, never go
in deep pool and use rubber tubes while swimming.
First Aid
We should follow safety rules everywhere. Safety rules
reduce the chances of accidents. However, accidents
occur unknowingly and suddenly. So, first aid is
required to save life after an accident. Fig: 23.7:
Headache
Memory Tips
First aid is the immediate care after an accident which is given to injured
person before taking him/her to a hospital.
The box in which we keep different kinds of medicines
and instruments for first aid is called first aid box. It
has a red (plus ‘+’) sign on its outer surface. It contains
cotton, bandage, dettol, tape, scissors, etc. These things
are used during the first aid. Fig: 23.8:
First-aid box
Memory Tips
First aid box contains cotton, bandage, dettol, tape, scissors, etc. Which are
required during the first aid treatment.
SAFETY AND FIRST AID 169
Some accidents that require first aid are given below.
a. Cuts and Wounds
The steps of first aid to be given in case of cuts and wounds are as follows:
We should clean the wound with clean water. Antiseptic like iodine,
dettol can be used.
Dirt and foreign particles should be removed using clean cotton.
We should cover the wound with cotton pressing it gently until the
bleeding stops.
When the bleeding stops, medicine should be applied on it.
We should use a bandage to cover the wound.
We should take the victim to the hospital if the wound is deep.
Memory Tips
The cuts and wounds are washed with dettol, use antiseptic, press the wound
gently with cotton, take the victim to the hospital if wound is deep.
Fig: 23.9: Persons getting first-aid
b. Burn
The steps of first aid to be followed in case of a burn are:
We should put out the fire by
covering our body with thick
clothes.
We should pour cold water over
the burnt part.
We should not remove pieces of
clothes from the burnt parts.
We should give the victim cold Fig: 23.10
water and cold drink.
If the case is severe, he/she should be taken to hospital immediately.
170 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Memory Tips
After burn, we should use cold water or ice cubes on the wound. If the case
is severe, he/she should be taken to hospital immediately.
c. Bone Fracture
The steps of first aid to be followed in case of a bone fracture are as
follows:
We should ask the person to lie down.
We should not massage the fractured
part.
We should not allow the injured person
to move the fractured part.
We should tie the fractured part with a
bandage so that it does not move.
We can put sticks to support the Fig: 23.11: Plastering hand
fractured part while putting a bandage.
We should take him/her to hospital immediately.
Memory Tips
We should not massage the fractured part. We should tie the fractured part
with bandage. We take him or her to the hospital immediately.
d. Bleeding from Nose
The steps of first aid to be followed in
case of bleeding from the nose are
as follows:
We should ask the person to keep
his/her head up.
We should try to stop bleeding by
pressing his/her nose.
We should make the person lie Fig: 23.12: Bleeding from the nose
down for a while.
If the bleeding is profuse, we should quickly take him/her to hospital.
Memory Tips
To prevent nose bleeding, we should ask the person to keep his/her head up,
we should try to stop bleeding by pressing his/her nose.
SAFETY AND FIRST AID 171
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words.
electric first aid sharp objects anytime fire zebra anywhere
a) Accidents occur .............. and .............
b) We should cross the road from the ............. crossing.
c) We should not play with .............
d) ..................... should be put out when it is not used.
e) .................. is an immediate care.
f) ....................... wires should be covered.
2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a) We can cross the road from anywhere.
b) Accidents occur suddenly.
c) If we follow safety rules, we meet with accidents.
d) We should not fight inside the classroom.
e) We should keep a first aid box at our home.
f) We should not touch an electric socket.
3. Match the following: occur suddenly
First aid
Accidents keep us safe
Safety rules to wash wounds
Antiseptic put out fire
Burn mmediate care
172 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
4. Tick () the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) We should cross the road from a ...............
i. overhead bridge ii. zebra crossing iii. both of them
b) Safety rules should be followed ...............
i. at home ii. on the road iii. anywhere
c) In the playground, we should not ...............
i. quarrel ii. speak iii. run
d) We should clean a wound with ...............
i. paper ii. plastic iii. dettol
e) We should not ............... the fractured part.
i. massage ii. touch iii. bandage
5. Answer the following questions.
a) What is an accident?
b) What do you mean by safety rules?
c) What are the safety rules in the playground?
d) List the safety rules to be followed at home.
e) What are the safety rules to be followed on the road?
f) Write down the safety rules to be followed inside the classroom.
g) What do you mean by first aid?
h) Write down the steps of first aid for cuts and wounds.
i) List the first aid for burns.
j) Write down the first aid for a fractured bone.
k) Point out the first aid for a bleeding nose.
