1
CONTENTS
How to Use This Competency Based Learning Material 3
6
Module Description and Summary of Learning Outcomes 9
LEARNING OUTCOME #1 Draw and set up complete facility for a marine fish 10
hatchery 13
Information Sheet # 1-1 Selecting a site for marine finfish hatchery and 20
complying with national laws / rules 25
Information Sheet #1-2 Basic components and design parameters of a 30
marine finfish hatchery 32
33
Information Sheet #1-3 Basic sizes, shapes, and designs of marine finfish 37
hatchery structures
Information Sheet #1-4 Drafting the technical drawings of the marine finfish
hatchery structures
Job Sheet # 1-1 Setting-up and drawing a layout plan of marine
finfish hatchery”
Self Check # 1-1
Answer Key # 1-1
LEARNING OUTCOME #2 Identify tank / pond materials to be used
Information Sheet # 2-1 Identify tank/pond materials to be used 40
Information Sheet # 2-2 Computing for areas and volumes 44
Information Sheet #2-3 Computing for construction materials 62
Job Sheet # 2-1 68
Self Check # 2-1 Construct hatchery facilities 74
Answer Key # 2-1 75
LEARNING OUTCOME #3 80
Information Sheet #3-1 Managing the construction 83
Information Sheet #3-2 Construction materials, supplies and equipment, 86
uses and specifications
Information Sheet #3-3 Personal safety practices in hatchery facilities 87
construction
Information sheet # 3-4 Personal safety practices in hatchery facilities 96
construction
Information sheet # 3-5” Basic masonry 99
Job Sheet # 3-1 Hands-on activities on constructing a marine finfish 103
hatchery
Self Check # 3-1 105
Answer Key # 3-1 Install life support 106
LEARNING OUTCOME #4 108
Information Sheet #4-1 The piping system 111
Information Sheet #4-2 Determining the type of aerator systems 116
Information sheet # 4-3 Filtration and biofiltration systems 120
Information sheet # 4-4 Determining pump capacities 123
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 1
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Information sheet # 4-5 Powering life support systems 127
Information sheet # 4-6 Personal safety in basic electrical and plumbing 130
works
Information sheet # 4-7 Basic electricity 131
Information sheet # 4-8 Basic plumbing 134
Job Sheet # 4-1 138
Self Check # 4-1 141
Answer Key # 4-1 142
Evidence Plan 144
Performance Test 145
Assessment Instruments 146
Record of Achievement 148
Learner’s Diary 152
GLOSSARY 153
List of Technical Terms 154
RESEARCH MATERIALS 156
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 158
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 2
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module on Designing, Lay-outing and Construction of a
Marine Finfish Hatchery. This module contains training activities and materials for you
to complete. This unit of competency Operate Marine Finfish Hatchery ((Milkfish,
Grouper And Sea Bass) contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
Aquaculture Technician. It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate
Level (NC III).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Job Sheets and
Information Sheets. (Reference materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities.) Follow these activities on your own and answer the
self-check at the end of each learning outcome. You may get a blank answer sheet at the
end of each module from your facilitator/trainer to write your answers for each self- check.
If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner’s
guide because you have:
• been working for some time
• already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or
skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the
same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from
previous trainings, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and
relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can
present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this with
your trainer.
At the end of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to record important
dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further
details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your
trainer to complete once you complete the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in
Operating Marine Finfish Hatchery. This will be the source of information for you to
acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently and at your own pace,
with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.
• Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this
unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections, which cover
all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete this module;
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 3
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.
Read information sheets and complete the self – check. Suggested references
are included to supplement the materials provided in this module;
• Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is
there to support you and show you the correct way to do things;
• Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when
you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.
• You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job.
Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you
will improve your speed and memory as well as your confidence.
• Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
• Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
• When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities
outlined in the module.
• As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress.
Your trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When
you have successfully completed each element, ask your trainer to mark on the
reports that you are ready for assessment.
• When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident
that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment
with registered assessor to assess you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your competency Achievement Record.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 4
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
LEARNING STRUCTURE
This module is divided into the following sections. They are presented in the order that
they occur in this module:
Draw and Set Up A Complete Facility for a Marine Fish Hatchery
Identify Tank/Pond Materials to be Used
Construct Hatchery Facilities
Install Life Support
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 5
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
MODULE DESCRIPTION AND SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
SECTOR : AGRI-FISHERY
QUALIFICATION
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : AQUACULTURE NC III
MODULE TITLE
: OPERATE MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY
: Designing, Lay-outing, and Construction of a Marine
Finfish hatchery
MODULE DESCRIPTION
This module covers designing lay-out and construction of a marine finfish hatchery
SUGGESTED DURATION :
We estimate that this entire module can be effectively covered within a total of 344 hours.
This is equivalent to approximately two (2) months and three (3) days on an 8-hour/day-
5days-a-week normal schedule.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the completion of the module, the trainees/students should be able to:
LO1. Draw and set up complete facility for a marine fish hatchery
LO2. Identify tank / pond materials to be used
LO3. Construct hatchery facilities
LO4. Install life support
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Marine fish hatchery facilities are identified
2. Size, shape and design are determined
3. Marine fish hatchery lay-out is drawn
4. Components of hatchery are identified and described
5. Appropriate materials are listed
6. Lay-out plan is interpreted
7. Appropriate construction materials, supplies and equipment are prepared
8. Procedures in hatchery facilities construction are explained and demonstrated
9. Life support system are identified and explained
10. Installation of life support system is explained and demonstrated
11. Personal safety is observed
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 6
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE TITLE : OPERATE MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY
LEARNING OUTCOME #1 : Designing, Lay-outing, and Construction of a Marine
Finfish hatchery
Draw and set up complete facility for a marine fish
hatchery
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Marine fish hatchery facilities are identified
2. Size, shape and design are determined
3. Marine fish hatchery lay-out is drawn
RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities
1. Measuring instrument 1. Drawing and lay-
2. drawing pen outing materials
3. calculator
REFERENCES
De la Pena, M. R., Fermin, A. C., and Lojera, D. P. 1995. The use of brackishwater
cladoceran, Diaphanosoma celebenesis (Stingelin), as partial replacement for
Artemia in the hatchery rearing of sea bass, Lates Calcarifer (Bloch) fry.
Presented at the Fourth Asian Fisheries Forum: Beijing, China; 16-20 October
1995.
Dhert, P., Duray, M. Lavens, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 1990. Optimized feeding strategies in
the larviculture of the asian sea bass (Lates Calcarifer). In: Hirano, R., and Hanyo,
I. (eds) The Second Asian Fisheries Forum: Proceedings of the Second Asian
Fisheries Forum; 17-22 April 1989; Tokyo, Japan. Pp. 319-323.
Doi, M. M., bin, Hj., Nawi, N., Razali bin Nik Lah and bin Talib, Z. 1991. Artificial
propagation of the grouper Epinephelus suillus at the marine hatchery in Tanjong
Demong, Tereggana, Malaysia Dept. of Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
41pp.
Duray, M. and Juario, J. V. 1988. Broodstock Management and Seed Production of the
rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus (bloch) and sea bass, Lates Calcarifer (Bloch). In:
Juario, J. V. and Benitez, L. V. (eds) Perspective in Aquaculture Development in
Southeast Asia and Japan: Proceedings of the Seminar on Aquaculture
Development in Southeast Asian, 8-12 September 1987, SEAFDEC/AQD, Iloilo
City, Philippines, pp. 195-210.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 7
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Guanzon, Nicolas G, de Castro-Mallare, Teresa R & Lorque, Felizardo M (2004)
Polyculture of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) and the red seaweed
Gracilariopsis bailinae (Zhang et Xia) in brackish water earthen ponds.
Aquaculture Research 35 (5), 423-431.
Kungvankij, P., Tiro, L. B., Pudadera, B. J., and Potestas, I. O. 1988. Biology and culture
of sea bass (Lates Calcarifer). NACA Training Manual Series No. 3, Reprinted by
SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 70pp.
National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture. 1986. Technical manual for seed production of
sea bass. March 1986. Kao Seng, Songkhla, Thailand. 49pp.
Ruangpanit, N., Bunliptanon, P., Pechmanee, T., Arkayanont, P. and Vanakovat, J. 1986.
Popagation of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus at National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture, Songkhla, Technical Paper No. 5/1988, National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture, Songkhla, Thailand. 16pp.
Sakares, V. and Sukbanaung, S. 1987. Experimental on net cage culture of grouper
Epinephelus tauvina using different stocking density. In: Proceeding of meeting
on “Reconsidering or results of research on grouper propagation at National
Institute of Coastal Aquaculture, Songkhla 23-25February 1987, pp. 165-177.
Sumagaysay, N. S., Hilomen-Garcia, G. V., and Garcia, L. M. B. 1999. Growth and
production of deformed and non-deformed hatchery-bred milkfish (chanos chanos)
in brackishwater ponds. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 51 (3):
106-113
Sumagaysay, N.; Baliao, D.; Rodriguez, E.; Coloso, R.M.; Lückstädt, C.:
AQD recommends semi-intensive milkfish culture.
In: SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture, Band 20, Heft 2, 1998, S. 28-29
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 8
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Learning Outcome #1: Draw and set up complete facility for a marine fish
hatchery
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read and study the following
information:
• Information sheet # 1-1: Read more on these topics so you will
“Selecting a site for marine finfish gain background knowledge that you
hatchery and complying with will need in lay-outing and constructing
national laws / rules” a marine fin fish hatchery.
