Finalized Report BQS610

PART 2 : PROJECT
MANAGEMENT IN THE
ERA OF DIGITALISATION

Contents

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2
2.0 Digitalisation in Construction Industry................................................................... 3

2.1 Project Management Activities ................................................................................ 3
2.2 Lifecycle.................................................................................................................. 5
3.0 Digitalisation Implementation In Construction Industry........................................ 7
3.1 Life Cycle................................................................................................................ 7
3.2 Project Management............................................................................................. 10
4.0 Digitalization Impact On Construction Industry ................................................... 13
4.1 Project Management Activities & Lifecycle............................................................ 13
5.0 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 18
6.0 References.............................................................................................................. 19

1

1.0 Introduction

First and foremost, our construction industry has moved way forward towards the
revolution and changes, towards the improvement of our technological advancements. There
are many benefits that digitalisation can bring in into our construction industry. Take for
instance, Building Information Modelling, known as BIM. However, the implementation of BIM
does not look as easy as it sounds.

BIM software is divided throughout different project stages, starting from the feasibility
studies up until demolition when the building has reached its limit. Not only BIM, AutoCAD,
BIM, ERP, cloud solutions, analytics, drones, and hand-held tech are also examples of
digitalisation in our construction industry. As agreed, usage of BIM has been able to minimize
the amount of wastage, as well as controlling better quality, time and budgets during
undertaking of works (Maskuriy et al., 2019).

Maskuriy, 2019 also explained that digitalisation starts off from the design and investment
preparation up until the maintenance of the projects. A study has proven BIM and digitalisation
initiatives are further supported in the United Kingdom (UK) and European markets (GCCG,
2011). In digitalisation too, we are able to come up with efficiency in operations, effectiveness
as well as providing better chances and opportunities (Aghimien et al., 2018).

In addition, in many countries, there are an increase in the implementation of digitalisation
such as BIM software in order to produce better project management methods. Halim (2010)
has mentioned in his research that goals and strategies in project management has to be
based on knowledge and technology in order to succeed.

Putting it in a nutshell, it is important to have improvements such as digitalisation in our
construction in order to provide better project management activities as well as life cycle and
its impacts and implementation are to be explained further in this task.

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2.0 Digitalisation in Construction Industry
2.1 Project Management Activities

In project management activities, there are many stages in which digitalisation can
take place. Project management starts off when construction work commences and ends
when the project is handed over to the client. During these period which varies between 6 to
48 months, there are many ways to implement the usage of digitalisation.

In project management activities, the usage of digitalisation is to enhance a complete
improvement in using electronic method of construction process, commencing from the project
preparation up until the management of the building. These stages also include budgeting,
building approvals and construction management. Digitalisation plays its important role
construction cost control, cost planning, preliminary cost estimate and building system
analysis (Maskuriy et al., 2019).

In addition, usage of digitalisation during project management activities is also very
time-saving. This can be explained in terms of project preparation where everything is
automated, where amount of workforce can be reduced but is still able to achieve the
objectives of the project preparation. For example, the usage of software vs the usage of
workforce done by people. When a task is done by people, it may require a few numbers of
workers, but when task is exerted by the aid of software, the number of physical workers can
be reduced (Aghimien et al., 2018).

Furthermore, digitalisation also improves productivity, increases document quality
while providing simpler and easier working methods as proven by studies. Maskuriy (2019)
mentioned that digitalisation is good as is gives adequate savings in construction cost while
ensuring clients’ satisfaction. He also added that project delivery is at its most effective manner
ever since digitalisation comes into picture.

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In addition, with the aid of digitalisation in project management activities, study has
proven the use of digital techniques in design and construction has started to mature and has
even become the norm for many companies. By digitalisation also, it helps the project
managers to utilize all the information given through unlimited access to the documentation of
project. This means that one does not have to be physically on site or office to exert their
tasks, they can be anywhere as long as they have the essentials which are laptop / computers,
wi-fi connection and the access to the documents such as username & password.

Bojarska (2017) also stated that by the usage of digitalisation, people in construction
industry is able to lessen the amount of work to be re-do and fewer changes can be recorded.
This is basically because due to existence of digitalised documents, amount paper works can
be reduced. Any changes or variations can also be done without papers. Any changes can be
easily detected by automated system. Nonetheless, she still added that all these digitalisation
matters still need further in-depth research.