Activity
Write a conversation about the importance of first aid.
Project Work
Draw different traffic signals in your project work copy.
SAFETY AND FIRST AID 173
Uni t
24 HEALTH SERVICES
Estimated teaching periods : 25
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
list various health services.
explain the importance of health services.
Only a healthy person can become successful in his life. Therefore, it is
essential to maintain a good health. We can walk, work, play and perform
various activities if we are healthy. However, there is hardly any person
who does not get ill. Most of the people suffer from various diseases. A
dirty environment is the main cause of diseases. Diseases make us sick.
Thus, when we get sick, we should seek treatment on time.
Memory Tips
If we get sick, we should go to see a doctor and take medicines. After taking
medicine we can recover ourselves from sickness.
Fig: 24.1: Health services
In our society, we have different institutions that provide health services.
These include health posts, hospitals, clinics, etc. We visit these health
institutions for the treatment of various diseases. They also provide us
various health related information. In our country, the government has
made arrangements to provide health services in every VDCs (Village
Development Committee) through health posts.
174 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Memory Tips
Different health institutions that provide health services are health posts,
hospitals, clinics, etc.
Hospital Health post Clinic
Fig: 24.3
We can hear, see and read the news about vaccinations in different
media. The vaccination programmes are organized in the health posts
at a certain interval of time. Besides vaccination, health related services
are also available in the health post. They provide both emergency
and general health facilities. Emergency health facilities include the
treatment for accidents, burns, food poisoning, drowning, child delivery,
etc. Similarly, general facilities include simple health check up in case of
fever, cold, dysentery, malaria, typhoid, etc.
Memory Tips
In the health institutions, we get different health facilities like vaccination,
health check up, emergency health facilities, etc.
Fig: 24.3 Fig: 24.4
Health Post HEALTH SERVICES 175
Among the health institutions, the health
post is the most basic one. There are health
assistants and nurses in the health post. The
health post provides health services like
vaccination, child delivery, simple health
check up, etc. They also conduct vaccination
programmes at a certain interval of time.
Memory Tips
The health post is the most basic health institution. It provides health
services like vaccination, child delivery, simple health check up, etc.
Hospitals
Hospitals are generally located at district headquarters. There are many
doctors and nurses in the hospital. Hospitals provide treatment for
both general and serious diseases. Hospitals may be general or specific.
General hospitals provide all kinds of health services to all the patients.
For example, Bir Hospital, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital,
Patan Hospital, Kathmandu Model Hospital, etc. are general hospitals.
Some hospitals provide services for specific diseases. For example,
Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre provides services related to heart
diseases, Nepal Eye Hospital provides services related to eye diseases.
Memory Tips
Hospitals are the big health institutions. They provide treatment for both
general and serious diseases. There are many doctors and nurses in the hospital.
Fig: 24.5
Clinics and Nursing Homes
In the private sector, several clinics and nursing homes are opened to
provide health facilities. There may be a single doctor or many doctors
in these institutions. They provide prompt and quality health services.
However, they are expensive and beyond the reach of the common people.
Fig: 24.6
176 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
There are many other health institutions in our society. They are
established to provide health services. So, we must avail ourselves of
their services. We should visit them to solve the health-related problems.
Memory Tips
The health institutions which are opened in private sectors to provide health
services are called nursing homes and clinics. They are expensive.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words:
environment successful doctor health services medicines vaccinations
a) Only a healthy person can become .....................
b) When we get sick, we must see the ..................
c) Hospitals, health posts, clinics, etc. provide ...................
d) .................. prevent different diseases.
e) A dirty ...................... is the main cause of diseases.
2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a) A healthy person cannot be successful.
b) We must take medicines when we get sick.
c) A health post has many doctors.
d) The hospital provides only simple treatments.
e) Private clinics are generally expensive.