• Information sheet # 1-2: “Basic
components and design
parameters of a marine finfish
hatchery”
• Information sheet #1-3: “Basic
sizes, shapes, and designs of
marine finfish hatchery
structures”
• Information sheet 1-4: “Drafting
the technical drawings of the
marine finfish hatchery
structures”
2. Perform Job sheet# 1-1: “Setting-up and Please refer to Job Sheet #1-1 for more
drawing a layout plan of marine finfish details on specified tasks and activities
hatchery” to be undertaken and follow the
instructions.
3. Answer Self-Check # 1-1 Read Self-Check # 1-1, questions and
4. Check your answer write down your answers.
Refer to Answer Key#1-1 and check if
you got the right answers.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 9
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET # 1-1
SELECTING A SITE FOR MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY AND COMPLYING WITH
NATIONAL LAWS / RULES
CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE SELECTION
Hatchery facilities are very expensive to build, and once built, it is more or less permanent
to that location. Proper evaluation should therefore be made on the proposed site of the
marine finfish hatchery.
APPLICABLE PROVISIONS OF RA 8550 – THE FISHER
• Water Supply. Water supply is the single most important factor to consider in
selecting site for a fisheries project. The proposed site must be located in an area
that is:
o Very accessible to free and adequate supply of water all-year-round. The
elevation of the area should be accessible to free gravitational flow of water.
If not, its elevation compared to the water level should not pose too much of
a problem in the efficient pumping of water;
o The available water meets the quality standards appropriate for the type of
fisheries project. Adequate investigation must be made to ensure that it is,
and will remain to be so for the life-duration of the project, free from
pollution and contamination.
• Soil Characteristics. Be conscious of the following soil characteristics:
o Look for:
clay, clay loan, sandy loam soils with deposit of organic matter of
about 16%;
Hard mud of the above types are preferable to the soft and very
loose kind;
Ensure that the soil will hold water; and,
The Ph value of the soil is within the desirable range of 7-9.
o Avoid the following:
Sandy, rocky or stony soils because these do not retain water in the
ponds; also,
Areas with thick deposits of organic debris since these are very poor
materials for constructing dikes.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 10
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Topography. The following topographical conditions are critical:
o Choose flat terrain for ease in excavation and leveling. Rolling and inclined
surfaces require more excavation works at the construction stage, and more
often than not, pose problems in the efficient flow of water and effluents in
the day-to-day operations of the project.
o Avoid areas that are prone to flooding and strong surface-water run-offs
during strong rains.
• Other Important Factors. Other very important factors to consider in determining
the site of the project are:
o Proximity to the market for products, and to the source of inputs to the
project;
o Availability of skilled and reliable labor;
o Peace and order condition prevailing in the area.
IES CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Republic Act 8550 was enacted by the 10th Congress in February 1998 in order to
develop, manage and conserve fisheries and aquatic resources, and to integrate all
pertinent laws and regulations affecting fisheries and aquaculture in the country.
Pertinent provisions of this Act which have direct bearing on the operations of a marine
finfish hatchery are quoted in full:
• SEC. 12. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). - All government agencies as
well as private corporations, firms and entities who intend to undertake activities or
projects which will affect the quality of the environment shall be required to prepare
a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to undertaking such
development activity. The preparation of the EIS shall form an integral part of the
entire planning process pursuant to the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1586
as well as its implementing rules and regulations.
• SEC.13 Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). - All Environmental
Impact Statements (EIS) shall be submitted to the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) for review and evaluation. No person, natural or
juridical, shall undertake any development project without first securing an
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Secretary of the DENR.
• SEC.47. Code of Practice for Aquaculture. - The Department shall establish a
code of practice for aquaculture that will outline general principles and guidelines
for environmentally-sound design and operation to promote the sustainable
development of the industry. Such Code shall be developed through a consultative
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 11
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
process with the DENR, the fishworkers, FLA holders, fishpond owners, fisherfolk
cooperatives, small-scale operators, research institutions and the academe, and
other potential stakeholders. The Department may consult with specialized
international organizations in the formulation of the Code of practice.
• SEC.48. Incentives and Disincentives for Sustainable Aquaculture Practices.
- The Department shall formulate incentives and disincentives, such, as, but not
limited to, effluent charges, user fees and negotiable permits, to encourage
compliance with the environmental standards and to promote sustainable
management practices.
• SEC.51. License to Operate Fish Pens, Fish Cages, Fish Traps and Other
Structures for the culture of Fish and Other Fishery Products. - Fish pens, fish
cages, fish traps and other structures for the culture of fish and other fishery
products shall be constructed and shall operate only within established zones duly
designated by LGUs in consultation with the FARMCs concerned consistent with
national fisheries policies after the corresponding licenses thereof have been
secured. The area to be utilized for this purpose for individual person shall be
determined by the LGUs in consultation with the concerned FARMC: Provided,
however, That not over ten percent (10%) of the suitable water surface area of all
lakes and rivers shall be allotted for aquaculture purposes like fish pens, fish cages
and fish traps; and the stocking density and feeding requirement which shall be
controlled and determined by its carrying capacity: Provided, further, That fish
pens and fish cages located outside municipal waters shall be constructed and
operated only within fish pen and fish cage belts designated by the Department
and after corresponding licenses therefore have been secured and the fees thereof
paid.
• SEC.57. Registration of Fish Hatcheries and Private Fishponds, etc. - All fish
hatcheries, fish breeding facilities and private fishponds must be registered with
the LGUs which shall prescribe minimum standards for such facilities in
consultation with the Department: Provided, That the Department shall conduct a
yearly inventory of all fishponds, fish pens and fish cages whether in public or
private lands: Provided, further, That all fishpond, fish pen and fish cage operators
shall annually report to the Department the type of species and volume of
production in areas devoted to aquaculture.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 12
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET # 1-2
BASIC COMPONENTS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A MARINE FINFISH
HATCHERY
THE BASIC HATCHERY FACILITIES
A basic marine finfish hatchery facility using the natural incubation method includes
compartments for: 1) breeders, 2) nursery, and 3) rearing. For facilities that use artificial
incubation, a fourth and separate structure is
required to house the artificial incubators. A
fifth facility, conditioning compartments are
used by technologically advanced hatcheries
to increase the spawning of breeders
Breeder cage
Fish Tanks / Ponds. The construction of these
essential facilities differs depending on the breeding
method to be practiced: 1) pond culture, 2)
Cages with four divisions net/cage culture, or 3) tank culture. The breeding
method is highly influenced by the location of the
proposed site of the project, and to a certain extent, the technology possessed by
management and the project team.
o Brood-stock and Larvae/Fry
Compartments - These are tanks or
cages where breeder male and
female finfish are maintained to 1)
mature and develop, 2) spawn and
breed, and 3) rejuvenate after a
mating and spawning process.
Brood-stock Development Nursery tanks
Tanks/Cages - These are
tanks or cages where selected
male and female juveniles are kept
and conditioned to maturity.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 13
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Breeding Tanks - These are tanks where sexually mature male and
female breeders are confined to spawn and breed. For example,
tilapia female breeders spawn their eggs in nests built by male
breeders, for the male breeders to fertilize said eggs with latter’s milt.
Upon fertilization, the female then gathers all the fertilized eggs in her
mouth for incubation.
Breeder Conditioning Tanks/Cages - These are tanks where male
and female breeders are kept separately after each breeding cycle to
condition them for the next breeding cycle.
Larvae / Yolk Sac Nursery – These are tanks or containers where
newly hatched fry are kept and tended. It is also here where the
technique of direct hormonal sex-reversal process is practiced by
some tilapia hatchery facilities to produce a population that is
predominantly- male. It is in these facilities where the fry are
periodically sized and separated according to size.
Fry Rearing
Compartment(s) - These
are compartments where
size-differentiated fry are
kept and tended for
disposal as fingerlings.
• Artificial Incubator Facilities - These Fry rearing tank
facilities are normally housed in a separate
roofed structure and are normally required when the hatchery method to be
adopted is through artificial incubation. In this method, the fertilized eggs are
transferred to artificial incubators where the eggs hatch.
• Life Support Systems/Facilities. For all types of finfish breeding and culture
methods, water supply and drainage is a principal life support system. In highly-
intensive cultures such as in re-circulating tank culture, the aeration system and
the filtering system also play very important roles.
o Water Supply - In net/cage culture in dams and reservoirs, water is
relatively less of a problem since the supply of fresh water is assured by the
natural flow and circulation within the vast body of water. But in pond and
tank cultures, facilities are needed to ensure fresh water supply when it is
needed.
In pond culture, water gates are set up to control the inflow of fresh
water from the source to the ponds;
In tank culture, pumps and piping systems are installed to
continuously supply tanks with fresh water.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 14
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Water Drainage - This is rarely a problem in net/cage culture. But in pond
and tank cultures, the drainage system ensures 1) that spent water and
effluents are discharged from the pond/tank to avoid contamination, and 2)
it offers ease in harvesting and periodic cleaning of ponds/tanks.
o Aeration System - In semi- and highly-Intensive Pond culture, and most
especially in tank culture, an aeration system is a must. The system
includes a pump which forces air through a piping system to escape as air
bubbles from strategic locations and depths in the pond/tank to renew
dissolved oxygen (DO) supplies and remove waste.