Construction project management represents the adequate coordination of
construction resources (labor, materials, financing, and machinery) to achieve the highest
quality, minimum duration and minimum cost to achieve optimal project targets. One of the
researcher admitted that an automated system such as BIM and AutoCAD really do help to
improve the performance of a project in long term as well as allowing better project
management skills (Eroshkin et al., 2017).

Putting it in a nutshell, there are both good and bad in utilising digitalisation in project
management activities. Digitalisation in project management is leading to a satisfactory result
and, thereby, ensuring management’s productivity (Maresova et al. 2018; Oesterreich and
Teuteberg 2016; Alaloul et al. 2018). However, as mentioned by one of the researchers, it still
requires an in-depth research.

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2.2 Lifecycle

Besides project management activities, digitalisation can also be undertaken during
the lifecycle stage where it starts from the feasibility studies up until demolition of the building
when it reaches its limit. However, study has proven that digitalisation does not apply in all
stages of lifecycle, but only certain stages. Digitalisation is evident are the design phase, and
the feasibility phase. (Aghimien et al., 2018).

This means that there are stages where digitalisation does not need to be applied. This
can also be a loophole in digitalisation in which it is supposed to be able to cover the whole
lifecycle processes regardless of what stage the construction is in. Aghimien, 2018 also stated
that digitalisation is most useful during these lifecycle phases ; design phase, construction
phase & operation phase.

In terms of maintenance wise, digitalisation requires extra attention if we are to achieve
effectiveness. During 7 stages of lifecycle as lined by RIBA Plan of Work 2013, it has explained
Stage 0-7 which includes Strategic Definition, Preparation & Brief, Concept Design,
Developed Design, Technical Design, Construction, Handover & Close Out and In Use. Out
of all these stages, Aghimien et al., 2018 concluded in his study that the usage of digitalisation
is more towards the feasibility phase compared to the decommissioning phase in a
construction project.

In addition, by using digitalisation too, it helps to reduce uncertainty and promote
satisfactory construction products. (Aghimien et al., 2018). Some countries may have adopted
digitalisation in their lifecycle of projects. Some may not. These differences are mainly
because some countries may have different capabilities as well as different requirements for
the digitalisation to be implemented. As a study has proven, South African construction
industry has only adopted digitalisation in the early phase of construction which are during

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feasibility and design phase. There is a growing interest among researchers and practitioners
in the use of IT technology and BIM throughout the building life cycle.

Furthermore, Jung and Lee (2015), also said that digitalisation is only functional
especially during the cost and design aspect. It may not be functional in any other stages due
to its capability in aiding project lifecycle. Functionalities are relevant at the various lifecycle
phases of construction projects (Aghimien et al., 2018). Digitalisation is really a tool that
promises to improve in construction life-cycle, as cited by (Eadie et al., 2013, Rezgui et al.,
2013).

However, as compared to project management activities, there are more challenges
that have been mentioned by researchers in digitalisation in life cycle of projects. First and
foremost, some complained that the BIM system isn’t wholly integrated, where it may be good
during the early stages of lifecycle, but having a disconnection during the design stage (Nwodo
et al, 2017). He also added that information during the feasibility studies aren’t followed
throughout the whole construction project. In addition, the same researcher stated it barely
supported each other’s stages. There is lack of knowledge of how existing BIM solutions
address the functional needs of the lifecycle of an asset. (Papdonikolaki, 2018).

Not only that, it is agreed that BIM software has a very high specialisation and
sophistication of solutions that it can give. Up to 1 extent, the information provided are very
confusing. Not to forget, the solutions are also usually fragmented where it does not tally from
one to another. (Papdonikolaki, 2018). Redmond et al. indicate that the letter “I” in the acronym
“BIM” concerns synchronization of information across the construction project life cycle.
However, it may not reach its main use if synchronization becomes a problem to the users.

Putting it in a nutshell, there are bad and good in digitalisation in project life cycle. BIM
involves the integration of information flowing between the parties throughout the life cycle, in
line with the IPD (Integrated Project Delivery). (Papdonikolaki, 2018). This proves that the
usage off digitalisation can be something helpful for the project life cycle.

