292 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITYTable 1: ContinuedIDH2At least 197 variantswere reported inresearch related tocancers, or drugactivity/toxicity.The missensemutations at R172or R140 are thecommon.Metabolism of endogenouscofactors EnasidenibEnasidenib is indicated for thetreatment of patients with anIDH2 mutation.49-51TPMTAt least 275 variantswere reported inresearch related tocancers, or drugactivity/toxicity.The commonalleles areTPMT*1, TPMT*2,TPMT*3A,TPMT*3B,TPMT*3C.The gene encodes theenzyme that metabolizesthiopurine drugs viaS-adenosyl-L-methionineas the S-methyl donor andS-adenosyl-L-homocysteineas a byproductCisplatin,Thioguanine,MercaptopurineAssociated with decreasedenzyme activity of TPMT.Poor metabolizer phenotypeis associated with increasedseverity of hematologicaltoxic effects. Some allelesare associated with decreasedresponses as allele TPMT*3Band CT genotype. TPMT*3A/*3A is associatedwith severe and prolongedpancytopenia when treatedwith thioguanine in children.Allele T is associatedwith an increased risk ofototoxicity when treated withcisplatin, and TPMT *1/*3Ais associated with neutropeniaand thrombocytopenia ascompared to TPMT *1/*1.52-54NPM1At least 132 variantswere reported inresearch related tocancers, or drugactivity/toxicity.Mutations in thisgene are associatedwith acute myeloidleukemia.Encodes phosphoprotein,that shuttles between thenucleolus, nucleus, andcytoplasm, chaperoningribosomal proteins and corehistones from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. Involvedin several critical cellularprocessesMidostaurinThe mutation noticed to becommon in acute myeloidleukemia patients responds tothis drug55-57NTRKNTRK1, 2, and 3genes commonlyfusion mutationsoccur.Important in MAPK pathway Entrectinib,LarotrectinibIndicated for the patients withNTRK gene fusion 58-63ESRAt least 15 variantsof ESR1 and 16variants of ESR2related to drugactivity or toxicitywere reported inresearch.Encodes an estrogenreceptor and ligand-activatedtranscription factorAbemaciclib,Everolimus,Palbociclib,Raloxifene,ToremifeneFor the treatment ofwomen with hormonereceptor-positive. However,Genotype CC (ESR1) isassociated with decreasedresponse to Raloxifene.64-69ESR,PGRAt least 15 variantsof ESR1 and 16variants of ESR2related to drugactivity or toxicitywere reported inresearch.Encodes an estrogenreceptor and ligand-activatedtranscription factorAnastrozole,Fulvestrant,Olaparib, Lapatinib,Pertuzumab,Ribociclib,Tamoxifen,TrastuzumabFirst-line treatment forhormone receptor-positive orhormone receptor unknown(generally HER2 statusimportant to the drugchoosing).64-69KRAS3’ untranslatedregion (3’UTR),rs61764370 T/Gand rs712 G/TAs tumor suppressors bysuppressing oncogenesimplicated in the regulation ofthe cell cycle or intracellularsignaling cascadesCetuximab,Panitumumab,adagrasib, sotorasibIndicated for K-Ras wild-typepatents. Allele C, allele A, andallele T are associatedwith nonresponse toanti-EGFR-based treatment,but genotype AC is associatedwith increased response.Genotypes AC + CC isassociated with increasedprogression-free survival70-72ROS1131 variantsand 23 acceptas pathogenic.Common mutationsare ROS1 genefusions.The protein encoded by thisgene is a type I integralmembrane protein withtyrosine kinase activityCemiplimab-rwlc,Crizotinib,Entrectinib,LorlatinibIndicated for patientswho have ROS1-positive.Adverse reactions observedin clinical trials consist ofpatients with ALK-positive orROS1-positive.73-75Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
Ozge Sultan ZENG ¨ ˙IN, Mahmoud ABUDAYYAK, G¨ul OZHAN ¨ 293Table 1: ContinuedUGT1A1298 variants andalleles were reportedin the research, ofwhich 79 arepathogenic. Themost commonmutations are(TA)7/(TA)7genotype(UGT1A1*28/*28).The gene encodes aUDPglucuronosyltransferase, anenzyme of theglucuronidationpathwayBelinostat,Binimetinib,Irinotecan,Nilotinib,Pazopanib,SacituzumabGovitecan-hziyGenotypes AA + AG, allele A, allele G,UGT1A1 *1/*6 + *1/*28 + *6/*28 + *6/*6+ *28/*28 were associated with increasesin the risk of neutropenia, increase in therisk of diarrhea. UGT1A1 *28/*28 andUGT1A1 *6/*6 + *6/*28 are associated withan increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia.UGT1A1 *1/*60 + *60/*60 is associatedwith decreased metabolism of Belinostatand increased risk of thrombocytopenia.Patients homozygous for the mutant allele of-3156G¿A UGT1A1 polymorphism showedmore frequent severe hematologic toxicity(50%) than patients homozygous for thewild-type allele.76-78CYP2D6At least 83 variantswere mentionedin the research.29 were reportedto be pathogenic.Common allelesare CYP2D6*1,CYP2D6*3,CYP2D6*4,CYP2D6*5,CYP2D6*6.Encodes a memberof the cytochromeP450 superfamily ofenzymesGefitinib,Tamoxifen,RucaparibThe impact of CYP2D6 polymorphismson the efficacy of tamoxifen is not wellestablished. CYP2D6 poor metabolizerscarrying two non-functional alleles exhibitsignificantly lower endoxifen plasmaconcentrations compared to patientscarrying one or more fully functional allelesof CYP2D6. CYP2D6 *10/*10 is associatedwith an increased risk of Exanthema.CYP2D6 *10/*10 + *5/*10 (assigned aspoor metabolizer phenotype) is associatedwith an increased risk of Toxic liver diseaseafter Gefitinib treatment. CYP2D6 *10/*10+ *4/*10 + *5/*10 are associated withan increased risk of recurrence whentreated with tamoxifen. CYP2D6 *4/*4 isassociated with an increased risk of deathwhen treated with tamoxifen.79-81FGFR(1/2)At least 798variations of GFR1were mentionedin the research,of which 119 arepathogenic. Atleast 658 variationsof GFR2 werementioned in theresearch, of which117 are pathogenic.3 variations werereported to berelated to drugactivity.Encoded by thisgene is a member ofthe fibroblast growthfactor and receptorErdafitinib,Pemigatinib,Pemigatinib,Futibatinib,Infigratinibfor