Aerator & O2 tank
Water aerator column
o Filtering System - This is used in tank
cultures that employ the re-circulating
system. As contrasted with the flow-
through system where water overflows from
the tanks are discarded, in the re-circulating
system, the water overflows are collected,
filtered through materials that normally
include biofilters, and then recycled back to
the tanks.
Internal recirculating biofilter
• Support Facilities
o Office/Records Room - This is the place the technical staff of the facility can
hold office, conduct meetings, etc. There should also be facilities where all
records, reports, documents, and the like can be kept and stored in a
systematic manner.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 15
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Laboratory/Examination/Observation Room - This is the place where close
observation of samples are performed for diagnostic and treatment
purposes.
o Mechanical/Tool Room - This is a central control and storage facility for all
mechanical and electrical tools, equipment, supplies, etc.
o Feeds Storage Facility – Stock room for feeds.
o Staff Quarters - Lodging facilities for staff/workers some of whom may be
required to spend the night at the facility for close monitoring and
maintenance or security requirements.
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGNING A HATCHERY
There are no template designs for marine finfish hatchery facilities. The actual location,
the type of culture, the technology to be used, the topography and terrain, the ingresses
and egresses, availability of local or indigenous materials, and many other factors come
into play in the design and layout for a specific hatchery. Nevertheless, there are certain
guidelines or parameters that should be considered when one is designing and lay-outing
a specific project:
• Appropriateness of Facilities to Technology. One need not bother so much
about wind direction when it will adopt tank culture, as much as it will if it were to
adopt pond culture! But consistency of supply of electricity, more sophisticated
laboratory/Examination and Mechanical/Tool rooms, and reliable aeration and
filtering systems will take much attention when one will embark on a highly-
intensive culture compared to another that will engage in net/cage culture in
natural ponds and reservoirs. The facilities must be appropriate to the technology
of breeding and hatchery operations to be implemented. Plan for the facilities that
you will be using, and required based on a pre-decided set of technologies and
operating procedures.
• Efficient/Unobstructed Flow of Men, Materials, and Commodities. The idea
here is to bring closer together facilities needed by interdependent or interrelated
processes in order to minimize movement or transfer, thereby increasing human
productivity, and lessening risks of loss or contamination for materials and
commodities. Here are some examples on how to observe this guideline:
o Keep the Conditioning and Breeding compartments close to each other;
o Locate the Feeds Storage Facility accessible to all the fish compartments,
and to the Office/Records Room where the feeding instructions may
originate from.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 16
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Strategically arrange the fish compartments and the centralized air and
water pumps to minimize system efficiency losses in having long and
circuitous piping systems.
o Locate the Office room for better accessibility and increased security
because of wider visibility.
• Optimal Allocation and Use of Space. Plan for relative space requirements:
Determine space requirements at each stage and provide proportionate space
allocations. Determine also the interrelationships of facilities; then make fine-
tuning adjustments in space allocations.
• Preferred Method of Culture
o Fishponds and Hapa Net Cages. The construction and maintenance of
fishponds and Hapa net cages may be less costly. However, their
openness to the natural environments create the following problems:
• They are more susceptible to “invasion” of stray species which would
undermine the purity of the genetic line of the brood-stock;
• The temperature and quality of water is much less controllable;
• There is much more risk of food contamination/rotting and greater
exposure to diseases.
o Concrete Tanks. The construction of concrete tanks may require more
financial resources. However, it is the environment that responds to the
weaknesses of fishponds and hapa net cages. Space requirements are
reduced. Management is made simple: minimal servicing in terms of waste
removal, ease in feeding, cleaning, health monitoring, prophylaxis, disease
detection and treatment, and efficient feed usage.
Considering the net effect on the productivity of developed breeders, and
the convenience it offers to the process of having to frequently conduct
physical examination and evaluation of the development of breeders, the
tank option may prove to be the most cost-effective breeding environment in
the long run.
• Egg Incubation and Fry Production Method. Three methods are available:
o Natural Incubation. In this method, the female breeder is relied upon to
incubate the eggs and rear the newly-hatched fry. This method dispenses
with the need for artificial incubators, and also saves time in labor.
However, fry production is not expected to meet optimal levels principally
due to cannibalism. In addition, the productivity of female breeders is
compromised. For the duration of the incubation period, the female is
unable to eat; therefore the health of the female breeder suffers. In
addition, the succeeding spawning cycle is delayed by the time it takes to
incubate the eggs and rear for the newly-hatched fry.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 17
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Artificial Incubation. In this method, the fertilized eggs are collected and are
set in artificial incubators to hatch. Fry production under this scheme is very
high. But this method is also very laborious: spawning cycles have to be
monitored very closely, and egg extraction has to be done very frequently
and periodically, e.g. every five (5) days. This will also necessitate the
construction and maintenance of artificial hatchery facilities.
o Combination of Artificial Incubation and Natural incubation. Under this
method, newly-hatched fry are collected daily from the breeder cages/tanks.
In addition, induced spawning is practiced and the fertilized eggs are set in
artificial incubators for hatching.
• Fry/Fingerling Production targets: Short-term and long term. This will determine
the size or scale of hatchery facilities. One would normally plan for facilities that
will support the long-term production targets, then lay these facilities out in paper.
Staggered construction of facilities to meet the short-term production targets are
done and situated in accordance with the master layout to meet the long-term
plans.
Hatchery facilities can be determined, planned for, and laid out when all
production-related issues and questions have been thoroughly studied and
analyzed, and options and answers have been firmly adopted. Among the major
questions and issues to be answered or resolved are:
What specie of breeders shall be maintained?
What culture shall be adopted? Hapa Cages? Tanks? Combination?
If tank culture, what water inflow technology shall be used? Flow-through?
Re-circulating?
What incubation method shall be adopted? Natural? Artificial? Combined?
What shall the product be? Fry? Fingerlings? Both?
Should facilities for grow-out be provided?
What production level of fry/fingerling shall be targeted in the long-term?
How about in the short-term?
How many breeders should be maintained? How often should replacement
breeders be developed?
What assumptions have been made on:
Survival Rate of Fry?
Hatching Rate?
Average egg spawning rate per female?
Number of days in spawning/breeding cycle?
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 18
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
The answers to these questions will lead to a rational determination of the different
facilities needed to be maintained, the needed capacities, and other features
essential to a peculiarity in operations.
Among the structures that should be planned for are:
• Net cages for Fish Confinement. Nets for fish confinement are normally made of
nylon nets of appropriate mesh size. These are propped by bamboo poles and
sometimes replaced or reinforced with galvanized tubes. The upper edges of the
net cages are buoyed up by floating materials such as Styrofoam or sealed drums.
Net cages for fish may either be:
o Floating type
o Stationary/Fixed
• Cement Tanks (rectangular or round) for Fish Culture or Other purposes.
Cement tanks may be used for a variety of purposes:
o As culture tanks, cement tanks can either be round or rectangular. For
marine finfish culture, round, or cylindrical, tanks are the recommended
types.
o Cement tanks may also be used for the culture of algae and other natural
fish food;
o They are also used as water reservoirs, filter/sedimentation tanks, and other
water impounding uses.
• Roofed and Enclosed Structures. Among the roofed and closed structures that
may be included in the construction plans are:
o Office and/or lodging structures and comfort rooms;
o Warehouses for feeds, materials, and equipment
o Laboratory
o Hatchery
o Mechanical/Utility Rooms
• Other Facilities. This may include drainage canals, service roads, pathways,
utility posts or towers, fences, elevated or suspended catwalks, and the like.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 19
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET #1-3
BASIC SIZES, SHAPES, AND DESIGNS OF MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY
STRUCTURES
This section dwells on the basic designs of structures normally used in marine finfish
hatchery operations:
NET CAGES
Net cages are normally constructed when certain aspects of hatchery operations, such as
for brood-stock development or maintenance and the like, entail the culture of fish in
ponds or large bodies of water. There are basically two (2) types of net cages: Floating
and stationary.
Hapa & floating cages
• Floating Net Cages. A single floating module usually consists of a number of net
cages, usually 6. The following factors should be considered in constructing a
floating net cage:
o Dimensions. Each of the cages normally measures 5 meters wide, by 5
meters long, and 3 meters deep. But since the water depth in the
impoundment may vary from time to time, the cage bottom must have a
clearance of at least one (1) meter from the bottom of the reservoir.
o Frames. Each net cage must be supported by a frame made of bamboo
poles with an inner dimension of 5 meters wide, by 5 meters long, and 3
meters deep. It should be so constructed to withstand stress caused by
waves and the increase in weight during the culture operation. A vertical
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 20
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
beam made of bamboo poles or strong wood with chain rings at the far end
is provided as attachment for rigging the net cage. To keep the bottom of
cage netting down, galvanized iron (G.I.) tubes may be installed at the
edges of the bottom cage.
o Floats. Strategic corners of the net cage frame are fitted underneath with
plastic drums (more or less measuring 0.6 meters in diameter and 1 meter
deep) that serve as floats. A total of at least ten (10) drums is sufficient to
keep a module of six cages afloat. Other materials that can be used as
floats are closed empty plastic containers and Styrofoam.
o Cage netting. The following types of nets with their respective mesh sizes
are used in constructing cages:
• “B” net (0.5 – 1.0 centimeter mesh size)
• “CC” net (1.0 – 1.5 centimeter mesh size)
• “GG” net (1.5 – 2.0 centimeter mesh size)
The type of net to be used depends on the size of the fish to be stocked. It
is fabricated as an inverted mosquito net to prevent the stock from
escaping. Each net cage is reinforced with a polyrope that is inserted along
the sewn borders of the net and held in place by a clove hitch with overhand
knot. An eye splice is provided at each end corner for attachment the
rigging the net cage.
o Anchors. To hold the floating cage module in place, the four strategic
corners are anchored to the bottom of the reservoir by concrete blocks
weighing 1 to 2 tons each. Equivalent weights like boulders may also be
used. Generally, the weight of the anchor should be twice the weight of the
entire floating cage module.