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3.0 Digitalisation Implementation In Construction Industry

Digitalization has become a popular concept in the world today because of its ability to create
operational efficiency, efficiency and new opportunities. Industries such as banking,
manufacturing and retailing have all come to understand the benefits of digitalisation and have
key to the future by using it as a new approach to competitive profit and productivity (Isnsanmi
et al, 2018). The implication of digitalisation in construction industry are as follow:

3.1 Life Cycle

Design
Implementing digitalisation during design stage will help to increase efficiency. Building
Information Modelling help to enhance design process and facilitate their parallelisation by
helping architects, engineers, and other project parties in merging their models. Meanwhile
during design Aerial mapping technology and 3-D laser scanning technology help in converting
the existing building and infrastructure into 3-D models. This type of digitalisation benefits in
renovation and retrofitting projects as the accuracy are guaranteed and save time in term of
manual measurement. Big Data analytics help during design stage in optimising design
decisions and enhances a facility’s operational efficiency. Software tools integrated with BIM
will automatically generate and evaluating design alternatives, supporting value engineering,
and design alternative evaluation, supporting value engineering and enhancing design-to-
cost, design-to-fabrication and sustainability analyses.

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Construction Stage

Digitalisation help greatly during construction stage by detecting and preventing potential
interference and optimising constructability. One of the challenges commonly happen during
construction is that to make sure that all parties involve in the project get the right information
at the stipulated time and place. BIM software has overcome with solution where they have
feature called cloud that enables all the stakeholder to share data in real time and integrate
and coordinate their activities. This will make delivering information become less error-prone
and more efficient. Big data help in management project tools on site for allocation and
scheduling of material, equipment and labour. Companies can reduce non-value adding
activities and maintain a lean approach. Companies may track construction processes and
activities with digital measuring and monitoring devices. 3-D laser scanning help to minimise
corrective work as it allows to compare structures with the model. Drone and remote cameras
help to survey construction site for progress project evaluation which usually be held monthly.

Operation

During operation phase, digitalisation in construction industry give advantages in term of take
advantage of the analysis conducted in the design stage and using the building information
received by the operator at handover after the construction phase. During this stage, BIM help
to enhance operation and maintenance as they can help to visualise the model. The virtual
model function as source of information that is generated during the earlier phase of the
operation stage. During the maintenance, integration of BIM model also help in the inspection
of the building, maintenance and repair of its building. Digital devices and techniques can
streamline commissioning processes impressively can help to gather data or inspection data
on site which transfer the data directly to the counterpart object in the 3-D model. BIM enables
the efficient transfer of data without loss of information to building’s owner or operator.

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Design Stage Construction Operation
Stage Stage

- Increase efficiency - Detecting - Enhance
- Enhance design potential operation and

process interference maintenanve
- Facilitate - -prevent - Visualise model
- Streamline
parrallelisation interference
- Converting building - Have cloud commissioning

to 3-D models feature technique
- Efficient - Gather data for

information inspection

delivering
- Tracking

Construction

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3.2 Project Management

Project management starts from the construction of a project until the handing over the project
to client. Along with the change in technology, organizational arrangement or procedures
and new features and methods, the management of construction projects differs
(Hendrickson, 2000). Construction project management is a series of activities for
determining how, when and by whom the work, including all life cycle activities, will be
performed. Implementation of digitalisation in project management will help the project as
follows:

Clash Detection

Digitalisation help to overcome the most common problem happen in construction project
where there is an overlap between different plan prepard by the design team. With the
implementation of the new 4th Industrial revolution, the discrepancies between plan can be
detect.

Constructability

Another problem that usually arise during construction period is error-prone information or
some parties did not get the information at all. The digitalisation such as BIM has a feature
where all parties involved in a project get to review and handle constructability issues. Problem
can be shown in a vantage point as BIM can provide a visual information. This information will
later be used in a further investigation in finding solution therefore digitalisation implemented
reduces the risk of error prone information.