3. Match the following:
Hospital checks up the patients
prevents diseases in future
Health post emergency treatment
health assistant
Doctor many doctors
Vaccination
Accidents
HEALTH SERVICES 177
4. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) We must maintain a good ..............
i. health ii. friend iii. hair
b) We can recover from diseases after taking ................
i. a balanced diet ii. water iii. medicines
c) A health post provides ....................
i. stationery goods ii. health services iii. transport services
d) Hospitals provide treatment for
...................
i. simple problems ii. serious problems iii. both
e) Vaccination prevents ................. in future.
i. wounds ii. worms iii. diseases
5. Answer the following questions.
a) Why is good health necessary?
b) What are health institutions?
c) What should we do when we get sick?
d) What kind of health services are provided in health posts?
e) What kind of health services are provided in hospitals?
f) Why are vaccinations important?
g) Why are clinics and nursing homes not used by poor people?
6. Look at the following figures and write what is happening.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Activity
Ask your parents about the health services received by your family
and make a presentation in the class.
Project Work
Visit the nearest hospitals, clinics or health posts and note down the
health services provided by them.
178 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
nit U
DRINKING AND SMOKING 25
Estimated teaching periods : 4
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
state that drinking and smoking are bad habits.
explain the effects of drinking and smoking.
Drinking alcohol is a bad habit. It causes harm to our body. Similarly,
smoking and taking drugs are bad habits, too. If anyone has such bad
habits, he/she will have a poor health. We can see and read different
news related to bad habits on TV and newspapers. In many cases, bad
habits may be the cause of death. To live a long and healthy life, we
should avoid such bad health habits.
Memory Tips
Smoking and drinking alcohol are bad habits. If anyone has such bad habits,
he/she will have a poor health. So, to live a long and healthy life, we should
avoid such bad health habits.
Fig: 25.1: Some bad habits
Bad health habits can also create problems in the society. Gang fights,
thefts, robberies, murders, etc. are the results of bad health habits. A
normal person can be violent after drinking alcohol. Then he might
quarrel with his family members. The noise made by that violent person
can disturb his neighbours. In this way, the entire society gets disturbed.
DRINKING AND SMOKING 179
The habit of taking drugs and smoking can pass from friends to friends.
If any friend has such a bad habit, others tend to copy from him being
unaware that it will lead to many problems. The price of drugs they use
is very high. If their parents do not give them enough money, they start
stealing, robbing, kidnapping, etc. Thus, a serious social problem arises.
Memory Tips
Smoking and drinking alcohol are also serious social problems. Stealing,
robbing, kidnapping, quarreling, noising, etc. occur in the society due to
drinking, smoking and taking drugs.
Fig: 25.2: Some bad effects of drinking and smoking
Most of the people adopt bad health habits from their friends. So, we
must stay away from friends with bad habits. If any of our friends has
such habits, we must tell him to avoid them. We should tell him about the
effects of bad health habits in our physical and mental health. Similarly,
young children learn bad habits from their parents. If a father drinks
alcohol, his children want to follow him. So, parents should avoid such
bad habits. It will help to create a healthy family. Children should also
encourage their parents to quit such bad habits. They should tell their
parents about the effects of such habits.
Memory Tips
Most people adopt drinking alcohol, smoking and taking drugs from the
friends and parents. So, we should avoid friends with bad habits
Fig: 25.3: Some good habits
180 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Smoking
Smoking is another bad habit. Smoking means taking tobacco in the
form of cigarettes, tobacco, etc. Smoking is injurious to health. Smoking
for a long time may cause diseases like TB, cancer, etc. which can take
our life untimely. Smoking is a habit which no one can give up easily.
So, we must stay away from smoking. If we see anyone smoking, we
should advise them not to do so.
Memory Tips
Smoking means taking tobacco in the form of cigarettes, tobacco, etc.
Smoking is injurious to health. Smoking for a long time may cause diseases
like TB, cancer, etc.
Fig: 25.4: Smoking is injurious to health
Smoking not only affects the smokers but also people who are around.
Those people sitting near or around the smokers are called passive
smokers. So, we should always stay away from the smokers. Most
of the people start smoking under the influence of their friends. Young
people think themselves as heroes after smoking. Children of smoking
parents learn to smoke from their parents. Smoking in a public place
can affect other people too.
In Nepal, we can find larger number
of boys smoking compared to girls.