• Stationary/Fixed Net Cages. Like the floating net cage, a stationary net cage
module also normally has six (6) compartments.
o Dimension. The units of rectangular net cages normally measure 5 meters
long, by 5 meters wide, and 1.5 meters deep.
o Cage Netting. The nets used for the stationary net cages are the same as
in the floating net cages. Likewise, the size of the fish to be stocked
determines the net that will be used. Because these cages are fixed,
allowances of at least 25 centimeters above the water surface, and at least
1 to 2 meters from the bottom, must be given to cope with fluctuations in
water levels.
o Frames. The cages are mounted on fixed bamboo frames whose posts are
staked one (1) meter deep into the substrate. The upper ends of the posts
are braced with bamboo poles.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 21
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
CONCRETE TANKS
Tanks of various makes, sizes, and shapes are often used in marine finfish hatchery
operations. Fiberglass, canvass-reinforced, and even water-proofed wooden tanks are
occasionally used. However, the most common make of tanks is concrete because it is
easy to construct and, normally, the least expensive to build. There are two (2) basic
shaped of concrete tanks: circular and rectangular.
• Circular Tanks for Fish Culture. Circular tanks
are often used in the culture of marine finfish. The
absence of corners does not provide opportunities
for catfish to carry out their territorial tendencies.
Hence, hostilities and struggles are minimized.
o Size and Capacity. Circular tanks are built
to any desired volume capacity: from 1-ton
to as large as 100-tons capacity.
Anticipated volumes of fish for confinement Cage-Circular
and practical considerations in maintaining
such tanks are the two more dominant considerations in determining tank
capacities. The height of the walls normally ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 meters
high. However, regardless of capacities, circular tanks for fish culture
normally have the following features:
o Tank Finishing. The inside walls and flooring are plastered with
waterproofing materials. The floor is slightly conical: it is designed to slope
at the center. At the center is the drainage opening of a pipe which leads to
a canal outside the tank.
o Inlet Pipe (IP) for Water. This is located anywhere within the outside rim of
the tanks, the inlet pipes are normally provided with valves to control the
flow of water. The spout is normally positioned at such height above the
water level so as to create splashing effects and, in the process, contribute
also in aerating the water.
o Aerator Piping. An aerator pipe (AP) normally runs parallel with the water
pipe. This is also provided with a control valve to shut off or limit the flow of
air. The end of the aerator piping is normally positioned over the rim of the
tank and is equipped for easy attachment of additional piping to locate the
air nozzles to be positioned at the desired location and depth in the tank.
o Water Outlet With Standpipe. A standpipe outlet (SO) is inserted at the
drainage opening. The height of this standpipe determines the height of the
water level in the tank. The standpipe serves as an overflow pipe to prevent
water from rising higher than the desired level. To drain water from the
tank, the standpipe is removed by pulling it upward.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 22
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Drainage Canal. The effect the gravitational flow of water, the drainage
canal (DC) should be dug at a depth lower than the lowest elevation of the
tank flooring. There must be provided adequate clearance in depth and
width of the canal to accommodate a netted contraption to catch fry or fish
that may flow with the drained water.
The drainage canals may either lead to the final waste water disposal area,
or to a collection system that feeds back to a filtration tank or apparatus to
effect recycling of water.
• Rectangular Tanks for Natural Food. This shape of concrete tanks is built when
there is a need to culture natural food such as chlorella and brachionous. Almost
all features of these tanks are the same as with circular tanks. They differ only in
the following aspects:
o Slope of Floor. The flooring of rectangular tanks are normally sloped from
one of the shorter sides to the opposite shorter side.
o Location of Inlet, Outlet, and Aerator Pipes. The inlet and aerator pipes are
normally located at the shallower end of the tank. The outlet pipe is located
at the opposite and deeper end of the tank.
• Water Tank Reservoir and Filter. To ensure ready availability of clear and clean
water, tank reservoirs are normally built for impounding and sedimentation
purposes. These tanks are normally divided in two (2) sections or more, with the
larger section serving as reservoir, and the smaller section(s) for filtration
purposes.
ROOFED AND ENCLOSED STRUCTURES
A number of facilities need to be protected from natural elements: the office, warehouse,
laboratory, hatchery, certain work areas, equipment sheds, and the like. Individual
structures may be built for these facilities; or, they may be grouped together in only one or
more structures, based on the following major considerations:
o The efficient flow of work;
o The safety and/or dangers to staff and materials;
o Compatibilities or interdependence of these facilities; and,
o Economy in construction.
The major components of these structures and their common characteristics include:
• Flooring. The flooring is normally made of cement, elevated, and supported by
adequate foundation and reinforcement steel bars.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 23
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Roofing. The roof may come in different designs. But it is normally made of an
appropriate gauge of galvanized iron (G.I.) or plastic corrugated sheets which are
fastened to wooden purlins that traverse two (2) or more trusses. The entire
roofing structure is held up either by solely posts with adequate footings, in
combination with walls, or solely by load-bearing walls.
• Walls. The walls are normally made of hollow blocks at the exterior. For interior
dividers, wooden partitions are an option to hollow blocks. Openings or windows
are provided for in walls to effect good ventilation. Access doors are also provided
based on standard designs.
• Utilities. Electrical and plumbing/sewage facilities are also provided as needed
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 24
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET 1-4
DRAFTING THE TECHNICAL DRAWINGS OF THE MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY
STRUCTURES
All physical facilities identified and determined in the preceding section as necessary in
the operations of the planned hatchery have to be translated into a set of layout and
construction plans designed to guide actual construction and execution. Even as these
plans have to rendered by licensed professionals, it is nevertheless a very big advantage
if the aqua-culturist also has working knowledgeable along this trade if only to ensure that
all technical aspects of the business (which otherwise might just be glossed over by
architects and engineers as unimportant) are given proper importance and consideration.
Below are some points essential in drafting or reading construction plans:
Æ Scale. Construction plans are drawn to scale so that if any specific
dimension needed is missing, the contractor can scale the drawing to
determine the right measurement. The main floor plans are generally drawn
to ¼" scale which means that every ¼" on the plan equals 1' in actual
length. Other details like framing layouts or built-in details may be drawn at
another scale like ½" or even ¾". The scale of each drawing is usually
indicated in the plans.
Æ Presentation and Orientation. All plans should be neat and clear and fully
dimensioned. Where feasible plans should be drawn to 1/4"-1'-0" scale and
reduced to 18" x 24" size. All plans should be individually folded to 9" x 12"
size. A north arrow should always be included on the plans, with north
pointing to the top.
• Site Plan. A Site Plan is a plan drawn to scale showing the uses and structures
proposed for a parcel of land. Site Plans are drawn to determine the placement of
facilities on the lot. A plot plan again is an overhead view of the construction site
and the facilities as it sits in reference to the boundaries of the lot. Plot plans
outline location of utility services, setback requirements (if any), easements,
location of drives and walks, and sometimes even topographical data that specifies
the slope of the terrain. The plot plan indicates the exact placement of all the
facilities relative to the land where such facilities will be erected. A Site Plan
should include the following information:
1. Lot lines and dimensions.
2. Location of existing and proposed buildings properly dimensioned from
property lines.
3. Location of buildings on adjoining and abutting lots with note as to height
in stories.
4. Uses of adjoining and abutting lots.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 25
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
5. All parking and loading facilities showing stalls, access, circulation, docks,
ramps and curb cuts and all fences, dimensioned.
6. Locations of all trash containers.
7. All existing and proposed easements.
8. All setback lines, properly dimensioned.
9. All contiguous and adjacent properties, streets and alleys, showing
centerline and both curb lines; street widths, right-of-way lines and street
names.
10. Lot size, lot coverage, building area (by floor) and total floor area to lot
size ratio.
The site plan is a dynamic document, evolving through the life of a job:
o At the proposal stage: The early stage site plan is usually very limited in
detail, containing only enough dimensional data to define the outer limits of
the available property selected for plant development. Located within the
boundaries of the available property, rough equipment sizes and shapes are
pictorially positioned. along with anticipated pipe rack configurations,
structure shape and rough sizes. The plot plan at this level of detail is then
used for constructability evaluation and is normally submitted to the
owners/investors for approval. Development of the plot plan in the very early
stages is usually accomplished through the use of preliminary project
design data, approximate equipment sizes and a process flow diagram to
establish rough sketches. These sketches are used to determine structure
configuration and relative equipment positioning.
o At the planning operational planning stage: Once approved, all functional
groupings use the plot plan as a pictorial reference for their work. At this
point, the plot plan becomes a universal document used by all groups to
interface with one another and the owners/investors. More details are
added and exact specifications are inputted.
o Construction stage: releases the constructor to begin activities related to
equipment location, such as roads, pile driving, underground piping,
foundations, etc. It is the single document containing all equipment,
structure and road locations.