patients with susceptible FGFR3 orFGFR2 genetic alterations, fusion, oranother rearrangement.82-87FLT3At least 224variations werementioned in theresearch, of which45 are pathogenic.The commonmutations are ITDmutations and TKDmutations D835and I836, FLT3738 TT genotypepredisposed tosunitinib-relatedleucopenia.Encodes a class IIIreceptor tyrosinekinase that regulateshematopoiesisGilteritinib,MidostaurinIndicated for patients with FLT3 mutations.Genotype AA is associated with an increasedrisk of leukopenia and neutropenia whentreated with sunitinib.88-90G6PD831 variants werereported, of which297 acceptedas pathogenic.More than 154annotationsof drug-relatedmutation (mainlyG6PD deficiency).Encodesglucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase. Theprotein is a cytosolicenzymeDabrafenib,Trametinib,Rasburicase,FlutamideMay cause hemolytic anemia inpatients with G6PD deficiencymethemoglobinemia/cholestatic jaundice.91-93Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
294 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITY2. ConclusionIn conclusion, this chapter aims to conclude the importance of pharmacogenomicsand biomarkers in cancer therapy, and also, to mention the role of polymorphisms inthe metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of these drugs. Especially thedependence on biomarkers, in addition to other factors, to choose the suitable therapy regimesin what is called individual treatment. undoubtedly that individual treatment is responsiblefor increasing the efficacy, longer survival, and decreased side effects and toxicities of thesedrugs. The screening of the genome for specific mutations and polymorphisms to detectthe risk of cancer developing and to detect for which drugs could cause the patient to beover-sensitive, responsible, or resistant helps the patients and physicians. Additionally, givebenefits to researchers, budgets, authorizations, and regulators. However, the genomic-drugrelationship, or in other words the role of our genomes in anticancer drug metabolism, is stillunclear for a lot of these drugs, especially that other individual factors such as the health statusand the presence of liver or renal failure accept as more important than the metabolism rateor the genomes (4).In recent years, studies on the rapid characterization of SNPs have progressed considerablyand thus a major step has been taken toward the widespread use of pre-treatmentpharmacogenetic screening. Over the years, the relationship between the human genomeand drug response has been demonstrated and the importance of pharmacogenetics andpharmacogenomics in cancer treatment has been understood. In light of all this information,pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics will develop with more clinical studies and reducedcosts, and perhaps treatment methods will become more individualized for future generations.Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
CANCER: FROM GENOMICS TO PHARMACEUTICSREFERENCES1. Franczyk B, Rysz J, Gluba-Brzozka A. Pharmacogenetics of drugs used in the treatment ´of cancers. Genes 2022;13:311.2. Padh H. Pharmacogenetics and cancer management. J Cancer Metastasis Treat2018;4:52.3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Table of PharmacogenomicBiomarkers in Drug Labeling. Last update 12.2022. Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.fda.gov/media/124784/download4. National Library of Medicine, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/all/tests/?term=cancer&filter=testpurpose:therapeuticmanagement5. Neavin D, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Weinshilboum R. Pharmacometabolomics informspharmacogenomics. Metabolomics 2016;12:1-6.6. Wang L. Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:Systems Biology and Medicine 2010;2(1):3-22.7. Rodr´ıguez-Antona C, Taron M. Pharmacogenomic biomarkers for personalized cancertreatment. J Int Medicine 2015;277(2):201-17.8. Bertholee D, Maring JG, van Kuilenburg AB. Genotypes affecting the pharmacokineticsof anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017;56(4):317-37.9. Sun S. Clinical usefulness of genetic testing for drug toxicity in cancercare: decision-makers framing, knowledge and perceptions, New Genet Soc2020;39(4):359-84.10. Moen EL, Godley LA, Zhang W, Dolan ME. Pharmacogenomics of chemotherapeuticsusceptibility and toxicity. Genome Med 2012;4(11):90.11. Peterson JF, Field JR, Shi Y, Schildcrout JS, Denny JC, McGregor TL, et al.Attitudes of clinicians following large-scale pharmacogenomics implementation.Pharmacogenomics J 2016;16(4):393-8.12. https://www.pharmgkb.org/Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
296 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITY13. Yun CH, Mengwasser KE, Toms AV, Woo MS, Greulich H, Wong KK, et al. TheT790M mutation in EGFR kinase causes drug resistance by increasing the affinity forATP. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2008);105(6):2070-5.14. De Monaco A, Faioli D, Di Paolo M, Catapano O, D’orta A, Del Buono M, et al.Pharmacogenomıcs markers for predıctıon response and toxıcıty ın cancer therapy.World Cancer Research J 2014;1(3):e276.15. O’Donnell PH, Dolan ME. Cancer pharmacoethnicity: Ethnic differences insusceptibility to the effects of chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(15):4806-14.16. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for LK ALK receptor tyrosinekinase [Homo sapiens (human)]. last update 21.03.2023, Access date 25.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23817. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ALK [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ALK[gene]18. PharmGKB report for ALK, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2471919. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for ABL1 ABL proto-oncogene 1,non-receptor tyrosine kinase [Homo sapiens (human)] last update 26.03.2023, Accessdate 28.03.202320. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ABL1 [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ABL1[gene]21. PharmGKB report for ABL1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2441322. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene,serine/threonine kinase [Homo sapiens (human)] last update 26.03.2023, Access date28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/67323. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for BRAF [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=BRAF[gene]24. PharmGKB report for BRAF, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA25408/overview25. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for CD274 CD274 molecule [Homo sapiens (human) ], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/29126Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
Ozge Sultan ZENG ¨ ˙IN, Mahmoud ABUDAYYAK, G¨ul OZHAN ¨ 29726. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for CD274[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=CD274[gene]27. PharmGKB report for CD274, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA13491528028. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for EGFR epidermal growth factorreceptor [Homo sapiens (human)] last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/195629. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for EGFR [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=EGFR[gene]30. PharmGKB report for EGFR, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA7360/overview31. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for ERBB2 erb-b2 receptor tyrosinekinase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/206432. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ERBB2, Access date 25.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ERBB2[gene]33. PharmGKB report for ERBB2, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2784434. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for HLA-A major histocompatibilitycomplex, class I, A [Homo sapiens (human)] last update 21.03.2023, Access date25.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/310535. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for HLA-A[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=HLA-A[gene]36. PharmGKB report for HLA-A, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3505537. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for HLA-B major histocompatibilitycomplex, class I, B [Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date25.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/310638. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for HLA B[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=HLA-B[gene]Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
298 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITY39. PharmGKB report for HLA-B, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3505640. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for HLA-DQA1 major histocompatibilitycomplex, class II, DQ alpha 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] last update 25.03.2023, Accessdate 28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/311741. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for HLA-DQA1[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=HLA-DQA1[gene]42. harmGKB report for HLA-DQA1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3506643. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for HLA-DRB1 major histocompatibilitycomplex, class II, DR beta 1 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 24.03.2023, Accessdate 28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/312344. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for HLA-DRB1[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=HLA-DRB1[gene]45. PharmGKB report for HLA-DRB1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3507246. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for IDH1 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/341747. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for IDH1[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=IDH1[gene]48. PharmGKB report for IDH1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2963049. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for IDH2 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 2 [Homo sapiens (human)]. last update 21.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/341850. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for IDH2[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=IDH2[gene]51. PharmGKB report for IDH2, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA29631Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