Tamakhu is a traditional way of
smoking. Mostly old people smoke
Tamakhu. It is said that smoking
causes much larger number of deaths
compared to other drugs. Tobacco
contains a substance called nicotine,
which affects our health adversely. Fig: 25.5: Smoking at public place
DRINKING AND SMOKING 181
Memory Tips
Smoking not only affects the smokers but also people who are around. Those
people sitting near or around the smokers are called passive smokers. So,
we should always stay away from the smokers.
Fig: 25.6: Some bad habits
Effects of Smoking
Smoking has a serious impact on human health. It mainly affects the
respiratory system. Smoking decreases the life span too.
Some effects of smoking are given below:
Smoking affects the lungs and causes asthma, bronchitis, T.B. (tuberculosis)
and finally lung cancer.
Smoking makes the skin black, mainly lips and gums.
Chewing tobacco can cause cancer in gums or the mouth.
Smoking tobacco can affect the people staying close to the smoker.
Smoking reduces the life span.
Smoking causes air pollution.
Memory Tips
Smoking affects the lungs and causes asthma, bronchitis, T.B. (tuberculosis)
and finally lung cancer. It also makes skin, lips and gums black.
Fig: 25.7: Some effects of nicotine on health
182 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
How Can We Avoid Smoking?
It is necessary to avoid smoking. If our parents or friends smoke, we
should request them not to smoke. We should tell them about the
impact of smoking on health. The government should enforce rules to
stop smoking in public places. The price of cigarette and tobacco should
be raised. Awareness should be created among the common people.
Memory Tips
Most people adopt smoking from the friends and parents. So, we should
avoid friends with smoking. If our parents or friends smoke, we should
request them not to smoke.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct word.
lips nicotine friends parents problems bad
a) Drinking alcohol is a ................ habit.
b) Drinking and smoking create ................... in the society.
c) Young children learn bad habits from ................ and ..................
d) Tobacco contains a substance called .................
e) Smoking makes our ............... black.
2. Write ‘T’ for true ‘F’ for false statements.
a) Smoking reduces our life span.
b) Taking drugs is good for health.
c) Children may learn smoking from their parents.
d) We should avoid bad friends.
e) Awareness helps people to avoid bad habits.
3. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.
a) Smoking is .............. to health.
i. good ii. injurious iii. none of them
DRINKING AND SMOKING 183
b) We should ............ bad friends.
i. follow ii. have iii. avoid
c) Children should request their parents to ..............
i. drink alcohol ii. smoke iii. give up bad habits
d) Nicotine is present in ..............
i. alcohol ii. tobacco iii. drugs
e) Bad habit creates problems in the ...................
i. society ii. family iii. both
4. Answer the following questions.
a) What is alcohol?
b) How do people start drinking alcohol?
c) Write any three effects of drinking alcohol.
d) What is smoking?
e) How do people start smoking?
f) Write down any three effects of smoking.
g) How can we avoid smoking?
h) Write any three social problems caused by drinking and smoking.
i) What is the role of children to remove bad habits from their family?
5. Identify the following figures and name the activities shown.
Activity
Write a slogan that encourages people to give up bad habit and
present it in your class.
184 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
FOUNDATION SKILLS OF Unit
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
26
Estimated teaching periods : 2
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
perform the foundation skills of Physical Education.
Physical education is an important and basic part of school education.
It consists of training for the mind and body through physical exercise
such as sports and games. It helps us to maintain a sound body, which
is physically fit, mentally active, emotionally balanced and socially
adjustable. The learning process remains incomplete and ineffective
until and unless we possess a healthy body. Therefore, physical
education is a must for the students of all levels. Foundation skills of
physical education are moving skills and static skills.
Fig: 26.1
FOUNDATIONSKILLSOFPHYSICALEDUCATION 185
Unit MOVING SKILLS OF
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
27
Estimated teaching periods : 3
Objectives
After completing the study of this unit, students will be able to:
introduce the moving skills of Physical Education.
master the right ways of walking, running, jumping, skipping and hopping.
We carry out different kinds of activities in different places. While doing
such activities, we move our body or its parts in different directions.
Different kinds of activities including walking, running, jumping, etc.
keep our body active, flexible and strong. A regular practice of such
exercises develops the physical, mental, social and emotional aspects
of a person. Walking, running, hopping, skipping and throwing are the
moving skills. The moving games are the games that require movement
from one place to another.