In addition to depicting relative and specific positioning of equipment, site plans
help in the establishment of support facilities and are used to determine the most
cost-effective construction sequence and methods. They are also used to assure
proper operator and maintenance access while maintaining engineering efficiency,
and they are also used for operational needs such as training and emergency
access, as well as facilitating insurance ratings.
Designers that develop plot plans are usually persons that can do development
type work using original thought and utilizing minimal process, utility and
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 26
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
equipment information. The plot plan designer must also know the functions of
engineering, construction, operations and maintenance in order to envision and
anticipate mechanical problems and emergencies that may occur in the future.
• Elevations. Elevations are a non-perspective view of the facilities. These are
drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any aspect necessary.
Plans include front, rear and both side elevations. The elevations specify ridge
heights, the positioning of the final grade of the lot, exterior finishes, roof pitches
and other details that are necessary to give the facility its exterior architectural
styling.
An Elevation may also be a drawing showing the exterior sides of a structure.
Elevations are drawn to scale, dimensioned from roof peak and from eaves to
ground and include all sides of the structure. Materials of the facade may also be
specified. Photographs may be substituted for elevations for existing structures. An
outline elevation of adjacent structures, if there are any, should also be included.
The following information can be glimpsed about the structure based on labels and
annotations in the elevation:
o Overall design and character of the structure
o Materials and finishes for the exterior features of the structure
o Height of the structure and its various levels
o Approximate or true profile of the structure site (if not leveled)
o Types and designs of exterior doors and windows
• Floor Plan. Floor plans are actually quite easy to understand. A floor plan layout
on blueprints is basically an overhead view of the completed facility. Dimensions
are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. The
floor plan specifies the exact location of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, etc.
Among the walls and dimensions, one will often also find notes to specify finishes,
construction methods, or even symbols for electrical or to reference cross sections.
o From the floor plans, the following can be estimated by direct count:
o Number of doors and corresponding hardware requirements
o Number of windows and corresponding hardware requirements
o Number of plumbing fixture and their corresponding accessories
• Foundation Plan. This plan shows the structural support of the structure and
should therefore follow the outline and layout of the walls and other structural
elements in the Floor Plan. Among the information that this Plan presents are:
o Position of the columns or posts, masonry walls, and other building
elements at the foundation level;
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 27
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Necessary measurements to show the spatial relationships between the
structure parts, as well as for plotting their exact positions on the ground at
the outset of construction;
o Spaces of concrete slabs on fill and their thicknesses; sizes and spacing of
steel reinforcing bars, if required;
o Foundation work required for other facilities like driveways, steps,
walkways, etc.
Form Typical Foundation
• Sections. In contrast with the Elevation Plan that shows the exterior details,
Section Plans reveal the interiors as an imaginary vertical plane. A section
showing the structure in its entire length is called a full section; when it represents
only a part of the structure and is intended to focus on specific details of the
construction or special features, it is known as detail section. Among the important
information which are conveyed through the full section drawings are:
o The height of the different floor levels as seen from the inside of the
structure;
o Interior elements of the structure;
o Contour of the structure site (if it is not level). This is important in
calculating the volume of fills or excavations to construct the structure.
o Profile of the ceiling lines and floor sections. This is useful in establishing
the area of exposed surfaces of walls for plastering, painting, and other
finishing purposes.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 28
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Detail Drawings. When needed to provide clarity in complex designs or
situations, enlarged drawings focused on selected portions of the structure and
showing greater detail are prepared as plans that are generally referred to as
Detail Drawings.
o Electrical Layout: Electrical layouts are sometimes on a separate page to
make reading them a little easier. This layout shows locations of light
fixtures, fans, outlets, light switches etc. There is usually a legend on the
page which explains what each symbol represents. There may also be such
legends for heating systems, door swings and sizes, or even to specify
certain finishes.
o Framing Drawings: The framing drawings are also drawn to scale and
outline the layouts of items such as floor joists and trusses, beam locations
and other structural requirements. Framing layouts don't usually get into the
details of each stud location in the walls since framing contractors are
required to follow certain rules and regulations to assure that structures
meet the required building code specifications.
o Plumbing and Mechanical Systems: These systems are generally not
covered extensively on the blueprints other than locations of fixtures and
main service lines.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 29
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
JOB SHEET# 1-1
Title Setting-up and drawing a layout plan of marine finfish
hatchery
Purpose To enable the participants to gain knowledge and skills
in setting up and drawing a layout plan of marine finfish
Equipment, Tools and Materials Measuring instrument, drawing pen and paper,
calculator
Precautions None
Procedures:
STEP # 1. Select the site for the marine finfish hatchery.
Choose a project site appropriate for the hatchery to be constructed and comply with the
national laws and regulations.
STEP #2. Identify and analyze the issues related to operational and production
targets of the hatchery project.
Hatchery facilities can be determined, planned for, and laid out when all
production-related issues and questions have been thoroughly studied and
analyzed, and options and answers have been firmly adopted. Among the major
questions and issues to be answered or resolved are:
What specie of breeders shall be maintained?
What culture shall be adopted? Hapa Cages? Tanks? Combination?
If tank culture, what water inflow technology shall be used? Flow-through?
Re-circulating?
What incubation method shall be adopted? Natural? Artificial? Combined?
What shall the product be? Fry? Fingerlings? Both?
Should facilities for grow-out be provided?
What production level of fry/fingerling shall be targeted in the long-term?
How about in the short-term?
How many breeders should be maintained? How often should replacement
breeders be developed?
What assumptions have been made on:
Survival Rate of Fry?
Hatching Rate?
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 30
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
STEP #3. Determine the facilities to be included in the construction plans.
Among the structures that should be planned for are:
• Net cages for Fish Confinement. Nets for fish confinement are normally made of
nylon nets of appropriate mesh size. These are propped by bamboo poles and
sometimes replaced or reinforced with galvanized tubes. The upper edges of the
net cages are buoyed up by floating materials such as Styrofoam or sealed drums.
Net cages for fish may either be:
o Floating type
o Stationary/Fixed
• Cement Tanks (rectangular or round) for Fish Culture or Other purposes.
Cement tanks may be used for a variety of purposes:
o As culture tanks, cement tanks can either be round or rectangular. For
marine finfish culture, round, or cylindrical, tanks are the recommended
types.
o Cement tanks may also be used for the culture of algae and other natural
fish food;
o They are also used as water reservoirs, filter/sedimentation tanks, and other
water impounding uses.
• Roofed and Enclosed Structures. Among the roofed and closed structures that
may be included in the construction plans are:
o Office and/or lodging structures and comfort rooms;
o Warehouses for feeds, materials, and equipment
o Laboratory
o Hatchery
o Mechanical/Utility Rooms
• Other Facilities. This may include drainage canals, service roads, pathways,
utility posts or towers, fences, elevated or suspended catwalks, and the like.
STEP #4. Draft the technical drawings.
These drawings include the floor plan, the foundation plan, the elevations, the sections,
and detail drawings.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 31
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
SELF-CHECK #1-1
Answer the following:
1. What are the critical considerations in site selection?
2. Name and describe the applicable provisions of RA 8550 – The Fisheries Code.
3. What are the basic components of hatchery facilities?
4. List down the basic considerations in designing a hatchery.
5. What are the basic structures that should planned for and laid out when designing
a marine finfish hatchery?
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 32
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
ANSWER KEY # 1-1
1. What are the critical considerations in site selection?
Answer:
• Water Supply. Water supply is the single most important factor to consider in
selecting site for a fisheries project. The proposed site must be located in an area
that is:
o Very accessible to free and adequate supply of water all-year-round. The
elevation of the area should be accessible to free gravitational flow of water.
If not, its elevation compared to the water level should not pose too much of
a problem in the efficient pumping of water;
o The available water meets the quality standards appropriate for the type of
fisheries project. Adequate investigation must be made to ensure that it is,
and will remain to be so for the life-duration of the project, free from
pollution and contamination.
• Soil Characteristics. Be conscious of the following soil characteristics:
o Look for:
clay, clay loan, sandy loam soils with deposit of organic matter of
about 16%;
Hard mud of the above types are preferable to the soft and very
loose kind;
Ensure that the soil will hold water; and,
The Ph value of the soil is within the desirable range of 7-9.
o Avoid the following:
Sandy, rocky or stony soils because these do not retain water in the
ponds; also,
Areas with thick deposits of organic debris since these are very poor
materials for constructing dikes.
• Topography. The following topographical conditions are critical:
o Choose flat terrain for ease in excavation and leveling. Rolling and inclined
surfaces require more excavation works at the construction stage, and more
often than not, pose problems in the efficient flow of water and effluents in
the day-to-day operations of the project.
o Avoid areas that are prone to flooding and strong surface-water run-offs
during strong rains.
• Other Important Factors. Other very important factors to consider in determining
the site of the project are:
o Proximity to the market for products, and to the source of inputs to the
project;
o Availability of skilled and reliable labor;
o Peace and order condition prevailing in the area.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 33
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
2. Name and describe the applicable provisions of RA 8550 – The Fisheries
Code.
Answer:
Pertinent provisions of this Act which have direct bearing on the operations of a marine
finfish hatchery are:
• SEC. 12. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). - All government agencies as
well as private corporations, firms and entities who intend to undertake activities or
projects which will affect the quality of the environment shall be required to prepare
a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to undertaking such
development activity.