Analysis

Implementation of BIM help the design team, project manager and engineers in analysing and
making decision better. For example, energy consumption of a construction project can be
analysed easier by project manager as digitalisation such as BIM help to linking the building

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information with the appropriate tool. With that, a better solution such as changing material
can be taken as a better solution.
Time & Cost Estimation
Implementation of digitalisation in project management enable the managers to visualise the
construction project at any point in time. It also give better understanding of the stages in
construction project. BIM 4D and 5D can be taken as a great example, where this tools can
properly utilise cost and time estimation in the first stage and facilitate with minimum cost and
time decision making. BIM also can help to simulate the various alternative for construction
project and hence help the project manager to reliably predict the consequences of their
decisions.
Integration
The project team may directly deal and communicate with unified model when a composite
model is built in the digitalised software such as BIM. With these features, BIM can coordinate
the design, analysis and construction activities on a project.
Quantity Take-off
Digitalisation help the project team and managers in analysing their decision. They also help
them to understand clearly the various alternative in the design phase or throughout the whole
life cycle cost. BIM model and database can be linked to each other, therefore an accurate
estimation can be made faster as the data contain cost estimation.

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Quantity Clash Constructability
Take-off Detection
Implementation Analysis
Intergration of digitaisation
in project
management

Time &
Cost

Estimation

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4.0 Digitalization Impact On Construction Industry
4.1 Project Management Activities & Lifecycle

As we all knows the construction industry nowadays has moved to the 4.0 Industrial
revolution which is the characterised by the parallel development of the current world changing
where it holds great potential for improving management and governance. Over the past
decade, increasing number of digital implication through out the years has improve and
change the whole industries such as industrial, manufacturing,oil and gas, contrcution and
many other industry. Construction industry has slowly involving themselves in this area has
had shown an improvement toward the operation and productivity of the works but they still
need to continue the operation of manual labour and mechanical technology for certain work
that cannot be covers by the digital technology. Project management roles are very crucial
this is because they are the core process that conncts all other project activities and gathered
to be processes. there are several activities that can be catogerized as the main processes.
The project management principles and practise need to be aligned to mke sure tht the
facilitate smooth for the project.

The digital program need to have close related with project management activities
Firstly, is to initiate the project where they are the starting point of any project. Where the
activites of the project manager are during the pre-sale period. At this stage the PM need to
work effectively and should be able to communicate the principles of Agile where it is the
method of delivering digital projects which will inevitably become a key component of any
digital transformation (Vytas, ). By adapting this Agile principle then they can challenge the old
styles of working and engage with the new digitalization. The next activities is on project
plannig where it is one of the main project management processes that the project
managemnet need to pay detailed attenttion towards the requirements such as scope, budget
and the timelines. It is very vital for the project management to allocated budget, schedule and
resources for the project. The impact towards their activities is to reframing the communicaton

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between the user and PM therefore, it will maintain competitive by having immediate outcomes
for users. Next, is project execution each members given deadline for each activity and the
detailed is used in identify the project progress. Thus, if there is any market changes than the
ability to deploy working software usually will needs PM to create response loops with clients.
The clients must keep track especially on the effort and cost of the project. Afterward, the
activites by project management is control and validate on the project life cycle for instance
project plan, quality assurance test plan and communication plan for the project. The
digitalisation resulting this activities result long term fundamental and organizational changes
consequently impacting organizational operations and how they value and innovative
solutions for both employees and user. Lastly, closeout and evaluation where after all the
specification and project requirement achieved then this is where the close out of the project
where in this activities usually problem such as mistake in evaluation occurs by the project
team will be rectify before the future project. But by having the digitalization they mistake and
error can be identify sinc early stage and might not affect the closing out of the project which
can cause extension of time and delay of works.

On of the contruction project every stage of the life cycle has different technology that
can be implemented slowly as it will increase gradually within fews more years in the future. It
is not impossible in afew more years theis industry has full scale on the application of
digitalization which will eventually help in increasing the percentage of cost saving
(Micheal,2018) . the life cycle of the project can implement different type of digitalization which
can be used based on the suitability of the system on that phase or stage.First stage of
contruction is feasibility study is the inception stage where preliminary studies take place. This
is the earliest stage in a construction lifecyle. This study usually for the large project that
requires to reduce the doubt and controversy for the future development. This is stage to figure
whether the project is practical and possible to be construct. The digitalization for this stage
can be in mixed reality which are virtual reality (VR),Augmented reality(AR) , and Reality. VR
system is well known as three Rs, which it involves graphcs that fill our whole vision and

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usually come with 3D sounds to make experience and complete alternative reality simulation
for instance oculus, and HTC Vive. This system helps to vsualiza the actual space around you
based on the data that included in the cip. Therefore, by this advancement it ca sav cost on
travel to another places. This is for instance the feasible study can be by asking the customer
to to experience the future building that is going to be constructed so we can detect wether
the proposed design is acceptable by the public or not. Meanwhile, for AR which inform
statistically positioned on to p of the reality and also mixed reality that will help to enhance
the existing reality (Holo,2016). This technology will help to enrich us with the real
surroundings and also extra virtual information. Hence, it will help to improved delivery of
information as it already help on giving the information on the product, space and material for
the project.