Warm up Exercises
Walking
Walking is a basic skill of physical exercise that plays an important role
to keep our body fit and fine. It is an easy and effective warming up
exercise. If we follow certain processes or skills of walking, it will give
comfort and benefit to our body. Walking is moving forward with the
help of legs. We walk swinging our hands. While walking, we should
keep our body straight. Walking also makes our leg muscles strong.
Fig: 27.1
186 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
ACTIVITY 1
Walking along a straight line
We can draw a straight line by using a colour to mark the way or path.
Then, one by one walk along the line with relaxed hands and legs.
Fig: 27.2
ACTIVITY 2
Walking in a circle
We can walk round a circle either single or in a group. First of all, we
mark a circular shape and walk around the line alone or in a group.
Fig: 27.3
MOVING SKILLS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 187
ACTIVITY 3
Walking along a zigzag line
First of all, we mark a zigzag line as shown in the picture below. Now,
we try to walk on the line one by one or in a group.
Fig: 27.4 Fig: 27.5
ACTIVITY 4
Walking right and left
We can practise walking on the right or
left side as shown in the given figure. For
this type of walking, we stand facing the
front. First we walk left a few steps and
then right.
ACTIVITY 5
Walking in pairs Fig: 27.6
We can walk in a straight line or a zigzag
by making pairs.
188 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Running
Running is a common moving skill. This
skill is essential in almost all the games.
Running warms up our body and
prepares us for games. It makes our
body warm and keeps it physically fit and Fig: 27.7
mentally sound. We can run in different
ways. Running has three commands - ‘On your mark, Get set, and Go.
On Your Mark
This is the first command of running. At this command,
we should crouch on the ground bending one leg and
resting the next on the ground. Our hands should be
placed straight on the ground.
Get Set Fig: 27.8
Fig: 27.9
This is the second command of running. At this
command, we should crouch on the ground raising
our back. Our head is tilted towards the ground and
we wait carefully for the last command.
Go
Go is the last command of running. At this command,
we raise our body and begin to run.
Fig: 27.10
MOVING SKILLS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 189
Race on Tracks
For running in a track, first of all students should stand in a group of
four or five. Then they run at the commands of ‘on your mark’, ‘get set’
and ‘go’.
Fig: 27.11
ACTIVITY 6
30m race, 50m race and 100m race
Fig: 27.12
Hopping
Hopping is a short jump on a single leg. In hopping, we bend a leg from
our knee and lay our weight on the next leg. We run with a single leg
and jump bearing weight on it. Since we use a single leg in hopping, we
cannot hop for long. Therefore, it is always done for a short distance.
190 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
Fig: 27.13
Skipping
Skipping is also a short jump with a rope. We cross the rope jumping
up. For the purpose of skipping, we need a small and soft rope that we
use to swing up and down in relation to our body. While skipping, first
of all, we hold both ends of the rope with our hands. Now, we swing the
rope from the front of our body. We lift both our legs together to avoid
the touch of the rope.
Fig: 27.14
Jumping
Jumping is also a warming up exercise.
While jumping, we lift the body up
in the air by leaving the ground. It is
an important body warming skill for
various games and activities. We jump
while playing games like volleyball,
basketball, football, etc. We can move
Fig: 27.15
MOVING SKILLS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 191
to any direction by jumping up. Jumping is of different kinds. Basically,
it includes long jump and high jump. Jumping should be done on a
sand pit.
Long Jump Fig: 27.16
Long jump helps us to cover a distance.
While jumping, we lift our body in the
air and thrust it ahead. Such lifting of
the body can be done both by standing
as well as by running a short distance.
Usually, long jump includes running and
jumping after having six to ten steps’
race. We take off on one leg and land on
both legs. While landing, we should bend
our trunk forward to touch the ground. A
sand pit is suitable for landing.
High Jump
High jump is an individual event. In high jump, one player tries to jump
over a rope fixed onto two poles. Similar to long jump, high jump also
needs lifting of the body in the air. A cross bar or a rope is placed onto
two poles at a certain height in such a way that it falls easily if touched
by any part of the body. A sand pit or a soft area is suitable for landing,
otherwise it may result in accidents. We should follow three different
steps in high jump.
Approach
Take off
Landing
Fig: 27.17
192 Modern Concept Science, Health and Physical Education - 3
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