• SEC.13 Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). - All Environmental
Impact Statements (EIS) shall be submitted to the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) for review and evaluation. No person, natural or
juridical, shall undertake any development project without first securing an
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Secretary of the DENR.
• SEC.47. Code of Practice for Aquaculture. - The Department shall establish a
code of practice for aquaculture that will outline general principles and guidelines
for environmentally-sound design and operation to promote the sustainable
development of the industry.
• SEC.48. Incentives and Disincentives for Sustainable Aquaculture Practices.
- The Department shall formulate incentives and disincentives, such, as, but not
limited to, effluent charges, user fees and negotiable permits, to encourage
compliance with the environmental standards and to promote sustainable
management practices.
• SEC.51. License to Operate Fish Pens, Fish Cages, Fish Traps and Other
Structures for the culture of Fish and Other Fishery Products. - Fish pens, fish
cages, fish traps and other structures for the culture of fish and other fishery
products shall be constructed and shall operate only within established zones duly
designated by LGUs in consultation with the FARMCs concerned
Provided, however, That not over ten percent (10%) of the suitable water surface
area of all lakes and rivers shall be allotted for aquaculture purposes like fish
pens, fish cages and fish traps; and the stocking density and feeding requirement
which shall be controlled and determined by its carrying capacity.
• SEC.57. Registration of Fish Hatcheries and Private Fishponds, etc. - All fish
hatcheries, fish breeding facilities and private fishponds must be registered with
the LGUs which shall prescribe minimum standards for such facilities in
consultation with the Department
3. What are the basic components of hatchery facilities?
Answer:
A basic marine finfish hatchery facility using the natural incubation method includes
compartments for: 1) breeders, 2) nursery, and 3) rearing. For facilities that use artificial
incubation, a fourth and separate structure is required to house the artificial incubators. A
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 34
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
fifth facility, conditioning compartments are used by technologically advanced hatcheries
to increase the spawning of breeders
4. List down the basic considerations in designing a hatchery.
Answer:
• Appropriateness of Facilities to Technology. Consistency of supply of
electricity, more sophisticated laboratory/Examination and Mechanical/Tool rooms,
and reliable aeration and filtering systems will take much attention when one will
embark on a highly-intensive culture compared to another that will engage in
net/cage culture in natural ponds and reservoirs. The facilities must be appropriate
to the technology of breeding and hatchery operations to be implemented.
Efficient/Unobstructed Flow of Men, Materials, and Commodities. The idea
here is to bring closer together facilities needed by interdependent or interrelated
processes in order to minimize movement or transfer, thereby increasing human
productivity, and lessening risks of loss or contamination for materials and
commodities.
• Optimal Allocation and Use of Space. Plan for relative space requirements:
Determine space requirements at each stage and provide proportionate space
allocations. Determine also the interrelationships of facilities; then make fine-
tuning adjustments in space allocations.
• Preferred Method of Culture:
Fishponds and Hapa Net Cages. The construction and maintenance of fishponds and
Hapa net cages may be less costly.
Concrete Tanks. The construction of concrete tanks may require more financial
resources. However, it is the environment that responds to the weaknesses of
fishponds and hapa net cages. Space requirements are reduced. Management is
made simple: minimal servicing in terms of waste removal, ease in feeding, cleaning,
health monitoring, prophylaxis, disease detection and treatment, and efficient feed
usage.
• Preferred method of producing predominantly-male fry: Hybridization
techniques would require much more number of breeder compartments to maintain
purity of species. The adoption of Genetic Manipulation technology would save
the hatchery from some broodstock development tanks as breeders produced for
this method are often sold at late juvenile stages.
• Egg Incubation and Fry Production Method. Three methods are available
o Natural Incubation. In this method, the female breeder is relied upon to
incubate the eggs and rear the newly-hatched fry. This method dispenses
with the need for artificial incubators, and also saves time in labor.
o Artificial Incubation. In this method, the eggs are extracted from the buccal
cavity of female breeders as soon as she scoops the fertilized eggs. Fry
production under this scheme is very high. But this method is also very
laborious: spawning cycles have to be monitored very closely, and egg
extraction has to be done very frequently and periodically, e.g. every five (5)
days. This will also necessitate the construction and maintenance of
artificial hatchery facilities.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 35
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Combination of Artificial Incubation and Natural incubation. Under this
method, newly-hatched fry are collected daily from the breeder cages/tanks.
In addition, when mouth-incubating females are spotted, the eggs are
extracted from their buccal cavities and are set in artificial incubators.
• Fry/Fingerling Production targets: Short-term and long term. This will determine
the size or scale of hatchery facilities. One would normally plan for facilities that
will support the long-term production targets, then lay these facilities out in paper.
Staggered construction of facilities to meet the short-term production targets are
done and situated in accordance with the master layout to meet the long-term
plans.
5. What are the basic structures that should planned for and laid out when
designing a marine finfish hatchery?
Answer:
Among the structures that should be planned for are:
• Net cages for Fish Confinement. Nets for fish confinement are normally made of
nylon nets of appropriate mesh size. These are propped by bamboo poles and
sometimes replaced or reinforced with galvanized tubes. The upper edges of the
net cages are buoyed up by floating materials such as Styrofoam or sealed drums.
Net cages for fish may either be:
o Floating type
o Stationary/Fixed
• Cement Tanks (rectangular or round) for Fish Culture or Other purposes.
Cement tanks may be used for a variety of purposes:
o As culture tanks, cement tanks can either be round or rectangular. For
marine finfish culture, round, or cylindrical, tanks are the recommended
types.
o Cement tanks may also be used for the culture of algae and other natural
fish food;
o They are also used as water reservoirs, filter/sedimentation tanks, and other
water impounding uses.
• Roofed and Enclosed Structures. Among the roofed and closed structures that
may be included in the construction plans are:
o Office and/or lodging structures and comfort rooms;
o Warehouses for feeds, materials, and equipment
o Laboratory
o Hatchery
o Mechanical/Utility Rooms
• Other Facilities. This may include drainage canals, service roads, pathways,
utility posts or towers, fences, elevated or suspended catwalks, and the like.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 36
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE TITLE : OPERATE MARINE FINFISH HATCHERY
LEARNING OUTCOME #2 : Designing, Lay-outing, and Construction of a Marine
Finfish hatchery
: Identify tank / pond materials to be used
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Components of hatchery are identified and described
2. Appropriate materials are listed
RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities 1. Telephone
1. List of construction
materials
2. Record book
3. Paper and pen
4. Phone directory
REFERENCES
De la Pena, M. R., Fermin, A. C., and Lojera, D. P. 1995. The use of brackishwater
cladoceran, Diaphanosoma celebenesis (Stingelin), as partial replacement for
Artemia in the hatchery rearing of sea bass, Lates Calcarifer (Bloch) fry.
Presented at the Fourth Asian Fisheries Forum: Beijing, China; 16-20 October
1995.
Dhert, P., Duray, M. Lavens, P. and Sorgeloos, P. 1990. Optimized feeding strategies in
the larviculture of the asian sea bass (Lates Calcarifer). In: Hirano, R., and Hanyo,
I. (eds) The Second Asian Fisheries Forum: Proceedings of the Second Asian
Fisheries Forum; 17-22 April 1989; Tokyo, Japan. Pp. 319-323.
Doi, M. M., bin, Hj., Nawi, N., Razali bin Nik Lah and bin Talib, Z. 1991. Artificial
propagation of the grouper Epinephelus suillus at the marine hatchery in Tanjong
Demong, Tereggana, Malaysia Dept. of Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.
41pp.
Duray, M. and Juario, J. V. 1988. Broodstock Management and Seed Production of the
rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus (bloch) and sea bass, Lates Calcarifer (Bloch). In:
Juario, J. V. and Benitez, L. V. (eds) Perspective in Aquaculture Development in
Southeast Asia and Japan: Proceedings of the Seminar on Aquaculture
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 37
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Development in Southeast Asian, 8-12 September 1987, SEAFDEC/AQD, Iloilo
City, Philippines, pp. 195-210.
Guanzon, Nicolas G, de Castro-Mallare, Teresa R & Lorque, Felizardo M (2004)
Polyculture of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal) and the red seaweed
Gracilariopsis bailinae (Zhang et Xia) in brackish water earthen ponds.
Aquaculture Research 35 (5), 423-431.
Kungvankij, P., Tiro, L. B., Pudadera, B. J., and Potestas, I. O. 1988. Biology and culture
of sea bass (Lates Calcarifer). NACA Training Manual Series No. 3, Reprinted by
SEAFDEC/AQD, Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines. 70pp.
National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture. 1986. Technical manual for seed production of
sea bass. March 1986. Kao Seng, Songkhla, Thailand. 49pp.
Ruangpanit, N., Bunliptanon, P., Pechmanee, T., Arkayanont, P. and Vanakovat, J. 1986.
Popagation of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus at National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture, Songkhla, Technical Paper No. 5/1988, National Institute of Coastal
Aquaculture, Songkhla, Thailand. 16pp.
Sakares, V. and Sukbanaung, S. 1987. Experimental on net cage culture of grouper
Epinephelus tauvina using different stocking density. In: Proceeding of meeting
on “Reconsidering or results of research on grouper propagation at National
Institute of Coastal Aquaculture, Songkhla 23-25February 1987, pp. 165-177.