Next, design development stage where this stage need the expertise to do
brainstorming such as engineer, architect to review the schematic plans and elevations,
revised and expanded in order to match it with all the details and specification. This is when
the architect and client work together to plan the design for the project for instance the interior
finishes and products such a windows. (Douglas, 2018) found that this stage has the major
used in digitalization. This stage can implement Building Information Modelling (BIM) which
is a software to help 5D integrating planning where to trigger significant improvement potential
in terms of direct costs, quality, delays, security, and image. Besides, to find the value chain
along the way of the construction period during design, construction, operations and
destruction. During this stage the software will help to offer maximum conception on client
requirement versus the cost ratio. In addition, it will also help in minimizing the sales costs
through improved product visualization up to possible co-conception. Moreover, it will also
help in the reduction rework through clash detection which can be identify automatically by the
software as the works is being added to the system. It will detect any overlapping works at the
concurrent time. Thus it will help to improve the productivity through more efficient project

15

planning and steering. Therefore, BIM will differ depending on the construction player which
is contractors, developers, facility management, and project manager. (Oliver, 2018).

After design development ended the next stage come which is tendering stage. This
stage is where the tender will be distributed to the selected tenderers to makes an offer for the
contractor that will construct the works. The digitalization for this stage is usually big data
where it refers to the huge quantities of information that been stored in the past and continue
to be used nowadays. The used of big data is to gain more visions and to make more data but
by accurately examining it to draw practical building project outcomes. Hence, it helps in term
of better levels of certainty about status reports and forecasts.

Next, is construction stage where the possession of site are given to the contractor to
commission their work with the arranged process in the first place to make sure the work is
completed within the time frame and based on the planning. This stage can also implement
the digitalization as it can help in fast forwarding the period of constructing and reduce error.
BIM can also be implement in this stage as it can help in reducing the sourcing costs by
maximize the specifications, quantities, and facilitated negotiation. Besides, it also can help in
the progress of work to make sure it’s on track trough out the field solutions. During this stage
also can implement the 3D scanners which will help capture all angles of your object at speed.
The 3D scanner is a laser that help to collect and gather as-built construction data. Hence by
having this digitalization then the need to return to the site for additional measurement can be
reduced as it can already determine the information on exiting building conditions with the
exactness.

The final stage would be hand over where after the construction complete and it has
reach the requirement and specification and has issued Certificate of Practical Completion.
This stage is refer as the close out for the construction. During this stage, the digitalization
that can use are digital handover where it provide the assembles of necessary result on the
report, drawings, and manuals can be sourced. The process help in positioning of digital
handover works, and the advantage of cloud solution that help handover to get out from any

16

disputes. Hence, this stage will help the client to obtains the lists of the assets they need to
sustain, and also what action for them to take. Besides this method also help eliminates the
problematic delays that might occur at the end of the construction.

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5.0 Conclusion
As proven, digitalisation is most useful during the design phase and feasibility phase.

It helps a lot in the construction cost control, cost planning, preliminary cost estimate and
building system analysis. During maintenance period, usage of digitalisation seemed to be
minimised.

The adoption of technologies is key to the optimal operation of the construction
industry. Digitization scope of the building project life cycle indicate that there are benefits
resulting primarily from saving time and reducing the workload of the processes carried out at
the stages of both preparation and execution of construction work.

There are many ways to implement this digitalisation matter in construction projects,
for both project management activities as well as life cycle processes. Its implementation can
be good and bad, depending on the way it is implemented.

There are also many impacts on digitalisation in construction industry, be it project
management activities or life cycle processes. The impacts can be beneficial and vice versa
towards the construction industry.

Putting it in a nutshell, digitalisation of construction industry can have many impacts
towards our construction industry. However, as a researcher said, this whole thing about
digitalisation process needs further in-depth research to be improved.

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