Ozge Sultan ZENG ¨ ˙IN, Mahmoud ABUDAYYAK, G¨ul OZHAN ¨ 29952. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for TPMT thiopurine S-methyltransferase[Homo sapiens (human)]. last update 21.03.2023, Access date 25.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/717253. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for TPMT [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=TPMT[gene]54. PharmGKB report for TPMT, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA35655. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for NPM1 nucleophosmin 1 [Homo sapiens (human)], 26.03.2023 last update, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/486956. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for NPM1[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=NPM1[gene]57. PharmGKB report for NPM1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3171258. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for NTRK1 neurotrophic receptor tyrosinekinase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date 25.03.2023https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/491459. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for NTRK2 neurotrophic receptor tyrosinekinase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human)] last update 21.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/491560. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for NTRK1[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=NTRK1[gene]61. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for NTRK2[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=NTRK2[gene]62. PharmGKB report for NTRK1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3181763. PharmGKB report for NTRK2, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3181864. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for ESR1 estrogen receptor 1[ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2099Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
300 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITY65. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ESR1[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ESR1[gene]66. PharmGKB report for ESR1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA15667. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for ESR2 estrogen receptor 2[ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/210068. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ESR1[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ESR2[gene]69. PharmGKB report for ESR1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2788670. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for KRAS KRAS proto-oncogene,GTPase [Homo sapiens (human)], last update 26.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/384571. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for KRAS [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=KRAS[gene]72. PharmGKB report for KRAS, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3019673. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for ROS1 ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptortyrosine kinase [Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date25.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/609874. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for ROS1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=ROS1[gene]75. PharmGKB report for ROS1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA3463376. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for UGT1A1 UDP glucuronosyltransferasefamily 1 member A1 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5465877. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for UGT1A1[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=UGT1A1[gene]Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
Ozge Sultan ZENG ¨ ˙IN, Mahmoud ABUDAYYAK, G¨ul OZHAN ¨ 30178. PharmGKB report for UGT1A1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA42079. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for CYP2D6 cytochrome P450 family 2subfamily D member 6 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/156580. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for CYP2D6[gene], Access date20.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=CYP2D6[gene]81. PharmGKB report for CYP2D6, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA12882. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for FGFR1 fibroblast growth factorreceptor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human)] last update 21.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226083. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for FGFR1[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=FGFR1[gene]84. PharmGKB report for FGFR1, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2812785. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for FGFR fibroblast growth factorreceptor 2 [ Homo sapiens (human)] last update 21.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/226386. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for FGFR2[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=FGFR2[gene]87. PharmGKB report for FGFR2, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2812888. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for FLT3 fms related receptor tyrosinekinase 3 [ Homo sapiens (human)], last update 21.03.2023, Access date 28.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/232289. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for FLT3[gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=FLT3[gene]90. PharmGKB report for FLT3, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA28181Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.
302 THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ANDTOXICITY91. National Library of Medicine- Gene report for G6PD glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase [ Homo sapiens (human)] last update 21.03.2023, Access date28.03.2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/253992. National Library of Medicine- ClinVar report for G6PD [gene], Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/?term=G6PD[gene]93. PharmGKB report for G6PD, Access date 20.03.2023.https://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA2846Cancer: from Genomics to Pharmaceutics, edited by Zeynep Karakas, et al., Istanbul University Press, 2024. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uitm-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31789562.Created from uitm-ebooks on 2025-12-02 14:42:18. Copyright © 2024. Istanbul University Press. All rights reserved.