Sumagaysay, N. S., Hilomen-Garcia, G. V., and Garcia, L. M. B. 1999. Growth and
production of deformed and non-deformed hatchery-bred milkfish (chanos chanos)
in brackishwater ponds. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 51 (3):
106-113
Sumagaysay, N.; Baliao, D.; Rodriguez, E.; Coloso, R.M.; Lückstädt, C.:
AQD recommends semi-intensive milkfish culture.
In: SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture, Band 20, Heft 2, 1998, S. 28-29
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 38
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Learning Outcome # 2: Identify tank / pond materials to be used
LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read and study carefully the following Read more on these topics so that it will
information: be easier to undertake the preparatory
activities prior to construction of the
• Information sheet # 2-1: hatchery.
“Computing for areas and
volumes”
• Information sheet # 2-2:
“Computing for construction
materials”
• Information sheet # 2-3: “The bill
of materials and summary cost
estimates”
2. Perform job sheet # 2-1: “Identification Please refer to Job Sheet #2-1 for
and selection of materials based on the more details and follow all instructions.
plan”.
3. Answer Self-Check # 2-1. Read Self-Check # 2-1 questions and
write down your answers.
4. Check your answers. Refer to Answer Key # 2-1 and check if
you got the right answers.
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 39
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET # 2-1
COMPUTING FOR AREAS AND VOLUMES
In estimating bills of materials, one must know how to compute for areas and volumes:
areas of flat surfaces, and volumes of solid masses which may represent parts of the
structure for which quantities of materials are to be estimated.
• Basics in Computation. The following mensurations are observed:
Linear units. Lines are measured in linear units like: millimeters,
centimeters, meters, etc.
Areas. The area of a surface is given in square units such as:
square millimeters (mm2), square centimeters (cm2), or square
meters (m2).
Volumes. Volumes of solids are expressed in cubic units such as:
cubic millimeter (cc3), cubic centimeter (cm3), or cubic meter (m3).
• Computing for Areas. Below are the formulae for computing areas of figures one
would normally encounter in estimating bills of materials:
o Square or rectangle - The area of a rectangle is computed by multiplying
the length by the width:
A =L xW
Example: where : L = 4.5 meters
and : W = 3.0 meters
Area = Lx W
or Area = 3.0m
or Area = 4.5m x
13.5 m2
By definition, square is an object having equal sides. Hence its length is
equal to its width. One can therefore use the formula for rectangle and
have the same figure for the length and width, or, simply multiplying the
length of its side by itself (squaring it).
Example: where: given a square with 40cm sides
Area = Lx W
or Area = 40cm
or Area = 40cm x
1,600 cm2
Another way of computing area of this example is:
A = L2
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 40
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Area = 402 40cm
or Area =
or Area = 40cm x
1,600 cm2
o Triangles. In whatever form of triangle (i.e. right, oblique, isosceles, or
obtuse) two dimensions are essential in determining the area: the base and
the height. The height is defined as the length of line from the apex
dropped perpendicularly to the base of the triangle. The area of a triangle is
computed with the following formula:
A = ½ x (B x h)
Example: where a given triangle with:
B = 10 cm
h = 6 cm
Area = ½x (B x H)
or Area =
or Area = ½x (10m x 6m)
or Area = 60m2
½x
30 cm2
o Circles. The area of circles is computed using the formula: pi (with a
rounded-off fixed numerical value of 3.14) multiplied by the square of the
radius of the circle:
A = pi x r2
Example: where a circle with:
R = 3m
Area = pi x 32
or Area =
or Area = 3.14 x (3m x 3m)
or Area = 9m2
3.14 x
28.26 m2
o Ring. The area of a ring is computed by deducting the area of a circle
formed by the inner circumference of the ring from the area of a circle
formed by the outer circumference of the ring:
A = (pi x R2) - (pi x r2)
Example: where a ring has:
R = 3m
And r = 2m
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 41
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
Area = (pi x R2) - (pi x r2)
Or Area =
Or Area = [3.14 x (3mx3m)] - [3.14 x (2mx2m)]
Or Area =
Or Area = [3.14 x 9m2] - [3.14 x 4m2]
[ 28.26m2 ] - [ 12.56m2 ]
15.7 m2
• Computing for Volumes. Hereunder are the ways of computing volumes of three
(3) dimensional objects:
o Rectangular block or cube. The volume of a rectangular block is computed
by multiplying the linear length of its Length by its Depth and by its Height:
By definition, square is an object having equal sides. Hence its length is
equal to its width. One can therefore use the formula for rectangle and
have the same figure for the length and width, or, simply multiplying the
length of its side by itself (squaring it).
V= L x Dx H
Example: A rectangular block with the following dimensions:
L = 5m
D = 3m
H = 1.2 m
V = Lx Dx H
or V = 3m x 1.2m
or V = 5m x
18 m3
By definition, a cube is an object having equal sides. Hence its length is
equal to its depth and its height. One can therefore use the formula for
rectangular objects and have the same figure for the length and width, or,
simply cubing its length (i.e. multiplying its length by itself twice).
Example: A cube with L = 5m
V = Lx Dx H
or V = 5m x 5m
or V = 5m x
125 m3
Another way of computing the volume of this cube is:
V = L3
or V = 53
or V = 125 m3
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 42
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
o Cylinders. The volume of cylinders is computed by multiplying the square of
its radius by pi and its height:
V = pi x r2 x H
Example: A cylinder with the following dimensions:
r = 2m
H = 6m
Vol = pi x r2 x H
or Vol = 6m
or Vol = 3.14 x (2m x 2m) x 6m
or Vol =
3.14 x 4m2 x
75.36 m3
o Cones. The volume of cones is computed by multiplying the square of the
radius of its base, by 1/3 of pi, and it height:
V = 1/3 pi x r2 x H
Example: A cone with the following dimensions:
R = 4m
H = 8m
Vol = 1/3pi x r2 x H
or Vol =
or Vol = [(1/3)x3.14] x [4m x 4m] x 8m
or Vol =
1.047 x 16m2 x 8m
134.016 m3
o Pyramids. The volume of pyramids is computed multiplying the area of its
base by 1/3 and its height:
V = L2 x 1/3 x H
Example: A pyramid with a base with:
L = 4m
H = 5m
Vol = L2 x 1/3 x H
5m
or Vol = (4mx4m) x 1/3 x 5m
or Vol = 16m2 x 1/3 x
or Vol = 26.64 m3
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 43
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
INFORMATION SHEET # 2-2
COMPUTING FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Computing for cement, sand, gravel, and fill
Concrete is a mixture of cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates. The cement paste
consists of cement and water which bind the fine and coarse aggregates. The fine
aggregate is normally natural sand, and the coarse aggregate is crushed rock or durable
and strong qualities. When the mixture has sufficiently set, it takes on the characteristics
of hard stone.
Two widely used cement blends are the Portland and pozzolan cement:
2. Portland cement is defined as a hydraulic cement consisting essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates with some calcium sulphate. There are 5 types of
Portland cement: from Type I to Type V.
o Type I is the most widely used cement for buildings. It is also the least
costly type of Portland cement. It reaches full strength within a period of 28
days.
o Type V is a sulphate-resisting Portland cement and is the most expensive
cement.
3. Pozzolan cement is a hydraulic cement consisting of a mixture of Portland cement
and natural and artificial pozzolanic materials like volcanic tuff, clay, blast furnace,
etc. There are 2 types of pozzolan cement:
o Type P is the more popular type in general construction where high initial
strength is not required before 28 days. However, after 28 days, it gels into
the compressive strength to which it was designed.
o Type 1P is an early strength cement and is required for more critical
concrete works.
Class of Strength After Cement Bags Sand m3 per Gravel m3 per
Concrete 28 days per m3 conc m3 conc m3 conc
Class AA 3000-4000 psi 10.46 0.42 0.84
Class A 2500-3000 psi 7.85 0.42 0.84
Class B 1500-2000 psi 6.49 0.44 0.87
Class C 500-1000 psi 5.49 0.44 0.89
Class D 4.82 0.45 0.91
< 500 psi
Varying combinations of cement, sand, and gravel in a given volume of concrete result to
different strengths of mixture. The table above should be used as reference for the
determining the appropriate type of concrete and in determining the amount of cement,
sand, and gravel is needed for each mixture for every cubic meter of concrete:
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 44
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
To use the table above, follow these procedures:
1. Compute for the volume of concrete in cubic meters, based on the plans and
drawings;
2. Add 10% to the computed volume of concrete as allowance for wastage. The
inclusion of this 10% allowance will produce the total estimate concrete volume
(C/V);
3. Ascertain the “class” of concrete mixture specified for a particular job. This should
be indicated in the working plans and drawings;
4. Compute for the required number of bags of cement and cubic meters of sand and
gravel by multiplying the resultant C/V in no. 2 above with the appropriate
multipliers indicated along the appropriate class of concrete. Round off decimals
to the next higher whole number.
• Determining Materials for Rectangular Concrete Slabs (Flooring). Hereunder
is a sample computation for the materials to be used in constructing a 9m x 6m
concrete slab of 0.15m thickness using class C mixture, and underlaid with 0.1m
gravel fill:
ESTIMATING PROCEDURES SAMPLE CALCULATION
1. Compute for the volume of concrete
Floor Area : 54 m2
in m3 based on plans and drawings.
2. Add allowance of 10% ( i.e. 9m x 6m)
Floor Thickness : 0.15 m
Floor Volume : 8.1 m3
(i.e. 54m2 x 0.15m2)
Floor Volume : 8.1 m3 x
Allowance Factor : 1.1
Concrete Volume : 8.91 m3
3. Refer to the Row for Class “C” and compute of materials:
Cement: 8.91 m3 x 5.49 = 48.91 bags ~ rounded off to 49 bags
Sand : 8.91 m3 x 0.44 = 3.92 m3 ~ rounded off to 4 m3
Gravel : 8.91 m3 x 0.89 = 7.93 m3 ~ rounded off to 8 m3
Volume of gravel fill:
4. Compute for gravel fill. Round off Floor area: : 54 m2
decimals to the next higher whole Thickness of Fill : 0.1m
number. Volume of Fill : 5.4 m3
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 45
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Computing for Concrete Hollow Blocks and Cement Mortar Fillers and
Binders. Concrete hollow blocks (CHBs) are manufactured in a variety of sizes,
shapes, textures, and strengths. Among all concrete blocks, the stretcher concrete
hollow blocks are the most widely used. Stretcher concrete hollow blocks are
manufactured normally in three-core unit and produced in 100 mm (4”), 150 mm
(6”), and 200 mm (8”) thicknesses.
o Determining area of CHBs walls. The following rules should be applied in
determining the area of concrete hollow blocks:
The length to be used should not include the columns or posts found
along the wall.
The height of the wall should include the concrete blocks buried
under the ground as part of foundation.
Structural members like beams, girders, etc. on concrete hollow
block walls should be excluded from the height of the wall.
Areas of openings in the wall, e.g. windows, doors, etc., are not
included in the computations and should, therefore, be deducted
from the gross area of the wall.
o Computing for materials. When laid, the core of the Hollow blocks is stuffed
with mortar fillers and the rows of CHBs are joined together with mortar
binders. These mortar fillers and binders are composed of cement and
sand and is normally blended two ways: Class A- 1 part cement to 2 parts
sand (1:2) or Class C- 1 part cement to 3 parts sand (1:3). The former has
more strength than the latter.
The number of hollow blocks and the volume of cement and sand is
determined based on the computed area of the wall expressed in square
meter (m2) following the rules mentioned at the beginning of this section.
To get the quantities of these materials:
CHB Size Materials Class A (1:2) Class C (1:3) Unit of Materials
W= 100 mm
(4”x8”x16”) CHBs m2 x 13 m2 x 13 Pcs of CHBs
Cement m2 x 0.5343 m2 x 0.3991
W = 150 mm Sand m2 x 0.0286 m2 x 0.0325 bags of cement
(6”x8”x16”) CHBs m2 x 13 m2 x 13 m3 of sand
Cement m2 x 1.2766 m2 x 0.9542
W = 200 mm Sand m2 x 0.0689 m2 x 0.0767 Pcs of CHBs
(8”x8”x16”) CHBs m2 x 13 m2 x 13
Cement m2 x 1.9565 m2 x 1.4612 bags of cement
Sand m2 x 0.1053 m2 x 0.1183 m3 of sand
Pcs of CHBs
bags of Cement
m3 of sand
To use the table above, follow these procedures:
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 46
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
1. Compute for the area of CHB wall or structure based on the plans and
drawings and the rules mentioned earlier. Provide for a 10% allowance for
wastage;
2. Ascertain the size of the CHB to be used. This should be indicated in the
working plans and drawings;
3. Ascertain the “class” of concrete mixture specified for a particular job. This
should be indicated in the working plans and drawings;
4. Compute for the required number of concrete hollow blocks (CHBs), bags of
cement, and cubic meters of sand by multiplying the resultant Net Area in
m2 with the appropriate multipliers indicated column-wise along the
appropriate class of concrete and row-wise, according to the measurement
of CHBs to be used.
The example presented below is about the construction of a circular tank that is 8
meters in diameter, made of concrete hollow blocks with width of 6 inches, the
walls with a height of 1.2 meters, and 0.5 meters below ground level as part of the
foundation, concrete mix is class A:
ESTIMATING PROCEDURES SAMPLE CALCULATION
Compute the circumference:
1. Compute for the area of the hollow Where: C = 2 x pi x r
block wall. This can be done by
multiplying the circumference with C = 2 x 3.14 x 4
the total height of the CHB structure. C = 25.12 m
Height = 1.2 + 0.5 = 1.7 m
Area of wall = 1.7 x 25.12
= 42.70 m2
2. Add allowance of 10% Area of wall : 42.7 m2
Allowance Factor : 1.1
Total Wall Area : 46.97 m2
3. Refer to the Major Row 2 for 6” CHB and Column for Class “A” mix and
compute of materials:
6” CHBs: 46.97 m2 x 13.00 = 610.61 pcs ~ rounded off to 611 pcs
Cement : 46.97 m2 x 1.2766 = 59.96 bags ~ rounded off to 60 bags
Sand : 46.97 m2 x 0.0689 = 3.24 m3 ~ rounded off to 3.5 m3
COMPUTING FOR STEEL REINFORCING BARS
Steel reinforcing bars are incorporated in concrete and other masonry members to
prevent cracking of the latter when tension, compression, and other forces or loads
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 47
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
exceed the strength of the concrete or masonry. Among different types and designs, the
round bar is mostly used in concrete construction. Round bars may be plain or deformed.
Deformed bars have lugs on their surface to provide increased bond between concrete
and steel and prevent slippage. In many instances, the ends of bars would be bent or
terminate in hooks.
Reinforcing bars are classified into 3 grades (ASTM): Grade 60- high tensile, Grade 40 –
intermediate, and Grade 33 – Structural grade. They come in 5 standard lengths: 6
meters (20’), 7.6 meters (25’), 9.1 meters (30’), 10.6 meters (35’), and 12.1 meters (40’).
Below are the most commonly used round steel bars in simple construction:
Bar Designation English Size Metric Size (Diam)
(Diam)
No. 2 8 mm
No. 3 1/4” 10 mm
No. 4 3/8” 12 mm
No. 5 1/2” 16 mm
No. 6 5/8” 20 mm
No. 7 3/4” 25 mm
1”
• Reinforcement Bars for Concrete Slab (flooring). Specifications and spacing of
reinforcement bars for concrete slabs are indicated in the Plans. The size of the
bar depends on the estimated load the flooring is supposed to carry. The spacing
is likewise related to the load. But as a rule, the spacing between bars should not
exceed five times the thickness of the slab. Therefore if the slab is 0.15m thick,
the reinforcement bars cannot be spaced more than 0.75m apart. Below is an
example to compute for the rebars needed in a concrete slab works:
ESTIMATING PROCEDURES SAMPLE CALCULATION
1. Determine the dimensions of the Dimension of concrete slab:
concrete slab. The rebars that are
parallel to the longer side are Longer side : 9m
referred to as longitudinal bars, while Shorter side : 6m
those that are parallel to the shorter Depth : 0.15m
side are referred to as the transverse
bars.
2. Compute for longitudinal bars by No of bars specified : 9 bars
counting the bars specified, and Length of bars : 9m
determining the length of rebar that Use 9.1m long standard rebars
would be most economical, or would Requirement : 9 pcs of
produce the least wastage. 9.1m rebars
3. Compute for transverse bars by No of bars specified : 13 bars
counting the bars specified, and Length of bars : 6m
determining the length of rebar that Use 6.0m long standard rebars
would be most economical, or would Requirement : 13 pcs of
produce the least wastage. 6.0m rebars
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 48
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
• Footings: Footing, Column, and Column Ties Bars. This section deals with
computing for steel reinforcing bars (a.k.a. rebar) used in columns (posts) and their
footings:
o Rebars in concrete footing bars. Rebars in concrete footings are arranged
2 sets of uniformly spaced rebars, each set positioned perpendicular to
each other. Concrete footings are generally square. However, there are
also some specialized applications where footings are designed in
rectangle.
To compute for the number of rebars needed for a particular design of
concrete footings of a structure, use the table below:
Length # of # of Sum# Lengths Lengths Lengths Unit
of Bars same of of 6.0m of 7.6m of 9.1m
per Cols Rebars Rebars Rebars
Footin Cols Footing
g Bar (X) (Y) Bars Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 6 Sum#/ 7 Pcs
(X*Y) Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 6 Sum#/ 7 Pcs
1.20 m X Y Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 7 Pcs
1.25 m X Y Sum# Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 6 Pcs
1.30 m X Y Sum# Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 6 Pcs
1.35 m X Y Sum# Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 6 Pcs
1.40 m X Y Sum# Sum#/ 4 Sum#/ 5 Sum#/ 6 Pcs
1.45 m X Y Sum#
1.50 m X Y Sum# Pcs
Total Sum#
To use the table above, follow these procedures:
1. Determine the length of the footing bars:
If the design is square, count all the bars used in the design:
both latitudinal and longitudinal. Indicate the number in the
second column of the appropriate row in the table;
If the design is rectangular, use two appropriate rows and
indicate the number of bars for each appropriate column;
2. Indicate on the third column for each length of footing bar used (row),
the total number of footings in the structure of the same dimensions;
3. For each row with entries, compute for column 4 by multiplying the
figure in column 2 by the figure in column 3;
Code No. Designing, Lay-outing and Constructing of a Date: Date Page #
Marine Finfish Hatchery Developed Revised: 49
10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Designing, Lay-outing and Construction of Marine finfish hatchery
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search